Cheatham v. ADT Corporation et al

Filing 30

ORDER granting 9 Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim; granting in part and denying in part 10 Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim. ADT LLC's motion to strike 10 is denied. Signed by Judge David G Campbell on 2/11/2016.(DGC, nvo)

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1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 9 Janet Cheatham, No. CV-15-02137-PHX-DGC Plaintiff, 10 11 v. 12 ORDER ADT Corporation, et al., 13 Defendants. 14 15 On September 9, 2015, Plaintiff Janet Cheatham initiated this action by filing a 16 class action complaint against Defendants ADT Corporation (“ADT Corp.”) and ADT 17 LLC in the Maricopa County Superior Court. Doc. 1-1 at 9-33. The complaint asserts 18 claims against ADT LLC for consumer fraud and unjust enrichment, and claims against 19 ADT Corp. for consumer fraud, unjust enrichment, and strict products liability. Id. 20 On October 23, 2015, Defendants removed the action to this Court pursuant to 21 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a), asserting federal jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act of 22 2005, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2). Doc. 1-1 at 1-7. Each Defendant has filed its own motion 23 to dismiss. ADT Corp. asks the Court to dismiss it from this case for lack of personal 24 jurisdiction or, in the alternative, to dismiss the case for failure to state a claim. Doc. 9. 25 ADT LLC asks the Court to dismiss the case for failure to state a claim or, in the event 26 any of Plaintiff’s claims survive, to strike Plaintiff’s class allegations. Doc. 10. 27 The motions have been fully briefed (Docs. 17, 18, 19, 24) and no party has 28 requested oral argument. For the reasons set forth below, ADT Corp.’s motion will be 1 granted, and ADT LLC’s motion will be granted in part and denied in part. 2 I. Background. 3 A. 4 Plaintiff is a resident and citizen of Maricopa County, Arizona. Complaint, ¶ 16. 5 Defendant ADT Corp. is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in 6 Boca Raton, Florida. Id., ¶ 17. Defendant ADT LLC is a Florida limited liability 7 corporation with its principal place of business in Boca Raton. Id., ¶ 18. Defendants are 8 in the business of selling home security equipment and monitoring services across the 9 nation, including in Arizona. Id., ¶ 20. This case concerns the company’s wireless home Parties. 10 security system. 11 B. 12 ADT’s wireless security system uses a variety of devices – including wireless 13 panels, sensors, detectors and cameras – to monitor a customer’s home. See www.adt. 14 com/wireless-security (accessed Jan. 18, 2016). If an unauthorized entry is detected, 15 ADT alerts the user and offers to contact the police. See id. ADT’s Wireless Security System. 16 In July 2014, Forbes published an article detailing vulnerabilities associated with 17 this system. See Kashmir Hill, How Your Security System Could Be Used to Spy on You, 18 Forbes (Jul. 23, 2014), www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2014/07/23/how-your-security- 19 system-could-be-used-to-spy-on-you (accessed Jan. 18, 2016). The article explains that 20 the system’s components communicate with one another using unencrypted and 21 unauthenticated signals. Id. An unauthorized third party can interfere with these signals, 22 thereby gaining control of the system. Id. According to the article, one researcher found 23 a way to hack into a research participant’s security system using a readily available 24 device called a “Software-Defined Radio.” Id. Using this device, the researcher could 25 deactivate the participant’s security system, trigger a false alarm, and spy on the 26 participant using her system’s video monitoring equipment. Id. 27 Plaintiff’s allegations largely track the Forbes article. She alleges that “ADT’s 28 wireless systems are unencrypted and unauthenticated, and otherwise insecure,” that they -2- 1 are easily hacked by third parties, and that a hacker can deactivate a customer’s system, 2 trigger a false alarm, or use the customer’s cameras to spy on her. Complaint, ¶¶ 30-33. 3 She alleges that all of this can be done using a Software-Defined Radio, and that it is 4 possible to purchase such a device on the open market with no restrictions for less than 5 $10. Id., ¶ 34. Finally, she alleges that ADT has been aware of these vulnerabilities at 6 least since the Forbes article was published. Id., ¶ 35. 7 Plaintiff contends that ADT has engaged in unlawful deception since discovering 8 these security vulnerabilities. She alleges that ADT does not warn its customers to take 9 precautions against hacking, and does not inform them that its system uses unencrypted 10 and unauthenticated signals. Id., ¶¶ 38, 42. She further alleges that ADT deliberately 11 refuses to disclose this information because it knows that consumers would not purchase 12 an ADT wireless security system if they knew about these vulnerabilities. Id., ¶ 45. 13 According to Plaintiff, “customers are much less safe than they think that they are when 14 ADT’s wireless systems are activated.” Id., ¶ 44. 15 C. 16 Plaintiff also contends that ADT produces advertisements for its wireless security 17 system that are misleading in light of the system’s vulnerabilities. Complaint, ¶¶ 24-29. 18 She points to a number of statements on the company’s website. Id. For example, the 19 website encourages consumers to “get security you can count on every day of the year” 20 and to “live worry-free with ADT Security for less than $1 a Day.” Id., ¶ 25(a), (c) 21 (punctuation and capitalization modified). It states that ADT can provide the customer 22 with a “haven . . . armed with 24-hour-a-day protection, 365 days a year.” Id., ¶ 25(b). 23 And it promises “fast, reliable security protection,” explaining: 24 25 26 27 28 Marketing Statements. ADT stays constantly alert with six Customer Monitoring Centers operating day and night across the country. Our Customer Monitoring Centers are nationally connected, equipped with secure communication links and backed by the latest technology so that our security team is always ready to act the moment an incident occurs. Id., ¶ 25 (punctuation and capitalization modified). ADT’s website makes a number of additional claims about the reliability and -3- 1 efficacy of its wireless security system. For example: 2  “When you want to do everything you can to safeguard your loved ones, your home and your treasured possessions, you owe it to yourself and your family to talk to us about our continuous 24/7 protection.” 3 4  “When it comes to you and your family’s safety, we let nothing stand in the way of our professionally trained team immediately working to help ensure your safety.” 5 6 7  “Only home security monitoring provides you and your family with the reassurance that even when no one’s home, you’re protected against unwanted entry and property loss.” 8 9 10  “When the alarm is triggered, every second counts.” 11  “When security counts, count on the company with a fast response time.” 12 13 14 15 Id., ¶ 26. ADT’s website also emphasizes the technological sophistication of ADT and its products. For example: 16  “ADT takes pride in using the most advanced technology.” 17  “Only ADT has the most security industry experience, is the leader in innovative security technology, and can provide you with the fastest response times.” 18 19 20  “Our experience, technology and people make the difference in your security protection.” 