China Central Television et al v. Create New Technology HK Limited et al

Filing 98

PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION by Judge Margaret M. Morrow. (ah)

1
2
3
4
5

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

CHINA CENTRAL TELEVISION, a China ) CASE NO.
) CV 15-01869 MMM (AJWx)
company; CHINA INTERNATIONAL
COMMUNICATIONS CO., LTD., a China )
company; TVB HOLDINGS (USA), INC., a )
)
California corporation; and DISH
NETWORK L.L.C., a Colorado limited
)
liability company,
) PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION
)
Plaintiffs,
)
vs.
)
CREATE NEW TECHNOLOGY (HK)
)
LIMITED, a Hong Kong company; HUA
)
YANG INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY )
LTD., a Hong Kong company; SHENZHEN )
GREATVISION NETWORK
)
TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD., a China
)
company; CLUB TVPAD, INC., a California )
corporation; BENNETT WONG, an
)
individual; ASHA MEDIA GROUP INC.
)
d/b/a TVPAD.COM, a Florida corporation; )
AMIT BHALLA, an individual;
)
NEWTVPAD LTD CO. a/k/a TVPAD USA, )
a Texas corporation; LIANGZHONG ZHOU, )
an individual; HONGHUI CHEN d/b/a e)
Digital, an individual; JOHN DOE 1 d/b/a
)
BETV; JOHN DOE 2 d/b/a YUE HAI; JOHN )
DOE 3 d/b/a 516; JOHN DOE 4 d/b/a HITV; )
JOHN DOE 5 d/b/a GANG YUE; JOHN
)
DOE 6 d/b/a SPORT ONLINE; JOHN DOE 7 )
d/b/a GANG TAI WU XIA; and JOHN DOES)
8-10,
)
Defendants.

1

This matter came on before the Court on June 8, 2015 on a motion for a

2

preliminary injunction filed by Plaintiffs China Central Television, China

3

International Communications Co., Ltd., TVB Holdings (USA), Inc., and DISH

4

Network L.L.C. (collectively, “Plaintiffs”).

5

opposition to Plaintiffs’ motion had to have been filed and served no later than May

6

18, 2015. No opposition was timely filed, nor has any been filed since May 18. On

7

June 8, 2015, the court made findings of fact and conclusions of law, concluding that

8

plaintiffs had demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits of its claims and a

9

likelihood that they will suffer irreparable harm if an injunction does not issue. A

10

copy of the court’s June 11, 2015 order is attached hereto as Exhibit A, and

11

incorporated herein as though fully set forth.

Pursuant to Local Rule 7-9, any

12

Based on the findings of fact and conclusions of law, the court orders:

13

As terms are used herein, the following definitions shall apply:

14

a. “Plaintiffs’ Copyrighted Programming” means each of those

15

broadcast television programming works, or portions thereof,

16

whether now in existence or later created, in which the plaintiffs, or

17

any of them (or any parent, subsidiary, or affiliate of any of the

18

plaintiffs), owns or controls an exclusive right under the United

19

States Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq., including without

20

limitation all programs identified in Exhibit B hereto;

21

b. “TVpad Device” means the television set-top devices marketed as

22

TVpad3 and TVpad4, and any other set-top devices that offer the

23

Infringing TVpad Apps (as defined in Paragraph 1(e) below) for

24

download;

25

c. “TVpad Store” means any combination of software and/or services

26

through which users can select and download software applications

27

onto the TVpad Device;

28

1

1

d. “TVpad Apps” means software applications and associated services

2

that are designed for use on the TVpad Device and available for

3

download through the TVpad Store;

4

e. “Infringing TVpad Apps” means any TVpad App through which

5

Plaintiffs’ Copyrighted Programming is publicly performed without

6

authorization by transmission to members of the public, including

7

but not limited to the TVpad Apps identified in Exhibit C hereto;

8

and

9

2.

Pending final resolution of the action, defendants Create New

10

Technology (HK) Limited, Asha Media Group Inc. and ClubTVpad, Inc.

11

(collectively “defendants”) and all of their parents, subsidiaries, affiliates, officers,

12

agents, servants, employees, and those persons or entities acting in active concert or

13

participation with them who receive actual notice of this order (collectively, the

14

“Enjoined Parties”) are preliminarily enjoined from:

15

a. Transmitting, retransmitting, streaming, or otherwise publicly

16

performing, directly or indirectly, by means of any device or

17

process, Plaintiffs’ Copyrighted Programming;

18

b. Authorizing, hosting, reproducing, downloading or otherwise

19

distributing the Infringing TVpad Apps, including, without

20

limitation, offering them in the TVpad Store, loading them onto

21

TVpad devices, or providing them to consumers on separate media;

22

c. Advertising, displaying, marketing or otherwise promoting any of

23

the Infringing TVpad Apps, including, without limitation, publicly

24

displaying any of the Plaintiffs’ Copyrighted Programming in

25

connection therewith or in connection with the TVpad Device;

26

d. Distributing, advertising, marketing or promoting any TVpad device

27

that contains, connects to, or offers for download any Infringing

28

2

1

TVpad App, or promotes any Infringing TVpad App through the

2

inclusion of icons for said Infringing TVpad App;

3

e. Otherwise infringing Plaintiffs’ rights in their Copyrighted

4

Programming, whether directly, contributorily, vicariously or in any

5

other manner.

