PerfectVision Manufacturing Inc v. PPC Broadband Inc
Filing
37
ORDER denying Defendant PPC Broadband Inc's 13 Motion to Dismiss Complaint and 29 Motion to transfer the action to the Northern District of New York. Plaintiff PerfectVision Manufacturing Inc's 28 Second Motion to Amend Co mplaint is granted; Plaintiff's 20 First Motion to Amend Complaint is denied as moot. Plaintiff's 31 Motion to enjoin PPC from proceeding with its action against PerfectVision in the Northern District of New York is denied. Motions terminated. Signed by Judge J. Leon Holmes on 6/10/2013. (mcz)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS
WESTERN DIVISION
PERFECTVISION MANUFACTURING, INC.
v.
PLAINTIFF
No. 4:12CV00623 JLH
PPC BROADBAND, INC., d/b/a PPC
DEFENDANT
OPINION AND ORDER
PerfectVision Manufacturing, Inc., brings this declaratory judgment action seeking a judicial
determination that a product that it manufactures does not infringe upon patents owned by PPC
Broadband, Inc., d/b/a PPC. PPC has offered PerfectVision a covenant not to sue, which PPC
contends means that there is no case or controversy between the parties and thus that the Court lacks
subject matter jurisdiction under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201, 2202. On that
basis, PPC has moved to dismiss the complaint. Also pending are motions by PerfectVision to
amend its complaint, a motion in the alternative by PPC to transfer the action to the Northern District
of New York, and a motion by PerfectVision to enjoin PPC from proceeding with a separately filed
action in the Northern District of New York. For reasons explained below, PPC's motions to
dismiss and to transfer are denied, PerfectVision's motion to amend is granted, and PerfectVision's
motion to enjoin is denied.
I.
PerfectVision designs, manufactures, and sells coaxial cables and connectors, as well as other
products. According to PerfectVision's complaint, on September 27, 2012, Robert Chastain,
PerfectVision's CEO, and John Mezzalingua, PPC's CEO, had a telephone conversation in which
PPC inquired about the possibility of PerfectVision distributing a PPC continuity connector. 1
1
Connectors for coaxial cables generally are connected onto complementary interface ports
to integrate electrically coaxial cables with various electronic devices and cable communications
Chastain told Mezzalingua that PerfectVision had its own continuity connector, marketed and sold
as the PV6SL SignaLoc connector. PPC asserted that the SignaLoc connector infringed PPC's
continuity patents, and PPC assured PerfectVision that PPC would pursue legal remedies against
PerfectVision. The complaint alleges that PPC said that PerfectVision "would lose" regardless of
whether the connector infringed PPC's patents, and PPC said that it intended to incorporate
PerfectVision's continuity solution into one of PPC' s pending patent applications and claim it as a
PPC invention.
On October 4, 2012, PerfectVision brought this declaratory judgment action seeking a
judicial determination that PerfectVision's SignaLoc connector does not infringe any of PPC's
continuity patents. In the original complaint, PerfectVision sought a declaratory judgment regarding
six of PPC's patents: United States Patent Numbers 8,192,237; 7,845,976; 7,950,958; 8,075,338;
8,157,589; and 8,167,646.
On October 9, 2012, Douglas Nash, counsel for PPC, emailed
PerfectVision's counsel and asked for proof that the SignaLoc connector existed and was being
marketed and sold when the complaint was filed. In response, Chastain sent Mezzalingua a letter
with a two-page flyer that included illustrations of PerfectVision's SignaLoc connector, as well as
a sample of the SignaLoc connector.
On October 26, 2012, Nash sent a letter on behalf ofPPC to PerfectVision that included the
following covenant not to sue:
Assuming that the illustrations in the flyer accurately depict every version of
the actual SignaLoc connectors and that the sample provided is representative of
every version of the SignaLoc connectors, we can resolve this case now without
wasting unnecessary resources and without requiring intervention from the Court.
equipment. A continuity connector is designed to maintain a continuous ground connection between
the cable and the port to which the connector is attached, even if the connector is not fully tightened
onto the port. See Document #1-2 at 59.
2
Specifically, PPC can provide Perfect Vision a "Super Sack" representation.
That is, PPC will release and covenant not to sue PerfectVision for infringement of
U.S. Patent Nos. 8,192,237, 7,845,976, 7,950,958, 8,167,646, 8,075,338, and
8,157,589 ("patents-in-suit") based on PerfectVision's manufacture, importation, use,
sale and/or offer of the SignaLoc connectors as depicted in the illustrations and
represented in the product sample. This would not be a license to practice the
patents-in-suit, and PPC would explicitly reserve the right to later assert the patentsin-suit against PerfectVision should the design of the SignaLoc connectors change
in a material way, or should PerfectVision in the future offer some other product that
PPC believes infringes one or more of the patents-in-suit.
Based on the limited information Mr. Chastain provided, we understand that
(i) no portion of the "Constant Contact C-Clamp" is electrically conductive, (ii) other
than the nut, the post, and the compression ring, the connectors do not contain any
other component that is electrically conductive, and (iii) other than the circular
opening at the end of the post, there are no post openings or engagement fingers on
the end of the post that makes contact with the port when the connector is fully
tightened onto the port. In the absence of feedback from you to the contrary, we will
assume that our understanding is correct.
Document #13-2 at 6-7. On November 2, 2012, PerfectVision's lawyer responded with a letter
stating:
First, to avoid contentious legal letter writing, I will not comment in detail on
your interpretation of the Super Sack decision, its current viability in view of
subsequent Federal Circuit decisions and, particularly, the Supreme Court's decision
in Medlmunne, and your application of it here. For certainty and clarity, please
simply know we disagree with your letter on our fronts.