21 22  “You invest in ADT home security and automation systems to help protect your loved ones. Your satisfaction is important to us, and is the reason we are committed to providing you with state-of-the-art equipment and service.” 23 24 25 26 Id., ¶ 28. 27 D. 28 Plaintiff alleges that she decided to purchase an ADT wireless security system Facts Specific to Plaintiff. -4- 1 after seeing the web advertisements discussed above. Id., ¶ 47. On May 29, 2013, she 2 signed a contract under which Defender Security Company – an authorized ADT dealer – 3 agreed to sell and install the system components in her home, and ADT LLC agreed to 4 provide monitoring services using this equipment. Id., ¶ 48. Plaintiff asserts that ADT 5 Corp. provided Defender Security Company with the equipment it sold to her, but she 6 acknowledges that she had no direct interaction with ADT Corp. Id., ¶ 50. 7 In November 2014, Plaintiff noticed items moved in her residence on several 8 occasions. Id., ¶¶ 54-55. These incidents – which Plaintiff characterizes as “security 9 breaches” – were not detected by her wireless security system. Id. Plaintiff began to 10 research her security system after these incidents, which is when she discovered that the 11 system used unencrypted and unauthenticated signals. Id., ¶ 56. Plaintiff contends that 12 she would not have purchased her security system or entered into a monitoring contract 13 with ADT LLC if she had known about the system’s lack of encryption and 14 authentication at the time of these transactions. 15 dissatisfaction, Plaintiff remains bound to her contract with ADT LLC and will have to 16 pay a penalty to cancel it. Id., ¶ 58. Id., ¶ 57. Notwithstanding her 17 E. 18 Plaintiff asserts claims against ADT LLC and ADT Corp. for consumer fraud and 19 unjust enrichment, and an additional claim against ADT Corp. for strict products liability. 20 Plaintiff purports to bring this action on behalf of herself and a putative class that 21 includes “[a]ll Arizona residents and entities who entered into an ADT Alarm Services 22 Contract and purchased ADT Corp. wireless security equipment.” Id., ¶ 59. She requests 23 several forms of relief, including actual and punitive damages, an injunction requiring 24 ADT to “secure its wireless systems,” and an injunction requiring ADT to warn class 25 members about the vulnerability of its system. Id., ¶¶ 85, 96, 104. This Action. 26 Plaintiff contends that her putative class likely consists of thousands of individuals 27 and entities in Arizona. Id., ¶ 60. She contends that her claims are typical of those 28 possessed by members of the class because (1) all of ADT’s wireless security systems -5- 1 have the same defect (i.e., the lack of encryption or authentication), (2) anyone who 2 purchases monitoring services from ADT LLC must enter the same contract, and 3 (3) ADT’s misrepresentations and omissions “were uniformly made to Plaintiff and all 4 Class members.” Id., ¶ 62. Finally, she alleges that she will “fairly and adequately 5 represent and protect the interests of the class,” and that class adjudication is superior to 6 any other mechanism for resolving this controversy. Id., ¶¶ 63-64. 7 II. ADT Corp.’s Motion to Dismiss. 8 ADT Corp. contends that it is not subject to this Court’s jurisdiction and moves for 9 dismissal under Rule 12(b)(2). Doc. 9 at 3-5. In the alternative, ADT Corp. argues that 10 Plaintiff has failed to state any viable claim against it, and moves for dismissal under 11 Rule 12(b)(6). Id. at 6-7. Because the Court lacks jurisdiction over ADT Corp., the 12 Court will not reach the 12(b)(6) motion. 13 To withstand a 12(b)(2) motion, the plaintiff must show that the defendant is 14 properly subject to the court’s jurisdiction. Mavrix Photo, Inc. v. Brand Techs., Inc., 647 15 F.3d 1218, 1223 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). The plaintiff must make only a prima 16 facie showing of jurisdictional facts when the defendant’s motion is based on written 17 materials rather than an evidentiary hearing. Id. (citation omitted). In ruling on such a 18 motion, the court will consider the pleadings and any affidavits submitted by the parties, 19 accepting as true any uncontroverted allegations in the complaint and resolving any 20 factual conflicts in the plaintiff’s favor. Id. (citations omitted). 21 The court may order jurisdictional discovery where “pertinent facts bearing on the 22 question of jurisdiction are controverted or where a more satisfactory showing of the 23 facts is necessary.” Data Disc, Inc. v. Sys. Tech. Assocs., Inc., 557 F.2d 1280, 1285 n.1. 24 (9th Cir. 1977). The court may also grant a defendant’s motion without jurisdictional 25 discovery if it is clear that the plaintiff cannot establish personal jurisdiction over the 26 defendant. Wells Fargo & Co. v. Wells Fargo Exp. Co., 556 F.2d 406, 430 n.24 (9th Cir. 27 1977) (district court may deny plaintiff’s request for jurisdictional discovery “when it is 28 clear that further discovery would not demonstrate facts sufficient to constitute a basis for -6- 1 jurisdiction”); Terracom v. Valley Nat’l Bank, 49 F.3d 555, 562 (9th Cir. 1995) 2 (“[W]here a plaintiff’s claim of personal jurisdiction appears to be both attenuated and 3 based on bare allegations in the face of specific denials made by defendants, the Court 4 need not permit even limited discovery”) (citation omitted). 5 ADT Corp. contends that it has no contacts with Arizona. ADT Corp. provides a 6 declaration from Lorna R. Simms, its corporate secretary. Doc. 9-1. Simms states that 7 the company has no employees apart from its officers, and conducts no business apart 8 from owning another holding company. Id., ¶ 3. Simms further states that ADT Corp. 9 does not purchase, package, distribute, or sell alarm equipment or any other goods, and 10 that it conducts no business in Arizona, maintains no offices in Arizona, owns no real 11 property in Arizona, has no employees or agents in Arizona, does not solicit or engage in 12 business in Arizona, and does not advertise in Arizona or elsewhere. Id., ¶¶ 9-17. Simms 13 further states that ADT Corp. is not a member of ADT LLC, is not involved in its 14 operations, and has no right to control it. Id., ¶ 8. 15 ADT Corp. also provides a declaration from Ryan Petty, ADT LLC’s Vice 16 President of Product Development & Innovation. Doc. 9-2. Petty states that ADT Corp. 17 does not make, package, distribute, or sell alarm equipment, and does not participate in 18 any way in the operations of ADT LLC. Id., ¶¶ 6-7. 19 Plaintiff argues that ADT Corp.’s filings with the Security and Exchange 20 Commission (“SEC”) paint a starkly different picture from that set forth in ADT Corp.’s 21 affidavits. For example, a recent Form 10-K filed by ADT Corp. states: 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 The ADT Corporation . . . is a leading provider of monitored security, interactive home and business automation and related monitoring services in the United States and Canada. . . . We currently serve approximately 6.7 million residential and small business customers, making us the largest company of our kind in both the United States and Canada. We deliver an integrated customer experience by maintaining the industry’s largest sales, installation, and service field force as well as a robust monitoring network, all backed by the support of approximately 17,500 employees. Doc. 18-2 at 5. These statements do not show that ADT Corp. is subject to jurisdiction in Arizona. -7- 1 Courts have recognized that companies may omit distinctions between related corporate 2 entities in their SEC filings, and still insist on these distinctions when haled into court. 