McRo Inc. v. Codemasters Inc. et al

Filing 50

RULING ON DEFENDANTS MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS BASED ON UNPATENTABILITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. SECTION 101 by Judge George H. Wu. For the foregoing reasons, the Court would GRANT the Motion, and hold 576 Patent claims 1, 7-9, and 13, and 278 Patent claims 1-4, 6, 9, 13, and 15-17 invalid Under 35 U.S.C. Section 101. (MD JS-6, Case Terminated). (pj)

1
2
3
4

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

5

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

6
7
8

McRO, Inc., d.b.a. Planet Blue,

9

Plaintiffs,

10

v.

11
12

Codemasters Inc., et al.,
Defendants.

13
14

)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)

No. CV 14-439-GW(FFMx)
RULING ON DEFENDANTS’
MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON
THE PLEADINGS BASED ON
UNPATENTABILITY
UNDER 35 U.S.C. § 101

15
16

I. Background

17

The Court is presiding over two sets of consolidated patent infringement cases

18

filed by Plaintiff McRO, Inc., d.b.a. Planet Blue (“Plaintiff” or “Planet Blue”): the

19

“Track 1” cases, consolidated under Case No. CV-12-10322,1 and the “Track 2”

20

cases, consolidated under Case No. CV 13-1872.2 The cases all involve Plaintiff’s

21
22
23
24
25
26

1

The current Track 1 cases are: McRO, Inc. v. Namco Bandai Games America, Inc., CV-12-10322; McRO, Inc. v.
Konami Digital Entertainment, Inc., CV-12-10323; McRO, Inc. v. Sega of America, Inc., CV-12-10327; McRO, Inc.
v. Electronics Arts, Inc., CV-12-10329; McRO, Inc. v. Obsidian Entertainment, Inc., CV-12-10331; McRO, Inc. v.
Disney Interactive Studios, Inc., CV-12-10333; McRO, Inc. v. Naughty Dog, Inc., CV-12-10335; McRO, Inc. v. Capcom
USA, Inc., CV-12-10337; McRO, Inc. v. Square Enix, Inc., CV-12-10338; McRO, Inc. v. Neversoft Entertainment, Inc.,
CV-12-10341; McRO, Inc. v. Treyarch Corporation, CV-12-10342; McRO, Inc. v. Atlus U.S.A., et al., CV-13-1870;
McRO, Inc. v. Sucker Punch Productions, LLC, CV-14-0332; McRO, Inc. v. Activision Blizzard, Inc., CV-14-0336;
McRO, Inc. v. Infinity Ward, Inc., CV-14-0352; McRO, Inc. v. LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC, CV-14-358;
McRO, Inc. v. Sony Computer Entertainment America, LLC, et al., CV-14-0383; McRO, Inc. v. Warner Bros. Interactive
Entertainment Inc., CV-14-0417.

27
28

2
The current Track 2 cases are: McRO, Inc. v. Valve Corporation, CV-13-1874; McRO, Inc. v. Codemasters USA
Group, Inc. et al, CV-14-0389; McRO, Inc. v. Codemasters, Inc., et al, CV-14-0439.

-1-

1

allegation that Defendants directly or indirectly infringed two patents for

2

automatically animating the lip synchronization and facial expressions of 3D

3

characters. The cases are proceeding on different tracks due to the filing or transfer

4

dates of the cases, although various later-filed cases have been consolidated into

5

Track 1 due to corporate or counsel relationships.

6

This Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings Based on Unpatentability under 35

7

U.S.C. § 101 (“Motion”) was jointly filed by all defendants in both Tracks: Namco

8

Bandai Games America, Inc.; Sega of America, Inc.; Electronic Arts, Inc.; Disney

9

Interactive Studios, Inc.; Capcom USA, Inc.; Neversoft Entertainment, Inc.; Treyarch

10

Corporation; Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, Inc.; LucasArts Entertainment

11

Co. LLC; Activision Publishing, Inc.; Blizzard Entertainment, Inc.; Infinity Ward,

12

Inc.; Atlus U.S.A., Inc.; Konami Digital Entertainment, Inc.; Square Enix, Inc.;

13

Obsidian Entertainment, Inc.; Naughty Dog, Inc.; Sony Computer Entertainment

14

America, LLC; Sucker Punch Productions, LLC; The Codemasters Software

15

Company Limited; Codemasters, Inc.; Codemasters USA Group, Inc.; and Valve

16

Corp. (collectively, “Defendants”). Notice of Mot., Docket No. 338 at 2. Plaintiff

17

filed its Opposition on July 24, 2014. Docket No. 344. Defendants filed their Reply

18

on July 31, 2014. Docket No. 350.

19

At issue are United States Patent Nos. 6,307,576 (“‘576 Patent”), issued

20

October 23, 2001, and 6,611,278 (“‘278 Patent”), issued August 26, 2003, both to

21

Maury Rosenfeld, and both titled “Method for Automatically Animating Lip

22

Synchronization and Facial Expression of Animated Characters.” The ‘278 Patent

23

resulted from a continuation of the application that resulted in the ‘576 Patent,

24

meaning the patents share the same disclosure. See PowerOasis, Inc. v. T-Mobile

25

USA, Inc., 522 F.3d 1299, 1304, n.3 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

26

The patents explain that prior methods of animating lip synchronization and

27

facial expressions were laborious and uneconomical. ‘576 Patent 1:14-31. The

28
-2-

1

patents address that problem with an automated method of using “weighted morph

2

targets and time aligned phonetic transcriptions of recorded text, and other time

3

aligned data.” ‘576 Patent 2:64-3:12. The patents explain that in the relevant art,

4

“‘phonemes [are] defined as the smallest unit of speech, and correspond[] to a single

5

sound.” ‘576 Patent 1:34-36. A sound recording can be transcribed into a “time

6

aligned phonetic transcription” in which the timing of each phoneme is noted. ‘576

7

Patent 1:32-34. Such transcriptions can be created by hand or by automatic speech

8

recognition programs. ‘576 Patent 1:39-43.

