Hankins v. Standard Insurance Company
Filing
23
OPINION AND ORDER that Standard's determination that Hankins is not eligible to receive long-term disability benefits is affirmed. Signed by Chief Judge J. Leon Holmes on 11/1/11. (vjt)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS
WESTERN DIVISION
BOBBY GENE HANKINS
v.
PLAINTIFF
No. 4:11CV00428 JLH
STANDARD INSURANCE COMPANY
DEFENDANT
OPINION AND ORDER
This is an ERISA action in which Bobby Gene Hankins seeks to recover benefits under the
long-term disability plan offered by his former employer, Stephens Inc., through Standard Insurance
Company. The parties have submitted an administrative record and briefed the issues, so the case
is ripe for decision. For the following reasons, Standard’s decision to deny Hankins’ claim for longterm disability benefits is affirmed.
I.
In April 2002, Bobby Gene Hankins began working as the director of commercial security
at Stephens, Inc. (Adm. R. 351, 381). In that position, Hankins managed a staff of 30 security
personnel while reporting to the Stephens vice president and chief security officer. (Id.). Stephens
summarized Hankins’ position as requiring him:
To plan, organize, direct and control the security policies, procedures and programs
for all commercial locations in the area of facility security in order to ensure the
safety and security of employees and assets; to provide investigation and other
security services as required in this capacity.
(Adm. R. 381). Hankins’ job description also contained a lengthy list of “Essential Duties and
Responsibilities” that include potentially physical requirements such as “responding to all
emergency and crisis situations as necessary, . . . transporting and assisting incapacitated persons,
interceding in physical disturbances, subduing violent individuals, . . . assisting victims of offenses,”
participating in investigations, making arrests, and providing “‘back-up’ support to law enforcement
agencies as necessary.” (Adm. R. 381-82).1 In addition, Stephens required Hankins to “be able to
perform each essential duty satisfactorily.” (Adm. R. 382). In order to evaluate his physical
capacity for the aforementioned duties, Stephens periodically required Hankins to: (1) walk or run
1.5 miles in under 15:54 minutes; (2) run 300 meters in under 66 seconds; (3) jump at least 15.5
inches vertically; (4) bench press at least 78 percent of his body weight; and (5) perform at least 30
sit-ups in one minute. (Adm. R. 383).
Through his employment with Stephens, Hankins was covered by the “Group Long Term
Disability Insurance Policy” provided by Standard. (Adm. R. 9). The Policy states that a person
is entitled to disability benefits during the “Own Occupation Period” if he meets the “Own
Occupation Definition of Disability.” (Adm. R. 13, 18). A person meets this definition, in part, by
being “unable to perform with reasonable continuity the Material Duties of [his] Own Occupation.”
(Adm. R. 18).
On October 15, 2009, Hankins was running at work in the fitness program for Stephens’
security personnel when he heard a pop and felt a severe pain in his right buttock. (Adm. R. 114,
208, 230). After undergoing an MRI the next day, Hankins was examined on October 20 by
W. Scott Bowen, M.D., an orthopedic surgeon in Little Rock. (Adm. R. 114-15, 122-23). Bowen
diagnosed Hankins with a hamstring avulsion in his right hip and instructed him not to kneel, stoop,
squat, push off, or jump on his right leg. (Adm. R. 115). Bowen prescribed anti-inflammatory
medication and released Hankins from work for three weeks until a re-evaluation could be done.
(Id.). Three weeks later, on November 10, Bowen re-examined Hankins and explained to him that
it might take up to three months for his hamstring tear to heal enough to allow him to perform the
1
Hankins’ job description also noted that the position regularly required a person, inter
alia, to lift and move up to 200 pounds on occasion. (Adm. R. 382-83).
2
required 300-meter run in one minute. (Adm. R. 113). At some point during this time, Hankins
began attending physical therapy sessions. (Adm. R. 318). During the next follow-up, on
December 8, Bowen encouraged Hankins to continue physical therapy with the goal of being
released in one month, fully capable of performing the 300-meter sprint within the required time.
(Adm. R. 112). By January 11, 2010, however, Bowen opined that it was unlikely that Hankins
would ever be able to complete the 300-meter run in the required time, even though the injury might
continue to improve slightly. (Adm. R. 110). Because of this, Bowen put Hankins on permanent
restriction, barring all running or jumping, while opining that it would be reasonable for Hankins
to work a desk or participate in light duty. (Id.).
