Crosby v. Eaton Corporation
Filing
22
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER. Signed by Honorable P. K. Holmes, III on April 19, 2013. (rw)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS
HARRISON DIVISION
KEITH R. CROSBY
PLAINTIFF
v.
Case No. 3:11-CV-03084
EATON CORPORATION
DEFENDANT
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Keith R. Crosby brings this action pursuant to the provisions of the Employee
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq., alleging Defendant
Eaton Corporation wrongly denied his claim for long term disability benefits. Before the Court are
the Administrative Record (cited as “AR-#”), Plaintiff’s Brief (Doc. 13), and Defendant’s Brief
(Doc. 16). For the reasons stated herein, the Court finds that Defendant’s decision to deny benefits
is AFFIRMED, Plaintiff’s claim is DENIED, and this case is DISMISSED with prejudice.
I. Background
Plaintiff was a full-time Production Operator in Defendant’s Mountain Home, Arkansas,
shipping and handling division for approximately three years, beginning on April 12, 2004 and
continuing until April 4, 2007. He suffered a back injury on the job on April 24, 2005 when he
became pinned against the wall of a freight elevator by a load of metal material. He subsequently
sought medical care for the injury but did not stop working full-time until two years after the injury
occurred.
On April 26, 2005, two days after Plaintiff’s back injury, he visited his primary care
physician, Dr. Richard Burnett. Dr. Burnett noted muscle spasms and pain in Plaintiff’s lumbar
spine and prescribed various anti-inflammatory and pain medications, including Medrol, Flexeril,
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Lortab, and Darvocet. (Exh. A to Plaintiff’s Brief, Doc. 13-1, p. 1). Dr. Burnett instructed Plaintiff
to refrain from lifting items weighing over 10 pounds, bending, or stooping.1
Dr. Burnett examined Plaintiff again on May 3, 2005. During that visit, Plaintiff reported
that his back was feeling better, but his neck was still sore. Dr. Burnett noted that Plaintiff had full
range of motion and no tenderness. Following this appointment, Plaintiff went back to work fulltime.
On May 21, 2005, Plaintiff visited the emergency room of Baxter County Regional Medical
Center, complaining of back pain radiating down his right leg. The emergency room physician, Dr.
Philip Sadler, diagnosed acute low back pain and administered injections of the drugs Toradol and
Norflex to combat Plaintiff’s inflammation and pain. Shortly thereafter, Plaintiff’s primary care
physician, Dr. Burnett, ordered that Plaintiff undergo an MRI, which was performed on May 27,
2005. The MRI revealed “[a] small right paracentral disc herniation at L3-L4, extending superiorly
. . . [a] broad-based disc bulge in the right lateral space at L3-L4 . . . [and] [d]egenerative disc
changes as well at L4-L5 and L5-S1.” Id. at p. 6.
For approximately two years following the May 2005 MRI, there is no record of Plaintiff
visiting any doctors or taking prescription medications. During this two-year period, Plaintiff
continued to work full-time for Defendant as Production Operator.
Plaintiff began receiving medical treatment for back pain again in early 2007 and quit
working on April 4, 2007. On April 27, 2007, Plaintiff consulted with Dr. Thomas Briggs of the
1
Plaintiff’s job description required lifting and carrying up to 10 pounds frequently, up to 50
pounds occasionally, and up to 100 pounds seldom; pushing, pulling, and reaching frequently;
overhead work seldom; sitting one hour per day; and standing and walking eight hours per day. (AR00308).
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Springfield Neurological and Spine Institute. Dr. Briggs diagnosed “[l]ow back pain, secondary to
facet pain and disc setting . . . .” (AR-00121). On May 3, 2007, Plaintiff consulted with Dr. Ted
Lennard, also of the Springfield Neurological and Spine Institute, who analyzed the results of a
March 12, 2007 MRI and diagnosed Plaintiff with a “mild stenosis at L2-3 and L3-4,” “[l]umbar
discogenic pain,” and “[l]eft foot plantar fasciitis.” (AR-00122-25). Dr. Lennard prescribed physical
therapy.
By June 29, 2007, Plaintiff was reporting “increased pain in the low back mainly at the
midline and off to the right” for which he received epidural injections. (AR-00129-30). Dr. Lennard
then ordered lumbar facet injections on July 16, 2007, and noted that Plaintiff “continue[d] to
experience low back pain as before.” (AR-00131). Dr. Lennard reported Plaintiff was “no better”
as of his follow-up visit on August 22, 2007. (AR-00134).