9

The patents explain that the prior art practice for 3-D computer generated

10

speech animation was by manual techniques using a “morph target” approach. ‘576

11

Patent 1:44-46. That approach uses a reference model of a neutral mouth position in

12

conjunction with “morph targets,” which are models of the mouth in non-neutral

13

positions corresponding to different phonemes. ‘576 Patent 1:46-49. The reference

14

model and morph targets all share the same “topology” of the mouth, defined by the

15

same number and placement of “vertices” that designate specific points on the mouth.

16

For example, vertex “n” on the neutral mouth and all of the morph targets may

17

represent the left corner of the mouth. ‘576 Patent 1:51-54.

18

The “deltas,” or changes, of each vertex on each morph target relative to the

19

corresponding vertex on the neutral model are computed as a vector to produce an

20

individual “delta set” of vectors for each morph target. ‘576 Patent 1:58-62. From

21

the neutral model, the animator need not move the mouth position all the way to a

22

morph target. Instead, the animator can apply a value between 0 and 1, called the

23

“morph weight,” to a delta set to move the mouth just a percentage of the way to the

24

corresponding morph target. ‘576 Patent 1:63-2:1. For example, if the sound (morph

25

target) is “oh,” and the morph weight is 0.5, the mouth only moves halfway between

26

the neutral position and the “oh” morph target. ‘576 Patent 2:16-22. It is also

27

possible to blend the morph targets, for example, 0.3 “oh” and 0.7 “ee,” resulting in

28
-3-

1

a mouth position exhibiting a combination of the “oh” and “ee” sound characteristics.

2

‘576 Patent 2:23-28.

3

According to the patents, applying the appropriate morph weights in the prior

4

art was usually done using a “keyframe” approach. In the keyframe approach, an

5

artist sets the morph weights at certain important times, and a computer program then

6

interpolates each of the channels at each frame between the keyframes. ‘576 Patent

7

2:29-34. The patents state that this method requires the artist to manually set a large

8

number of keyframes, which is tedious, time consuming, and inaccurate. ‘576 Patent

9

2:34-37. Therefore, an object of the invention is to provide “an extremely rapid and

10

cost effective means to automatically create lip synchronization and facial expression

11

in three dimensional animated characters.” ‘576 Patent 2:50-54.

12

The invention “utilizes a set of rules that determine the system[’]s output

13

comprising a stream or streams of morph weight sets when a sequence of timed

14

phonemes or other timed data is encountered.” ‘576 Patent 3:3-7. The invention

15

includes:

16
17
18
19
20

[C]onfiguring a set of default correspondence rules between a plurality
of visual phoneme groups and a plurality of morph weight sets; and
specifying a plurality of morph weight set transition rules for specifying
durational data for the generation of transitionary curves between the
plurality of morph weight sets, allowing for the production of a stream
of specified morph weight sets to be processed by a computer animation
system . . . .
‘576 Patent 3:23-30.

21

Defendants argue that the claims of both patents in suit are patent ineligible

22

under 35 U.S.C. § 101 because they merely “set[] forth the previously-known

23

animation method as a series of mathematical steps, and instruct[] the user to perform

24

those steps on a computer.” Mot., Docket No. 338 at 12.

25

II. Legal Standard

26

A. Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings

27

Rule 12(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permits a party to move to

28

dismiss a suit “[a]fter the pleadings are closed . . . but early enough not to delay trial.”
-4-

1

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). “Judgment on the pleadings is proper when, taking all

2

allegations in the pleading as true, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

3

matter of law.” Stanley v. Trustees of Cal. State Univ., 433 F.3d 1129, 1133 (9th Cir.

4

2006); see also Fleming v. Pickard, 581 F.3d 922, 925 (9th Cir. 2009). Because a

5

motion for judgment on the pleadings is “functionally identical” to a motion to

6

dismiss, the standard for a Rule 12(c) motion is the same as for a Rule 12(b)(6)

7

motion. See Platt Elec. Supply, Inc. v. EOFF Elec., Inc., 522 F.3d 1049, 1052 n.1

8

(9th Cir. 2008).

9

A complaint may be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can

10

be granted for one of two reasons: (1) lack of a cognizable legal theory or (2)

11

insufficient facts under a cognizable legal theory. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly,

12

550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). See also Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr., 521

13

F.3d 1097, 1104 (9th Cir. 2008) (“Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is appropriate only

14

where the complaint lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to support a

15

cognizable legal theory.”). A motion to dismiss should be granted if the complaint

16

does not proffer enough facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.

17

See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 558-59, 570; see also William O. Gilley Enters., Inc. v.

18

Atlantic Richfield Co., 588 F.3d 659, 667 (9th Cir. 2009) (confirming that Twombly

19

pleading requirements “apply in all civil cases”). “[W]here the well-pleaded facts do

20

not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the

21

complaint has alleged – but it has not ‘show[n]’ – ‘that the pleader is entitled to

22

relief.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)).

23

In deciding a 12(b)(6) or 12(c) motion, the court is limited to the allegations

24

on the face of the complaint (including documents attached thereto), matters which

25

are properly judicially noticeable and other extrinsic documents when “the plaintiff’s

26

claim depends on the contents of a document, the defendant attaches the document

27

to its motion to dismiss, and the parties do not dispute the authenticity of the

28

document, even though the plaintiff does not explicitly allege the contents of that
-5-

1

document in the complaint.” Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1076 (9th Cir. 2005).

2

The court must construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and

3

must accept all factual allegations as true. Cahill v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., 80 F.3d

4

336, 337-38 (9th Cir. 1996). The court must also accept as true all reasonable

5

inferences to be drawn from the material allegations in the complaint. See Brown v.

6

Elec. Arts, Inc., 724 F.3d 1235, 1247-48 (9th Cir. 2013); Pareto v. F.D.I.C., 139 F.3d

7

696, 699 (9th Cir. 1998). Conclusory statements, unlike proper factual allegations,

8

are not entitled to a presumption of truth. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 681; Moss v. U.S.

9

Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009).