Nevertheless, we do appreciate your and your client's willingness to try to
resolve the parties' dispute in an efficient manner. As you know, the parties were
able to amicably resolve a comparable dispute as evidenced by a Confidential
Settlement Agreement effective as of September 12, 2011. We believe Article III of
that Agreement, particularly Paragraphs 1-3, set out an appropriate and acceptable
means for the parties to resolve this dispute.
Please let us know if PPC is willing to entertain an agreement that contains
comparable terms to resolve this matter. If so, I will provide you a more specific
proposal for your client's consideration.
Document #13-2 at 8.
3
On November 9, 2012, PPC filed a motion to dismiss this action pursuant to Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1 ), arguing that its covenant not to sue divested this Court of subject matter
jurisdiction over the declaratory judgment action. PerfectVision opposed the motion and asked this
Court to stay proceedings in this action until the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its ruling in
Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc. On December 6, 2012, PerfectVision filed a motion for leave to file an
amended complaint, "due to the discovery of four additional patents which have issued to PPC and
a fifth which has been allowed and for which required fees have been paid to allow it to issue within
a short time. These additional patents held by PPC are directly on point with the subject matter of
this case." Document #20 at 1. The four additional patents issued to PPC were United States Patent
Numbers 8,313,353; 8,313,345; 8,323,053; and 8,323,060. All four patents were either issued on
November 20, 2012, or December 4, 2012. The fifth patent that had not yet been issued is the socalled "Ehret Patent" and was at that time United States Patent Application Number 13/075,406.
PPC opposed PerfectVision's motion for leave to file an amended complaint.
On December 17,2012, this Court stayed this action "pending a decision by the United States
Supreme Court in Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc." and stated that the parties could file supplemental
briefs simultaneously within twenty-one days after the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Already.
The Supreme Court issued its opinion inAlready on January 9, 2013. See Already, LLC v. Nike,
Inc., 133 S. Ct. 721, 184 L. Ed. 2d 553 (2013). On January 30, both parties submitted supplemental
briefs. On February 4, at 11:01 p.m. Central Standard Time (February 5 at 12:01 a.m. Eastern
Standard Time), PerfectVision filed a second motion for leave to file an amended complaint.
PerfectVision filed this motion because the Ehret Patent issued on February 5, 2013, becoming
United States Patent Number 8,366,481. Also on February 5, PPC filed a complaint against
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PerfectVision in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of New York, alleging that
PerfectVision's SignaLoc connector infringes the Ehret Patent. In that complaint, PPC also asserts
claims against PerfectVision for negligent misrepresentation, unfair competition, and statutory
violations for unfair and deceptive business practices. See Document #30-13; PPC Broadband, Inc.
v. PerfectVision Mfg., Inc., No. 5:13-CV-0134 (Document #1). And yet again on February 5, PPC
filed a complaint against PCT International, Inc., claiming that PCT's coaxial cable connectors
infringed the Ehret Patent. See Document #30-14; PPC Broadband, Inc. v. PCT Int 'I, Inc., No.5: 13CV-0135 (Document #1).
PPC opposed PerfectVision's second motion for leave to file an amended complaint and, as
an alternative to its motion to dismiss this action, moved to transfer this action to the Northern
District of New York. PerfectVision opposed PPC' s motion to transfer this action and also moved
to enjoin the action in the Northern District of New York.
II.
A.
Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction
"A 'case is properly dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1)
when the district court lacks the statutory or constitutional power to adjudicate it."' Nike, Inc. v.
Already, LLC, 663 F.3d 89,94 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (quotingMakarova v. United States, 201 F.3d 110,
113 (2d Cir. 2000)). Article III of the U.S. Constitution grants the federal courts authority to
adjudicate certain "Cases" and "Controversies." The Declaratory Judgment Act provides, "In a case
of actual controversy within its jurisdiction ... any court of the United States ... may declare the
rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such declaration, whether or not
further relief is or could be sought." 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a). The Act's phrase "case of actual
5
controversy" "refers to the type of' Cases' and 'Controversies' that are justiciable under Article III."
Medimmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118, 127, 127 S. Ct. 764, 771, 166 L. Ed. 2d 604
(2007). To show that a case of actual controversy exists, a plaintiff must demonstrate standing: "a
'personal injury fairly traceable to the defendant's allegedly unlawful conduct and likely to be
redressed by the requested relief."' Already, LLC, 133 S. Ct. at 726 (quotingAllen v. Wright, 468
U.S. 737, 751, 104 S. Ct. 3315, 3324, 82 L. Ed. 2d 556 (1984)).
PPC first argues that no case or controversy existed at the time PerfectVision initiated this
action. In patent declaratory judgment actions,
Article III jurisdiction may be met where the patentee takes a position that puts the
declaratory judgment plaintiff in the position of either pursuing arguably illegal
behavior or abandoning that which he claims a right to do .... [W]here a patentee
asserts rights under a patent based on certain identified ongoing or planned activity
of another party, and where that party contends that it has the right to engage in the
accused activity without license, an Article III case or controversy will arise and the
party need not risk a suit for infringement by engaging in the identified activity
before seeking a declaration of its legal rights.
SanDiskCorp. v. STMicroelectronics, Inc., 480 F.3d 1372, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2007); see Already, LLC,
133 S. Ct. at 727 (citingMedimmune, 549 U.S. at 126-37, 127 S. Ct. 764, for the proposition that
"a genuine threat of enforcement of intellectual property rights that inhibits commercial activity may
support standing"). Here, PerfectVision's complaint alleges that PPC contended that PerfectVision's
SignaLoc connector infringed PPC' s continuity patents, and PPC told PerfectVision that PPC would
"pursue legal remedies against PerfectVision." Document #1 at 2. These allegations constitute a
genuine threat of enforcement of intellectual property rights: PPC asserted rights under its patents
based on PerfectVision's activity and PerfectVision contends that it has the right to engage in its
selling of the SignaLoc connector without a license. Therefore, PerfectVision had standing at the
6
outset of this litigation to pursue its claims for declaratory judgment, and a case or controversy
existed at the time the complaint was filed with this Court.