3 See Doe v. Unocal Corp., 248 F.3d 915, 928 (9th Cir. 2001) (“references in the parent’s 4 annual report to subsidiaries or chains of subsidiaries as divisions of the parent company 5 do not establish the existence of an alter ego relationship”); Nat’l Prod. Workers Union 6 Tr. v. CIGNA Corp., No. 05 C 5415, 2007 WL 1468555, at *7 (N.D. Ill. May 16, 2007) 7 (“‘we’ and ‘our’ in annual report did not overcome parent and subsidiary’s separate 8 identities such that subsidiary’s forum contacts could be imputed to parent”) (citing 9 Gruca v. Alpha Therapeutic Corp., 19 F. Supp. 2d 862, 868 (N.D. Ill. 1998)). 10 Plaintiff also attempts to show that ADT Corp. holds patents for ADT’s security 11 system technology. Doc. 18 at 8. Plaintiff notes that a recent Form 8-K filed by ADT 12 Corp. contains an exhibit titled: “Patent Agreement, dated as of September 26, 2012, by 13 and between Tyco International Ltd. and The ADT Corporation.” Doc. 18-3 at 10. 14 Another exhibit refers to a trademark agreement between several companies, including 15 ADT Corp. 16 inferring that the agreements relate to products at issue in this case. Moreover, Defendant 17 points the Court to evidence that forecloses the inference that ADT Corp. owns patents or 18 trademarks associated with these products. Doc. 20 (ADT Corp. is not listed as a current 19 or prior owner or assignee of any patent or trademark on the U.S. Patent & Trademark 20 Office database). In light of this evidence, the Court finds that mere references to 21 unspecified patent and trademark agreements in a Form 8-K do not controvert ADT 22 Corp.’s evidence that it has no involvement in the sale of home security equipment. Id. Plaintiff does not attach the exhibits or offer the Court any basis for 23 Finally, Plaintiff notes that ADT Corp. has consented to jurisdiction in other cases 24 pertaining to the ADT wireless security system. Doc. 18 at 9 (citing Doc. 18-4). ADT 25 Corp. explains that it chose to waive its jurisdictional objection in these cases because the 26 distinction between ADT Corp. and ADT LLC was immaterial to the substantive defense 27 the company intended to present. Doc. 19 at 4-5. By contrast, the distinction is material 28 here: Plaintiff is precluded from bringing a strict liability claim against ADT LLC by her -8- 1 contract with the company, which means she can only recover on this claim if ADT Corp. 2 appears as a codefendant. Id. at 5 (citing Complaint, ¶ 96 (“Plaintiff and the members of 3 the Class are not in contractual privity with ADT Corp., and therefore their claims against 4 ADT Corp. are not affected by the economic loss rule.”)). In any event, ADT Corp. does 5 not need to show that it has a good reason for declining to consent to jurisdiction here 6 because “[a] party’s consent to jurisdiction in one case extends to that case alone.” 7 Weisler v. Cmty. Health Sys., Inc., No. CIV. 12-0079 MV/CG, 2012 WL 4498919, at *7 8 (D.N.M. Sept. 27, 2012); see Dow Chem. Co. v. Calderon, 422 F.3d 827, 835 (9th Cir. 9 2005) (“defense on the merits in a suit brought by one party cannot constitute consent to 10 suit as a defendant brought by different parties”). 11 The Court may exercise general jurisdiction over a defendant when it contacts 12 with Arizona are substantial, or continuous and systematic. Haisten v. Grass Valley Med. 13 Reimbursement Fund, Ltd., 784 F.2d 1392, 1396 (9th Cir. 1986). Plaintiff has made no 14 showing that ADT Corp. has such contacts with Arizona. Alternatively, the Court may 15 assert specific jurisdiction if Plaintiff demonstrates that (1) ADT Corp. purposefully 16 availed itself of the privileges of conducting activities in Arizona, thereby invoking the 17 benefits and protections of its laws, or purposely directed conduct at Arizona that has 18 effects in the forum, (2) the claims arise out of or result from ADT Corp.’s Arizona- 19 related activities, and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction is reasonable. Bancroft & Masters, 20 Inc. v. Augusta Nat’l, Inc., 223 F.3d 1082, 1086 (9th Cir. 2000). Plaintiff has not made 21 this showing, and has given the Court no reason to believe that further discovery would 22 allow it to do so. Therefore, ADT Corp.’s 12(b)(2) motion will be granted and Plaintiff’s 23 request to conduct jurisdictional discovery will be denied. 24 III. ADT LLC’s Motion to Dismiss. 25 Plaintiff asserts consumer fraud and unjust enrichment claims against ADT LLC. 26 Complaint, ¶¶ 67-85, 97-104. ADT LLC moves to dismiss these claims under Rule 27 12(b)(6). Doc. 10 at 3-13. 28 -9- 1 Legal Standard. 2 A successful 12(b)(6) motion must show either that the complaint lacks a 3 cognizable legal theory or fails to allege facts sufficient to support its theory. Balistreri 4 v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988). A complaint that sets forth a 5 cognizable legal theory will survive a motion to dismiss as long as it contains “sufficient 6 factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” 7 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 8 9 10 11 12 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim has facial plausibility when “the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 U.S. at 556). In ruling on a 12(b)(6) motion, the Court takes the plaintiff’s well-pleaded factual allegations as true and construes them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Cousins v. Lockyer, 568 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2009). Legal conclusions couched as factual allegations are not entitled to a presumption of truth and are not sufficient to defeat a 12(b)(6) motion. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 20 B. Arizona Consumer Fraud Act. 21 The Arizona Consumer Fraud Act (“ACFA”) broadly prohibits fraudulent, 22 deceptive, or misleading conduct in connection with the sale or advertisement of 23 consumer goods and services. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 44-1522(A). Arizona courts construe 24 the ACFA to provide a right of action on any person damaged by a violation of the Act. 25 Sellinger v. Freeway Mobile Home Sales, Inc., 521 P.2d 1119, 1122 (Ariz. 1974). To 26 prevail, a plaintiff must establish that (1) the defendant made a misrepresentation in 27 violation of the Act, and (2) defendant’s conduct proximately caused plaintiff to suffer 28 damages. Parks v. Macro-Dynamics, Inc., 591 P.2d 1005, 1008 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1979). It - 10 - 1 is not necessary for the plaintiff to show that the defendant made an affirmative 2 misstatement. Material omissions are also actionable. Maurer v. Cerkvenik-Anderson 3 Travel, Inc., 890 P.2d 69, 72 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1994). A misrepresentation causes injury 4 where the consumer actually relies on it, but “unlike common law fraud, this reliance 5 need not be reasonable.” Parks, 591 P.2d at 1008 (citing Peery v. Hansen, 585 P.2d 574 6 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1978)). 7 Plaintiff asserts that ADT LLC violated ACFA by misrepresenting the reliability 8 and technical sophistication of its wireless security system and by failing to disclose that 9 this system was “unencrypted and unauthenticated, and otherwise insecure.” Complaint, 10 ¶¶ 24-30, 67-85. ADT LLC argues that this claim is untimely and fails to identify any 11 misrepresentation or consequent damages. Doc. 10 at 5-13. 12 1. Statute of Limitations. 13 Private actions under the ACFA are subject to a one-year statute of limitations. 