6

3.

Pending final resolution of the action, the Enjoined Parties shall identify

7

all domain names and IP addresses and the physical locations of all servers owned,

8

leased or operated by any of the Enjoined Parties that are used in connection with

9

the activities enjoined in Paragraphs 2(a) and 2(b) above.

10

4.

Pending final resolution of the action, third parties providing web,

11

server and file hosting services used by any of the Enjoined Parties in connection

12

with the activities enjoined in Paragraphs 2(a) and 2(b), including, but not limited to,

13

the third parties providing hosting services for the Internet servers identified in

14

Exhibit D hereto, and who receive actual notice of this order, are preliminarily

15

enjoined from providing such hosting services to any Enjoined Party in connection

16

with the activities enjoined in Paragraphs 2(a) and 2(b). Violation of this injunction

17

will expose defendants and all other persons bound by the injunction to all

18

applicable penalties, including contempt of court.

19

5.

Because plaintiffs have shown a likelihood of success on the merits and

20

the preliminary injunction merely preserves the status quo ante, no security shall be

21

required.

22

6.

Within 10 days of the date the court enters this preliminary injunction,

23

defendants shall file and serve a report in writing and under oath setting forth in

24

detail the manner and form in which they have complied with the injunction.

25
26
27
28

3

1
2

7.

Nothing herein shall restrict plaintiffs’ ability to seek permanent

injunctive relief broader in scope than this preliminary injunction.

3
4
5

Date: June 11, 2015

___________________________________
MARGARET M. MORROW
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

4

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 1 of 30 Page ID #:2552

1
2
3
4
5

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

6

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

CHINA CENTRAL TELEVISION, a China
company; CHINA INTERNATIONAL
COMMUNICATIONS CO., LTD., a China
company; TVB HOLDINGS (USA), INC., a
California corporation; and DISH NETWORK
L.L.C., a Colorado corporation,
Plaintiffs,
vs.
CREATE NEW TECHNOLOGY (HK)
LIMITED, a Hong Kong company; HUA YANG
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY LIMITED,
a Hong Kong company; SHENZHEN
GREATVISION NETWORK TECHNOLOGY
CO. LTD., a China company; CLUB TVPAD,
INC., a California corporation; BENNETT
WONG, an individual, ASHA MEDIA GROUP
INC. d/b/a TVPAD.COM, a Florida corporation;
AMIT BHALLA, an individual; NEWTVPAD
LTD. COMPANY d/b/a NEWTVPAD.COM
a/k/a TVPAD USA, a Texas corporation;
LIANGZHONG ZHOU, an individual;
HONGHUI CHEN d/b/a E-DIGITAL, an
individual; JOHN DOE 1 d/b/a BETV; JOHN
DOE 2 d/b/a YUE HAI; JOHN DOE 3 d/b/a 516;
JOHN DOE 4 d/b/a HITV; JOHN DOE 5 d/b/a
GANG YUE; JOHN DOE 6 d/b/a SPORT
ONLINE; JOHN DOE 7 d/b/a GANG TAI WU
XIA; and JOHN DOES 8-10,
Defendants.

)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)

CASE NO. CV 15-01869 MMM (MRWx)

FINDINGS OF FACT AND
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW SUPPORTING
ENTRY OF PRELIMINARY
INJUNCTION

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 2 of 30 Page ID #:2553

1

On March 13, 2015, plaintiffs China Central Television (“CCTV”), China International

2

Communications Co., Ltd. (“CICC”), TVB Holdings (USA), Inc. (“TVB USA”), and DISH

3

Network L.L.C. (“DISH”) (collectively, “plaintiffs”) filed this copyright infringement action

4

against Create New Technology HK Limited (“CNT”), Hua Yang International Technology

5

Limited (“Hua Yang”), Shenzhen GreatVision Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“GreatVision”),

6

Club TVpad, Inc. (“Club TVpad”), Bennett Wong, Asha Media Group (“AMG”), Amit Bhalla,

7

newTVpad Ltd. Company (“newTVpad”), Liangzhong Zhou, Honghui Chen, and various

8

fictitious defendants.1 Three days later, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary injunction

9

against CNT, Club TVpad, and AMG (collectively, “defendants”).2 None of these defendants

10

has opposed the motion.3

11

I. FINDINGS OF FACT

12
13

A.

The Parties

14

1.