PPC next argues that even if a case of actual controversy existed at the time PerfectVision
filed suit, PPC's covenant not to sue eliminated the case of actual controversy and divested this
Court of jurisdiction. "[A]n 'actual controversy' must exist not only 'at the time the complaint is
filed,' but through 'all stages' of the litigation." Already, LLC, 133 S. Ct. 726 (quoting Alvarez v.
Smith, 558 U.S. 87, 92, 130 S. Ct. 576,580 175 L. Ed. 2d 447 (2009)). Already, LLC, presented the
issue of "whether a covenant not to enforce a trademark against a competitor's products and any
future 'colorable imitations' moots the competitor's action to have the trademark declared invalid."
!d. at 725. In Already, the Court explained that a defendant cannot moot a case simply by ending
its unlawful conduct after it has been sued, because otherwise "a defendant could engage in unlawful
conduct, stop when sued to have the case declared moot, then pick up where he left off, repeating
this cycle until he achieves all his unlawful ends." !d. at 727. Therefore, "a defendant claiming that
its voluntary compliance moots a case bears the formidable burden of showing that it is absolutely
clear the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur." /d. (quoting
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 190, 120 S. Ct. 693,
709, 145 L. Ed. 2d 610 (2000)). More specifically with reference to this context, the defendant bears
the burden of showing that it is absolutely clear that the defendant could not reasonably be expected
to resume its enforcement efforts against the plaintiff. /d.; AstraZeneca LP v. Breath Ltd., No. 081512 (RMB/AMA), 2013 WL 2404167, at *3 (D.N.J. May 31, 2013) (applying Already's standard
and holding that a covenant not to sue for patent infringement did not divest the court of
jurisdiction).
7
PPC has not met its burden of showing that it is absolutely clear that it would not resume its
efforts in contending that the SignaLoc connector infringes PPC' s patents. PPC' s covenant not to
sue is not unconditional and irrevocable, in contrast to the covenants not to sue in cases PPC cites
that have divested courts of jurisdiction. In Already, Nike claimed that certain lines of Already's
shoes infringed and diluted Nike's Air Force 1 trademark, and Already counterclaimed for a
declaratory judgment that the Air Force 1 trademark was invalid. /d. at 725. Nike then issued a
covenant not to sue and moved to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The covenant not
to sue stated,
[Nike] unconditionally and irrevocably covenants to refrain from making any
claim(s) or demand(s) ... against Already or any of its ... related business entities
... [including] distributors ... and employees of such entities and all customers ...
on account of any possible cause of action based on or involving trademark
infringement, unfair competition, or dilution, under state or federal law ... relating
to the NIKE Mark based on the appearance of any of Already's current and/or
previous footwear product designs, and any colorable imitations thereof, regardless
of whether that footwear is ... produced or otherwise used in commerce before or
after the Effective Date of this Covenant.
/d. at 728. The Court held that Nike had met its burden of showing that it was absolutely clear that
it would not resume enforcement efforts because the covenant was unconditional and irrevocable:
"Beyond simply prohibiting Nike from filing suit, it prohibits Nike from making any claim or any
demand. It reaches beyond Already to protect Already's distributors and customers. And it covers
not just current or previous designs, but any colorable limitations." /d.
The other decisions upon which PPC relies involved covenants not to sue that were similar
to the one in Already. In Dow Jones & Co., Inc. v. Ablaise Ltd., for instance, Ablaise offered a
covenant not to sue Dow Jones that stated,
Ablaise, on behalf of itself and any successors-in-interest to the '530 patent, will
release and unconditionally covenant not to sue Dow Jones & Company, Inc., or any
8
of its subsidiaries or divisions ... for infringement of the '530 patent as of the date
of this agreement based on Dow Jones' manufacture, importation, use, sale and/or
offer for sale of currently existing products or use of methods.
606 F.3d 1338, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2010); see also Internet Pipeline, Inc. v. Aplifi, Inc., No. 10-6089,
2011 WL 4528340 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 29, 2011); Furminator, Inc. v. Kim Laube & Co., Inc., No.
4:06CV1314RWS, 2008 WL80691, at *1 (E.D. Mo. Jan. 7, 2008) ("The covenant states, in relevant
part, that it covers 'any and all products being offered for sale on ... KLCI's websites, on July 20,
2007."'); Crossbow Tech., Inc. v. YH Tech., 531 F. Supp. 2d 1117, 1122 (N.D. Cal. 2007).
By contrast, PPC's covenant not to sue PerfectVision states,
Assuming that the illustrations in the flyer accurately depict every version of
the actual SignaLoc connectors and that the sample provided is representative of
every version of the SignaLoc connectors, we can resolve this case now without
wasting unnecessary resources and without requiring intervention from the Court.
Specifically, PPC can provide Perfect Vision a "Super Sack" representation.
That is, PPC will release and covenant not to sue PerfectVision for infringement of
U.S. Patent Nos. 8,192,237, 7,845,976, 7,950,958, 8,167,646, 8,075,338, and
8,157,589 ("patents-in-suit") based on PerfectVision's manufacture, importation, use,
sale and/or offer of the SignaLoc connectors as depicted in the illustrations and
represented in the product sample. This would not be a license to practice the
patents-in-suit, and PPC would explicitly reserve the right to later assert the patentsin-suit against PerfectVision should the design of the SignaLoc connectors change
in a material way, or should PerfectVision in the future offer some other product that
PPC believes infringes one or more of the patents-in-suit.
