Flowers et al v. Flywheel Energy Production LLC et al

Filing 105

ORDER granting 87 , 90 , 98 Motions for Summary Judgment. Signed by Judge Lee P. Rudofsky on 1/29/2025. (ldb)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS
CENTRAL DIVISION
GARY FLOWERS and
DEBBIE FLOWERS,
Individually and on behalf of all
others similarly situated
v.

PLAINTIFFS

Case No. 4:21-cv-00330-LPR

FLYWHEEL ENERGY PRODUCTION, LLC;
MERIT ENERGY COMPANY, LLC; and
RIVERBEND OIL & GAS VIII, LLC

DEFENDANTS

ORDER
Pending before the Court are three Motions for Summary Judgment. Each Defendant in
this case—Flywheel Energy Production, LLC,1 Merit Energy Company, LLC,2 and Riverbend Oil
& Gas VIII, LLC3—has filed its own Motion for Summary Judgment. Plaintiffs have filed two
essentially identical briefs responding to the three Motions.4 All of Defendants’ Motions for
Summary Judgment are GRANTED. Here’s why.
In a series of Orders entered in Hurd v. Flywheel Energy Production, LLC and Pennington
v. BHP Billiton Petroleum (Fayetteville), LLC, the Court has resolved nearly all of the dispositive
legal issues that are at play in the instant case.5 The Court need not repeat the content of those

1

Flywheel’s Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. 87).

2

Merit Energy’s Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. 98).

3

Riverbend’s Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. 90). About a year and a half after the instant case was removed to federal
court, Riverbend submitted a Notice of Change of Corporate Structure, detailing that it had been bought by another
company and that Caer Energy, LLC had become its successor-in-interest. (Doc. 38). In subsequent filings,
Riverbend/Caer has styled itself as Caer Energy, LLC, f/k/a Riverbend Oil & Gas VIII, LLC. See, e.g., Riverbend’s
Br. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. 91) at 1. Throughout this Order, the Court refers to this Defendant as
“Riverbend.”
4
5

Br. in Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. 95); Br. in Resp. to Merit Energy’s Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. 103).

See Hurd v. Flywheel Energy Prod., LLC, No. 4:21-CV-01207-LPR, 2023 WL 3687166 (E.D. Ark. May 26, 2023)
(“Hurd Certification Order”); Hurd v. Flywheel Energy Prod., LLC, No. 4:21-CV-01207-LPR, 2023 WL 5669094
(E.D. Ark. July 25, 2023) (“Hurd Summary Judgment Order I”); Hurd v. Flywheel Energy Prod., LLC, No. 4:21-CV01207-LPR, 2024 WL 4571445 (E.D. Ark. Oct. 24, 2024) (slip op.) (“Hurd Summary Judgment Order II”); Pennington

Orders here. Instead, the Court adopts and incorporates the findings, analyses, and conclusions
from those Orders as if they were fully set out herein. With this in mind, the Court can turn to the
Plaintiffs’ claims.
I.

Declaratory Judgment and Breach of Contract (Counts I and II)
With respect to Counts I and II, the Plaintiffs’ allegations in this case are essentially

identical to the allegations in Hurd and Pennington.6

Primarily, Plaintiffs allege that:

(1) Flywheel—as the operator—has been unlawfully deducting post-production expenses from the
first 1/8 royalty paid out to Plaintiffs; and (2) Riverbend and Merit Energy—as the working interest
owners—are acting in breach of the gross proceeds leases by failing to pay Plaintiffs the delta
between what Flywheel is paying (a net proceeds royalty) and what Plaintiffs believe they are
contractually owed (a gross proceeds royalty) with respect to the first 1/8 royalty.
Plaintiffs’ claims fail for the same reasons such claims failed in Hurd and Pennington.
First, the statutory blended royalty provided for by Arkansas Code Annotated section 15-72-305
entirely replaces the first 1/8 royalty owed under the relevant leases.7 Second, Defendants’
deductions of post-production expenses from the statutory blended royalty are permitted by the
statute.8 Plaintiffs spill quite a bit of ink in their briefs contesting the Court’s interpretation of

