Conners v. Gusano's Chicago Style Pizzeria et al
Filing
166
ORDER granting in part and denying in part 115 plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment. The motion is granted as to plaintiff's claim that defendants' cooks were not tip employees. Summary judgment is denied as to the remaining claims. Signed by Chief Judge Brian S. Miller on 2/13/2015. (thd)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS
WESTERN DIVISION
JACQUELINE L. CONNERS et al
individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated
v.
PLAINTIFFS
CASE NO. 4:14 CV002 BSM
CATFISH PIES, INC., et al
DEFENDANTS
ORDER
Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment [Doc. No. 115] is granted in part and denied
in part. The motion is granted as to plaintiffs’ claim that the cooks were not tipped
employees. Summary judgment is denied as to the remaining claims.
I.
BACKGROUND
Viewed in the light most favorable to defendants, the non-moving parties, the material
facts are as follows. Prior to October 2013, Ben Biesenthal and Tim Chappell, each
individually owned an interest in Catfish Pies, Inc., Pizza Profits, Show Me Pies, Three
Buddies, Inc., and Gusano’s Pizzeria, Inc. See Defendants’ Response to Statement of Facts,
Doc. No. 147, ¶ 2 (“RSOF”). Biesenthal is the president of Crazy Pies, Pizza Profits, and
Show me Pies, and until October 2013, he was also the president of Gusano’s Pizzeria, Inc.,
n/k/a Hendrix Brand, Inc. In October of 2013, Timothy Chappell became sole owner and
president of Hendrix, and conveyed his interests in the other entities listed above. See id.
¶ 3. Three Buddies provides administrative services to Catfish Pies, Pizza Profits, and Show
Me Pies, including payroll processing, bookkeeping, and maintenance of initial employee’s
tax forms, immigration forms, and payroll processing documents. See id. ¶ 5. Moreover,
Three Buddies supplied employee handbooks for Catfish Pies, Pizza Profits, and Show Me
Pies. See Defendants’ SOF, Doc. No. 125, ¶ 24–27.
Biesenthal hires and fires general managers of Catfish Pies, Pizza Profits, and Show
Me Pies. See id. ¶ 16. These managers hire and fire hourly employees. Id. They occasionally
request Biesenthal’s advice regarding termination decisions. Id. He has been directly
involved in the termination of an hourly employee on one occasion. Id. The general
managers are in charge of day-to-day operations for all defendants’ restaurants. Id. ¶ 19.
Biesenthal and his general managers periodically meet to discuss the operation of Catfish
Pies, Pizza Profits, and Show Me Pies. Id. ¶ 20. Biesenthal has created the job descriptions
for the kitchen staff at these restaurants. Id. ¶ 27. Except for Rachelle Hobbs, none of the
plaintiffs ever worked for Hendrix. See Plaintiffs’ RSOF ¶ 9, Doc. No. 142.
At all times relevant to this lawsuit, defendants used similar employee handbooks,
which included a tip pooling policy (“the policy”). See Defendants’ RSOF ¶ 78, Doc. No.
147. In relevant part, the handbooks state as follow: “the wait staff must ‘tip-out’ a
percentage of their sales to kitchen, hostess, & bar staff.” Id. ¶ 79. After plaintiffs’ lawsuit
was filed, Biesenthal changed the policy at Catfish Pies, Pizza Profits, and Show Me Pies to
exclude the kitchen staff (cooks). Id. ¶ 17. Moreover, he implemented an arbitration policy
regarding employee’s complaints at Catfish Pies, Pizza Profits, and Show Me Pies. Id.
Plaintiffs filed this lawsuit against defendants alleging that each defendant has
violated the Fair Labor Standard Act (“FLSA”). Plaintiffs now move for summary judgment.
II.