Based on the limited information Mr. Chastain provided, we understand that
(i) no portion of the "Constant Contact C-Clamp" is electrically conductive, (ii) other
than the nut, the post, and the compression ring, the connectors do not contain any
other component that is electrically conductive, and (iii) other than the circular
opening at the end of the post, there are no post openings or engagement fingers on
the end of the post that makes contact with the port when the connector is fully
tightened onto the port. In the absence offeedback from you to the contrary, we will
assume that our understanding is correct.
Document #13-2 at 6-7 (emphases added). PPC acknowledges that it only had limited information
from Chastain regarding the design of the SignaLoc connector and conditioned its covenant not to
9
sue on the accuracy of its own interpretations of that limited information. No evidence exists that
Chastain specifically provided information on the three numbered points PPC lists and relies upon
in the final paragraph of the above-quoted covenant not to sue. See Harris Corp. v. Fed. Express
Corp., 670 F. Supp. 2d 1306, 1308, 1313-14 (M.D. Fla. 2009) (finding that a covenant not to sue
Federal Express for patent infringement did not divest the court of jurisdiction when the covenant
was based on Federal Express's witnesses' incomplete descriptions of their products); AstraZeneca,
2013 WL2404167, at *3-5 (holding that a covenant not to sue did not divest the court of jurisdiction
because it was not unconditional and irrevocable).
PPC cites Internet Pipeline, Inc. v. Aplifi, Inc., in which the district court held that iPipeline' s
covenant not to sue Aplifi that was based on Aplifi's counsel's or Aplifi's specific representations
of its product to iPipeline divested the court of jurisdiction. 2011 WL 4528340, at *2. In that action,
however, Aplifi's counsel had made specific representations regarding the product to iPipeline. /d.
at *1 ("[Aplifi's] counsel has represented to iPipeline's counsel that the only pre-applications, drop
tickets, or other carrier forms used in connection with [Aplifi' s] accused Mfirm for Life system are
'carrier-specific."'). In this action, PPC predicates its covenant not to sue on specific assumptions
based upon viewing a sample SignaLoc connector, not on representations made by PerfectVision to
PPC. The carefully worded covenant not to sue leaves open the possibility that PPC could sue
PerfectVision for infringement of the patents-in-suit in the original complaint.
In addition to the conditional nature of the covenant not to sue, other circumstances indicate
that PPC has not met its formidable burden of showing that it is absolutely clear that PPC will not
resume its enforcement activities against PerfectVision for PerfectVision's SignaLoc connector. In
fact, PPC did resume its patent-infringement enforcement ofPPC' s SignaLoc connector by filing suit
10
in the Northern District of New York and claiming that the SignaLoc connector violated the Ehret
Patent. PPC argues that the action in the Northern District of New York cannot be considered a
resumption of its enforcement efforts because it addresses a patent other than the patents at issue in
the original complaint in this action. See Internet Pipeline, Inc., 2011 WL 4528340; Furminator,
2008 WL 80691.
PPC is correct that the patent at issue in the action in the Northern District of New York is
not one of the patents at issue in the original complaint in this action (since the Ehret Patent had not
yet issued at the time the original complaint was filed in this action). Yet the fact that PPC brought
an action against PerfectVision alleging that the product at issue in this action infringed one of its
patents, and did so on the first day that the Ehret Patent issued, is an additional reason to believe that
PPC reasonably could be expected to exploit the limitations in the covenant that render it conditional
so as to bring an action against PerfectVision at a later date for infringement of the patents at issue
in this action. "[R]elated litigation involving the same technology and the same parties is relevant
in determining whether a justiciable declaratory judgment controversy exists on other related
patents." Teva Pharm. USA, Inc. v. Novartis Pharm. Corp., 482 F.3d 1330, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2007). 2
PPC' s suit in the Northern District of New York, for instance, directly contradicts the argument of
a section in PPC' s reply brief in support of its motion to dismiss this action titled, "PPC' s Covenant
Does Not Leave Open the Possibility of a Later Suit Concerning the Current Design of the SignaLoc
Connector." Document #23 at 6.
In Already, in determining that Nike had met its burden of showing that it was absolutely
clear that its infringement-enforcement activity could not reasonably be expected to recur, the Court
2
PPC has sued PerfectVision for patent infringement before, but the record does not indicate
whether the litigation involved the same technology. See supra at 3.
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placed particular focus on the products at issue, namely Already's shoes, and found that there was
no prospect that Already would produce a shoe that would be not be covered by Nike' s covenant not
to sue: "If such a shoe exists, the parties have not pointed to it, there is no evidence that Already has
dreamt of it, and we cannot conceive of it. It sits, as far as we can tell, on a shelf between Dorothy's
ruby slippers and Perseus's winged sandals." Already, LLC, 133 S. Ct. at 728. The Court then
explained the point of its inquiry and ultimate determination: "Here of course the whole point is that
Already is free to sell its shoes without any fear of a trademark claim." /d. at 729. In contrast, here
PerfectVision is not and, since Chastain's telephone conversation with Mezzalingua, has not been
free to sell its SignaLoc connector without fear of a patent-infringement claim.