v. BHP Billiton Petroleum (Fayetteville), LLC, No. 4:20-CV-00178-LPR, 2024 WL 4652196 (E.D. Ark. Nov. 1, 2024)
(slip op.).
6
Compare Compl. (Doc. 2) ¶¶ 21–27, 36(b)–36(j), 44, 47–52, with Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 7–17, Hurd v. Flywheel
Energy Production, LLC, No. 4:21-CV-01207-LPR (E.D. Ark. filed Dec. 19, 2022), ECF No. 28, and Pls.’ Statement
of Controverted Facts at 2–3, Pennington v. BHP Billiton Petroleum (Fayetteville), LLC, No. 4:20-CV-00178-LPR
(E.D. Ark. filed Sept. 1, 2023), ECF No. 134-1.
7
See Hurd Certification Order at *5–8; Hurd Summary Judgment Order II at *2, *16 (denying a motion to reconsider
the Court’s conclusion in the Hurd Certification Order that the statute replaces the first 1/8 royalty owed under the
plaintiffs’ leases).
8
See Hurd Certification Order at *9–10; Hurd Summary Judgment Order II at *6–16 (providing additional detail as
to why section 15-72-305 permits post-production expense deductions).

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section 15-72-305.9 But none of Plaintiffs’ arguments are novel or persuasive. The Court thus
declines to reconsider the interpretation of section 15-72-305 that it previously laid out in the Hurd
case.10 Accordingly, no Defendant is violating the statute, and no Defendant is in breach of a lease.
In their Complaint, Plaintiffs assert some back-up claims. Their first back-up claim is a
Takings Clause claim. They say:
“[I]f [section] 15-72-305 is interpreted or applied to prohibit or to override gross
proceeds leases, then that interpretation or application is an unconstitutional taking
and transfer of the Plaintiffs’ . . . valuable rights, interests[,] and properties to [Merit
Energy and Riverbend] . . . in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to
the U.S. Constitution and Article 2 Section 22 of the Arkansas Constitution . . . .”11
It is not clear whether Plaintiffs believe that it is the Court’s interpretation of the statute or the
statute itself that is effecting the taking. But that lack of clarity is unimportant because the Court
has previously addressed (and rejected) both takings theories.12 Once again, none of Plaintiffs’
arguments on this point are novel or otherwise persuade the Court to reconsider its prior
conclusions.
As a second back-up claim, Plaintiffs argue that, if section 15-72-305 overrides their gross
proceeds leases, then Merit Energy and Riverbend “must account to the Plaintiffs . . . as unleased
mineral owners and give up and pay over to Plaintiffs . . . the value . . . of all gas produced and
sold attributable to Plaintiffs . . . .”13 Essentially, Plaintiffs request that the Court treat their gross
proceeds leases as void. They thus demand that Merit Energy and Riverbend (retroactively and

9

Br. in Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. 95) at 6–11; Br. in Resp. to Merit Energy’s Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc.
103) at 6–11.
10

See supra note 5.

11

Compl. (Doc. 2) ¶ 47(c).

12

See Hurd Summary Judgment Order II at *17–19; see also Pennington, 2024 WL 4652196, at *2–3 (dismissing
other constitutional—or constitutionally-flavored—arguments).

13

Compl. (Doc. 2) ¶ 47(f).

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going forward) treat Plaintiffs “as unleased mineral owners” and pay Plaintiffs “the value to [Merit
Energy and Riverbend] of all gas produced and sold attributable to Plaintiffs . . . , including interest
and any other monetary or economic benefits, advantages o[r] profits . . . .”14
Under Arkansas law, “the law in effect at the time a contract is made forms a part of the
contract as if it had been expressed in the contract.”15 The rights and obligations created by section
15-72-305 thus became a valid part of the leases at the time of formation. There is no reason in
law (or equity) to consider the leases void, rescinded, or otherwise invalid simply because Plaintiffs
disagree on the correct interpretation of the relevant law that was incorporated into the leases.16
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Counts I and
II of Plaintiffs’ Complaint.
II.