LEGAL STANDARD
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Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249–50 (1986). Once the moving party
demonstrates that there is no genuine dispute of material fact, the non-moving party may not
rest upon the mere allegations or denials in his pleadings. Holden v. Hirner, 663 F.3d 336,
340 (8th Cir. 2011). Instead, the non-moving party must produce admissible evidence
demonstrating a genuine factual dispute that must be resolved at trial. Id. Importantly, when
considering a motion for summary judgment, all reasonable inferences must be drawn in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Holland v. Sam’s Club, 487 F.3d 641, 643 (8th
Cir. 2007). Additionally, the evidence is not weighed, and no credibility determinations are
made. Jenkins v. Winter, 540 F.3d 742, 750 (8th Cir. 2008).
III.
A.
DISCUSSION
Invalid Tip Pool claim
1.
Cooks are Not Tipped-Employees
Summary judgment is granted on plaintiffs’ claim that cooks at defendants’
restaurants are not tipped employees. An employee is a tipped employee only if: 1) she is
engaged in an occupation, and 2) the occupation is one in which she regularly and
customarily receives at least $30 in tips per month. Fast v. Applebee’s Int’l, Inc., 638 F.3d
872, 876 (8th Cir. 2011). When determining who is a tipped employee, an ad hoc analysis
of the employee’s duties is performed, and a per se determination is not made based upon
an employee’s job title. Pedigo v. Austin Rumba, Inc., 722 F. Supp. 2d 714, 730 (W.D. Tex.
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2010).
When an employer alleges that a particular employee is eligible to participate in a tip
pool, the employer has the burden of proving the eligibility of the employee. See Roussell
v. Brinker Int’l, Inc., 441 F. App’x 222, 230 (5th Cir. 2011). Importantly, the United States
Department of Labor categorizes cooks as non tipped-employees. See U.S. Department of
Labor Field Operations Handbook § 30d04(c) (Dec. 9, 1988) (“DOL FOH”), available at
http://www.dol.gov/whd/FOH/FOH_Ch30.pdf; see also Roussell, 441 F. App’x at 231;
Kilgore v. Outback Steakhouse of Florida, Inc., 160 F.3d 294, 301 (6th Cir. 1998)
(distinguishing cooks as employees who by their nature do not work in an occupation that
customarily and regularly receives tips).
Although the cooks at defendants’ establishments occasionally “assist with to go
orders, bussing tables, and running food to tables,” and on very rare occasions receive tips
from customers, that is not enough to make them employees who customarily and regularly
receive tips. Indeed, nothing in defendants’ description of cooks’ duties indicates that they
are required to interact with customers more than occasionally. See Kitchen Procedures, Ex
59, Doc. No. 115. Accordingly, defendants’ cooks are not tipped employees. See DOL FOH,
§ 30d04(c).
2.
Mandatory Tip Pool Policy
Summary judgment is denied on plaintiffs’ claim that the tip pool policy was
mandatory because there are genuine issues of fact in dispute on this issue. It is without
question that tipped employees may voluntarily share tips with non-tipped employees.
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Roussell, 441 F. App’x at 230; see also DOL FOH § 30d04(c). The question presented,
therefore, is whether defendants required, either formally or informally, the tipped employees
to share tips with the non-tipped employees. On one hand, it would appear that defendants
required its tipped employees to share tips because the employee’s handbook states that the
wait staff is required to tip-out a percentage of its sales to kitchen, hostess, and bar staffs.
Moreover, several plaintiffs testified that they were required to tip out. See, e.g., Ex. 5,
Conners Depo. at 22:2-21, Doc. No. 130; Ex. 6, Shoemaker Depo. at 25:16-21, Doc. No. 30;
Ex. 10, Koch Depo. at 26:8-13, Doc. No. 130. On the other hand, some employees who said
they were required to tip out, also testified that they never read the handbook. Id. Further,
other tipped employees testified that they were told they were not required to tip out. See
Conners Depo. 29:17-18, Ex. 5, Doc. No. 130; Rossborough Depo., Ex. 12 at 69:6-9, Doc.
No. 130. Finally, there is testimony in the record that a number of tipped employees chose
not to tip out and were not reprimanded. See Declaration of Rasmussen ¶ 11, Ex. 4, Doc. No.
146.