In Revolution Eyewear, Inc. v. Aspex Eyewear, Inc., the Federal Circuit held that a covenant
not to sue did not divest the court of jurisdiction and distinguished district court cases where
covenants not to sue had divested those courts of jurisdiction:
In all of these cases, the covenants covered the current products whether they were
produced and sold before or after the covenant, and the courts found absence of
continuing case or controversy. In contrast, Revolution offered no covenant on the
current products, stating that it is not obligated to "repudiate suit for future
infringement." Br. at 24. We agree that such is its right. However, by retaining that
right, Revolution preserved this controversy at a level of "sufficient immediacy and
reality" to allow Aspex to pursue its declaratory judgment counterclaims.
556 F.3d 1294, 1300 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (emphasis added); see id. at 1298 (distinguishing the covenants
not to sue in Benitec Australia, Ltd. v. Nucleonics, Inc., 495 F.3d 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2007), and Super
Sack Manufacturing Corp. v. Chase Packaging Corp., 57 F.3d 1054 (Fed. Cir. 1995), overruled on
other grounds by Medlmmune, 549 U.S. at 127, 127 S. Ct. at 771, because in those covenants "the
continuing activities were not subject to an infringement suit").
Also, in SanDisk Corp. v.
STMicroelectronics, the Federal Circuit held that a statement from STMicroelectronics that it would
12
not sue SanDisk for patent infringement did not eliminate the justiciable controversy "because
[STMicroelectronics] has engaged in a course of conduct that shows a preparedness and willingness
to enforce its patent rights despite [STMicroelectronics '] statement." 480 F.3d 1372, 1383 (Fed. Cir.
2007). Similarly, PPC's course of conduct in filing an infringement action against PerfectVision
shows a preparedness and willingness to enforce its patent rights against PerfectVision for
PerfectVision's marketing and selling of the SignaLoc connector.
PPC's covenant not to sue is not unconditional and irrevocable. PPC's actions in related
patent-infringement litigation lend support to the belief that PPC would exploit the conditional
nature of the covenant not to sue if it ever so desired. PPC has not met the formidable burden of
showing that it is absolutely clear that it could not reasonably be expected to resume its efforts in
contending that the SignaLoc connector violates PPC' s patents, so PPC' s covenant not to sue did not
divest this Court of jurisdiction over the patents in this declaratory judgment action.
B.
Motions for Leave to Amend Complaint; First-Filed Action
PerfectVision has two pending motions for leave to amend its complaint, both of which PPC
opposes. As a preliminary matter, PPC opposes PerfectVision's motions for leave to amend its
complaint because PPC argues that its covenant not to sue divested this Court of jurisdiction before
PerfectVision moved to amend its complaint. Because, as discussed, PPC's covenant not to sue did
not divest this Court of jurisdiction, that argument fails.
PPC next argues that this Court should deny PerfectVision's motions to amend its complaint
because the action in the Northern District of New York is the first-filed action with respect to the
Ehret Patent. In response, PerfectVision argues that if this Court grants its second motion for leave
to amend its complaint, which includes a claim for declaratory judgment of the Ehret Patent, then
13
the complaint's date relates back to the date of the original complaint, making this the first-filed
action with respect to the Ehret Patent. Under Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, "An
amendment to a pleading relates back to the date of the original pleading when ... the amendment
asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out - or
attempted to be set out- in the original pleading ...." Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B). While the
Federal Circuit has not explained the circumstances in which this rule applies to patent-infringement
claims where the amended complaint adds claims involving new patents, the district courts to
consider the issue "have held that a claim for the alleged infringement of one patent is the same
'conduct or occurrence' as a claim for the alleged infringement of another patent ... where 'the
second patent was part and parcel of the controversy surrounding the earlier patent."' Mann Design
Ltd. v. Bounce, Inc., 138 F. Supp. 2d 1174, 1178 (D. Minn. 2001) (quoting Hooker Chems. &
Plastics Corp. v. Diamond Shamrock Corp., 87 F.R.D. 398,403 (W.D.N.Y. 1980)). Courts have
found that the patents are part and parcel of the same controversy when, for instance, they involve
"closely related questions and subject matter such that their core issues substantially overlap":
While AmberWave argues that its infringement analysis will not overlap in
presenting proof regarding the two patents and the infringing devices, only the
narrowest and most artificial view of the issues could support that assertion. The
more sensible view must acknowledge that, at a minimum, presentations on
infringement for both the [previously pled and newly pled patents] will require a
judge, on the summary judgment motions that are sure to be filed, and a jury, at any
trial of the case, to become familiar with the same field of art, the same fundamental
science and technology associated with methods of semiconductor fabrication, the
same allegedly infringing devices, and, in any damages analysis, the same pricing,
sales, and related market data.
Intel Corp. v. Amberwave Sys. Corp., 233 F.R.D. 416,418 (D. Del. 2005) (internal quotation marks
omitted); see Barnes & Noble, Inc. v. LSI Corp., 823 F. Supp. 2d 980, 990-91 (N.D. Cal. 2011)
14
(holding that new patents added to the amended complaint related back to the date of the original
complaint because the new patents were similar to the old patents).
Here, the second amended complaint, which addresses the Ehret Patent, and the original
complaint present closely related issues that are part and parcel of the same controversy. The
question with respect to the patents in the original complaint and the Ehret Patent is whether the
SignaLoc connector infringes these patents. The evidence as to whether PerfectVision's SignaLoc
connector infringes the Ehret Patent will substantially overlap with the evidence as to whether the
SignaLoc connector infringes PPC' s other patents. The same technological knowledge will be
required to decide whether the SignaLoc connector infringes any of these patents. PPC argues that
the Ehret Patent is not related to the patents in PerfectVision's original complaint because the Ehret
Patent is not a member of those patents' families and does not share a file history with those patents,
but the fact remains that the evidence presented and the technological knowledge needed will be
substantially similar in determining whether the SignaLoc connector infringes the Ehret Patent and
whether it infringes the patents named in the original complaint. Moreover, the Ehret Patent is a
continuity-connector patent, as the "field of technology" description in its patent application states,
"The following relates to connectors used in coaxial cable communication applications, and more
specifically to embodiments of a connector having a biasing member for maintaining continuity
through a connector." Document #28-1 at 372. Similar language is used to describe each of the
patent applications of the patents in the original complaint. See Document #1-2 at 59; Document
#1-3 at 12; Document#1-4 at 11; Document #1-5 at 8; Document #1-6 at 15; Document #1-7 at 22.