At some point before the end of January 2010, Stephens terminated Hankins, apparently
because he was unable to run the required 300-meter sprint in the allotted time. (Adm. R. 208, 328,
351). On February 10, 2010, Bowen advised Standard in writing of Hankins’ permanent restrictions
and his light duty recommendation. (Adm. R. 274). Soon thereafter, on March 9, Standard
Vocational Case Manager Karol Paquette filed an “Own Occupation Review” concerning Hankins
in order to “clarify the material duties and physical demands of [Hankins’] job to determine the Own
Occupation.” (Adm. R. 358).2 In the review, Paquette analyzed the Policy language and the duties
and physical demands of Hankins’ specific position, determining, inter alia, that Hankins was a high
level security manager and that Stephens maintained unusually high standards – physical and
otherwise – for its security personnel. (Adm. R. 359-60). Paquette also determined that, while
Standard viewed its security personnel “like a private police force,” Hankins’ arrest authority did
not extend beyond that of a regular citizen. (Adm. R. 360) (quoting Stephens representative Dan
2
Paquette is a certified rehabilitation counselor with a Master of Science in Rehabilitation
Counseling. (Adm. R. 380).
3
Smith). Paquette then opined that Hankins’ “Own Occupation” was best represented by the
occupation “Security Manager (Alternate Title) Any Industry” (Security Manager) in the
Department of Labor’s Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)3 because the material duties of the
DOT position were consistent with the official summary of Hankins’ job description, most of his
listed duties, and the high level of management required for his position. (Adm. R. 360-61).4 While
Paquette noted that the physical demands of Hankins’ position were “clearly beyond” the Security
Manager DOT position, which was classified as sedentary in nature, she concluded that Standard
was not limited to looking at Hankins’ job alone, as per the Policy language. (Adm. R. 361). She
also noted that Stephens’ physical requirements for security personnel were not consistent with
national standards, Arkansas certification requirements, and “not likely consistent with other state
certification requirements.” (Adm. R. 362). Thus, she opined that “it would be reasonable that
[Hankins] could obtain employment as a Security Manager elsewhere in the national economy, as
the occupation is generally performed.” (Id.).
Standard also hired John Hart, D.O., an osteopathic physician and independent contractor,
to review Hankins’ medical records and respond to various questions from Standard. (Adm. R. 20817). Hart submitted his report on March 19, 2010. (Adm. R. 208). In the report, Hart labeled
Hankins’ position as security director as sedentary, although he noted that Stephens required
Hankins to run 300 meters in under 66 seconds. (Id.). Hart also set out Hankins’ medical history
3
The DOT, a “result of over fifty years of occupational data collection and evaluation,”
combines “various jobs into ‘occupations’ based on their similarities.” Dionida v. Reliance
Standard Life Ins. Co., 50 F. Supp. 2d 934, 939-40 n.4 (N.D. Cal. 1999) (citing Dep’t of Labor,
Dictionary of Occupational Titles at xv, xvii (4th ed., rev. 1991)). Thus, a DOT “‘occupation’
. . . covers more than one particular job.” Id.
4
Paquette lists the Security Manager DOT position number as 189.167-050. (Adm. R.
361). The regular title for this position is “Superintendent, Plant Protection (any industry).”
Dep’t of Labor, Dictionary of Occupational Titles 154 (4th ed., rev. 1991)).
4
from the time of the injury until the report, noting that while Bowen had stated in November and
December 2009 that he believed Hankins would be able to run 300 meters within three months,
Bowen had revised this opinion in January 2010, declaring that such an action was permanently
unlikely. (Adm. R. 208-09). In response to questions, Hart stated that an individual in Hankins’
situation should not have been precluded from working in any capacity, and that such a person
should have been able to return to sedentary work within one week of the injury and to light work
within two weeks of the injury. (Adm. R. 209-10). Finally, when asked when he would anticipate
a material change in Hankins’ condition, Hart responded that he agreed with Bowen’s earlier
assessment that 300 meters would be possible within three months, although the report is ambiguous
as to whether Hart was referring to Hankins or to a hypothetical individual in Hankins’ earlier
situation. (Adm. R. 210). In answering this question, Hart did not mention Bowen’s later reassessment of Hankins’ situation, where Bowen declared that 300 meters was likely a permanent
impossibility. (Id.).
On April 8, 2010, Standard advised Hankins in a letter that it had denied his claim for longterm disability benefits because he was not disabled under the Policy’s “Own Occupation”
definition. (Adm. R. 317-21). In the letter, Standard stated that as part of its review it had analyzed
the Policy, Hankins’ medical records, Hart’s report, and Paquette’s report. (Id.). Standard
summarized the information from those sources, and in the end it embraced Paquette’s conclusion
that Hankins’ “Own Occupation” was best described by the DOT Security Manager position. (Adm.