10

B. Patentable Subject Matter Under 35 U.S.C. § 1013

11

35 U.S.C. § 101 “defines the subject matter that may be patented under the

12

Patent Act.” Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. 593, ___, 130 S.Ct. 3218, 3225 (2010). It

13

provides:
Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine,
manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful
improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the
conditions and requirements of this title.

14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Id. “In choosing such expansive terms . . . modified by the comprehensive ‘any,’
Congress plainly contemplated that the patent laws would be given wide scope” “to
ensure that ‘ingenuity should receive a liberal encouragement.’” Id. (quoting
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 308 (quoting 5 Writings of Thomas Jefferson
75–76 (H. Washington ed. 1871)) (some internal quotation marks omitted).

21
22
23
24
25

The “wide scope” of patent eligibility is not unlimited. Instead, the Supreme
Court has invented or discovered “three specific exceptions to § 101’s broad
patent-eligibility principles: ‘laws of nature, physical phenomena, and abstract
ideas.’” Bilski, 130 S.Ct. at 3225 (quoting Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. at 309). Although
“the exceptions have defined the statute’s reach as a matter of statutory stare decisis

26
27
3

28

This section concerning the applicable legal standard is the same as the corresponding section in this Court’s recent
decision in Eclipse IP LLC v. McKinley Equip. Corp., CV-14-154-GW (AJWx), 2014 WL 4407592 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 4,
2014), except for minor changes.

-6-

1

going back 150 years,”4 id., they have not been enumerated consistently during that

2

time. Forty years ago, the list of unpatentable “basic tools of scientific and

3

technological work” was: “[p]henomena of nature . . . , mental processes, and abstract

4

intellectual concepts.” Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 67 (1972).

5

In Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc., 132 S.Ct.

6

1289 (2012), the Supreme Court “set forth a framework for distinguishing patents that

7

claim laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas from those that claim

8

patent-eligible applications of those concepts.” Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank

9

Int’l, 134 S. Ct. 2347, 2355 (2014). That framework is as follows:
First, we determine whether the claims at issue are directed to one of
those patent-ineligible concepts. If so, we then ask, “[w]hat else is there
in the claims before us?” To answer that question, we consider the
elements of each claim both individually and “as an ordered
combination” to determine whether the additional elements “transform
the nature of the claim” into a patent-eligible application. We have
described step two of this analysis as a search for an “‘inventive
concept’” – i.e., an element or combination of elements that is
“sufficient to ensure that the patent in practice amounts to significantly
more than a patent upon the [ineligible concept] itself.”

10
11
12
13
14
15

Id. at 2355 (citations omitted).

16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Describing this as a two-step test may overstate the number of steps involved.
If the claim is not “directed” to a patent-ineligible concept, then the test stops at step
one. If the claim is so directed, but we find in step two that the claim contains an
“inventive concept” that “transforms” the nature of the claim into something patent
eligible, then it seems that there was a categorization error in finding the claim –
which is considered “as an ordered combination” – “directed to an abstract idea” in
step one.

23
24
4

25
26
27
28

“Statutory stare decisis” is a recent coinage, apparently used for the first time by Justice Scalia concurring in part
in Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 368 (2007). Justice Ginsburg was the next to use the phrase: “Although I joined
Justice SCALIA in Rita accepting the Booker remedial opinion as a matter of ‘statutory stare decisis’ . . . .” Kimbrough
v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 116 (2007). Justice Ginsburg’s use of quotation marks could have been a comment on
the novelty of the phrase, but might have simply indicated a quotation. In any event, Justice Ginsburg later used the
phrase without quotation marks in CSX Transp., Inc. v. McBride, 131 S. Ct. 2630, 2641 (2011). The context there makes
clear that the phrase refers to the principle that “[c]onsiderations of stare decisis have special force in the area of statutory
interpretation, for here, unlike in the context of constitutional interpretation, the legislative power is implicated, and
Congress remains free to alter what we have done.” Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164, 172-73 (1989).

-7-

1

So, the two-step test may be more like a one step test evocative of Justice

2

Stewart’s most famous phrase. See Jacobellis v. State of Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 197

3

(1964) (Stewart, J. concurring) (“I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds

4

of material I understand to be embraced within that shorthand description; and

5

perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. But I know it when I see it .

6

. . .”); cf. Alice, 134 S.Ct. at 2357 (“In any event, we need not labor to delimit the

7

precise contours of the ‘abstract ideas’ category in this case.”).

8

Rest and relaxation prevailed in Alice because it was “enough to recognize that

9

there is no meaningful distinction between the concept of risk hedging in Bilski and

10

the concept of intermediated settlement at issue [in Alice]. Both are squarely within

11

the realm of ‘abstract ideas’ . . . .” Id. at 2357 (citing to Bilski, 130 S.Ct. 3218).

12

Thus, so far, the two-part test for identifying an abstract idea appears to be of limited

13

utility, while comparisons to previously adjudicated patents – or more precisely, to

14

past cases’ characterizations of those patents5 – have done the heavy lifting. See also

15

Bilski, 130 S. Ct. at 3229 (“Rather than adopting categorical rules that might have

16

wide-ranging and unforeseen impacts, the Court resolves this case narrowly on the

17

basis of this Court’s decisions in Benson, Flook, and Diehr . . . .”).6 It remains true

18

that “[t]he life of the law has not been logic: it has been experience.” Oliver Wendell

19

Holmes, Jr., The Common Law 1 (1881).

20

But despite its narrow holding, Alice did categorically establish a clear rule

21

that had previously been subject to debate: “mere recitation of a generic computer

22

cannot transform a patent-ineligible abstract idea into a patent-eligible invention.”

23

134 S.Ct. at 2358. And before Alice, it was unclear to some, including the USPTO,

24
25
26
27
28

5

Mayo noted that, as to the patent-ineligible approach of simply instructing artisans “to apply” unpatentable subject
matter, “[t]he process in Diehr was not so characterized; that in Flook was characterized in roughly this way.” 132
S. Ct. at 1299-1300 (emphasis added).
6

Scholars have argued that “the Mayo decision has revived the Flook approach, although without displacing Diehr
or explaining how the two apparently contradictory decisions can be reconciled.” Brief of Professors Peter S. Menell
and Jeffrey A. Lefstin as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents, Alice Corp. Pty, Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int’l, No. 13-298,
2014 U.S. Briefs LEXIS 784 at 10 (Feb. 27, 2014).