On October 8, 2007, Plaintiff began receiving disability benefits through Defendant’s Long
Term Disability Plan (“Plan”). The Plan provided that disability benefits were available for up to
a 24-month period for any participating employee who was “totally and continuously unable to
perform the essential duties of [his] regular position with the Company, or the duties of any suitable
alternative position with the Company.” (AR-00033). Benefits would only continue after this initial
24-month period if an employee could establish that he was “totally and continuously unable to
engage in any occupation or perform any work for compensation or profit for which [he is], or may
become, reasonably well fit by reason of education, training or experience—at Eaton or elsewhere.”
Id.
On December 20, 2007, Plaintiff elected to have L4-5/L5-S1 fusion surgery. After the
surgery, Plaintiff reported to Dr. Briggs on February 6, 2008 with “[a] lot of tenderness in the muscle
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attachments to the left iliac crest.” (AR-00136). Dr. Briggs noted the incision was “well healed”
with “[n]o evidence of complications.” Id. Plaintiff then underwent physical therapy but still
reported pain in the lumbar spine. Doctors ordered a CT scan on March 31, 2008, which revealed
“no apparent postoperative fluid collection or mass.” (AR-00137). Plaintiff’s lumbar spine was
normally aligned with a “moderate concentric disc bulge at L1-L2 without significant spinal or
foraminal stenosis” and “a mild concentric disc bulge at L2-L3 and L3-L4, also without signficant
spinal foraminal stenosis.” Id. The CT scan further revealed “no apparent disc herniation, epidural
or paraspinous mass.” Id. The fused area appeared “fairly well fixed and nonmobile,” while the
remainder of the lumbar spine showed “fairly good motion with flexion and extension” and “[f]airly
good mobility.” (AR-00139).
On July 14, 2008, at Defendant’s request, Dr. Lennard completed a Physical Capacities
Evaluation on Plaintiff. In the evaluation, Dr. Lennard opined that the prognosis for Plaintiff’s
gainful employment was “fair” and concluded that Plaintiff could speak for eight hours per day, view
a computer screen for four hours per day, sit for two hours per day, stand for one hour per day, and
walk for one hour per day. (AR-00146). Dr. Lennard restricted Plaintiff’s bending and lifting
activities and recommended “a sedentary or light duty job . . . .” (AR-00147).
On September 8, 2008, Plaintiff had a follow-up visit with Dr. Lennard that the doctor
summarized as follows:
Keith says he is better. His medications have been changed by Dr. Burnett that have
included a Duragesic patch, xanax, hydrocodone and prozac. He continues to attend
PT 1x/week and finds this helpful. He is performing exercises independently as well.
He has mild residual low back pain and stiffness. He rarely has any lower extremity
pain, numbness, or tingling . . . Keith has made satisfactory progress in his overall
condition. Continue PT over the next 1 month (1x/week) for education on lumbar
exercises, then home exercise program independently.
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(AR-000149-50).
Dr. Lennard filled out a second Physical Capacities Evaluation for Plaintiff on September
9, 2008. This evaluation was not materially different from Dr. Lennard’s July 14, 2008 evaluation
and noted the same work restrictions and prognosis for Plaintiff’s recovery. (AR-00151).
Dr. Burnett provided Defendant with a medical status update on Plaintiff on March 18, 2009,
restricting from lifting, bending, stooping, kneeling, or engaging in prolonged standing or sitting.
(AR-00161).
Dr. Burnett further indicated that Plaintiff’s prognosis for return to gainful
employment was “poor” but did not specify if his comment referred to Plaintiff’s own job with
Defendant or to any occupation for which Plaintiff may be qualified. (AR-00162).
On May 11, 2009, Plaintiff underwent a Functional Capacity Evaluation (“FCE”) performed
by Physical Therapy Specialists Clinic, Inc. (AR-00164-71). The FCE concluded that Plaintiff had
physical restrictions but could return to work in light capacity employment. (AR-00171). A
physician retained by Defendant named Dr. Robert D. Petrie reviewed the FCE on May 21, 2009 and
pronounced the findings “valid,” agreeing that “it is clear that [Plaintiff] is capable of functioning
at light category of employment” on a full-time basis. (AR-00172-3).
On June 29, 2009, Defendant informed Plaintiff by letter that he was no longer eligible to
receive further disability benefits. (AR-00090). The Claims Administrator had determined that
according to the objective evidence in Plaintiff’s medical file, Plaintiff was not totally disabled and
could return to sedentary and/or light duty work.