R. 317-19). Standard concluded by stating that, while it acknowledged that Hankins could not
maintain his own position because of the physical demands, it did not find sufficient evidence or
documentation that his injury would prevent him from performing his “Own Occupation” for other
employers. (Adm. R. 320).
5
As of May 24, 2010, Hankins was still experiencing muscle spasms related to the hamstring
injury, and Bowen advised him to continue physical therapy and medication. (Adm. R. 109). On
July 28, Hankins was discharged from physical therapy after meeting all of his goals and reporting
no pain other than discomfort from sitting and driving on a recent vacation. (Adm. R. 132). The
next day, Bowen released Hankins from his care without recommending any further treatment, in
part because an MRI had revealed that there was no new hamstring tear and in part because of the
improvement seen in therapy. (Adm. R. 105). Bowen did not lift the permanent running and
jumping restrictions, however, and he noted that Hankins still favored his right side when he walked
and experienced some discomfort in the hamstring. (Id.).
On October 7, 2010, Hankins requested, through his attorney, that Standard provide him the
entire file regarding his claim. (Adm. R. 304). The parties dispute whether Standard has complied.
On December 8, 2010, Robert White, a vocational specialist, interviewed Hankins at
Hankins’ request in order to prepare a vocational assessment.5 (Adm. R. 350). In the subsequent
assessment, White disagreed with Standard’s decision for two reasons. (Adm. R. 353). First, White
pointed out that Hankins’ essential job duties included numerous physically demanding activities.
(Id.). Because of this, White argued, it was inappropriate for Standard to compare Hankins’ position
with that of a sedentary Security Manager; rather, Hankins’ job should have been compared to a
position classified, at minimum, in the medium category of physical work as defined by the DOT.
(Adm. R. 353-54). White offered two other DOT descriptions – Public Safety Officer and Deputy
Police Chief – as potential “Own Occupation[s]” that are classified as more physically demanding.
5
White’s qualifications include, inter alia, a Master of Science in Career and Guidance
Counseling. (Adm. R. 356-57).
6
(Adm. R. 354).6 Second, White faulted Standard for not taking Hankins’ age into account in its
decision, noting that under Social Security Administration standards, an injured 57-year-old might
be found disabled if he is unable to do at least medium level work. (Adm. R. 350, 355).
On December 14, 2010, Hankins sent White’s assessment and curriculum vitae to Standard,
along with updated medical reports indicating Hankins’ permanent restrictions, requesting that
Standard overturn its previous denial of Hankins’ claim. (Adm. R. 298-99). Soon thereafter,
Standard hired Joseph Mandiberg, M.D., a physician and independent consultant, to review Hankins’
records. (Adm. R. 96, 102-03).7 On December 27, Mandiberg submitted his findings. (Adm. R.
96-98). Mandiberg concluded, based on Hankins’ physical therapy reports from July 28, 2010, that
Hankins was capable of performing a 300-meter test, although he was not capable of running and
jumping as part of his job as a security officer. (Adm. R. 98). Mandiberg also concluded that
Hankins was capable of medium level work as of July 24, 2010. (Id.). On February 1, 2011,
Hankins requested all information relating to Mandiberg’s review of Hankins’ claim from Standard
and a list of all past cases in which Standard had consulted Mandiberg. (Adm. R. 292). The parties
dispute as to whether all relevant information was in fact provided.
On March 11, 2011, at the behest of Standard, Paquette authored another memorandum
analyzing White’s vocational assessment. (Adm. R. 343-47). In the report, Paquette determined that
White’s findings were irrelevant and did not change her opinion as to Hankins’ “Own Occupation.”
(Adm. R. 345). Paquette stated that she came to this conclusion, inter alia, because White did not
6
Public Safety Officer is listed as DOT No. 379.263-014 and Deputy Police Chief is
listed as DOT No. 375.267-026, according to White. (Adm. R. 354). In actuality, DOT No.
375.267-026 is titled “Police Inspector I (government ser[vice]),” with “division commander;
field control inspector; and [senior] police captain” listed as alternative titles. Dep’t of Labor,
Dictionary of Occupational Titles 273 (4th ed., rev. 1991)).
7
Mandiberg is certified by the American Board of Orthopedic Surgery. (Adm. R. 102-03).
7
specifically analyze Hankins’ “Own Occupation,”8 and because White based part of his assessment
on Social Security Administration criteria and a regional economy, rather than a national economy.
(Adm. R. 346). Paquette also asserted that White’s choice of “Public Safety Officer” was clearly
incorrect, as this designation was “for a government industry sworn law enforcement officer with
full arrest authority,” and Hankins was a private security officer with minimal arrest authority. (Id.).