CCTV and Television Broadcasts Limited (“TVB”) are television broadcasters in

15

mainland China and Hong Kong, respectively. Through affiliates, CCTV and TVB license

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

1

Complaint, Docket No. 1 (Mar. 13, 2015).

2

Notice of Motion and Motion for Preliminary Injunction (“Motion”), Docket No. 23
(Mar. 16, 2015).
3

CNT was served with the summons and complaint on March 18, 2015. AMG was
served on March 19, and Club TVpad was served on March 20. (See Proof of Service on
Create New Technology, Docket No. 38 (March 24, 2015); Proof of Service on Asha Media
Group, Docket No. 42 (Mar. 27, 2015); Proof of Service on Club TVpad, Docket No. 44 (Mar.
27, 2015).) Plaintiffs served a copy of their motion for preliminary injunction on CNT, Club
TVpad, and AMG on March 18, 2015. (See Proof of Service Re: Motion for Preliminary
Injunction, Docket No. 33 (Mar. 18, 2015).) CNT has not appeared and has had its default
entered. (See Minutes (In Chambers) Order Granting Plaintiffs’ Requests for Entry of the
Default, Docket No. 87 (May 28, 2015); Default by Clerk Entered As To Hua Yang and Create
New Technology, Docket No. 88 (May 28, 2015).) AMG and Club TVpad have each answered
the complaint. (See Answer to Complaint by Asha Media Group, Docket No. 58 (Apr. 23,
2015); Answer to Complaint by Club TVpad, Inc., Docket No. 72 (May 11, 2015).)

1

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 3 of 30 Page ID #:2554

1

copyrighted television programming for retransmission in the U.S. via authorized satellite,

2

cable, and other television service providers (“Authorized U.S. Providers”).4

3

2.

CICC is a CCTV affiliate that licenses Authorized U.S. Providers to broadcast

4

CCTV’s “Great Wall” package of channels to paying U.S. subscribers.

5

licenses certain satellite and cable retransmission rights, CCTV retains and owns the exclusive

6

right to transmit CCTV programming in the United States over the internet.5

7

3.

Although CICC

TVB USA is a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of TVB and distributes and

8

licenses TVB programming in the United States. TVB owns and maintains the exclusive right

9

to transmit TVB programming in the United States via Internet Protocol Television (“IPTV”)

10
11

and Over-the-Top (“OTT”) in video-on-demand format.6
4.

“IPTV” is the electronic delivery of video programming via internet protocol

12

over a service provider’s infrastructure – such as AT&T’s “U-verse.” “OTT” is the delivery of

13

video programming using an internet connection that is not owned, managed, or operated by

14

the party delivering the programming – i.e., Netflix.7

15

5.

DISH is a television service provider that delivers television services to

16

subscribers through satellite and internet platforms. DISH is a licensee of both CCTV and

17

TVB; pursuant to the licensing agreements, DISH owns the exclusive right to transmit certain

18

CCTV and TVB programming in the United States via satellite, and certain TVB programming

19

via OTT, except in video-on-demand format.8

20
21
22
23

4

Compendium of Evidence In Support of Motion for Preliminary Injunction – Volume I
(“Comp. Vol. I”), Docket No. 23-1 (Mar. 16, 2015), Declaration of Samuel P. Tsang (“Tsang
Decl.”), ¶¶ 3-4, 11; Comp. Vol. I, Declaration of Chunguang Lu (“Lu Decl.”), ¶¶ 3-5, 9.

24

5

Lu Decl., ¶¶ 5, 10-11.

25

6

Tsang Decl., ¶¶ 3-4, 9, 11.

26

7

Id., ¶ 9.

27

8

28

Comp. Vol. I, Declaration of Christopher Kuelling (“Kuelling Decl.”), ¶¶ 5-6, 9; Lu
Decl., ¶¶ 12-13; Tsang Decl., ¶ 12.

2

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 4 of 30 Page ID #:2555

6.

1

CNT is a Hong Kong company that manufactures the “TVpad” device – a set-top

2

box that delivers streaming television programming from Asia to customers in the United States

3

over the internet without requiring customers to pay subscription fees to an authorized

4

provider.9
7.

5

CNT offers TVpads for sale to consumers throughout the United States –

6

including within the Central District – through its website, www.itvpad.com, and through U.S.

7

distributors. CNT’s latest model of the TVpad, the TVpad4, is sold at retail for $299.00.10
8.

8

Club TVpad is a California corporation based in Hayward, California. Club

9

TVpad operates an interactive website on which it offers TVpads for sale to California

10

consumers. Corporate records identify Wong as Club TVpad’s officer and agent for service of

11

process.11

12

9.

AMG is a California corporation that operates an interactive website on which it

13

offers TVpads for sale to California consumers. Corporate records identify Amit Bhalla as

14

president of AMG.12
B.

15

Uncontested Facts Regarding Defendants’ Infringement
1.