After Plaintiff’s claim was denied, he requested that Defendant conduct a review of the denial
determination. (AR-00098). On January 28, 2010, Dr. Richard A. Silver performed an independent
medical review of the file and found that the documentation provided by Plaintiff’s treating
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physicians, Drs. Burnett and Lennard, along with the FCE, supported a determination that Plaintiff
was not totally disabled and that Plaintiff’s subjective complaints were not substantiated by objective
clinical findings. Specifically, Dr. Silver opined that Plaintiff “can perform sedentary and/or light
work” and “is not disabled orthopedically.” (AR-00196). Further, Dr. Silver reported that Plaintiff
“does not have any documentation of loss of range of motion of any clinical significance of the
cervical, thoracic, or the lumbosacral spine” nor “any focal neurological deficits in the upper or
lower extremities.” (AR-00197). As for Plaintiff’s subjective complaints of pain, Dr. Silver found
that these “would not have impacted the employee’s ability to function in any occupation,
specifically sedentary and/or light work per the FCE.” Id.
Shortly before Dr. Silver’s review of the paper file, Plaintiff sought the opinion of another
physician, Dr. Adam Wozniak. Plaintiff saw Dr. Wozniak thirteen times between December16,
2009 and September 9, 2010. Dr. Wozniak’s medical reports, which were the most recent reports
submitted by a treating physician of Plaintiff’s, documented Plaintiff’s complaints of “sciatica pain”
and “moderate pain discomfort.” (AR-00190). However, Dr. Wozniak also described Plaintiff’s
gait and stance as “normal” and determined that Plaintiff was “[i]n no acute distress.” (AR-00192).
By letter dated February 3, 2010, Defendant informed Plaintiff that its decision to deny
further disability benefits was upheld. (AR-00106). Plaintiff again appealed this determination, and
on August 23, 2010, a board-certified orthopedic surgeon from the Medical Review Institute of
America provided Defendant with an independent medical review report of Plaintiff’s medical file.
The reviewing physician, whose identity was never identified in the report, found that Plaintiff’s
medical condition did not prevent him from being gainfully employed in any capacity. (AR-0022022). After receiving the independent medical review report, Defendant sent a letter to Plaintiff dated
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August 26, 2010, informing him that more time was needed to review the denial of benefits.
On September 27, 2010, Defendant hired a second, again unnamed, physician from the
Medical Review Institute of America to conduct another review of Plaintiff’s medical file. This
second reviewing physician noted that as part of the review process, he had consulted with Plaintiff’s
treating physician, Dr. Wozniak, on September 22, 2010. The reviewing physician determined that
Plaintiff “was not disabled from performing any occupation from 7-01-09 to present” since his
condition “may cause limited mobility or chronic pain requiring chronic medication, but would not
preclude Light or Very Light/Sedentary occupations.” (AR-00218). Further, the reviewing physician
stated in his report that Dr. Wozniak believed Plaintiff could possibly perform clerical work as a
means of employment. (AR-00214).
By letter dated October 5, 2010, Plaintiff’s final appeal for benefits was denied. (AR-00052).
Having exhausted his administrative remedies, Plaintiff filed the instant Complaint seeking review
of Defendant’s decision.
II. Standard of Review
Generally, once a plaintiff has exhausted his administrative remedies, the court’s function
is to conduct a review of the record that was before the administrator of the plan when the claim was
denied. Farfalla v. Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co., 324 F.3d 971, 974-75 (8th Cir. 2003); Firestone Tire
& Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115 (1989). A denial of benefits claim under ERISA is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion when “a plan gives the administrator discretionary power to
construe uncertain terms or to make eligibility determinations.” King v. Hartford Life & Accident
Ins. Co., 414 F.3d 994, 998-99 (8th Cir. 1997) (en banc) (citing Firestone, 489 U.S. at 111). When
a plan confers discretionary authority, then the Court must defer to the determination made by the
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administrator or fiduciary unless such determination is arbitrary and capricious. Firestone, 489 U.S.
115. “[R]eview for an ‘abuse of discretion’ or for being ‘arbitrary and capricious’ is a distinction
without a difference” because the terms are generally interchangeable. Jackson v. Prudential Ins.
Co. of Am., 530 F.3d 696, 701 (8th Cir. 2008), citing Schatz v. Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co., 220 F.3d
944, 946 n.4 (8th Cir. 2000).
Abuse of discretion is the proper standard of review in the case at bar. Under the terms of
the Plan, Defendant as Plan Administrator had complete discretionary authority to determine
eligibility for benefits and could delegate its claims administration process to a third party if it so
chose. (AR-00009). It appears that Defendant delegated the day-to-day administration of its Plan
to its Claims Administrator, Sedgwick CMS, but retained ultimate discretionary authority to approve
or deny any of the Claims Administrator’s recommendations regarding eligibility for disability
benefits.