Paquette did not explicitly analyze White’s recommendation of “Deputy Police Chief” as an
alternative possibility. Paquette concluded by reaffirming her earlier assessment that Hankins’
“Own Occupation” as it is generally performed in the national economy is sedentary and thus
Hankins “would be able to obtain employment elsewhere.” (Adm. R. 347).
On March 15, 2011, Standard notified Hankins by letter that it had completed an independent
review of Hankins’ original claim determination and subsequently provided information, and it was
affirming its denial. (Adm. R. 282). In the letter, Standard explicitly embraced Paquette’s second
memorandum and her critique of White’s assessment, criticisms, and recommendations, finding
Paquette’s assessment to be “well reasoned and supported by information in the claim file.” (Adm.
R. 284-87). Standard again acknowledged that Hankins’ specific job had very high physical
requirements, but it noted that “when determining Mr. Hankins’ Own Occupation, we are looking
at the way the occupation is generally performed in the national economy.” (Adm. R. 286). Since
Stephens’ physical requirements were “not characteristic of how [Hankins’] occupation is performed
in the general economy,” and since Hankins’ job summary focused on managerial and not physical
duties, Standard asserted that comparing it to Security Manager was appropriate since Hankins’
position summary was “remarkably similar to the job description for Security Manager.” (Id.). In
8
Paquette asserted that White performed “a transferable skills assessment rather than a
specific analysis of the claimant’s Own Occupation.” (Adm. R. 346).
8
the end, Standard affirmed its denial and insisted that its “review was conducted fairly and
objectively, taking into consideration all information in Mr. Hankins’ claim file and all policy
provisions applicable to his claim.” (Adm. R. 288).
II.
ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B) provides that “a participant or beneficiary” may bring a civil action
“to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce his rights under the terms of
the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan.” 29 U.S.C.
§ 1132(a)(1)(B) (2009).
Although ERISA contains no standard of review, the Supreme Court has held that a
reviewing court should make a de novo review unless the plan gives the “administrator or fiduciary
discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan.”
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 109, 115, 109 S. Ct. 948, 953, 956-57, 103 L.
Ed. 2d 80 (1989). If the plan grants the administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority to
determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan, the court reviews for an abuse
of discretion. Farfalla v. Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co., 324 F.3d 971, 973 (8th Cir. 2003) (citing
Firestone, 489 U.S. at 115, 109 S. Ct. at 948). Here, the Policy states as follows:
Except for those functions which the Group Policy specifically reserves to the
Policyholder or Employer, we [Standard] have full and exclusive authority to control
and manage the Group Policy, to administer claims, and to interpret the Group Policy
and resolve all questions arising in the administration, interpretation, and application
of the Group Policy.
Our authority includes, but is not limited to:
1. The right to resolve all matters when a review has been requested;
2. The right to establish and enforce rules and procedures for the
administration of the Group Policy and any claim under it;
3. The right to determine:
a. Eligibility for insurance;
b. Entitlement to benefits;
9
c. The amount of benefits payable; and
d. The sufficiency and the amount of information we may reasonably
require to determine a., b., or c., above.
Subject to the review procedures of the Group Policy, any decision we make in the
exercise of our authority is conclusive and binding.
(Adm. R. 34-35). Hankins argues that the Court should engage in de novo review because the Policy
does not use the term “discretion” or contain any “language specifying that the fiduciary has
discretionary authority to interpret the plan provisions.” In support, he points primarily to Baxter
ex rel. Baxter v. Lynn, where the Eighth Circuit held that de novo review was appropriate even
though the plan in question gave the administrator “final authority to determine all matters of
eligibility for the payment of claims.” 886 F.2d 182, 188 (8th Cir. 1989).
First, contrary to Hankins’ assertion, the Policy grants Standard “full and exclusive
authority” to interpret the Policy. (Adm. R. 34). This fact alone takes Baxter out of the equation,
as the Eighth Circuit in Baxter stated that it came to its conclusion because the plan under
consideration did “not grant to the trustees the authority to construe ambiguous terms.” Baxter, 886
F.2d at 188 (noting additionally that the Eighth Circuit “could find no other provision in the plan
specifically giving the trustees the discretionary power to interpret the meaning of its subrogation
clause.”).