16

10.

17

CNT and the TVpad Infringing Apps

Before a TVpad user can access television programming, he or she must

18

download applications from the “TVpad Store” – the store is a primary feature of every TVpad

19

device. Thus, before TVpad users in the United States can access unauthorized CCTV and

20

TVB programming, they must download free apps from the TVpad Store for their devices.13

21
22
9

23

10

24
25

Comp. Vol. I, Declaration of Christopher Weil (“Weil Decl.”), ¶¶ 9, 16.
Id., ¶¶ 10-13, 64-71; see also id., Exh. 4.

11

Comp. Vol. I, Declaration of Shuk Kuen “Lily” Lau (“Lau Decl.”), ¶¶ 4-5, 9. See also
id., Exhs. 57-78, 62.

26

12

Id., ¶¶ 21-24. See also id., Exh. 74.

27

13

Weil Decl., ¶ 26; Comp. Vol. I, Declaration of Nicholas Braak (“Braak Decl.”), ¶¶ 8,

28

14-16.

3

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 5 of 30 Page ID #:2556

1

11.

Plaintiffs’ investigators have identified 15 TVpad apps available in the TVpad

2

Store that permit TVpad users in the United States to access unauthorized CCTV and TVB

3

programming (“Infringing TVpad Apps”). The Infringing TVpad Apps are identified in the

4

chart attached hereto as Exhibit A. These Infringing TVpad Apps provide CCTV and TVB

5

programming in four modes: “live” streaming, “time-shifted” streaming, and two forms of

6

video-on-demand streaming.14

7

12.

In late 2014, plaintiffs’ investigator observed and recorded 30 CCTV television

8

episodes and 23 TVB television episodes streamed through Infringing TVpad Apps on the

9

TVpad device. A TVB USA executive observed and recorded portions of an additional 406

10

TVB episodes streamed through Infringing TVpad Apps in video-on-demand mode. Each

11

episode recorded by plaintiffs’ investigator and the TVB USA executive (“Registered

12

Programs”) are registered with the United States Copyright Office. Plaintiffs have not granted

13

anyone a license to stream the Registered Programs over the internet into the United States

14

through the Infringing TVpad Apps.15

15

13.

Before accessing the TVpad Store, users must accept CNT’s mandatory terms of

16

service. These terms state, inter alia, that CNT reserves the right to “filter, modify, refuse or

17

delete any or all software applications in the TVpad Store,” and to “suspend, remove, or disable

18

access to any Products, content, or other materials accessible through the TVpad Store.”16

19

14.

CNT solicits new applications for the TVpad Store, announces the release of new

20

applications, and sells different “editions” of its TVpad4 device with unique application

21

collections. CNT has stated that it “has strictly controlled and managed the way to upload apps

22

on TVpad Store[.]”17

23
24
25

14

Braak Decl., ¶¶ 16-17, 52; Tsang Decl., ¶ 22.

15

Braak Decl., ¶¶ 74-76; Tsang Decl., ¶¶ 23, 25-27; id., Exh. 92; Lu Decl., ¶¶ 23-25; id.,
Exh. 94; Kuelling Decl., ¶ 14.

26

16

27

17

28

Braak Decl., ¶¶ 29-30; id., Exh. 47 at ¶¶ 3.8 and 3.10.

Weil Decl., ¶¶ 18, 25, 36; id., Exhs. 7, 9-12, 18; Comp. Vol. I, Declaration of George
P. Wukoson (“Wukoson Decl.”), ¶ 2; id., Exh. 104 at 4.

4

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 6 of 30 Page ID #:2557

1

15.

Plaintiffs’ investigator performed forensic analysis of the TVpad device and

2

determined that Infringing TVpad Apps in “live” mode stream CCTV and TVB programming

3

through a peer-to-peer network, in which each TVpad user streams video content to large

4

numbers of other users worldwide. Stated differently, each TVpad user not only receives live

5

CCTV and TVB broadcasts, but also simultaneously retransmits those broadcasts to other

6

TVpad users throughout the United States and around the world. CNT is aware of the peer-to-

7

peer streaming feature of the TVpad and has publicly praised the feature.18

8

16.

According to plaintiffs’ investigator, peer-to-peer streaming can only function if

9

an individual initially captures CCTV and TVB broadcast signals in Asia. After the signal is

10

captured, the individual converts the signal into digital data and then streams the data to TVpad

11

users through the peer-to-peer network.19

12

17.

Plaintiffs’ investigator has also determined that Infringing TVpad Apps in

13

“video-on-demand” mode stream CCTV and TVB programs to TVpad users directly from

14

servers in the United States, including servers in Los Angeles.20

15

18.

Data packets received from these servers indicate that recorded video files reside

16

on the servers. Thus, individuals or entities that pirate CCTV and TVB programs from Asia

17

make copies of the programs and stream those copies from servers located in the United

18

States.21

19

19.