-8-

1

that the framework set forth in Mayo applied to abstract ideas as well as to the law of

2

nature/natural phenomena at issue in Mayo. See Memo to Patent Examining Corps

3

from Andrew H. Hirschfeld, Deputy Commissioner for Patent Examination Policy,

4

Preliminary Examination Instructions in view of the Supreme Court Decision in Alice

5

Corporation Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank International, et al. (June 25, 2014), available at

6

http://www.uspto.gov/patents/announce/alice_pec_25jun2014.pdf.7

7

And, while the boundaries of the judicial exceptions remain subject to further

8

development, the Supreme Court has clearly stated the policy underlying those

9

exceptions, i.e. avoiding patents that “too broadly preempt the use of a natural law [or

10

abstract idea].” Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1294. Thus, patent law should “not inhibit further

11

discovery by improperly tying up the future use of laws of nature [or abstract ideas].”

12

Id. at 1301.

13

Mayo discussed the Supreme Court’s 1854 decision upholding many of Samuel

14

Morse’s telegraph patent claims, but invalidating the most general claim, which

15

covered “the use of the motive power of the electric or galvanic current . . . however

16

developed, for making or printing intelligible characters, letters, or signs, at any

17

distances.” Id. The Supreme Court presciently explained that such a claim would

18

inhibit, rather than promote, the progress of the useful arts:
For aught that we now know some future inventor, in the onward march
of science, may discover a mode of writing or printing at a distance by
means of the electric or galvanic current, without using any part of the
process or combination set forth in the plaintiff’s specification. His
invention may be less complicated – less liable to get out of order – less
expensive in construction, and in its operation. But yet if it is covered by
this patent the inventor could not use it, nor the public have the benefit
of it without the permission of this patentee.

19
20
21
22
23

Id. (quoting O’Reilly v. Morse, 15 How. 62, 113 (1854).) True, patents always

24
25
7

26
27
28

Indeed, in the USPTO’s view, Alice’s embrace of the Mayo framework for abstract idea cases was such a significant
change or clarification that it has withdrawn issued notices of allowance – that is, stopped patents that had made it all
the way through examination and were about to issue – “due to the presence of at least one claim having an abstract idea
and no more than a generic computer to perform generic computer functions.” USPTO Commissioner for Patents Peggy
Focarino, Update on USPTO’s Implementation of ‘Alice v. CLS Bank’ (Aug. 4, 2014), available at
http://www.uspto.gov/blog/director/entry/update_on_uspto_s_implementation.

-9-

1

present some impediment to follow-on innovation. The principle is one of balance:

2

patents should not “foreclose[] more future invention than the underlying discovery

3

could reasonably justify.” Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1301.

4

Of course, § 101 is not the sole, or even primary, tool to ensure that balance.

5

Every condition of patentability set forth in the Patent Act acts to ensure that patents

6

promote, rather than retard, the progress of science and useful arts. For example, in

7

a manner quite similar to recent § 101 jurisprudence, “[t]he written description

8

requirement guards against claims that ‘merely recite a description of the problem to

9

be solved while claiming all solutions to it and . . . cover any compound later actually

10

invented and determined to fall within the claim’s functional boundaries.’” Abbvie

11

Deutschland GmbH & Co., KG v. Janssen Biotech, Inc., __ F.3d __, 2013-1338, 2014

12

WL 2937477, 11 (Fed. Cir. July 1, 2014) (quoting Ariad Pharm., Inc. v. Eli Lilly &

13

Co., 598 F.3d 1336, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2010)).

14

However, scholars have argued that the written description and enablement

15

doctrines of § 112, as currently applied, do not adequately prevent unwarranted

16

obstructions to follow-on innovation, and have urged that § 101 can and should do

17

so. See, e.g., Lemley et al., Life After Bilski, 63 Stan. L. Rev. 1315, 1330 (2011)

18

(cited in Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1301-03, 1304); but see Lemley, Point of Novelty, 105

19

Nw. U. L. Rev. 1253, 1279 (2011) (“[T]here is good reason to worry about overbroad

20

patent claims that lock up a wide swath of potential future applications. But the

21

enablement and written description doctrines largely address that concern.”).

22

In any event, the Supreme Court has spoken, and § 101 now plays an important

23

limiting role. But District Courts and the Federal Circuit are now left with the task

24

of figuring out when the “two-part” test is satisfied. Perhaps something like the

25

function-way-result test used to evaluate infringement under the doctrine of

26

equivalents might be useful. Thus, in one long-standing formulation, an accused

27

instrumentality infringes “if it performs substantially the same function in

28
-10-

1

substantially the same way to obtain the same result.” Union Paper-Bag Mach. Co.

2

v. Murphy, 97 U.S. 120, 125 (1877); InTouch Technologies, Inc. v. VGO Commc’ns,

3

Inc., 751 F.3d 1327, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2014).

4

The test in practice often focuses on the “way” aspect of the test, because

5

function and result are often identical in the patent and accused product, and the

6

question is whether the accused infringer uses the same “way.” Laura A. Handley,

7

Refining the Graver Tank Analysis with Hypothetical Claims: A Biotechnology

8

Exemplar, 5 Harv. J.L. & Tech. 36 (1991) (“In practice, the second prong of the test

9

– ‘substantially the same way’ is often emphasized, since most infringement suits

10

result from competition for a given market niche which dictates the ‘function’ and

11

‘result’ prongs.”) (citing Perkin-Elmer Corp. v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 822 F.2d

12

1528, 1531 (Fed. Cir. 1987)).8

13

Similarly, the question in the abstract idea context is whether there are other

14

ways to use the abstract idea in the same field. If so, the Supreme Court has expressly

15

encouraged others to find those other ways, without being held back by patents that

16

preempt the whole concept. Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1294 (citing O’Reilly, 15 How. at

17

113); Alice, 134 S.Ct. at 3258 (noting “the pre-emption concern that undergirds our

18

§ 101 jurisprudence.”).