Second, while Hankins is correct that the word “discretion” does not appear in the Policy,
the Policy nonetheless grants discretion to Standard. The Eighth Circuit has held that plan language
granting an administrator sole responsibility for the administration and interpretation of a plan did
indeed give the administrator discretionary authority. Kennedy v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 31 F.3d
606, 609 (8th Cir. 1994). Like Kennedy, the Policy language here clearly grants sole administrative
and interpretive authority to Standard, thus it is discretionary. See also McKeehan, 344 F.3d at 792
10
(abuse-of-discretion standard applied when plan language granted the administrator full and
exclusive authority to control, manage, administer, interpret, and resolve issues concerning the plan);
Whitmore v. Standard Ins. Co., No. 4:06CV1486, 2007 WL 1557371, at *1-2 (E.D. Mo. May 25,
2007) (finding that virtually identical plan language conferred administrative and interpretive
discretion on Standard).
Even if the plan or policy grants discretion, the Eighth Circuit has held that a less deferential
standard of review is warranted if a plaintiff can provide material, probative evidence to demonstrate
“that: (1) . . . a serious procedural irregularity existed, which (2) caused a serious breach of the plan
administrator’s fiduciary duty . . . .” Woo v. Deluxe Corp., 144 F.3d 1157, 1160 (8th Cir. 1998),
abrogated on other grounds by Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 554 U.S. 105, 128 S. Ct. 2343,
171 L. Ed. 2d 299 (2008).9 Under the Woo test, the “mere presence of a procedural irregularity is
not enough to strip a plan administrator of the deferential standard of review.” McGarrah v.
Hartford Life Ins. Co., 234 F.3d 1026, 1031 (8th Cir. 2000), abrogated on other grounds by Glenn,
554 U.S. 105, 128 S. Ct. 2343, 171 L. Ed. 2d 299. The procedural irregularity must also raise
“serious doubts as to whether the result reached was the product of an arbitrary decision or the plan
9
Glenn abrogated the Woo test with respect to conflicts of interest. Glenn, 554 U.S. at
108, 128 S. Ct. at 2346 (holding that “a reviewing court should consider [a conflict of interest] as
a factor in determining whether the plan administrator has abused its discretion in denying
benefits”). It remains to be seen, however, as to whether Glenn affected Woo’s holding that a
procedural irregularity may change the standard of review. Compare Wakkinen v. UNUM Life
Ins. Co. of Am., 531 F.3d 575, 581-82 (8th Cir. 2008) (explaining that, even under Glenn, the
Eighth Circuit continues to examine procedural irregularities under the two-part Woo test), with
Chronister v. Unum Life Ins. Co. Of Am., 563 F.3d 773, 776-77 (8th Cir. 2009) (analyzing
procedural irregularities as factors under Glenn’s abuse of discretion standard). See also Wrenn
v. Principal Life Ins. Co., 636 F.3d 921, 924 n.6 (8th Cir. 2011) (explicitly declining to decide
whether Glenn changed the Woo procedural irregularity test, but noting that Woo may still apply
in the Eighth Circuit). This Court will continue to apply Woo to procedural irregularities so long
as that portion of Woo has not been overruled.
11
administrator’s whim.” Buttram v. Cent. States Se. & Sw. Areas Health & Welfare Fund, 76 F.3d
896, 900 (8th Cir.1996). This second requirement is a “considerable hurdle” for plaintiffs. Torres
v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of Am., 405 F.3d 670, 679 (8th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted).
Hankins argues that roughly five Standard actions are procedural irregularities. First, he
asserts that Standard relied on a faulty vocational assessment by Paquette – faulty because it failed
to consider any of his essential duties at Stephens that involved physical demands. Second, he
argues that Standard relied upon the fact that Hankins did not have legal authority to make arrests
rather than on the fact that Stephens required Hankins to have the physical ability to make arrests.
Third, he argues that Standard chose to give its own physicians and vocational case manager more
weight than his treating physician and White’s vocational assessment. Fourth, Hankins argues that
Standard has failed to produce certain information relevant to its decision to deny benefits. Fifth,
Hankins argues that Standard chose to focus solely upon the DOT, rather than looking at Hankins’
actual job, in making its “Own Occupation” determination.
Standard counters by arguing that all of these contentions have been misconstrued as
procedural arguments when they are, in reality, substantive arguments that go to the merits of
Standard’s decision to deny benefits. With the exception of Hankins’ failure-to-provide-information
argument, Standard is correct. In Weidner v. Federal Express Corp., the Eighth Circuit emphasized
that “procedural irregularity” refers “to the sorts of external factors that are sufficient under the
common law of trusts to call for application of a less deferential standard of review.” 492 F.3d 925,
928 (8th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted).