Forensic analysis has demonstrated that Infringing TVpad Apps in time-shift

20

mode stream CCTV and TVB programming both through the peer-to-peer network and directly

21

from servers in China.22

22
23
24
25
26
27
28

18

Braak Decl., ¶¶ 10(a), 53-56; id, Exh. 45; Weil Decl., ¶ 19; id., Exh. 9 at 1.

19

Braak Decl., ¶¶ 17, 56. Plaintiffs refer to individuals responsible for capturing
broadcast signals and converting them into data streamed through peer-to-peer networks as
“App Infringers.”
20

Id., ¶¶ 10(b), (d), 60-62; id., Exh. 45

21

Id., ¶ 62; id., Exh. 45.

22

Braak Decl., ¶¶ 10(c), 63.

5

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 7 of 30 Page ID #:2558

1

20.

CNT promotes its television service, the Infringing TVpad Apps, and the

2

availability of CCTV and TVB programming on the TVpad devices. In some cases, it has

3

falsely represented that the content it delivers has been authorized by CCTV and TVB. CNT

4

solicits new distributors by stating that it provides “[e]xclusive & authorized live content from

5

mainland China/HK/Taiwan”; this statements is displayed next CCTV and TVB logos. CNT

6

has also advertised on its website that the TVpad delivers “massive content from China,

7

Taiwan, and HK.”23

8

21.

CNT places banner advertisements for Infringing TVpad Apps that stream CCTV

9

and TVB programs on the user interface of the TVpad device. It also utilizes categories such as

10

“Live TV,” “VOD,” and “TV Dramas” in the TVpad Store to make it easy for users to locate

11

and download Infringing TVpad Apps.24

12

22.

CNT’s blog actively promotes Infringing TVpad Apps. For example, on January

13

8, 2014, CNT stated that the Gang Yue Wang Luo Dian Shi app provides live channels in high

14

definition, and noted that it is “definitely the favorite of those who love to watch TVB.” CNT’s

15

blog post included a screenshot of a TVB program.25

16

23.

CNT’s Facebook page regularly promotes the availability of CCTV and TVB

17

television programs through the Infringing TVpad Apps. One post by the TVpad administrator

18

on CNT’s Facebook page encourages users to watch a CCTV documentary and places the CNT

19

logo directly next to programming information for CCTV channels.26

20
21

24.

CNT’s Facebook page includes a promotional video that features icons of

Infringing TVpad Apps and a CCTV broadcast.27

22
23
24
25
26
27
28

23

Weil Decl., ¶¶ 28-50; id., Exhs. 8, 13-29, 33.

24

Braak Decl., ¶¶ 31-36, 38-41, 46-50; id., Exhs. 46, 48.

25

Weil Decl., ¶ 36; id., Exh. 18.

26

Id., ¶¶ 39-42; id., Exh. 20 at 3-6; id., Exh. 21.

27

Id., ¶¶ 42, 50; id., Exh. 21; id., Exh. 29 at 1-53, 61-71.

6

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 8 of 30 Page ID #:2559

1

25.

CNT also actively collaborates with purported third-party App Infringers to

2

develop and improve infringing content by providing customer support and technical assistance

3

to help TVpad users access and share infringing streams of CCTV and TVB programming, and

4

by conveying messages between TVpad users and App Infringers. For example, a CNT blog

5

post instructs users how to install the infringing BETV app from the TVpad Store, providing

6

step-by-step screenshots.28

7

26.

Administrators on CNT’s Facebook page instruct users how to download and use

8

Infringing TVpad Apps to access CCTV and TVB programming.

9

response to the question – “Anyone knows which app or channel on tvpad is showing the

10

World Cup???” – a CNT administrator advised the user to try BETV and Sport Online, two

11

Infringing TVpad Apps that stream CCTV channels.29

12

27.

On June 12, 2014, in

When a user asked on CNT’s Facebook page, “[w]hich tvpad is can see [sic] tvb

13

day and night and 12 hour back and tvb drama,” an administrator wrote “Could download three

14

party applications from TVpad store for this case[.]”30

15
16
17

28.

Administrators provide similar assistance to help TVpad users locate CCTV and

TVB programming on CNT’s official fan forum at tvpadfans.com.31
29.

Administrators on CNT’s Facebook page and fan forum also provide technical

18

assistance and updates to customers regarding server problems impacting their ability to stream

19

infringing television content.32

20
21

30.

As recently as January 9, 2015, CNT responded to user complaints about

problems downloading the new Gang Yue Wang Luo Dian Shi app – an Infringing TVpad App,

22
23
24
25
26
27
28

28

Id., ¶¶ 37, 54-56; id., Exhs. 19, 30-32

29

Id., ¶¶ 43-45; id., Exhs. 22-24.

30

Id., ¶ 45; id., Exh. 24.