19

Concomitantly, we must be wary of facile arguments that a patent preempts all

20

applications of an idea. It may often be easier for an infringer to argue that a patent

21

fails § 101 than to figure out a different way to implement an idea, especially a way

22

that is “less complicated – less liable to get out of order – less expensive in

23

construction, and in its operation.” O’Reilly, 15 How. at 113. But the patent law

24

does not privilege the leisure of an infringer over the labors of an inventor. Patents

25
26
27
28

8

Perkin-Elmer held that “repeated assertions that the claimed and accused devices perform substantially the same
function and achieve substantially the same end result are not helpful. That circumstance is commonplace when the
devices are sold in competition. That a claimed invention and an accused device may perform substantially the same
function and may achieve the same result will not make the latter an infringement under the doctrine of equivalents where
it performs the function and achieves the result in a substantially different way.” 822 F.2d at 1532 n.6.

-11-

1

should not be casually discarded as failing § 101 just because the infringer would

2

prefer to avoid the work required to develop non-infringing uses of the abstract idea

3

at the heart of an appropriately circumscribed invention.

4

III. Analysis

5

A. Defendants’ Patents Are Irrelevant

6

Plaintiff argues that Defendants’ own patents for lip-synchronization, some of

7

which issued very recently, undermine Defendants’ argument that the patents-in-suit

8

are directed to unpatentable subject matter. Opp’n, Docket No. 344 at 20-22. The

9

validity of Defendants’ patents is not before the Court, and Plaintiff has cited no

10

authority for the proposition that Defendants’ obtaining them operates as an estoppel

11

in this case. There may be numerous factual differences between Defendants’ patents

12

and those at issue here. And even if Defendants’ patents rise and fall with Plaintiff’s,

13

it is hard to fault anyone for seeking patents that may turn out to be invalid where the

14

applicable standards are shifting and uncertain. “A change in the weather has known

15

to be extreme.” Bob Dylan, You’re a Big Girl Now, Blood on the Tracks (Columbia

16

Records 1974).

17
18

B. The Patents-in-Suit Fail § 101
1. The Claims, In Isolation, Appear Tangible and Specific

19

Defendants argue that the patents-in-suit are directed to a “fundamental,

20

abstract animation practice,” namely, “the abstract idea of rules-based

21

synchronization of animated mouth movement.” Mot., Docket No. 338 at 12. That

22

is, Defendants argue that the patents cover the mere idea of using rules for three-

23

dimensional lip synchronization, without requiring specific content for those rules.

24

Id. at 12-13. But considered standing alone, the asserted claims do not seem to cover

25

any and all use of rules for three-dimensional lip synchronization. The independent

26

claims of each of the patents in suit are:

27
28
-12-

1

‘576 Patent claim 1:

2

A method for automatically animating lip synchronization and facial
expression of three-dimensional characters comprising:
obtaining a first set of rules that define output morph weight set
stream as a function of phoneme sequence and time of said
phoneme sequence;
obtaining a timed data file of phonemes having a plurality of
sub-sequences;
generating an intermediate stream of output morph weight sets and a
plurality of transition parameters between two adjacent morph
weight sets by evaluating said plurality of sub-sequences
against said first set of rules;
generating a final stream of output morph weight sets at a desired
frame rate from said intermediate stream of output morph
weight sets and said plurality of transition parameters; and
applying said final stream of output morph weight sets to a sequence
of animated characters to produce lip synchronization and
facial expression control of said animated characters.

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

‘278 Patent claim 1:
A method for automatically animating lip synchronization and facial
expression of three-dimensional characters comprising:
obtaining a first set of rules that defines a morph weight set stream as
a function of phoneme sequence and times associated with said
phoneme sequence;
obtaining a plurality of sub-sequences of timed phonemes
corresponding to a desired audio sequence for said
three-dimensional characters;
generating an output morph weight set stream by applying said first
set of rules to each sub-sequence of said plurality of
sub-sequences of timed phonemes; and
applying said output morph weight set stream to an input sequence of
animated characters to generate an output sequence of animated
characters with lip and facial expression synchronized to said
audio sequence.

20
21

Facially, these claims do not seem directed to an abstract idea. They are

22

tangible, each covering an approach to automated three-dimensional computer

23

animation, which is a specific technological process. They do not claim a monopoly,

24

as Defendants argue, on “the idea that the human mouth looks a certain way while

25

speaking particular sounds,” “applied to the field of animation.” Mot., Docket No.

26

338 at 12, n.9. Further, the patents do not cover the prior art methods of computer

27

assisted, but non-automated, lip synchronization for three-dimensional computer

28

animation.
-13-

1

And according to Defendants, they do not cover the automated methods of lip

2

synchronization for three-dimensional computer animation that Defendants employ.

3

It is hard to show that an abstract idea has been preempted if there are noninfringing

4

ways to use it in the same field. Section 101 motions can place parties in unfamiliar

5

and uncomfortable positions: here it is to the patentee’s advantage to identify

6

noninfringing alternatives, and it is the accused infringer’s advantage to posit the lack

7

of any; the reverse of their positions at the infringement and damages stages of the

8

case.