14 Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-541(5); see Murry v. W. Am. Mortgage Co., 604 P.2d 651, 654 15 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1979). The limitations period begins to run when the consumer discovers 16 or with reasonable diligence should have discovered both the “who” and the “what” of 17 her claim. Gustafson v. Goodman Mfg. Co. L.P., No. 3:13-CV-8274-HRH, 2014 WL 18 1669069, at *5 (D. Ariz. Apr. 28, 2014) (citations omitted). “This occurs when the 19 consumer knows whose products were involved and that the products were not 20 performing as expected.” Id. The date when discovery occurred is a question of fact. 21 Walk v. Ring, 44 P.3d 990, 996 (Ariz. 2002). For this reason, a plaintiff’s allegations 22 about the date of discovery must be accepted as true at the 12(b)(6) stage, and a claim 23 should not be dismissed as untimely unless the running of the statute of limitations is 24 “apparent on the face of the complaint.” Frazer v. Millennium Bank, N.A., No. 2:10-CV- 25 01509-JWS, 2010 WL 4269584, at *3 (D. Ariz. Oct. 27, 2010). 26 Plaintiff alleges that she discovered that her wireless security system was 27 unencrypted in November 2014, less than a year before she initiated this action on 28 September 9, 2015. Complaint, ¶¶ 54-56. - 11 - Defendant argues that she should have 1 discovered this fact in July 2014 when the Forbes article was published. Doc. 10 at 13; 2 see How Your Security System Could Be Used to Spy on You, supra. But whether a 3 consumer exercising reasonable diligence would have discovered the Forbes article, and 4 whether the article provided sufficient notice to trigger the limitations period, are 5 questions of fact that cannot be resolved on a motion to dismiss. 6 Supreme Court has explained, “determinations of the time when discovery occurs and a 7 cause of action accrues are usually and necessarily questions of fact for the jury.” Walk, 8 44 P.3d at 996 (quotation marks and citations omitted); see also id. (“[W]e do not believe 9 it can be said as a matter of law that a reasonable person in this circumstance can be 10 required to undertake such questioning or be held accountable for not doing so. This is 11 the very sort of factual determination that must be left for the jury.”). The Court cannot 12 dismiss the ACFA claim as untimely. 13 2. As the Arizona Misrepresentation. 14 The ACFA prohibits persons from engaging in “any deception, deceptive or unfair 15 act or practice, fraud, false pretense, false promise, misrepresentation, or concealment, 16 suppression or omission of any material fact with intent that others rely on such 17 concealment, suppression or omission” in connection with the sale or advertisement of 18 consumer goods or services. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 44-1522(A). A statement is “deceptive” 19 if it has the “tendency and capacity to convey misleading impressions to consumers,” 20 even if “interpretations that would not be misleading also are possible.” Madsen v. W. 21 Am. Mortgage Co., 694 P.2d 1228, 1232 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1985) (quotation marks and 22 citations omitted). Whether a statement has the tendency to mislead is determined from 23 the perspective of the “least sophisticated reader,” in light of “all that is reasonably 24 implied, not just from what is said.” Id. (citations omitted). 25 Plaintiff asserts that ADT LLC violated the ACFA both by making affirmative 26 misrepresentations and by omitting material facts with the intent to deceive prospective 27 buyers. Complaint, ¶¶ 24-46, 67-85. ADT LLC argues that Plaintiff cannot state a claim 28 on either theory because its affirmative statements were only “puffery” and in any case - 12 - 1 not false or misleading, and because it had no duty to disclose the communications 2 protocol used by its wireless security system. 3 a. Affirmative Statements. 4 The complaint does not allege that ADT LLC made any statements about how the 5 components of its wireless security system communicated with one another, whether the 6 system used an encrypted or authenticated signal, or whether the system could be hacked. 7 Instead, the complaint focuses on two types of statements: (1) claims about the reliability 8 and efficacy of the wireless security system – e.g., that it “protects against unwanted 9 entry and property loss” and provides “reliable security protection,” and (2) claims about 10 the technological sophistication of ADT LLC and its product – e.g., that the company 11 “takes pride in using the most advanced technology,” “is the leader in innovative security 12 technology,” and is “committed to providing . . . state-of-the-art equipment and service.” 13 Complaint, ¶¶ 25-26, 28. The complaint identifies one additional statement as deceptive: 14 the claim that “Our Customer Monitoring Centers are nationally connected, equipped 15 with secure communication links and backed by the latest technology so that our security 16 team is always ready to act the moment an incident occurs.” Id. at ¶ 25 (emphasis 17 added). 18 ADT LLC contends that these statements cannot give rise to an action for fraud 19 because they are puffery. Doc. 10 at 5-6. In the alternative, it argues that Plaintiff has 20 not pleaded sufficient factual material to establish that any of these claims is false or 21 misleading. Id. at 9. Finally, with respect to the statement about “secure communication 22 links,” ADT LLC argues that this sentence is irrelevant because it clearly describes 23 ADT’s monitoring centers, not its wireless security systems. Id. at 24. 24 Puffery is “[t]he expression of an exaggerated opinion – as opposed to a factual 25 representation – with the intent to sell a good or service.” Black’s Law Dictionary (10th 26 ed. 2014). Because puffery is a subjective characterization of a product’s value rather 27 than a representation of fact, it cannot give rise to a fraud claim. See Law v. Sidney, 53 28 P.2d 64, 66 (Ariz. 1936) (fraud “cannot be predicated upon the mere expression of an - 13 - 1 opinion or upon representations in regard to matters of estimate or judgment”); see also 2 Sorrells v. Clifford, 204 P. 1013, 1017 (Ariz. 1922); Ellis v. First Nat’l Bank, 172 P. 281, 3 284 (Ariz. 1918). As the Ninth Circuit has explained in an analogous context, “the 4 difference between a statement of fact and mere puffery rests in the specificity or 5 generality of the claim.” Newcal Indus., Inc. v. Ikon Office Solutions, 513 F.3d 1038, 6 1053 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Cook, Perkiss & Liehe, Inc. v. N. Cal. Collection Serv. Inc., 7 911 F.2d 242, 246 (9th Cir. 1990)). “Thus, a statement that is quantifiable, that makes a 8 claim as to the ‘specific or absolute characteristics of a product,’ may be an actionable 9 statement of fact while a general, subjective claim about a product is non-actionable 10 puffery.” Id. (citing Cook, 911 F.2d at 246). Whether a defendant’s statement is puffery 11 or a representation of fact is a question of law that may properly be decided on a motion 12 to dismiss. Cook, 911 F.2d at 245. 