Also, the background information regarding continuity connectors in the Ehret Patent's application
is substantially similar to the patents in the original complaint. Document #28-1 at 372; see
15
Document #1-2 at 59; Document #1-3 at 12; Document #1-4 at 11; Document #1-5 at 8; Document
#1-6 at 15; Document #1-7 at 22. Finally, as PerfectVision points out, the Ehret Patent and the
patents in the original complaint have elements of a post with a flange at one end, a coupler with an
internal lip, a connector body, and a fastener member, and all of these patents are supposed to
improve electrical grounding reliability when the post is not in contact with the interface port.
Document #32 at 21. For these reasons, the Ehret Patent is part and parcel of the controversy
regarding the patents in the original complaint, so the second amended complaint relates back to the
filing of the original complaint. PerfectVision's motion for leave to amend its complaint is granted.
C.
Motion to Transfer
PPC argues that even if this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this action and even
if this is the first-filed action with respect to the Ehret Patent, the Court should still transfer this
action to the Northern District of New York. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), "For the convenience of
parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any
other district or division where it might have been brought .... " The Eighth Circuit has declined
to identify an exhaustive list of specific factors to consider when determining whether to transfer an
action under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). In reApple, Inc., 602 F.3d 909, 912 (8th Cir. 2010). Plaintiffs
should lose their forum choice "only if the balance of convenience strongly favors the defendant."
Ark. Right toLifeStatePoliticalAction Cmte. v. Butler, 972 F. Supp. 1187, 1193 (W.D. Ark.1997).
The party seeking the transfer therefore "typically bears the burden of proving that a transfer is
warranted." In reApple, Inc., 602 F.3d at 913 (quoting Terra Int'l, Inc. v. Miss. Chem. Corp., 119
F.3d 688, 695 (8th Cir. 1997)). The parties do not dispute that this action could have been brought
in the Northern District of New York.
16
PPC has not met its burden to show that this Court should transfer this action to the Northern
District of New York. As to the convenience of the parties, PerfectVision was founded in Arkansas,
is based in Arkansas, and employs approximately 250 people in Arkansas, which gives it a strong
connection to this district. PPC, which is based in New York, concedes that it cannot meet its
burden to show that the Northern District of New York is a more convenient forum for the parties.
PPC contends, however, that the interests of justice so strongly favor the Northern District
of New York that PPC can meet its burden by relying solely on this general category. Among the
factors to consider in the "interests of justice" category are "(I) judicial economy, (2) the plaintiffs
choice of forum, (3) the comparative costs to the parties of litigating in each forum, (4) each party's
ability to enforce a judgment, (5) obstacles to a fair trial, (6) conflict of law issues, and (7) the
advantages of having a local court determine questions oflocallaw." Terra Int'l, Inc., 119 F.3d at
696. PPC contends that judicial economy favors the Northern District of New York because PPC
has filed a separate lawsuit in the Northern District of New York against another company, PCT
International, Inc., for infringement of the Ehret Patent. See Document #30-14. PPC cites four
district court cases to support its argument. In most of those cases, the courts explained that transfer
was appropriate due to the probability that the cases would be consolidated with the other, related
cases. See Holley Performance Prods., Inc. v. Barry Grant, Inc., No. 04 C5758, 2004 WL3119017,
at *7 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 20, 2004) ("It is both possible and in the interests of justice to consolidate this
case with the parties' infringement case in the Northern District of Georgia."); Black &Decker Corp.
v. Amirra, Inc., 909 F. Supp. 633,639-41 (W.D. Ark. 1995) (explaining that the judge in the related
action already was familiar with the technology at issue and that the decision to transfer was based
not only on the pendency of related litigation but also on "the location of the defendants and the
17
absence of the presence of any party in Arkansas"); Fairfax Dental (Jr.) Ltd. v. S.J. FilholLtd., 645
F. Supp. 89, 92 & n.2 (E.D.N.Y. 1986) (explaining that a court should consider the likelihood that
consolidation with the related case will occur, although no requirement exists that the Court be
certain of consolidation before transferring the case). But see Avante Int'l Tech., Inc. v. Hart
lntercivic, Inc., Civil Nos. 08-636-GPM, 07-169-GPM, 2009 WL 2448519, at *5 (S.D. Ill. July 22,
2009) (stating that transfer can be appropriate even when consolidation is not feasible).
Here, by contrast, even if this action is transferred, it is unlikely that this action will be
consolidated with the action between PPC and PCT International. The Leahy-Smith America
Invents Act, which was enacted in 2011, limited the ability to join patent-infringement actions:
(a) Joinder of accused infringers.-- With respect to any civil action arising under
any Act of Congress relating to patents, other than an action or trial in which an act
of infringement under section 271(e)(2) has been pled, parties that are accused
infringers may be joined in one action as defendants or counterclaim defendants, or
have their actions consolidated for trial, only if(1) any right to relief is asserted against the parties jointly, severally,
or in the alternative with respect to or arising out of the same
transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences
relating to the making, using, importing into the United States,
offering for sale, or selling of the same accused product or process;
and
(2) questions of fact common to all defendants or counterclaim
defendants will arise in the action.