31

Id., ¶ 50; id., Exh. 29 at 81-87.

32

Id., ¶¶ 37, 39; id., Exhs. 34, 36; Braak Decl., ¶ 59; id., Exh. 51.

7

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 9 of 30 Page ID #:2560

1

They apologized for any inconvenience, and asked customers to send a private message to CNT

2

so that CNT and the “app provider” could address the problem.33

3

31.

CNT’s statements demonstrate that it collaborates with third party app

4

developers to develop and improve infringing content. By way of example, on August 18,

5

2013, CNT published a post on its Facebook page soliciting suggestions as to how it could

6

help CNT “better serve [its] overseas customers and allow overseas TVpad users to enjoy better

7

Chinese TV services.” In response, one user suggested adding a TVB football channel; the

8

administrator said he would “communicate with third-party application developers” regarding

9

the suggestion.34

10

32.

In response to another user’s suggestion that CNT “improve all streaming sound

11

bit rates and enable stereo,” the administrator reported that “the application providers are

12

working on this issue.”35

13

33.

In addition to responding to user suggestions and questions, CNT also

14

communicates information regarding the Infringing TVpad Apps to users. In October 2013, for

15

example, a CNT administrator posted a notification on CNT’s official Facebook page advising

16

TVpad users that maintenance required on the infringing 516 app might cause service

17

disruptions.36

18

34.

Despite its internet-based streaming business model, CNT has not (a) posted a

19

policy instructing users how to report infringing activity, (b) appointed an agent to receive

20

notifications of claimed infringement under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §

21

512 (c)(2), or (c) adopted any notice-and-takedown procedures in the TVpad Store.37

22
23
24
25
26
27
28

33

Weil Decl., ¶ 60; id., Exh. 37.

34

Id.

35

Id., ¶¶ 54-55; id., Exhs. 30-31.

36

Id., ¶ 56; id., Exh. 32.

37

Braak Decl., ¶ 51.

8

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 10 of 30 Page ID #:2561

1

35.

CNT employs a business model that requires TVpad users to pay an up-front,

2

one-time fee for unlimited access to unauthorized, infringing programming. Consumers who

3

wish to access the content must pay regular subscription fees to receive programming from an

4

Authorized U.S. Provider.38
2.

5
6

36.

Club TVpad

Club TVpad operates an interactive website on which it sells TVpads. On its

7

website and Facebook page, Club TVpad also markets the Infringing TVpad Apps, the

8

infringing capabilities of the TVpad, and the availability of CCTV and TVB programming.39

9

37.

For example, in November 2012, Club TVpad posted the following on its

10

Facebook page: “Are you a Direct TV subscriber? Then you might be aware that they are

11

removing TVB from their line up at the end of the month. . . . This is the best time to get a

12

TVpad to replace Direct TV.”40

13

38.

Club TVpad also operates an online forum through which it regularly promotes

14

Infringing TVpad Apps; it also assists customers who wish to download Infringing TVpad

15

Apps and access unauthorized CCTV and TVB content and programming.41

16

39.

On October 26, 2014, plaintiffs’ investigator contacted Club TVpad and spoke

17

with Bennett Wong about purchasing a TVpad device. Wong told the investigator that TVB’s

18

TVBS and Jade channels were available through the TVpad device and that the one-time

19

purchase price of the TVpad was the only cost to access television programming.42

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

38

Weil Decl., ¶¶ 4, 28, 35, 38, 62; id., Exhs. 6, 13, 17, 38; Lau Decl., ¶¶ 26, 30, 34; id.,
Exh. 80; Tsang Decl., ¶ 14; Lu Decl., ¶ 15; Kuelling Decl., ¶¶ 7-8, 11.
39

Lau Decl., ¶¶ 10-11; id., Exhs. 63-67.

40

Id., ¶ 10(d); id., Exh. 66.

41

Id., ¶¶ 12-15; id., Exhs. 68-71.

42

Id., ¶ 17.

9

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 11 of 30 Page ID #:2562

40.

1

Plaintiffs’ investigator purchased a TVpad device from Club TVpad’s website.

2

After receiving the TVpad device, the investigator determined that Club TVpad had pre-

3

installed several Infringing TVpad Apps that stream CCTV and TVB programming.43
3.

4

41.

5

AMG

AMG, like Club TVpad, operates an interactive website that offers TVpads for

6

sale to consumers in California.

7

availability of free CCTV and TVB programming through the Infringing TVpad Apps. For

8

example, a December 2014 blog post promoting the new TVpad4 model stated: “Not wanting

9

to pay for streaming television?

10

Promotional blog posts on the website advertise the

TVpad4 still streams live news, sports, and television

programming from stations like SoLive, CCTV, and many, many more.”44
42.