The law is clear that the decision of a plan administrator may only be overturned if it is not
“reasonable, i.e., supported by substantial evidence.” Donaho v. FMC Corp., 74 F.3d 894, 899 (8th
Cir. 1996). An administrator’s decision will be deemed reasonable if “a reasonable person could
have reached a similar decision, given the evidence before him, not that a reasonable person would
have reached that decision.” Id. If a decision is supported by a reasonable explanation, it should not
be disturbed, even though a different reasonable interpretation could have been made. Cash v. WalMart Group Health Plan, 107 F.3d 637, (8th Cir. 1997), citing Donaho, 74 F.3d at 899.
Furthermore, “an ERISA plan administrator or fiduciary generally is not bound by [a Social
Security Administration] determination that a plan participant is disabled.” Jackson v. Metro Life
Ins. Co., 303 F.3d 884, 889 (8th Cir. 2002). Here, Plaintiff was awarded Social Security disability
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benefits; however, Defendant was not obligated under law to take the Social Security
Administration’s decision into account when deciding whether to award benefits pursuant to the
provisions of the Plan. Jackson, 303 F.3d at 889 (discussing why determinations of the Social
Security Administration are not binding on a plan fiduciary, pursuant to ERISA). Accordingly, it
was not an abuse of discretion for Defendant to have come to a different conclusion regarding
disability benefits than the Social Security Administration.
The Court’s task is to analyze whether Defendant’s decision to deny benefits to Plaintiff
should be overturned. In considering this question, the Court must examine the basis behind
Defendant’s denial and determine if the decision was supported by substantial evidence. This
evidence should be assessed by its quantity and quality, and this review, “though deferential, is not
tantamount to rubber-stamping the result.” Torres v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 405 F.3d 670, 680
(8th Cir. 2005).
There are five factors the Court will consider to determine whether Defendant’s decision was
reasonable:
(1) whether the administrator’s interpretation is consistent with the goals of the Plan;
(2) whether the interpretation renders any language in the Plan meaningless or
internally inconsistent;
(3) whether the administrator’s interpretation conflicts with the substantive or
procedural requirements of the ERISA statute;
(4) whether the administrator interpreted the relevant terms consistently; and
(5) whether the interpretation is contrary to the clear language of the Plan.
Id. (citing Shelton v. ContiGroup Cos., Inc., 285 F.3d 640, 643 (8th Cir. 2002)).
In addition to weighing these five factors, the Court must take into account Defendant’s
potential conflict of interest, as Defendant retains the authority to determine whether an enrollee is
eligible for benefits and is responsible for paying benefits out of its own pocket. Plaintiff contends
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the conflict of interest should be considered as a factor in determining whether there was an abuse
of discretion. The Supreme Court has stated that a reviewing court is to give importance to this
conflict of interest depending upon how closely the other factors are balanced. Metro. Life Ins. Co.
v. Glenn, 128 S. Ct. 2343, 2351 (2008). Accordingly, the Court will review the denial of benefits
for abuse of discretion, taking into account relevant factors including a potential conflict of interest.
III. Discussion
Pursuant to the Eighth Circuit’s holding in Shelton v. ContiGroup Cos., Inc., 285 F.3d at 643,
the first factor the Court must consider in evaluating the reasonableness of Defendant’s denial of
ERISA benefits is whether Defendant’s interpretation of the Plan is consistent with the goals of the
Plan. The Plan’s goal, as stated in the “Program Overview” section, is to create “long term disability
options that provide a continued source of income if you are sick or injured and cannot work for an
extended period of time.” (AR-00026). The Plan’s definition of “a covered disability . . . as a result
of an occupational or non-occupational illness or injury” is as follows:
•
During the first 24 months, including any period of short term disability, you
are totally and continuously unable to perform the essential duties of your
regular position with the Company, or the duties of any suitable alternative
position with the Company; and
•
Following the first 24 months, you are totally and continuously unable to
engage in any occupation or perform any work for compensation or profit for
which you are, or may become, reasonably well fit by reason of education,
training or experience—at Eaton or elsewhere.
(AR-00033).