13 ADT LLC cites several out-of-state cases dealing with similar claims made by 14 other companies. See Tylka v. Gerber Prods. Co., No. 96 C 1647, 1999 WL 495126, at 15 *8 (N.D. Ill. July 1, 1999) (baby food company’s claim to provide the “most wholesome 16 nutritious safe foods you can buy anywhere in the world” was puffery); Isbell v. Carnival 17 Corp., 462 F. Supp. 2d 1232, 1237 (S.D. Fla. 2006) (“it is well-settled that ‘[a] general 18 promise that the trip will be ‘safe and reliable’ does not constitute a guarantee that no 19 harm will befall plaintiff.’”) (citing Wilson v. Am. Trans Air, Inc., 874 F.2d 386, 391 (7th 20 Cir. 1989)); Catalano v. N.W.A. Inc., No. PI 98-7768, 1998 WL 35483144, at *9 (Minn. 21 Dist. Ct. Sept. 15, 1998) (travel company’s promise of “worry-free” vacation was 22 puffery). Plaintiff responds that the ACFA’s “least sophisticated reader” standard is 23 more demanding than the standard applied in these cases. Doc. 17 at 6-7. In addition, 24 Plaintiff cites as persuasive authority a report and recommendation from a Magistrate 25 Judge for this District which found that ADT’s trademark (“Always there”) was not 26 puffery for purposes of the ACFA, but instead a representation from which “the least 27 sophisticated consumer might infer . . . that ADT would actively monitor the alarm 28 system and respond in a way calculated to deter or prevent a break-in.” Flores v. ADT - 14 - 1 Sec. Servs., Inc., No. CV 10-036-TUC-FRZ, 2010 WL 6389598, at *6 (D. Ariz. June 28, 2 2010), report and recommendation adopted, 2011 WL 1211516 (D. Ariz. Mar. 31, 2011). 3 The Court agrees that certain claims made by ADT LLC about the efficacy of its 4 wireless security system are puffery. For example, the company’s claim that its system 5 provides “worry-free” living (Complaint, ¶ 25(c)) is a statement of opinion, not fact. 6 This claim is not amenable to general verification or falsification because its truth or 7 falsity for a particular consumer depends as much on the characteristics of that consumer 8 as the efficacy of the product. An abnormally anxious consumer might find it impossible 9 to achieve “worry-free” living even in a fortified bunker, while an abnormally easygoing 10 consumer might find it possible to achieve worry-free living without any security system 11 at all. For similar reasons, it is impossible to provide an objective answer to the question 12 whether “you owe it to yourself and your family to talk to [ADT].” Id., ¶ 26(a). 13 But when ADT LLC claims that its wireless security system “protects against 14 unwanted entry and property loss” and provides “reliable security protection” (id., 15 ¶¶ 25(d), 26(c)), it is not simply expressing an opinion. At least in some circumstances, 16 the reliability and efficacy of a security system are facts that can be measured and 17 quantified. 18 misleading to represent that the system is “reliable,” notwithstanding the imprecision of 19 that term. Similarly, if customers using a company’s security system are just as likely to 20 be burgled as those without a security system, it is false and misleading for the company 21 to represent that its system protects against burglary.1 22 For example, if a company’s system fails often, it may be false and Absent further development of the record, the Court cannot determine whether this 23 1 24 25 26 27 28 None of ADT LLC’s cases are to the contrary. Tylka v. Gerber Products Co. involved a statement that was obviously exaggerated – no reasonable consumer would rely on a company’s superlative-laden claim to provide the “most wholesome nutritious safe foods you can buy anywhere in the world.” In contrast, there is nothing exaggerated about ADT LLC’s claim to provide “reliable security protection.” Isbell v. Carnival Corp. and related cases are also distinguishable. These cases hold that an injured traveler cannot sue his travel company based on the company’s representation that it provides “safe and reliable” vacations. Such a representation is not refuted by one instance where a traveler has an unsafe vacation. By contrast, ADT LLC’s claim that it provides “reliable security protection” might very well be refuted by evidence that of its wireless security systems are easily hacked. - 15 - 1 is a case where a product’s lack of reliability and efficacy is objectively verifiable, or a 2 case where reasonable people may disagree about whether a product possesses these 3 qualities. ADT LLC argues that there is no need for further development of the record 4 because Plaintiff has not alleged sufficient facts to render plausible her claim that ADT 5 LLC’s wireless security system is unreliable and ineffective (Doc. 10 at 9-10), but the 6 Court does not agree. Plaintiff alleges that “third parties can hack into ADT’s wireless 7 systems with, inter alia, something as simple as a Software-Defined Radio . . . which 8 sells on the open market with no restrictions for less than $10.” Complaint, ¶ 34. She 9 further alleges that this device can be used to “remotely disconnect or turn off the 10 security system[],” rendering it nonfunctional. Id., ¶ 31. Assuming these facts to be true, 11 as the Court must in ruling on this motion, the Court finds plausible Plaintiff’s claim that 12 ADT LLC’s wireless security system does not provide the “reliable security protection” 13 and “protect[ion] against unwanted entry and property loss” that is promised. The Court 14 therefore will not dismiss Plaintiff’s claims based on ADT LLC’s statements about the 15 reliability and efficacy of its product. 16 With respect to ADT LLC’s statements about its technological sophistication, 17 ADT LLC cites six cases, including one from within this circuit, for the proposition that 18 “[g]eneral marketing statements regarding advanced or ‘state-of-the-art’ technology are 19 nonactionable puffery.” Doc. 10 at 8.2 Plaintiff does not address these cases and does 20 not even mention the relevant statements in her opposition. See Doc. 17 at 4-7. The 21 Court finds the cases persuasive, and holds that ADT LLC’s statements about its 22 technological sophistication (Complaint, ¶ 28) are too far removed from any “specific or 23 absolute characteristics of [its] product” to be actionable. Newcal, 513 F.3d at 1053 24 25 26 27 28 2 Robins Printing Co. v. Crosfield Elecs., Inc., No. 92-2446, 1994 WL 284105 (6th Cir. 1994) (unpublished opinion); Winans by & through Moulton v. Emeritus Corp., No. 13-CV-03962-SC, 2014 WL 970177, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 5, 2014); Deburro v. Apple, Inc., No. A-13-CA-784-SS, 2013 WL 5917665, at *4 (W.D. Tex. Oct. 31, 2013); In re Heartland Payment Sys., Inc. Customer Data Sec. Breach Litig., 834 F. Supp. 2d 566, 592 (S.D. Tex. 2011), rev’d on other grounds sub nom. Lone Star Nat’l Bank, N.A. v. Heartland Payment Sys., Inc., 729 F.3d 421 (5th Cir. 2013); Shema Kolainu-Hear Our Voices v. ProviderSoft, LLC, 832 F. Supp. 2d 194, 209 (E.D.N.Y. 2010). - 16 - 1 (citation omitted). 2 With respect to ADT LLC’s statement that “Our Customer Monitoring Centers are 3 . . . equipped with secure communication links,” Plaintiff urges the Court to follow the 4 Central District of Illinois in holding that the company’s customers may state a 5 misrepresentation claim based on this statement. Doc. 17 at 5-6 (citing Baker v. ADT 6 Corp., No. 2:15-cv-02038-CSB-EIL at 16-17, (C.D. Ill. Oct. 5, 2015)). ADT LLC 7 counters that “[n]o rational consumer could parse the clear syntax of that sentence to 8 mean that the signals of her home’s wireless alarm components are encrypted.” Doc. 24 9 at 10. 10 Although the tendency of a statement to mislead is determined from the 11 perspective of the “least sophisticated reader,” Madsen, 694 P.2d at 1232, it is not 12 determined from the perspective of a reader lacking a basic understanding of English 13 vocabulary or grammar. 14 sophisticated reader could not read the statement “Our Customer Monitoring Centers are . 