11

Similarly, a June 2014 blog post stated: “There are over 100 different Asian

12

channels and apps to choose from, but lovers of television shows will certainly want to install

13

the HITV app [an Infringing TVpad App that streams TVB programs]. Viewers can watch

14

hundreds of live shows from Hong Kong, including all of their favorite dramas.”45
43.

15

On May 30, 2014, plaintiffs’ investigator called AMG and spoke to an individual

16

identifying himself as Amit. Amit confirmed that CCTV channels were available on the TVpad

17

device.

18

spreadsheet listing CCTV and TVB channels and the Infringing TVpad Apps that could access

19

those channels.46

20

44.

21

In response to a question about CCTV channels, AMG sent the investigator a

Plaintiffs’ investigator purchased two TVpad devices from AMG’s website.

Both devices came with USB flash drives that contained several Infringing TVpad Apps.47

22
23
24
25
26
27
28

43

Id., ¶ 18; Braak Decl., ¶¶ 65-67.

44

Lau Decl., ¶ 28; id., Exhs. 82-87.

45

Id., ¶ 28(d); id., Exh. 86.

46

Id., ¶¶ 30, 32; id., Exh. 89.

47

Id., ¶¶ 31, 35; Braak Decl., ¶¶ 68-73.

10

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 12 of 30 Page ID #:2563

1

45.

Prior to filing suit, DISH sent cease-and-desist letters to CNT, Club TVpad, and

2

AMG, demanding that each stop infringing and/or inducing infringement of plaintiffs’

3

copyrights. The letters identified the Infringing TVpad Apps on the TVpad3 and listed specific

4

CCTV and TVB channels and programs streamed without authorization on the Infringing

5

TVpad Apps.48

6

46.

Despite notice, CNT, Club TVpad, and AMG have continued to market,

7

advertise, and promote the Infringing TVpad Apps and the availability of unauthorized CCTV

8

and TVB television programming via the TVpad device.49

9

47.

Defendants’ conduct has materially reduced the number of individuals who

10

subscribe to authorized platforms for CCTV and TVB programming in the United States. It has

11

also reduced the number of individuals willing to pay for access to such programming. This

12

has led to reductions in plaintiffs’ revenues that are difficult to quantify.50

13
14
15

48.

Defendants’ ongoing infringement impairs the ability of CCTV, CICC and TVB

(USA) to negotiate favorable license agreements with Authorized U.S. Providers and others.51
49.

Defendants’ ongoing infringement has also damaged plaintiffs’ goodwill.

16

Plaintiffs’ investigators have observed numerous problems with the TVpad viewing experience,

17

e.g., video failing to stream or terminating prematurely, low video quality, pixilation, and sound

18

issues.52

19
20

50.

Defendants’ infringing conduct adversely affects plaintiffs’ strategic choices

about where, when, and how to distribute their programs, harming their goodwill with U.S.

21
22

48

23

49

24

Kuelling Decl., ¶¶ 15-25; id., Exhs. 95-103.

Id., ¶¶ 22, 25; Declaration of Carla A. McCauley in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion for
Preliminary Injunction (“McCauley Decl.”), Docket No. 85 (May 22, 2015), ¶¶ 4-7; id., Exhs.
B-E.

25

50

Tsang Decl., ¶¶ 29-32; Lu Decl., ¶¶ 27-28; Kuelling Decl., ¶¶ 26-32.

26

51

Tsang Decl., ¶ 39; Lu Decl., ¶ 29.

27

52

28

Tsang Decl., ¶ 40; Lu Decl., ¶ 30; Kuelling Decl., ¶ 33; Braak Decl., ¶ 59; id., Exh.
51; Weil Decl., ¶¶ 57-60; id., Exhs. 33-37.

11

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 13 of 30 Page ID #:2564

1

audiences and Authorized U.S. Providers. Defendants’ retransmission service not only streams

2

CCTV and TVB programming in the United States without a license, but does so several hours

3

before the programming is available through authorized channels.53
51.

4
5

Defendants’ unlawful activities deprive plaintiffs of their right not to disseminate

many of their programs in the United States.54
52.

6

Defendants’ unlawful activities also pose a risk of confusion – defendants’

7

unauthorized streaming of plaintiffs’ programming has confused consumers about video on

8

demand products and created an mistaken perception about what constitutes lawful video on

9

demand programming.55

10

II. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

11

1.

12

The court has authority to “grant temporary and final injunctions on such terms

13

as it may deem reasonable to prevent or restrain infringement of a copyright.” 17 U.S.C. §

14

502(a).

15

2.