9

At first blush, it is therefore difficult to see how the claims might implicate the

10

“basic underlying concern that these patents tie up too much future use of” any

11

abstract idea they apply. Mayo, 132 S. Ct. at 1302; Alice, 134 S.Ct. at 2358 (noting

12

“the pre-emption concern that undergirds our § 101 jurisprudence”).
2. The Claims Must Be Evaluated in the Context of the Prior Art

13
14

However, for purposes of the § 101 analysis, it is not enough to view the claims

15

in isolation. Instead, when determining whether a patent contains an adequate

16

inventive concept, the Court must factor out conventional activity. That is because

17

the inclusion of “well-understood, routine, conventional activity” previously used in

18

the field “is normally not sufficient to transform an unpatentable law of nature [or

19

abstract idea] into a patent-eligible application . . . .” Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1298.9

20

Further, in addition to evaluating each step of the claim, the claims must be

21

considered as “an ordered combination.” Alice, 132 S.Ct. at 2355.
This dual analysis tracks the law’s long-standing concern with patents that

22
23
24
25
26
27
28

9

In a forthcoming paper, Jeffrey Lefstin argues that for more than a hundred years, the lesson drawn from the English
Neilson case (relied upon by the Supreme Court in Mayo) was that any practical application of a new discovery was
patentable, even if the application was entirely conventional. Jeffrey Lefstin, Inventive Application: A History, Fla. L.
Rev. & Hastings Research, Paper No. 94 (Mar. 2014), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract =2398696. This is contrary
to the current law that “appending conventional steps, specified at a high level of generality, to laws of nature, natural
phenomena, and abstract ideas cannot make those laws, phenomena, and ideas patentable.” Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1300.
What the Supreme Court says about prior cases is often more important than what the cases themselves said. See, e.g.,
Daimler AG v. Bauman, 134 S. Ct. 746, 756 n.8 (2014) (eight-member majority chiding Justice Sotomayor for relying
in her concurrence on the facts recited in Perkins v. Benguet Consol. Mining Co., 342 U.S. 437 (1952) and in the
intermediate appellate opinion in that case, rather than acquiescing to the characterization of Perkins in a recent decision,
Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 131 S.Ct. 2846 (2011)) (which Justice Sotomayor had joined).)

-14-

1

consist of old material with the addition of a new, but abstract, idea: “the vice of a

2

functional claim exists not only when a claim is ‘wholly’ functional, if that is ever

3

true, but also when the inventor is painstaking when he recites what has already been

4

seen, and then uses conveniently functional language at the exact point of novelty.”

5

Gen. Elec. Co. v. Wabash Appliance Corp., 304 U.S. 364, 371, 58 S. Ct. 899, 903

6

(1938). An abstract idea is the extreme case of functional language.

7

Thus, where a claim recites tangible steps, but the only new part of the claim

8

is an abstract idea, that may constitute a claim to an abstract idea. See Alice, 134 S.

9

Ct. at 2358. (disregarding the presence of a computer in the claim given “the ubiquity

10

of computers”); Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1297-98 (claim step calling for administration of

11

drug only disregarded because it “refers to the relevant audience, namely doctors who

12

treat patients with certain diseases with thiopurine drugs”; claim step of determining

13

the level of the relevant metabolites disregarded because it was “well known in the

14

art”).

15

Here, the patents teach that in the prior art, three-dimensional character lip

16

synchronization was performed using a “timed data file of phonemes having a

17

plurality of sub-sequences,” as recited in the claims. ‘576 Patent 1:32-43. But the

18

prior art did not, according to the patents, involve obtaining rules that define output

19

morph weight sets as a function of the phonemes, or using those rules to generate the

20

morph weight sets. Instead, an artist manually set the morph weights at certain

21

important keyframes, and a computer program then interpolated the frames between

22

the keyframes. ‘576 Patent 2:29-37. Therefore, while tangible, the steps of (1) using

23

a timed phoneme transcript, (2) setting morph weight sets at keyframes, or (3)

24

interpolating between keyframes, are not “inventive steps” that could transform the

25

claims herein into patent eligible subject matter, if those claims are directed to an

26

abstract idea.

27

In attacking the claims as simply drawn to the abstract idea of “rules-based lip-

28
-15-

1

synchronized animation on a computer,” Mot., Docket No. 338 at 3, Defendants’

2

argument does not account for the presence in the claims, or the Court’s construction,

3

of “morph weight set.” The Court construed “morph weight set” as a “set of values,

4

one for each delta set, that, when applied, transform the neutral model to some desired

5

state, wherein each delta set is the [set of vectors] from each vertex on the neutral

6

(reference) model to each vertex on a model of another mouth position.” Rulings on

7

Claim Constr., Docket No. 298-1 at 9.

8

However, the patents themselves teach that the prior art includes using morph

9

targets that correspond to phonemes and calculating delta sets that contain the vectors

10

from each vertex on the neutral model to the morph target. ‘576 Patent at 1:44-62.

11

So, while Defendant’s characterization is overly broad, it would be fair to

12

characterize the claims as drawn to the idea of automated rules-based use of morph

13

targets and delta sets for lip-synchronized three-dimensional animation. Indeed,

14

Plaintiff’s expert opines that:

18

A central part of the creative insight of the patents is the realization to
use the specific approach of using morph weight set representations of
the facial shape coupled with rules, including explicit and distinct timing
rules, to generate keyframes. This approach uniquely provides the
automation required to produce animation in a cost-effective way, yet
provided the necessary artistic control required to produce commercial
grade animation.

19

Declaration of Michael Gleicher, Ph.D. in Supp. of Opp’n, Docket No. 345, ¶ 20.

20

Defendants object to this testimony, because “[t]he Court may not consider

21

declarations in opposition to a Rule 12(c) motion without converting the motion to

22

a motion for summary judgment.” Defs.’ Objections to Declarations Filed in

23

Connection with Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, Docket No. 351 at 2.10 It is

24

unclear how that response helps Defendants. Certainly, one option is for the Court

25

to deny the Motion as presenting an issue that turns on the facts.

15
16
17

However, nothing in the Declaration affects the analysis. In the paragraph

26
27
10

28

Plaintiff submitted a response to Defendant’s Objections, which also included an unauthorized five-page sur-reply,
which the Court would not consider. Planet Blue’s Response to Defs.’ Objections to Declarations Filed in Opposition
to Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, Docket No. 355. Neither would the Court consider Defendants’ Reply to that
Response, Docket No. 356.

-16-

1

quoted above, Plaintiff’s expert opines that a central part of the patents is “using

2

morph weight set representations of the facial shape coupled with rules, including

3

explicit and distinct timing rules, to generate keyframes.” Everyone appears to agree

4

with that characterization, except that Defendants point out that no particular “explicit

5

and distinct” rules are required by the claims. The question is therefore whether the

6

inclusion of that concept in the claims satisfies § 101 given (1) the prior art, and (2)

7

the fact that the claims do not require any particular rules.