Unjust Enrichment (Count III)
Plaintiffs’ Complaint states that Count III is asserted “[a]gainst [a]ll Defendants.”17

Notwithstanding that language, it appears that Plaintiffs either always meant to bring their unjust
enrichment claims against Flywheel alone or have now abandoned their unjust enrichment claims
with respect to Merit Energy and Riverbend. In any event, it is clear from Plaintiffs’ summary
judgment briefing that, at this point, Plaintiffs are only pursuing their unjust enrichment claims
against Flywheel.18 That’s not surprising, considering that Plaintiffs have valid lease agreements

14

Id.

15
Woodend v. Southland Racing Corp., 337 Ark. 380, 384, 989 S.W.2d 505, 507 (1999); see also Hurd Certification
Order at *8 (explaining that plaintiffs’ “private leases are effectively rewritten immediately upon integration”).
16

In their briefing, Plaintiffs do not provide any argument for why their contracts with Riverbend and Merit Energy
should be considered void, rescinded, or otherwise invalid. See generally Br. in Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J.
(Doc. 95) at 6–11; see also Br. in Resp. to Merit Energy’s Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. 103) at 6–11.

17

Compl. (Doc. 2) at 13.

18

See Br. in Resp. to Merit Energy’s Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. 103) at 12 (“While Plaintiffs’ claims for unjust
enrichment are asserted against Flywheel, a party that they do not have a contractual relationship with, Merit benefits
from Flywheel’s improper conduct.”); see also Br. in Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. 95) at 12 (“Plaintiffs’

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with Merit Energy and Riverbend.19 Under Arkansas law, the unjust enrichment theory generally
does not apply when there is an express contract.20 (Plaintiffs do not seriously argue that the instant
case falls into what are very rare exceptions to this general rule.) In short, either there are no live
unjust enrichment claims against Merit Energy and Riverbend or those Defendants are entitled to
summary judgment on such claims.
Plaintiffs’ briefing on Count III is dedicated to supporting their unjust enrichment claims
against Flywheel. These claims are doomed to fail. Under Arkansas law, “to find unjust
enrichment, a party must have received something of value, to which he was not entitled . . . .”21
But, as the Court has previously concluded, Flywheel was entitled to deduct post-production costs
from the first 1/8 royalty payment.22 So Flywheel has not been unjustly enriched and, thus,
summary judgment on the unjust enrichment claims is appropriate.
III.

Deceptive Trade Practices (Count IV)
Count IV of the Complaint alleges violations of the Arkansas Deceptive Trade Practices

Act.23 A successful ADTPA claim requires “(1) a deceptive consumer-oriented act or practice

claims for unjust enrichment are asserted against Flywheel, a party that they do not have a contractual relationship
with. The evidence clearly establishes that Flywheel took deductions as a result of its wrongful acts.”).
19

See Pl.’s Resp. to Flywheel’s Statement of Undisputed Facts (Doc. 97) at 1.

20

Lowell Perkins Agency, Inc. v. Jacobs, 250 Ark. 952, 958–59, 469 S.W.2d 89, 92–93 (1971).

21

Guar. Nat. Ins. Co. v. Denver Roller, Inc., 313 Ark. 128, 138, 854 S.W.2d 312, 317 (1993) (emphasis added).

22

See Hurd Certification Order at *9–10, Hurd Summary Judgment Order II at *6–16. That Flywheel’s predecessorsin-interest declined to make those deductions is of no moment. Flywheel “cannot be held to be unjustly enriched
merely because [it] has chosen to exercise a legal or contract right.” Whitley v. Irwin, 250 Ark. 543, 550, 465 S.W.2d
906, 910 (1971).