Summary judgment is inappropriate because there is conflicting evidence as to
whether tipped employees were actually required, formally or informally, to share tips with
non tipped employees. Although, at first blush, it would appear that the handbook would
provide the answer, the jury must determine whether defendants actually enforced the
handbook or had an informal policy that differed from the handbook.
3.
Managers’ Participation in the Tip Pool
Summary judgment is denied on plaintiffs’ claim that the tip pool was invalid because
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managers participated in it. Participation in a tip pool by management-level employees
renders a tip pool agreement invalid if the managers qualify as employers under the FLSA.
See Dole v. Cont'l Cuisine, Inc., 751 F. Supp. 799, 803 (E.D. Ark. 1990). As such, summary
judgment is only proper if the uncontroverted facts show that managers (1) who were
employers (2) were allowed to participate in the tip pool. See Morgan v. SpeakEasy, LLC,
625 F. Supp. 2d 632, 652 (N.D. Ill. 2007).
In determining whether a party is an individual’s employer, courts generally look to
the economic reality of the arrangement. Blair v. Wills, 420 F.3d 823, 829 (8th Cir. 2005).
Some relevant factors include the control over hiring and firing of employees, control over
the manner in which work is performed, and the fixing of employee wages. Helmert v.
Butterball, LLC, No. 4:08CV00342 JLH, 2010 WL 779321, at *3 (E.D. Ark. Mar. 5, 2010).
The totality of the circumstances, and not any one factor, determines whether a worker is the
employee of a particular employer. Id. at *3.
It is undisputed that general managers at each restaurants hire and fire hourly
employees, and are in charge of the day-to-day operations. See RSOF ¶¶ 16 & 19, Doc.
No.147 ; RSOF ¶ 6, Doc. No. 142. As such, it is clear that defendants’ general managers are
employers under the FLSA. See Dole, 751 F. Supp. at 802–03. It is unclear, however,
whether defendants’ kitchen managers are employers. See Dole, 751 F. Supp. at 802 (the
existence of some supervisory duties over other employees alone does not, as a matter of law,
make a person an employer under the FLSA). Consequently, the jury must make this
determination.
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Further, if the jury determines that defendants’ kitchen managers are employers, it will
then be charged with determining whether the kitchen managers ever received funds from
the tip pool. This is true because Biesenthal testified that kitchen managers never received
funds from the tip pool. See Declaration of Biesental, ¶ 8. This creates a genuine dispute of
material fact, making summary judgment inappropriate.
4.
Retention of Funds by Defendants
Plaintiffs allege that defendants have improperly retained and redistributed funds from
a mandatory tip pool to the kitchen staff. Summary judgment is not appropriate for plaintiffs’
claim because there is a genuine dispute as to whether the policy was mandatory.
B.
Willful Violation of the FLSA
Summary judgment is denied on plaintiffs’ claim that defendants willfully violated
the FLSA. An employer’s violation is willful when the employer knew, or showed reckless
disregard, that its conduct was prohibited. Hanger v. Lake Cnty., 390 F.3d 579, 583 (8th Cir.
2004). Plaintiffs’ claim that defendants willfully violated the FLSA is based on its position
that the tip policy was unlawful. Even if this is true, plaintiffs have not shown that, as a
matter of law, the violation was willful. Although defendants were aware that a mandatory
tip pool would violate the FLSA, see Biesenthal Depo. at 110:4-11, Ex. 1, Doc. No. 115, they
assert that the policy was not mandatory. The policy language, along with the plaintiffs’
testimony, create a genuine issues of fact that must be decided by a jury.
C.
Liquidated Damages
Summary judgment is denied on plaintiffs’ liquidated damages claim. Employees
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may be entitled to liquidated damages when an employer, who has violated the FLSA ,cannot
show that it acted in good faith. There is a genuine factual dispute as to whether defendants
acted in good faith. Therefore, summary judgment is inappropriate.
D.
Employers Status
The FLSA defines an employer as any person acting directly or indirectly in the
interest of an employer in relation to an employee. See 29 U.S.C. § 203(d). The factors used
to determine who is an employer, as listed in Part III. A.3., are not exclusive. Brock v.