8

A consideration of the prior art recited in the patents shows that the point of

9

novelty here is the idea of using rules, including timing rules, to automate the process

10

of generating keyframes. The following chart compares the ‘576 Patent’s claim

11

elements to the prior art described in that patent.

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

‘576 Patent, Claim 1
Step
Admitted Prior Art
A method for automatically animating Automating the process is the focus of
lip synchronization and facial
the invention. However, the patent
expression of three-dimensional
teaches that in the prior art, the use of
characters comprising:
computerized interpolation partially
automated the process by allowing
animators to set mouth shapes only at
keyframes, rather than at every frame,
as would be the case in hand-drawn
animation. ‘576 Patent 2:31-34.
obtaining a first set of rules that define Rules for defining morph weight sets
output morph weight set stream as a
as a function of phoneme sequence are
function of phoneme sequence and
disclosed as within the prior art. ‘576
time of said phoneme sequence;
Patent 1:44-2:28. Rules for defining
morph weight sets as a function of
timing are not; instead, the timing
results from the artist’s choice of
keyframes. ‘576 Patent 2:29-34. Note,
however, that no particular timing
rules are required by any claim.

25
26
27
28
-17-

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Step
generating an intermediate stream of
output morph weight sets and a
plurality of transition parameters
between two adjacent morph weight
sets by evaluating said plurality of
sub-sequences against said first set of
rules;
generating a final stream of output
morph weight sets at a desired frame
rate from said intermediate stream of
output morph weight sets and said
plurality of transition parameters; and
applying said final stream of output
morph weight sets to a sequence of
animated characters to produce lip
synchronization and facial expression
control of said animated characters.

Admitted Prior Art
An intermediate stream of morph
weight sets is disclosed as being part
of the prior art through the keyframes
manually set by the artist. ‘576 Patent
2:29-34. The transition parameters are
not. Those parameters flow from the
timing rules.
The patent teaches that the prior art
generated the final stream by
interpolating between the keyframes.
‘576 Patent 2:29-34. Again, transition
parameters are not disclosed as being
within the prior art.
Both the final set of output morph
weight sets and applying those sets are
covered by the interpolation process of
the prior art. ‘576 Patent 2:29-34.

12
13

So, what the claim adds to the prior art is the use of rules, rather than artists,

14

to set the morph weights and transitions between phonemes. However, both of these

15

concepts are specified at the highest level of generality. At the hearing on the

16

Motion, Plaintiff emphasized that the rules inventively take into account the timing

17

of the phoneme sequence. But the specification states clearly that “[i]n operation and

18

use, the user must manually set up default correspondence rules” that “specify the

19

durational information needed to generate appropriate transitionary curves between

20

morph weight sets, such as transition start and end times.” ‘576 Patent 6:46-54.

21

Thus, the user, not the patent, provides the rules. And while the patent does provide

22

an example of a very partial set of default and secondary rules, it expressly states that

23

“this is only an example of a set of rules which could be use[d] for illustrative

24

purposes, and many other rules could be specified according to the method of the

25

invention.” ‘576 Patent 7:36-9:23. Because the claim purports to cover all such

26

rules, in light of the prior art, the claim merely states “an abstract idea while adding

27

the words ‘apply it.’” Alice, 134 S. Ct. at 2358 (quoting Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1294)

28
-18-

1

(some quotation marks omitted). The same is true for claim 1 of the ‘278 Patent,

2

which does not differ in a manner relevant to this analysis.

3

Here, while the patents do not preempt the field of automatic lip

4

synchronization for computer-generated 3D animation, they do preempt the field of

5

such lip synchronization using a rules-based morph target approach. And if, as

6

Plaintiff suggests, the inventive step is the use of timing rules, given the state of the

7

prior art, that still leaves an abstract idea at the point of novelty, and preventing the

8

development of any additional ways to use that abstract idea in the relevant field. See

9

Alice, 134 S. Ct. at 2360 (“the claims at issue amount to ‘nothing significantly more’

10

than an instruction to apply the abstract idea of intermediated settlement using some

11

unspecified, generic computer”).

12

3. The Failure of the Claims Is Not Inconsistent with the Inventor

13

Having Developed an Innovative Process

14

Defendants argue that a “patentee simpl[y] does not waste the time, money and

15

effort to prosecute a patent application for an invention they casually indicate was

16

known in the art.” Opp’n, Docket No. 344 at 10-11. But a § 101 defect does not

17

mean that the invention was in the prior art. The invention here may have been novel,

18

but the claims are directed to an abstract idea. And the patent’s casual – and honest

19

– description of the prior art was made at a time when, under the then-prevalent

20

interpretation of the law, such admissions were unlikely to be harmful.

21

unintended consequence of Alice, and perhaps of this and other decisions to come, is

22

an incentive for patent applicants to say as little as possible about the prior art in their

23

applications.11

One

24

Plaintiff points to one Defendant’s contemporaneous characterization of

25

Plaintiff’s system as “revolutionary.” Opp’n, Docket No. 344 at 1 (quoting Decl. of

26

John Petrsoric In Opp’n to Mot., Docket No. 346, Ex. 2, January 27, 1999 Warner

27
28

11

However, that strategy is limited by the doctrine of inequitable conduct.

-19-

1

Bros. Memorandum (inviting colleagues to a demonstration of Plaintiff’s

2

“revolutionary lip synch technique” that “utilizes proprietary software.”)).

3

This argument is unpersuasive in this context for two reasons. First, for

4

purposes of the § 101 inquiry, which is different from the § 103 inquiry, the

5

revolutionary nature of an abstract idea does not weigh in favor of patentability. See

6

Mayo, 132 S. Ct. at 1293 (“Einstein could not patent his celebrated law that E=mc2

7

. . . . Such discoveries are ‘manifestations of . . . nature, free to all men and reserved

8

exclusively to none.’”) (quoting Chakrabarty, 100 S.Ct. at 2204). Second, there has

9

been no showing that the cited praise relates to the claims in all their breadth, rather

10

than to a particular implementation that is not specified by the claims. Thus, the

11

inventor’s specific implementation of the abstract idea represented by the claim may

12

have been of significant value beyond that of the abstract idea itself.