Considering the Plan’s goal of providing disability benefits to qualifying employees as
defined in the Plan, the medical data present in the administrative record—to include the specific
recommendations of two of Plaintiff’s treating physicians, Drs. Lennard and Wozniak, and the
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opinions of Drs. Petrie, Silver, and others doctors employed by the Medical Review Institute of
America—clearly supports Defendant’s conclusion that Plaintiff did not meet the eligibility
requirements for long term disability. Plaintiff initially received disability benefits when he provided
medical evidence to show he was unable to perform the essential duties of his regular position with
Defendant. Following Plaintiff’s first 24 months of disability, however, the criteria for eligibility
under the Plan changed. Plaintiff was then required to prove through objective evidence that he was
unable to perform any work for compensation or profit. The administrative record supports
Defendant’s reasonable conclusion that Plaintiff was capable of at least sedentary and/or light duty
work and was not totally disabled. Therefore, under the Plan’s terms, Plaintiff did not qualify for
continuing disability benefits.
There is no dispute that Plaintiff was injured on the job and appears to suffer from chronic
back pain as a result of the injury and perhaps also as a result of corrective back surgery.
Nevertheless, under the terms of the Plan, a participant’s total disability cannot be substantiated
solely through his subjective complaints of pain. Instead, the Plan requires that the disability be
substantiated through objective findings, which “are those that can be observed by your physician
through objective means, not just from your description of the symptoms.”
(AR-00039).
Accordingly, the first Shelton factor weighs in favor of Defendant, as the Court concludes that
Defendant’s decision to deny Plaintiff disability benefits was not contrary to the goals of the Plan
and was, in fact, reasonable and supported by the objective evidence, including the findings of
Plaintiff’s treating physicians.
The second factor in evaluating Defendant’s denial of benefits is whether Defendant’s
interpretation of the Plan rendered any language in the Plan meaningless or internally inconsistent.
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Shelton, 285 F.3d at 643. Since the Plan specifically denies continuing benefits to a claimant who
is not shown to be, through objective evidence, totally disabled, Defendant’s decision to deny
benefits to Plaintiff based on the objective evidence in the file was a reasonable interpretation of the
Plan’s terms.
The remaining three of the five factors announced in Shelton are: (1) whether the
administrator’s decision to deny benefits conflicts with the substantive or procedural requirements
of the ERISA statute; (2) whether the administrator interpreted the relevant terms at issue
consistently; and (3) whether the administrator’s interpretation is contrary to the clear language of
the Plan. In considering these factors, the Court finds that Defendant acted carefully, reasonably,
and appropriately in evaluating Plaintiff’s claim in light of the Plan’s terms. Plaintiff was afforded
a full and fair review of both the denial of his claim and the appeal of that denial. Defendant relied
not only on the opinions of its own reviewing physicians but also on the opinions of Plaintiff’s own
physicians. In addition, Defendant’s decision was supported by a Transitional Skills Analysis and
Labor Market Survey which, taking into account Plaintiff’s medical restrictions, education, work
history, and other factors, identified other sedentary or light-duty jobs that Plaintiff could perform.
See AR-00091. Specifically, the Transitional Skills Analysis conducted by Defendant on May 21,
2009 revealed that other jobs including that of customer order clerk, information clerk, and security
guard, were potentially available to Plaintiff. In addition, the Labor Market Survey identified two
employers within a 50 mile radius that could potentially provide employment to Plaintiff in keeping
with his physical restrictions. Accordingly, Defendant’s decision to deny benefits was made after
careful review, while comporting with ERISA and the clear language of the Plan.
Finally, there is no evidence in the record to indicate that a conflict of interest influenced
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Defendant’s decision. Although a plan administrator is not required to accord special deference to
the opinions of treating physicians over physicians who review the paper file, it appears that here at
least two of Plaintiff’s treating physicians were unable to pronounce him totally disabled and indeed
found him capable of performing sedentary or light duty jobs. To the extent Plaintiff’s other treating
physicians disagreed with this determination, Defendant was not required to give their opinions
greater weight. See Midgett v. Wash. Group Int’l Long Term Disability Plan, 561 F.3d 887, 897 (8th
Cir. 2009) (treating physicians not automatically entitled to special weight in disability
determinations under ERISA) (citing Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538, U.S. 822, 834
(2003)). Accordingly, in light of the record before the Court, all five Shelton factors weigh in
Defendant’s favor.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant’s decision to deny
benefits is AFFIRMED, Plaintiff’s claim is DENIED, and this case is DISMISSED with prejudice.
An order of judgment shall be filed contemporaneously herewith, with all parties instructed to bear
their own fees and costs.
IT IS SO ORDERED this 19th day of April, 2013.
/s/P. K. Holmes, III
P.K. HOLMES, III
CHIEF U.S. DISTRICT JUDGE
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