In Weidner, the claimant argued that procedural
irregularities existed because the plan administrator had disregarded her treating physician’s opinion,
failed to consider relevant information, and relied on outdated information. Id. The Eighth Circuit
found these contentions to be misdirected “because they reflect substantive disagreements with the
12
Committee’s analysis of the administrative record, not procedural irregularities.” Id. Much like
Weidner, four out of five of Hankins’ arguments are substantive disagreements with Standard’s
analysis of information in the record. They are therefore not properly classified as procedural
irregularities. See id. at 928-29 (“The record discloses nothing irregular in the Committee’s
gathering and considering the substantive evidence.”).10 This is not a statement on the validity of
the four arguments; they will be considered when the Court analyzes the substance of Hankins’
claim.
Based on the above reasoning, however, Hankins final argument – that Standard has failed
to provide certain information, either in the administrative record or to Hankins – is an argument for
a procedural irregularity. Hankins makes this argument concerning two separate pieces of
information. The Court will address each of these in turn.
Hankins first argues that Standard has failed to provide the notes and full substance of a
phone conversation between Paquette and Smith, a Stephens representative. Standard counters by
10
Procedural irregularities found or mentioned by the Eighth Circuit include a plan
administrator: acting dishonestly, Buttram, 76 F.3d at 900, acting from an improper motive, Id.,
not producing a written decision for the claimant and court to review, Id., failing to send the
administrative file to an appropriate entity, Sheehan v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 372 F.3d 962, 967
(8th Cir. 2004), deciding to deny a claim before receiving information necessary to evaluate the
claim, Id., not establishing and maintaining reasonable claim procedures, Menz v. Proctor &
Gamble Health Care Plan, 520 F.3d 865, 869 (8th Cir. 2008), requiring a claimant to file more
than two appeals, Id., withholding relevant information before the claimant’s appeal hearing,
Torres, 405 F.3d at 679, and leading a claimant to believe it was relying on certain documents in
the administrative record while the administrator never actually obtained those documents. Id.
These are all issues outside the realm of weighing evidence that exists in the administrative
record. Admittedly, the Eighth Circuit does not always draw a rigid line between information in
the administrative record and information outside of the administrative record when discussing
procedural irregularities. See, e.g., Buttram, 76 F.3d at 900 (noting that a procedural irregularity
can occur if a plan administrator “fails to use judgment in reaching his decision”). Even so, the
Court still believes it best to relegate four of the five arguments to the substantive discussion at
hand, as per Weidner.
13
observing, correctly, that the administrative record already includes two paragraphs of Paquette’s
notes describing the substance and details of her conversation with Smith. See Adm. R. 379.
Hankins provides nothing to show that these notes do not detail the conversation in full, or that a
more complete record exists (e.g. an audio copy), so the assertion is without merit.
Hankins next argues that Standard has refused to provide a list of all previous cases in which
Standard retained the consultants that it used in Hankins’ case. Standard admits that it has not
provided the information, but observes, correctly, that Hankins has pointed to nothing in the Policy,
the ERISA statutes, or the applicable regulations, that imposes upon Standard the duty to provide
such information. Without a duty, there cannot be a procedural irregularity. Hankins cites no
authority for the proposition that a plan administrator or insurer must provide a list of all cases in
which a consultant has been engaged.11
Even if the failure to provide a list of all cases reviewed by the outside professionals who
reviewed Hankins’ claim was a procedural irregularity, that would not end the inquiry. Hankins
would also have to show that the procedural irregularity “caused a serious breach of the plan
administrator’s fiduciary duty . . . .” Woo, 144 F.3d at 1160. This second requirement presents a
“considerable hurdle” for Hankins, which he has not overcome. See Chronister v. Baptist Health,
442 F.3d 648, 655 (8th Cir. 2006) (noting that, in order to strip a plan administrator of deference,
a procedural irregularity must be so egregious as to trigger a total lack of faith in the integrity of the
decision-making process).
III.
Because Hankins has not demonstrated the existence of a procedural irregularity that caused
11
Hankins does not argue, for instance, that Standard’s failure to provide this information
is a violation of the applicable regulations, which can be found in 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1.