Superior Care, Inc., 840 F.2d 1054, 1059 (2d Cir. 1988). Showing indirect control may be
sufficient for a finding of an employer-employee relationship under the FLSA. In re Enter.
Rent-A-Car Wage & Hour Employment Practices Litig., 683 F.3d 462, 468 (3d Cir. 2012).
1. Biesenthal
Summary judgment is denied on plaintiffs’ claim that Biesenthal was their employer
because there are issues of fact in dispute. It is undisputed that Biesenthal does not hire the
hourly employees. Moreover, he contends he has been indirectly involved in the firing of
only one hourly employee. See Defendants’ RSOF, Doc. No. 147, ¶ 19. He, however, hires
and fires the managers who hire the hourly employees, and advises them occasionally
regarding termination. See id., ¶ 16. Also, he temporarily fills in for his general managers
when they are absent or have been terminated. See id., ¶ 24.
Although Biesenthal controls the manner in which work is performed, by
implementing employment policies, see id.,¶ 17, that alone is not sufficient to support a grant
of summary judgment. See Duluth News-Tribune, a Div. of Nw. Publications, Inc. v. Mesabi
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Pub. Co., 84 F.3d 1093, 1096 (8th Cir. 1996) (indicating that factual disputes regarding
determinative factors support the denial of summary judgment if they tilt the entire balance
in favor of such a finding). Summary judgment is therefore inappropriate.
2. Tim Chappell
Summary judgment is denied on plaintiffs’ claim that Chappell is their employer.
Plaintiffs’ claim that Chappell is their employer because he is an owner and had supervisory
control over them, is misguided. Each plaintiff, other than Hobbs, has failed to demonstrate
that Chappell has ever controlled the hiring and firing, the manner in which work is
performed, or the manner in which wages are fixed at the restaurant where she works.
Importantly, none of these plaintiffs worked at Hendrix.
As to Hobbs, although it is clear she was employed by Hendrix for at least part of the
period relevant to this lawsuit, a genuine dispute remains as to whether Chappell had
sufficient control, as a matter of law, to be her employer. Hobbs alleges Chappell hired her
in 2007 and fired her in October 2012. See Hobbs Dep. 44:16-17, Doc. No. 115. Moreover,
she alleges that because Chappell was an owner, he had control over the day-to-day
operations at Hendrix. Chappell, however, denies these allegations. See Ex. 1 Doc. No. 124,
¶ 15. Accordingly, summary judgment is inappropriate.
3.
Three Buddies
Summary judgment is denied on Three Buddies’ status as plaintiffs’ employer because
plaintiffs have not demonstrated sufficient control by Three Buddies to establish that an
employer-employees relationship existed. Plaintiffs, however, have presented sufficient
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evidence to create a genuine dispute as to whether Three buddies, at least indirectly,
controlled plaintiffs’ employments.
It is undisputed that Three Buddies has created and supplied the employee’s
handbooks for Catfish Pies, Pizza Profits, and Show Me Pies. See SOF, Doc. No. 125, ¶
24–27. Importantly, Three Buddies supplied the tip out agreement in question. Moreover,
Three Buddies does the payroll of all the employees of Catfish Pies, Pizza Profits, and Show
Me Pies. See Dep. Bryant Ex. 3, Doc. No. 115, at 22:19–20. Defendants’ contend that Three
Buddies has no control over the employees of these restaurants, and only provides them with
administrative services for a fee. See RSOF, Doc. No. 147, ¶ 5. Plaintiffs, however, allege
that Three Buddies controls the rates and methods of payment and indirectly controls the
hiring and firing of employees at these restaurants. In that there are facts in dispute,
summary judgment is inappropriate.
4.
Single-Integrated Enterprise.
Summary judgment is denied on plaintiffs’ claims predicated on the single-integrated
enterprise theory. See Doc. No. 103.
IV.
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment [Doc. No. 115] is granted
in part and denied in part. The motion is granted as to plaintiff’s claim that defendants’
cooks were not tip employees. Summary judgment is denied as to the remaining claims.
IT IS SO ORDERED this 13th day of February 2015.
________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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