15 . . equipped with secure communication links” to say anything about the nature of 16 communications used by wireless security systems located in the home. The Court agrees with ADT LLC that even the least 17 But that is not the end of the matter. A consumer might infer from ADT LLC’s 18 use of secure communication links at its monitoring centers that the company would also 19 provide secure communication links to its home-based security systems. After all, those 20 systems are the key locations – where the monitoring of dangerous activity actually 21 occurs. If a consumer could reasonably make this inference, ADT LLC may be liable for 22 this statement even though the statement does not speak directly to the communication 23 protocol used by its home security systems. See Madsen, 694 P.2d at 1232 (courts must 24 consider “all that is reasonably implied” in determining whether a statement gives rise to 25 liability under the ACFA). The Court therefore agrees with the Baker court that “further 26 clarification or context” is necessary to determine whether such an inference is 27 reasonable. No. 2:15-cv-02038-CSB-EIL at 17. The Court will not grant ADT LLC’s 28 motion with respect to the statement about “secure communication links.” - 17 - 1 b. Omissions. 2 Plaintiff alleges that “ADT does not notify customers that their systems are 3 unencrypted or insufficiently secure.” Complaint, ¶ 38. Plaintiff contends that this 4 constitutes an omission of material fact that is actionable under the ACFA. Doc. 17 at 4- 5 5. ADT LLC counters that it had no duty to disclose the communications protocols used 6 by its wireless security system. Doc. 10 at 10. 7 The ACFA prohibits “concealment, suppression or omission of any material fact 8 with intent that others rely on such concealment, suppression or omission” in connection 9 with the sale or advertisement of consumer goods or services. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 44- 10 1522(A). A claim under the ACFA’s omission clause “requires proof that the omission is 11 material and made with intent that a consumer rely thereon.” State ex rel. Horne v. 12 AutoZone, Inc., 275 P.3d 1278, 1281 (Ariz. 2012). An omission is material if it is 13 “logically related to the transaction in which it occurs and rationally significant to the 14 parties in view of the nature and circumstances of the transaction.” Demaree v. Wal-Mart 15 Stores, Inc., 511 F. App’x 660, 661 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing Haisch v. Allstate Ins. Co., 5 16 P.3d 940, 945 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2000)). 17 ADT LLC contends that a claim under the ACFA’s omission clause must also 18 show that the defendant was subject to a duty to disclose the omitted information under 19 the common law or another statute. 20 Mortgage, 912 F. Supp. 2d 848 (D. Ariz. 2012), to support this proposition. Doc. 24 at 21 11. Plaintiff responds that this argument cannot be squared with the Arizona Supreme 22 Court’s decision in Horne v. AutoZone. Doc. 17 at 4-5. ADT LLC cites Loomis v. U.S. Bank Home 23 Plaintiff has the better of the argument. Horne is the Arizona Supreme Court’s 24 most recent statement on the question, and it states in no uncertain terms that the ACFA 25 “itself imposes [an] actionable duty . . . to refrain from . . . an ‘omission of any material 26 fact with intent that others rely’ thereon.” 275 P.3d at 1281 (citing Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 44- 27 1522(A)). In the face of a conflict between the Arizona Supreme Court and a federal 28 district court on a question of Arizona law, the Arizona Supreme Court’s decision is - 18 - 1 controlling. See also Starbuck v. City & Cty. of S.F., 556 F.2d 450, 457 (9th Cir. 1977) 2 (“The doctrine of stare decisis does not compel one district court judge to follow the 3 decision of another.”). 4 Loomis held that a claim under the ACFA’s omission clause must show the 5 defendant was under an independent duty to disclose the omitted information – i.e., a 6 duty arising from the common law or another statute. 912 F. Supp. 2d at 856. Loomis 7 did not cite the Arizona Supreme Court’s decision in Horne, nor explain how its holding 8 could be reconciled with Horne’s statement that the ACFA itself imposes “an actionable 9 duty . . . to refrain from . . . an omission of any material fact with intent that others rely 10 thereon.”3 Because Loomis misapprehended Arizona law, the Court cannot follow it.4 11 Plaintiff has adequately pleaded the other elements of an omission claim. Docs. 12 10 at 10; 24 at 11-12. Plaintiff alleges that ADT LLC deliberately failed to disclose the 13 fact that its wireless security system uses an unencrypted protocol and that this omission 14 was material. Complaint, ¶¶ 45, 57, 81. The complaint further alleges that this omission 15 was “designed to mislead customers.” Id., ¶ 45. The complaint alleges sufficient factual 16 material to render these allegations plausible. See id., ¶¶ 31-34. Therefore, the Court 17 concludes that Plaintiff has stated a claim under the ACFA’s omission clause. 18 3. Damages. 19 To state a claim under the ACFA, Plaintiff must allege that she has been damaged 20 by ADT LLC’s violation of the Act. Nataros v. Fine Arts Gallery of Scottsdale, Inc., 612 21 3 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Loomis relied instead on the Arizona Court of Appeals’ decision in Horne, which was vacated by the Arizona Supreme Court on the precise question at issue here. See Horne, 275 P.3d at 1283 (“we vacate the opinion of the court of appeals” with respect to issues addressed on appeal). Even if the Court of Appeals’ decision were good law, however, it does not support Loomis’s holding. In Horne, the Court of Appeals explained that a plaintiff could establish liability under the ACFA’s “unfair act or practice” clause by showing that the defendant had an independent duty to disclose the omitted information. State ex rel. Horne v. AutoZone, Inc., 258 P.3d 289, 299 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2011). Such an approach, the Court of Appeals explained, would allow the plaintiff to “avoid the heightened intent requirement imposed by the omission clause.” Id. It follows that a plaintiff who cannot identify an independent duty to disclose could proceed under the omission clause and grapple with its heightened intent requirement. 4 The Court does not reach Plaintiff’s alternative argument that ADT LLC was under a common law duty to disclose the omitted information. Doc. 17 at 5. - 19 - 1 P.2d 500, 504 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1980) (damages are an “essential element” of private right 2 of action under the ACFA). ADT LLC argues that Plaintiff has not alleged any damages. 3 Doc. 10 at 11. The Court disagrees. Plaintiff alleges that she would not have purchased 4 her wireless security system but for ADT LLC’s violation of the ACFA. Complaint, 5 ¶ 57. She further alleges that she continues to suffer economic loss because she remains 6 bound by her monitoring contract with ADT LLC and will have to pay a penalty if she 7 cancels it. Id., ¶ 58. These allegations are sufficient to establish the damages element of 8 Plaintiff’s claim. See Parks, 591 P.2d at 1009 (“out-of-pocket expenses necessary to 9 perform the contract prior to discovering the fraud” are recoverable under the ACFA). 10 4. Conclusion. 11 Plaintiff fails to state a claim under the ACFA based on ADT LLC’s statements 12 about its technological sophistication (Complaint, ¶ 28), its promise to provide “worry- 13 free” living (id., ¶ 25(c)), or its claim that “you owe it to yourself and your family to talk 14 to [ADT],” (id., ¶ 26(a)). The Court will grant ADT LLC’s motion to dismiss as to these 15 statements. Plaintiff has stated a claim, however, based on ADT LLC’s statements about 16 the reliability and efficacy of its alarm system and its representation that its customer 17 support centers are connected by “secure communication links.” Complaint, ¶¶ 25(a), 18 (b), (d), 26(b), (c). Plaintiff has also stated a claim based on ADT LLC’s failure to 19 disclose that its wireless security systems use unencrypted and unauthenticated signals. 