14
a serious breach of Standard’s fiduciary duty, the Court reviews to see whether Standard abused its
discretion. Under the traditional abuse-of-discretion analysis, the proper inquiry is whether the plan
administrator’s decision was reasonable, or supported by substantial evidence. Ortlieb v. United
HealthCare Choice Plans, 387 F.3d 778, 781 (8th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). “Substantial
evidence is ‘more than a scintilla but less than a preponderance.’” Smith v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of
Am., 305 F.3d 789, 794 (8th Cir. 2002) (quoting Schatz v. Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co., 220 F.3d 944,
949 (8th Cir. 2000)). Stated differently, substantial evidence “means such relevant evidence as a
reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Fletcher-Merrit v. NorAm
Energy Corp., 250 F.3d 1174, 1179 (8th Cir. 2001) (quotation omitted). Relevant evidence includes
“all comments, documents, records, and other information submitted by the claimant relating to the
claim.” 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1(h)(2)(iv). An administrator’s decision is reasonable if a reasonable
person could have reached a similar decision given the evidence in the record, not whether a
reasonable person necessarily would have reached that decision. Ferrari v. Teachers Ins. & Annuity
Ass’n, 278 F.3d 801, 807 (8th Cir. 2002). While abuse of discretion review is deferential in the
ERISA context, it “is not tantamount to rubber-stamping the result.” Torres, 405 F.3d at 680.
Under an abuse-of-discretion analysis, the Court must defer to an administrator’s reasonable
plan interpretation “even if the court would interpret the language differently as an original matter.”
Darvell v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 597 F.3d 929, 935 (8th Cir. 2010). To determine reasonableness,
the Court looks at whether the administrative interpretation: (1) is contrary to the plan’s clear
language; (2) conflicts with ERISA’s substantive or procedural requirements; (3) renders plan
language “meaningless or internally inconsistent;” (4) is consistent with plan goals; and (5) has been
followed consistently by the administrator. Id. (citing Finley v. Special Agents Mut. Benefit Ass’n,
957 F.2d 617, 621 (8th Cir. 1992)).
15
Hankins’ primary argument is that Standard abused its discretion by making an unreasonable
interpretation of the Policy. More specifically, Hankins argues that the Policy required Standard to
look at Hankins’ actual job duties first, and then to look at how those duties are performed in the
national economy. Hankins argues that Standard instead decided how Hankins’ “Own Occupation”
should be construed almost entirely from looking at the national economy as represented by the
DOT. This over-reliance on the DOT, Hankins argues, resulted in his “Own Occupation” being
classified as sedentary despite the fact that his employer imposed strenuous physical requirements.
Standard responds to these specific arguments by essentially arguing the inverse: that Hankins overrelied on the duties of his Stephens job by not taking into account what “Own Occupation” actually
means. According to Standard, “Own Occupation” is broader than just a claimant’s specific job.
Rather, Standard posits, the Policy and case law make it clear that it is both reasonable and
necessary to construe “Own Occupation” as referencing how the occupation is performed in the
national economy. Thus, Standard contends that under the Policy Hankins must show not only that
he was unable to perform his job for his specific employer, but also that he would be unable to
perform his “Own Occupation” as it is generally performed in the national economy.
The Policy defines “Own Occupation” as:
[A]ny employment, business, trade, profession, calling, or vocation that involves
Material Duties of the same general character as the occupation you are regularly
performing for your Employer when Disability begins. In determining your Own
Occupation, we are not limited to looking at the way you perform your job for your
Employer, but we may also look at the way the occupation is generally performed
in the national economy. If your Own Occupation involves the rendering of
professional services and you are required to have a professional or occupational
license in order to work, your Own Occupation is as broad as the scope of your
license.
Material Duties means the essential tasks, functions and operations, and the skills,
abilities, knowledge, training and experience, generally required by employers from
those engaged in a particular occupation that cannot be reasonably modified or
16
omitted. . . .
(Adm. R. 19).12 Thus, the Policy definition of “Own Occupation” explicitly provides that Standard
is “not limited to looking at the way you perform your job for your Employer, but we may also look
at the way the occupation is generally performed in the national economy.” Furthermore, the term
“Material Duties” is defined to mean the duties “generally required by employers” for the particular
occupation “that cannot reasonably be modified or omitted.” Although Stephens requires its director
of commercial security to have the ability to engage in strenuous physical activity, Hankins has not
shown and does not argue that private employers in the national economy generally require persons
employed to direct and manage security operations to have that ability. In concluding that private
employers in the national economy do not generally impose such strenuous physical requirements,
Standard looked to the DOT, which is not an abuse of discretion. “We agree with the district court
that Hartford’s use of the Dictionary [of Occupational Titles] to determine Osborne’s “own
occupation” was not arbitrary and capricious, but on the contrary was ‘reasonable.’” See Osborne
v. Hartford Life and Acc. Ins. Co., 465 F.3d 296, 299 (6th Cir. 2006). See also Darvell, 597 F.3d
12
Most of the cases cited to by either party involved long-term disability plans without a
specific definition of “occupation,” “own occupation,” or “regular occupation.” See, e.g.,
Darvell, 597 F.3d at 935 (“The plan here does not define ‘regular occupation.’”); Osborne, 465
F.3d at 302 (Cole, J., dissenting) (noting that the policy in question did not define “own
occupation”); Berges v. Standard Ins. Co., 704 F. Supp. 2d 1149, 1179-80 (D. Kan. 2010 (noting
that since the Court could not find an alleged “own occupation” definition in the administrative
record, it was forced to conclude that the plan in question did not define the term); Whitmore v.