(b) Allegations insufficient for joinder.--For purposes of this subsection, accused
infringers may not be joined in one action as defendants or counterclaim defendants,
or have their actions consolidated for trial, based solely on allegations that they each
have infringed the patent or patents in suit.
35 U.S.C.A. § 299. Because the action in the Northern District ofNewYorkbetween PPC and PCT
International addresses a different product from PerfectVision's SignaLoc connector, PerfectVision
would have to waive the joinder limitations set forth in the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act to
18
consolidate the actions, see 35 U.S.C.A. § 299(c), and no evidence suggests that PerfectVision would
do that. Moreover, the action between PPC and PCT International was filed on February 5, 2013,
months after PerfectVision filed the instant action. The interests of justice are not furthered by
allowing the later-to-file plaintiff (that is also the defendant in this action) to choose its forum.
PPC responds that it is actually the "true plaintiff' in this action, since PerfectVision's
amended complaint has not yet been filed. This argument was addressed above and rejected. PPC
also contends that it is the true plaintiff because it is seeking damages against PerfectVision in the
action in the Northern District of New York, while PerfectVision is seeking a declaratory judgment
in this action. The "general rule," however, is that a court should "favor[] the forum of the first-filed
action, whether or not it is a declaratory action." Genetech, Inc. v. Eli Lilly and Co., 998 F.2d 931,
937 (Fed. Cir. 1993), abrogated on other grounds by Wilton v. Seven Falls Co., 515 U.S. 277, 115
S. Ct. 2137, 132 L. Ed. 2d 214 (1995). Consequently, the fact that PPC is suing PerfectVision for
damages in a later-filed suit in the Northern District of New York is not by itself sufficient to warrant
transfer.
PPC also argues that the relative congestion of the calendars of the Northern District of New
York and of this Court favor transferring the action to the Northern District of New York. To
support its argument, PPC cites to a report that shows that on September 30, 2011, the Eastern
District of Arkansas had 8,984 cases pending (5,412 of which had been pending for three years or
more) while the Northern District of New York had 2,386 cases pending (171 of which had been
pending for three years or more). Document #30-15. These numbers are skewed by the fact that
another judge of this Court, the Honorable Billy Roy Wilson, was (and is) presiding over the
multidistrict litigation of In Re Prempro Products Liability Litigation, MDL No. 4:03CV1507-
19
WRW. When the cases from that MDL are removed from the count, there were 1,506 civil cases
pending in this district on September 30, 2011. 3 Disregarding the cases assigned to Judge Wilson,
on September 30, 2011, this district had fifteen civil cases that were three years old or older.4 The
median time to disposition at trial was 35.6 months in the Northern District of New York and
22.3 months in the Eastern District of Arkansas. See Administrative Office of the United States
Courts, 2011 Annual Report of the Director: Judicial Business of the United States Courts (2012). 5
Because PPC cannot demonstrate that this Court is more congested than the Northern District of
New York, this point does not further PPC's argument that this action should be transferred.
In a different respect, the interests of justice do not favor transferring this action. PPC
attempted to divest this Court of jurisdiction by covenanting not to sue PerfectVision. Although PPC
did not covenant not to sue specifically for infringement of the Ehret Patent, PPC represented to this
Court that it would not sue PerfectVision for patent infringement of the SignaLoc connector. See
Document #23 at 6. Then, on the day the Ehret Patent issued, PPC filed suit against PerfectVision
for patent infringement in the Northern District of New York. These actions constitute another factor
that makes the Court, in the interests of justice, less inclined to transfer this action. Therefore,
because PPC has failed to demonstrate that the balance of convenience or the interests of justice
favor transferring this action, this action will not be transferred.
3
The Court can take judicial notice of its own records. Lockett v. United States, 333 Fed.
App'x 143 (8th Cir. 2009). A report maintained by the Clerk of Court is appended to this opinion,
and it reflects the state of this Court's docket for civil cases on September 30, 2011.
4
The report of cases pending more than three years on September 30, 2011, is available at
http://uscourts.gov/statistics/CivilJusticeReforrnActReport.aspx.
5
http://www .uscourts.gov/uscourts/statistics/judicialbusiness/2011/judicialbusiness20 11.pdf.
20
D.
Motion to Enjoin
PerfectVision has moved the Court to enjoin PPC from proceeding with its action against
PerfectVision in the Northern District of New York. PerfectVision argues that since this action was
the first-filed action, and since the balance of convenience and the interests of justice do not warrant
transfer of this action, the generally accepted rule would be to enjoin the action in the Northern
District of New York. See, e.g., Elecs. for Imaging, Inc. v. Coyle, 394 F.3d 1341, 1347 (Fed. Cir.
2005); Nw. Airlines, Inc. v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 989 F.2d 1002, 1004-05 (8th Cir. 1993); Toy Biz, Inc.
v. Centuri Corp., 990 F. Supp. 328, 332 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) ("When two actions involving the same
parties and embracing the same issues are brought in different federal district courts, the court in the
first-filed action has the power to enjoin the parties from proceeding in the second action, and
indeed, should do so absent a showing of special circumstances that would give priority to the
second action."); Cosden Oil & Chern. Co. v. Foster Grant Co., 432 F. Supp. 956, 960 (D. Del.
1977).
Whether to enjoin the parties from proceeding in another court is a matter of exercising sound
discretion. See Katz v. Lear Siegler, Inc., 909 F.2d 1459, 1464 (Fed. Cir. 1990); Bell v. Sellevold,
713 F.2d 1396, 1404 (8th Cir. 1983).
"Such discretion should be rarely exercised due to
philosophical concerns regarding one court's control over another .... " Arr-Maz Prods., L.P. v.