20 The Court will not dismiss Plaintiff’s claims based on these statements and omissions. 21 C. 22 “Unjust enrichment occurs when one party has and retains money or benefits that 23 in justice and equity belong to another.” Trustmark Ins. Co. v. Bank One, Ariz., NA, 48 24 P.3d 485, 491 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2002) (citing City of Sierra Vista v. Cochise Enter., Inc., 25 697 P.2d 1125, 1131 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1984)). “To establish a claim for unjust enrichment, 26 a party must show: (1) an enrichment; (2) an impoverishment; (3) a connection between 27 the enrichment and the impoverishment; (4) the absence of justification for the 28 enrichment and the impoverishment; and (5) the absence of a legal remedy.” Id. (citing Unjust Enrichment. - 20 - 1 Sierra Vista, 697 P.2d at 1131). Plaintiff asserts that ADT LLC was unjustly enriched 2 and she was unjustly impoverished when she purchased equipment and monitoring 3 services in reliance on the company’s misrepresentations and material omissions. 4 Complaint, ¶ 98. She further contends that ADT LLC’s retention of her payment is 5 without justification, and that she will be without an adequate remedy at law in the event 6 her ACFA and strict liability claims are denied. Id., ¶ 102. 7 ADT LLC does not dispute that Plaintiff has adequately pleaded the first four 8 elements of an unjust enrichment claim. Instead, it argues that Plaintiff cannot establish 9 the absence of a legal remedy because she can bring an action for fraud and because she 10 is party to a monitoring contract with ADT LLC. Doc. 10 at 3-4. 11 In support of its first argument, ADT LLC cites Stratton v. American Medical 12 Security, 266 F.R.D. 340 (D. Ariz. 2009), for the proposition that a plaintiff asserting an 13 unjust enrichment claim based on fraud “has an adequate remedy at law and should prove 14 the fraud claim.” Id. at 354 (citing Waddell v. White, 108 P.2d 565, 568-69 (Ariz. 1940)). 15 This argument is unavailing. Plaintiff is attempting to prove a fraud claim, but asserts her 16 unjust enrichment claim in the alternative. “An unjust enrichment count should not be 17 dismissed unless it [is] insufficient apart from its inconsistency with the other counts.” 18 Isofoton, S.A. v. Giremberk, No. CV-04-0798-PHX-ROS, 2006 WL 1516026, at *3 (D. 19 Ariz. May 30, 2006) (citing Arnold & Assocs., Inc. v. Misys Healthcare Sys., 275 F. 20 Supp. 2d 1013, 1030-31 (D. Ariz. 2003); Adelman v. Christy, 90 F. Supp. 2d 1034, 1045 21 (D. Ariz. 2000)). Stratton is not to the contrary – the court refused to certify a class 22 action on an unjust enrichment claim, but did not dismiss the claim. 266 F.R.D. at 354. 23 In support of its second argument, ADT LLC points to several Arizona cases 24 holding that the doctrine of unjust enrichment has no application “where there is a 25 specific contract which governs the relationship of the parties.” Brooks v. Valley Nat’l 26 Bank, 548 P.2d 1166, 1171 (Ariz. 1976); see also Ashton Co., Inc. v. State, 454 P.2d 27 1004, 1010 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1969) (unjust enrichment “has no application to a situation 28 where there is an explicit contract which has been performed”). Plaintiff counters that - 21 - 1 more recent cases have criticized Brooks’ formulation as “misleadingly overbroad” and 2 have held that the “mere existence of a contract governing the dispute does not 3 automatically invalidate an unjust enrichment alternative theory of recovery.” Adleman, 4 90 F. Supp. 2d at 1045; see also Arnold, 275 F. Supp. 2d at 1030-31. She contends that 5 her monitoring contract with ADT LLC is no bar to her unjust enrichment claim because 6 her current dispute with the company is not governed by this contract. Doc. 17 at 8-9. 7 She further argues that it would be premature for the Court to rule on this question before 8 it has examined the contract. Id. at 9-10. The Court agrees. 9 A contract normally bars an action for unjust enrichment because it precludes a 10 finding that the plaintiff is without an adequate remedy at law – a party deprived of 11 benefits due under a contract generally has the ability to enforce the contract. See Burge 12 v. Freelife Int’l, Inc., No. 09-CV-1159-PHX-JA, 2009 WL 3872343, at *4 (D. Ariz. Nov. 13 18, 2009) (explaining that the Brooks rule rests on the assumption that the contract 14 provides an adequate legal remedy); see also USLife Title Co. of Ariz. v. Gutkin, 732 P.2d 15 579, 585 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1986) (explaining that the Brooks rule exists to prevent plaintiff 16 from obtaining “double recovery” in contract and restitution). 17 rationale, Arizona courts permit a plaintiff to bring an unjust enrichment claim where her 18 inability to enforce the contract leaves her without an adequate remedy at law. See, e.g., 19 Arnold, 275 F. Supp. 2d at 1024-25 (restitution available where contract is unenforceable 20 under the statute of frauds) (citing Trollope v. Koerner, 470 P.2d 91 (Ariz. 1970)). 21 Similarly, a plaintiff may bring an unjust enrichment claim where she asserts a right that 22 is not subject to vindication in an action to enforce the contract. See Ellis v. J.P. Morgan 23 Chase & Co., 950 F. Supp. 2d 1062, 1091 (N.D. Cal. 2013) (unjust enrichment claim not 24 barred by contract unless it “derives from the subject matter of the agreement[]”); In re 25 Countrywide Fin. Corp. Mortgage Mktg. & Sales Practices Litig., 601 F. Supp. 2d 1201, 26 1220-21 (S.D. Cal. 2009) (unjust enrichment claim would not be dismissed where 27 contracts did not appear to provide for the specific recovery sought by plaintiff); see 28 generally USLife, 732 P.2d at 584 (only “a contract specifically governing the rights and - 22 - Consistent with this 1 obligations of each party precludes recovery for unjust enrichment.”) (emphasis added).5 2 The Court cannot conclude that Plaintiff’s monitoring contract with ADT LLC 3 specifically governs the rights and obligations at issue here. Therefore, the Court will not 4 dismiss Plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim.6 5 IV. ADT LLC’s Motion to Strike. 6 A court “may order stricken from any pleading . . . any redundant, immaterial, 7 impertinent, or scandalous matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). Although generally disfavored, 8 a motion to strike may be granted where necessary to spare the parties the time and 9 expense associated with “litigating spurious issues.” Sidney-Vinstein v. A.H. Robins Co., 10 697 F.2d 880, 885 (9th Cir. 1983). A successful motion to strike must show that the law 11 is clear beyond reasonable dispute and that the relevant claim or defense could not 12 succeed under any set of circumstances. Sanders v. Apple, Inc., 672 F. Supp. 2d 978, 990 13 (N.D. Cal. 2009) (citing RDF Media Ltd. v. Fox Broadcasting Co., 372 F. Supp. 2d 556, 14 566 (C.D. Cal. 2005)). 15 opportunity for the determination of disputed and substantial questions of law.” Salcer v. 16 Envicon Equities Corp., 744 F.2d 935, 939 (2d Cir. 1984), judgment vacated on other 17 grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 (1986) (citation omitted). 