Standard Ins. Co., 527 F. Supp. 2d 913 (W.D. Mo. 2007) (referencing no specific policy
language or definition of “own occupation”); Ayer v. Liberty Life Assur. Co. of Boston, 382 F.
Supp. 2d 162, 178 (D. Me. 2005) (“When the term ‘occupation’ is undefined, courts properly
defer to the DOT definition . . . .”); Ehrensaft v. Dimension Works Inc. Long Term Disability
Plan, 120 F. Supp. 2d 1253 (D. Nev. 2000) (proceeding as if no policy language existed defining
“occupation”). As Hankins’ Policy provides a thorough definition of “Own Occupation,” these
cases are only marginally relevant, at best, as are cases cited concerning plans that contain very
different “occupation” definitions. See, e.g., Zappier v. Sun Life Assur. Co. of Can., No. 05 Civ.
5300, 2006 WL 2621110 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 10, 2006).
17
at 936 (quoting Osborne with approval).
According to the DOT, the occupation of Security Manager is sedentary. It is undisputed
that Hankins has the ability to engage in sedentary work. See, e.g., Adm. R. 110 (opining by Bowen
that Hankins could reasonably work a desk or participate in light duty). Hence, he was not and is
not disabled from engaging in his “Own Occupation,” even though he was and is unable to meet the
physical requirements for employment at Stephens.
Hankins argues that a conflict of interest exists because Standard has the authority to
determine his eligibility for long-term disability benefits while also serving as the insurance
company that would pay off the claim. Standard responds by arguing that Hankins has not
demonstrated that the conflict actually impacted the outcome of his case. Standard also argues that
its determination was obviously appropriate, thus the conflict can be ignored because it would not
serve as a tie-breaking factor.
A conflict exists when the “plan administrator both evaluates claims for benefits and pays
benefit claims.” Khoury v. Group Health Plan, Inc., 615 F.3d 946, 953 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting
Glenn, 554 U.S. at 112, 114, 128 S. Ct. at 2348-49). A conflict of interest is “one factor among
many that a reviewing judge must take into account” in analyzing a claimant’s argument that a plan
administrator abused its discretion. Glenn, 554 U.S. at 116, 128 S. Ct. at 2351. A conflict should
be given more weight “where circumstances suggest a higher likelihood that it affected the benefits
decision, including, but not limited to, cases where an insurance company administrator has a history
of biased claims administration.” Id. at 117. Less weight, or no weight at all, should be given to a
conflict of interest “where the administrator has taken active steps to reduce potential bias and to
promote accuracy, for example, by walling off claims administrators from those interested in firm
finances, or by imposing management checks that penalize inaccurate decisionmaking irrespective
18
of whom the inaccuracy benefits.” Id. Here, taking into account Standard’s conflict of interest as
the party that both evaluates and pays claims, the Court does not find that Standard abused its
discretion.
Hankins argues that Standard, in evaluating his claim, failed to take into account that
Hankins should be considered of “advanced age.” As Standard correctly notes, however, it was not
obligated by the Policy, ERISA, or case law to apply Social Security Administration standards
concerning age in determining Hankins’ “Own Occupation” or disability. More importantly, the
issue is not whether Hankins is disabled from engaging in any occupation; rather, the issue is
whether he is disabled from engaging in his own occupation. If Hankins were disabled from
engaging in his own occupation, his age might be a relevant consideration in determining whether
he were disabled from engaging in any occupation because of the potential need for retraining for
a new occupation, but that is not the case here.
Hankins’ final argument is that Standard gave too much weight to its independent medical
consultants and too little weight to the opinion of Bowen, Hankins’ treating physician. This
argument is without merit, as Standard was not required to give any special deference to the opinion
of Hankins’ treating physician over the conflicting opinion of a reviewing physician. McGee v.
Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 360 F.3d 921, 925 (8th Cir. 2004). Regardless, even if Bowen’s
opinions were accepted as conclusive, the outcome could not be changed as Bowen himself opined
that Hankins could perform light duty, and the Court has determined that it was reasonable for
Standard to view Hankins’ “Own Occupation” as sedentary.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, Standard’s determination that Hankins is not eligible to receive longterm disability benefits is affirmed.
19
IT IS SO ORDERED this 1st day of November, 2011.
J. LEON HOLMES
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
20
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