Shilling Const. Co., No. 12-CV-0319-CVE-FHM, 2012 WL 5251191, at *9 (N.D. Okla. Oct. 24,
2012) (internal quotation marks omitted); see Emerson Elec. Mfg. Co. v. Emerson Radio &
Phonograph Corp., 141 F. Supp. 645,647 (D.N.J.1956) (cautioning that courts should use restraint
when deciding whether to stop parties from litigating in other federal courts).
21
Generally, an injunction will not issue when there is an adequate remedy at law. Parke v.
First Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 368 F.3d 999, 1005 (8th Cir. 2004). Remedies are available
to PerfectVision in the Northern District of New York, and that court can decide how to proceed
with that action in light of this opinion. In fact, PerfectVision has filed a motion to dismiss, transfer,
or stay in that action. PPC Broadband, Inc. v. PerfectVision Mfg., Inc., No. 5:13-CV-0134
(Document#8); seeArr-MazProds., L.P., 2012 WL5251191, at *9 ("[A] review of the docket sheet
in the Kansas case shows that Arr-Maz has filed a motion to dismiss, transfer, or stay the Kansas,
case, and the presiding judge in the Kansas case should be permitted to consider the appropriate
course of action in that case."). PerfectVision never argues that it will suffer irreparable harm if this
Court does not enjoin that action.
Morever, the action in the Northern District of New York presents issues beyond those
presented in this action. In addition to the patent-infringement claim, that action presents claims for
negligent misrepresentation, unfair competition, and deceptive trade practices. Enjoining a laterfiled action in another district from proceeding requires the same parties and the same or similar
issues. Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH v. Genetech, Inc.,- F.3d -,No. 2012-1454, 2013 WL
1921073, at *3 (Fed. Cir. May 10, 2013). "The issues need not be identical; it is enough that they
are functionally the same such that the result in one action is dispositive of the other. If they are not
identical or functionally the same, no injunction will lie." /d. at *4. While the declaratory judgment
claims in this action and the claim in the action in the Northern District of New York regarding the
Ehret Patent involve the same issue and the same parties, the other claims in the Northern District
of New York- for negligent misrepresentation, unfair competition, and deceptive trade practicesdo not necessarily involve the same issue, as those claims pertain to the parties' more general
22
relationships and dealings with one another (albeit in regards to PerfectVision's development of the
SignaLoc connector), not to whether a specific product infringes one or more patents. See Document
#30-13. The presence of claims in that action that arguably would not be affected by adjudication
of the claims in this action further indicates that this Court should not enjoin the parties from
proceeding with the other action.
E.
Costs and Attorneys' Fees
PPC argues that the Court should award costs and attorneys' fees to PPC because
PerfectVision's behavior was unreasonable in not dismissing the action after PPC covenanted not
to sue PerfectVision. Since PPC's covenant not to sue did not divest this Court of jurisdiction,
PerfectVision acted reasonably, and PPC's argument that it should be awarded costs and attorneys'
fees fails.
CONCLUSION
PPC's motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is denied. Document #13.
PPC' s motion to transfer the action to the Northern District of New York is denied. Document #29.
PerfectVision's second motion for leave to amend its complaint is granted. Document #28.
PerfectVision's first motion for leave to amend its complaint is denied as moot. Document #20. The
filing of the amended complaint relates back to the filing of the original complaint. PerfectVision's
motion to enjoin PPC from proceeding with its action against PerfectVision in the Northern District
of New York is denied. Document #31.
IT IS SO ORDERED this
(CJfl- day of June, 2013.
J.~#W
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
23
APPENDIX
CIVIL CASES PEND,JNG STATISTICS
As of:
I
Judge
I
Beth !Deere
I
[Joseph F. Sataillonjj
II
IJames [. Grltzner j]
Jimm Larr}'
Hendren
I
J. Leon Holmes.
]Jcro·me T.
I
I
II
Kear.nc~]l
Rlchard1 G. Kopf
Jl
! 0. P. Marshall ,Jr. II
I Brian S. Mil.ler II
Civil:
Pending
N10, MOL
;:
56
32
9/30/20~ 1
Other
AU
~983 . Habeas
Soc Sec
Pris.oner Pending Corpus !Prisoner
Pending
r·ending Only Pending Pending
. wi.thMDL
Civil
Pemhng
II
II
II
I
56
32
II
I
][
0
II
0
II
0
I
42
II
lCI] II
8
II
5
0
II
II
0
II
II
0
I
I
0
II
0
0
II
I
203
II
54
II
l
240
II
]I
203
54
1
240
76
241
ll
IL_t 9 I
247
!I
II
84
71
23
II 40
II
II
41
l[
12
II
0
II
l
21
J. Thomas Ray ]
Joe J. Yol~e
II
52
I
52
55
Jl
l~_li
II 46 I!
86
55
45
][
II
I
Billy Roy WHson II
I
l
IL
II
0
10
II
29
I
I
Dean Wllipple
Susan Webber
Wright
I. H. David Young.
I
To tat
l
!I
II
JL
206
l
8:1
II
7557
234
II
234
40
II
40
1506
II
8980
0
0
188888
I
II
II
II
I
I J>mes M. Moody 1ffi1
II
I
"
I[
II
II
II
II
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11
I
l
0
I
18
II
9
25
II
II
20
II
1
0
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0
54
II
15
57
50
I!
II
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I
I
0
3
0
II
0
I
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6
I
4
II
2
10
0
7
18
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10
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0
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6
ICI_j
II 7 I
2
0
100008I
II a II
II
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!I
318
to
II
467
10
Jl
294
0
II
119
I!
54
I
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