13

4. None of the Additional Content in the Asserted Dependent

14

Claims Yields a Different Result

15

Plaintiff has asserted ‘576 Patent claims 1, 7-9, and 13, and ‘278 Patent, claims

16

1-4, 6, 9, 13, 15-17. Mot., Docket No. 338 at 2. The additional content of the

17

dependent claims is addressed in the following chart:

18
19
20
21

Claim
‘576
Patent
claim 7

22
23
24

‘576
Patent
claim 8

Language
The method of claim 1 wherein said
timed data is a time[] aligned
phonetic transcriptions data.

Analysis
Because “time aligned
phonetic transcriptions” were
used in the prior art (‘576
Patent 1:32-37), the additional
limitation of this claim does
not affect the § 101 analysis.
The method of claim 7 wherein said This adds nothing to claim 7,
timed data further comprises time
and so does not affect the
aligned data.
§ 101 analysis.

25
26
27
28
-20-

1
2
3

Claim
‘576
Patent
claim 9

4
5
6
7

‘576
Patent
claim 13

8
9
10
11
12
13

‘278
Patent
claim 2

14
15
16
17
18

‘278
Patent
claim 3

19
20
21

‘278
Patent
claim 4

22
23
24
25
26
27
28

‘278
Patent
claim 6

Language
The method of claim 7 wherein said
timed data further comprises time
aligned emotional transcription
data.

Analysis
Not specifically referenced in
the patent’s description of the
prior art. However, this is just
another idea of a factor that
could be taken into account
by the rules; the patent claims
no specific method of doing
so.
The method of claim 1 wherein said Claim 1 already includes
first set of rules comprises:
“obtaining a first set of rules
correspondence rules between a that define output morph
plurality of visual phoneme groups weight set stream as a
and a plurality of morph weight
function of phoneme
sets; and
sequence and time of said
morph weight set transition rules phoneme sequence.” The
specifying durational data for
specific content of claim 13 is
generating transitionary curves
not meaningfully different
between morph weight sets.
from that from a § 101
perspective.
The method of claim 1, wherein
These elements have already
said first set of rules comprises:
been discussed in the context
correspondence rules between
of the ‘576 Patent.
all visual phoneme groups and
morph weight sets; and
morph weight set transition rules
specifying durational data between
morph weight sets.
The method of claim 2, wherein
Transition start and end times
said durational data comprises
are inherent in “transition
transition start and transition end
rules specifying durational
times.
data between morph weight
sets,” which is an element of
‘278 Patent claim 2.
The method of claim 1, wherein
This is merely limiting the
said desired audio sequence is from claim to a particular field of
a pre-recorded live performance.
use. “[T]he prohibition
against patenting abstract
ideas ‘cannot be circumvented
by attempting to limit the use
of the formula to a particular
technological environment’ . .
. .” Bilski, 130 S.Ct. at 3230
(quoting Diehr, 450 U.S. at
191).
The method of claim 1, wherein
This presents the same issue
said plurality of subsequences of
as ‘278 Patent claim 4. See
timed phonemes is obtained from a discussion above.
file.
-21-

1
2
3

Claim
‘278
Patent
claim 9

4
5
6
7
8
9

‘278
Patent
claim 13

10
11
12

‘278
Patent
claim 15

13

Language
The method of claim 1, wherein
said generating said output morph
weight stream comprises:
generating an appropriate morph
weight set corresponding to each
subsequence of said timed
phonemes; and
generating time parameters for
transition of said appropriate morph
weight set from a morph weight set
of a prior sub-sequence of said
timed data.
The method of claim 1, wherein
said plurality of subsequences of
timed phonemes comprises a time[]
aligned phonetic transcriptions
sequence.
The method of claim 13, wherein
said plurality of subsequences of
timed phonemes further comprises
time aligned emotional
transcription data.

14
15
16
17

‘278
Patent
claim 16

18
19
20
21
22
23
24

‘278
Patent
claim 17

The method of claim 9, wherein
said transition parameters
comprises:
transition
start time; and
transition end time.
The method of claim 16, further
comprising:
generating said output morph
weight set stream by interpolating
between morph weight sets at said
transition start time and said
transition end time according to a
desired frame rate of said output
sequence of animated characters

Analysis
This presents the same issue
as ‘278 Patent claim 2. See
discussion above.

This is a basic feature of the
prior art. ‘278 Patent 1:35-47.

Not specifically referenced in
the patent’s description of the
prior art. However, this is just
another idea of a factor that
could be taken into account
by the rules; the patent claims
no specific method of doing
so.
This presents the same issue
as ‘278 Patent claim 2. See
discussion above.
Such interpolation was used
in the prior art. ‘278 Patent
2:29-32.

5. The Draftsman’s Art

25

This case illustrates the danger that exists when the novel portions of an

26

invention are claimed too broadly. As noted above, the claims here are drafted to

27

give the impression of tangibility, but the Supreme Court has “long warn[ed] . . .

28
-22-

1

against interpreting § 101 in ways that make patent eligibility depend simply on the

2

draftsman’s art. ” Alice, 134 S. Ct. at 2351 (citing Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1294). When

3

examined in light of the prior art, the claims are directed to an abstract idea, and lack

4

an “inventive concept” “sufficient to ensure that the patent in practice amounts to

5

significantly more than a patent upon the [abstract idea] itself.” Id. at 2355 (citations

6

omitted).

7

IV. Conclusion

8

For the foregoing reasons, the Court would GRANT the Motion, and hold ‘576

9

Patent claims 1, 7-9, and 13, and ‘278 Patent claims 1-4, 6, 9, 13, and 15-17 invalid

10

under 35 U.S.C. § 101.

11
12

Dated: This 22nd day of September, 2014.

13
14

GEORGE H. WU
United States District Judge

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
-23-