18 question will not be decided on a motion to strike if discovery might provide useful 19 context for decision or render the question moot. See id. (citations omitted). Rule 12(f) 20 requires the Court to accept the non-moving party’s well-pleaded facts as true and to 21 draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that party. Farm Credit Bank of Spokane v. The motion to strike “was never intended to furnish an Moreover, even a purely legal 22 5 23 24 25 26 27 28 ADT LLC cites Johnson v. KB Home, 720 F. Supp. 2d 1109 (D. Ariz. 2010), for the proposition that a contract may bar an action for unjust enrichment even if it is silent on the specific point of disagreement between the parties. That much is true: where the plaintiff’s claim “clearly arise[s] from relationships governed by” the contract, it is immaterial whether the contract speaks directly to the point of dispute, as the plaintiff may sue to enforce the contract’s implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. 720 F. Supp. 2d at 1123. But that covenant applies only to matters that “flow from the[] agreement or contractual relationship.” Id. (citation omitted). It does not provide redress where the defendant has been unjustly enriched due to wrongful actions unrelated to the terms of the contract, so it cannot preclude an equitable remedy in these cases. 6 The Court need not reach Plaintiff’s alternative argument that the contract is no bar to her claim because it was induced by fraud. Doc. 17 at 8. - 23 - 1 2 Parsons, 758 F. Supp. 1368, 1371 n.4 (D. Mont. 1990). Motions to strike class allegations are particularly disfavored because it is rarely 3 easy to determine before discovery whether the allegations are meritorious. 4 Baughman v. Roadrunner Commc’ns, No. CV-12-565-PHX-SMM, 2013 WL 4230819, at 5 *2 (D. Ariz. Aug. 13, 2013) (a motion for class certification is generally the more 6 appropriate vehicle for determining whether class relief is available) (citing Thorpe v. 7 Abbott Labs., Inc., 534 F. Supp. 2d 1120, 1125 (N.D. Cal. 2008)). Nonetheless, class 8 allegations may be stricken when it is clear from the face of the complaint that no class 9 can be certified. Baughman, 2013 WL 4230819, at *2 (citing Tietsworth v. Sears, 720 F. 10 Supp. 2d 1123, 1146 (N.D. Cal. 2010); Vinole v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 571 11 F.3d 935, 941 (9th Cir. 2009)). See 12 The question raised by ADT LLC’s motion is whether a violation of the ACFA 13 can ever give rise to a class action under Rule 23(b)(3). To maintain a class action, a 14 prospective class representative must establish four prerequisites: “(1) the class is so 15 numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law or 16 fact common to the class; (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are 17 typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and (4) the representative parties will fairly 18 and adequately protect the interests of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). To maintain a 19 class action under Rule 23(b)(3), a prospective class representative must also show “that 20 the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions 21 affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available 22 methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” 23 A finding of predominance is generally warranted in a consumer fraud case if each 24 class member was exposed to a substantially similar misrepresentation and manifested a 25 similar kind and degree of reliance. In re First All. Mortgage Co., 471 F.3d 977, 990 26 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Rule 23, Advisory Committee Notes to 1966 Amendments, 27 Subdivision (b)(3)). These factors are evaluated with an eye to both the legal and factual 28 context of the litigation. Yokoyama v. Midland Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 594 F.3d 1087, 1010 - 24 - 1 (9th Cir. 2010). Thus, variation in individual class member’s reliance will not defeat a 2 finding of predominance where the cause of action does not require a showing of 3 individual reliance. Id. at 1093. Similarly, variation in the defendant’s oral 4 misrepresentations to each class member will not defeat a finding of predominance where 5 the plaintiff seeks to certify a claim based on common omissions of material fact or 6 misstatements in publicly available documents. Id. 7 ADT LLC argues that class certification is categorically unavailable in ACFA 8 cases. Doc. 24 at 1-2. It notes that the ACFA requires each plaintiff to show that she 9 actually relied on the defendant’s misrepresentation, and cites Stratton v. American 10 Medical Security, Inc., 266 F.R.D. 340, for the proposition that this individualized 11 reliance inquiry will invariably predominate over any issues common to the class. Id. 12 Plaintiff disagrees, and notes that courts have certified class actions under the ACFA on 13 at least three occasions. Doc. 17 at 11-17 (citing London v. Green Acres Trust, 765 P.2d 14 538, 542 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1988); Siemer v. Assocs. First Capital Corp., No. CV-97-281- 15 TUC-JMR-JCC, 2001 WL 35948712, at *5 (D. Ariz. Mar. 30, 2001); Persky v. Turley, 16 No. CIV-88-1830-PHX-SMM, 1991 WL 329564, at *4 (D. Ariz. Dec. 20, 1991)). In 17 addition, Plaintiff argues that even if the reliance question is inappropriate for class 18 adjudication, the Court could certify an issue-based class to address whether ADT LLC 19 made misrepresentations in violation of the ACFA. Id. at 12. 20 ADT LLC has not shown that it is clear beyond reasonable dispute that the ACFA 21 claim cannot be certified as a class action. ADT LLC argues that certification is barred 22 by Stratton, but there are a number of ways that case could plausibly be distinguished. 23 First, Stratton dealt with an affirmative misrepresentation claim; the Court went out of its 24 way to emphasize that the plaintiff was not asserting a material omission. 266 F.R.D. at 25 349. Plaintiff characterizes this as “primarily an omissions case.” Doc. 17 at 4. Second, 26 Stratton was not dealing with an “inherently flawed” product – a fact the Court relied on 27 to distinguish a case that did certify an ACFA class. 266 F.R.D. at 349. Plaintiff alleges 28 that ADT LLC’s wireless home security system is inherently flawed. Complaint, ¶¶ 44- - 25 - 1 45. Third, Stratton found that reliance could not be presumed in part because the 2 plaintiff’s testimony demonstrated that her purchasing decision was motivated by factors 3 other than the defendant’s misrepresentation. 266 F.R.D. at 350. There is no comparable 4 evidence here. 5 Plaintiff has a number of colorable arguments as to why class certification may be 6 appropriate in this case. The Court need not decide whether any of these arguments is 7 meritorious. It is enough to recognize that the argument presented by ADT LLC involves 8 a “disputed and substantial question[] of law,” which the Court should not decide on a 9 motion to strike. Salcer, 744 F.2d at 939. 10 IT IS ORDERED: 11 1. 12 13 ADT Corp.’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction (Doc. 9) is granted. 2. ADT LLC’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim (Doc. 10) is 14 granted with respect to any ACFA claims based on statements set forth in 15 Paragraphs 25(c), 26(a), or 28 of the Complaint. 16 3. ADT LLC’s motion to dismiss is otherwise denied. 17 4. ADT LLC’s motion to strike (Doc. 10) is denied. 18 Dated this 11th day of February, 2016. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 - 26 -

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