23

Compl. (Doc. 2) ¶¶ 60–63; Br. in Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. 95) at 14; Br. in Resp. to Merit Energy’s
Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. 103) at 14.

5

which is misleading in a material respect, and (2) injury resulting from such act.”24 The resulting
injury must include “actual financial loss.”25
As to the first element, Plaintiffs generally allege that “Defendants engaged in
unconscionable, false, and deceptive acts and practices in business by failing to comply with the
terms of Plaintiffs’ . . . gross proceeds oil and gas lease.”26 But the only “failures to comply”
specifically alleged in the Complaint are Flywheel’s deduction of post-production expenses from
the 1/8 royalty and Merit Energy/Riverbend’s refusal to make up for the deduction on the back
end.27 This conduct does not constitute deceptive acts or practices. As explained in Hurd and
Pennington, Flywheel was authorized to deduct post-production expenses under section 15-72-305
and Merit Energy/Riverbend did not have to make up the difference with respect to the first 1/8
royalty.28
This renders the instant case distinguishable from the cases cited in Plaintiffs’ briefing.29
Exercising one’s legitimate contractual and statutory rights—without more—cannot constitute a
deceptive or fraudulent business practice. And there’s nothing “more” set out in the Complaint.
For example, it is never alleged that Defendants engaged in fraudulent or misleading

24

Skalla v. Canepari, 2013 Ark. 415 at 14, 430 S.W.3d 72, 82.

25

Parnell v. FanDuel, Inc., 2019 Ark. 412 at 4, 591 S.W.3d 315, 318.

26

Compl (Doc. 2) ¶ 62.

27

Id. ¶¶ 24, 26. See also Pl.’s Resp. to Def. Merit Energy’s Statement of Undisputed Facts (Doc. 102) at 2.

28

Hurd Certification Order at *9–10; Hurd Summary Judgment Order II at *6–16.

29

See Br. in Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. 95) at 14; see also Br. in Resp. to Merit Energy’s Mot. for Summ.
J. (Doc. 103) at 14. In all of the cases cited by Plaintiffs, any potential ADTPA violation hinged on plausible allegations
of, or genuinely disputed material facts with respect to, the taking of improper deductions. See, e.g., Wallace v. XTO
Energy, Inc., 2014 WL 4202536, at *2 (E.D. Ark. Aug. 22, 2014) (“[P]laintiffs . . . allege that . . . defendants ‘secretly
carried out [their] scheme’ to take improper deductions from and underpay plaintiffs’ royalty payments through a
variety of tactics . . . includ[ing] . . . misrepresenting on plaintiffs’ check stubs that a proper accounting was made,
starting with a price that was too low, and omitting that [post-production expenses] were deducted . . . . Taken as true,
plaintiffs’ allegation that defendants engaged in fraudulent conduct survives a motion to dismiss.”). Since the
deductions taken by the Defendants in the present case were not improper, the cases cited by Plaintiffs do not suggest
that Defendants have engaged in deceptive trade practices. If anything, they suggest the opposite.

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communications or actions in any of their interactions with Plaintiffs. The sole allegation made
by Plaintiffs is that Defendants “failed to comply” with the gross proceeds leases. Again, that
allegation is simply not true. Section 15-72-305, which is incorporated into the terms of the
relevant leases, permits post-production deductions.
Because Plaintiffs cannot possibly prevail on the first element, the Court need not consider
the second element. Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on all of Plaintiffs’ Count IV
claims.
*

*

*

For the foregoing reasons, all three of Defendants’ Motions for Summary Judgment are
GRANTED.30 Judgment will be entered for Defendants Flywheel Energy Production, LLC, Merit
Energy Company, LLC, and Riverbend Oil & Gas VIII, LLC on all live claims, and this case will
be CLOSED.
IT IS SO ORDERED this 29th day of January 2025.

________________________________
LEE P. RUDOFSKY
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

30

(Doc. 87); (Doc. 90); (Doc. 98).

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