To determine whether to issue a preliminary injunction, the court must balance

16

four factors: (1) whether plaintiff is likely to succeed on the merits; (2) whether plaintiff will

17

suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief; (3) whether the equities favor

18

plaintiff; and (4) whether issuance of a preliminary injunction is in the public interest. Sierra

19

Forest Legacy v. Rey, 577 F.3d 1015, 1021 (9th Cir. 2009); see also Winter v. Natural Defense

20

Counsel, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008); Fox Television Stations, Inc. v. BarryDriller Content Sys.,

21

PLC, 915 F.Supp.2d 1138, 1141 (C.D. Cal. 2012) ( stating that to “obtain preliminary

22

injunctive relief, a plaintiff must establish: “(1) that it is likely to succeed on the merits, (2) that

23

it is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, (3) that the balance of

24

equities tips in its favor, and (4) that an injunction is in the public interest” (citation omitted)).

25
26
27
28

53

Tsang Decl., ¶¶ 33-35, 37; Lu Decl., ¶¶ 31-33.

54

Tsang Decl., ¶ 36; Lu Decl., ¶ 34.

55

Tsang Decl., ¶ 38; Lu Decl., ¶ 35; Kuelling Decl., ¶ 28.

12

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 14 of 30 Page ID #:2565

1

3.

The Ninth Circuit employs a “sliding scale” under which “the elements of the

2

preliminary injunction test are balanced, so that a stronger showing of one element may offset a

3

weaker showing of another. For example, a stronger showing of irreparable harm to plaintiff

4

might offset a lesser showing of likelihood of success on the merits.” Alliance for the Wild

5

Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131 (9th Cir. 2011) (holding that the sliding scale

6

approach survives Winter so long as there is a showing of likely irreparable harm).

7

A.

1.

8

Secondary Liability for Copyright Infringement
a.

9
10

Likelihood of Success on the Merits

4.

Direct Liability

For all theories of secondary liability, a plaintiff “must establish that there has

11

been a direct infringement by third parties.” Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 508 F.3d

12

1146, 1169 (9th Cir. 2007). This requires a showing of: “(1) ownership of the infringed

13

material, and (2) violation of at least one exclusive right granted to copyright holders under 17

14

U.S.C. § 106 by the infringer.” A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, 239 F.3d 1004, 1013 (9th Cir.

15

2001) (citing 17 U.S.C. § 501(a); Baxter v. MCA, Inc., 812 F.2d 421, 423 (9th Cir. 1987);

16

S.O.S., Inc. v. Payday, Inc., 886 F.2d 1081, 1085 n. 3 (9th Cir. 1989)).

17

5.

Plaintiffs are likely to succeed in showing its “ownership of the infringed

18

material,” A&M Records, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1013, because it holds copyright registrations for the

19

Registered Programs; this gives rise to a presumption of ownership and validity. 17 U.S.C. §

20

410(c) (noting that a certificate of registration is “prima facie evidence of the validity of the

21

copyright and the facts stated in the certificate”). Defendants, who did not oppose the motion,

22

have made no attempt to rebut the presumption that flows from a valid copyright registration.

23

Plaintiffs are also likely to succeed in showing that they own the exclusive rights to transmit the

24

Registered Programs and other CCTV and TVB programming in the U.S. over the internet in

25

various formats, and therefore have standing to sue for infringement of those rights. 17 U.S.C.

26

§ 501(b).

27

6.

28

Next, plaintiffs are likely to succeed in showing that the unauthorized streaming

of their programs over the internet, as evidenced by the observations and recordings of

13

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 15 of 30 Page ID #:2566

1

plaintiffs’ investigator and a TVB USA executive, infringes an “exclusive right granted to

2

copyright holders under 17 U.S.C. § 106.” A&M Records, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1013.

3

7.

The Copyright Act grants plaintiffs the exclusive right to “perform the

4

copyrighted work publicly.” 17 U.S.C. § 106(4). A party publicly performs a copyrighted

5

work when it “transmit[s] or otherwise communicate[s] a performance or display of the work . .

6

. to the public, by means of any device or process, whether the members of the public capable

7

of receiving the performance or display receive it in the same place or in separate places and at

8

the same time or at different times.” 17 U.S.C. § 101.

9

8.

In ABC, Inc. v. Aereo, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 2498 (2014), the Supreme Court held that

10

Aereo publicly performed plaintiffs’ television programs by streaming those programs over the

11

internet to “large numbers of paying subscribers who lack[ed] any prior relationship to the

12

works.” Id. at 2510. The Court reasoned that Aereo performed the works “publicly” because it

13

streamed programs to “a large number of people who [were] unrelated and unknown to each

14

other,” and who did not “receive [the] performances in their capacities as owners or possessors

15

of the underlying works.”

16

Systems, Inc., 824 F.Supp.2d 1003, 1009-11 (C.D. Cal. 2011) (entering a preliminary injunction

17

against a service that streamed motion pictures without authorization over the internet to

18

customers); DISH Network L.L.C. v. TV Net Solutions, LLC, 12-cv-1629, 2014 U.S. Dist.

19

LEXIS 165120, *13-14 (M.D. Fla. Nov. 25, 2014) (holding that the retransmission of Arabic

20

television channels over the internet and into the United States infringed DISH’s public-

21

performance rights).

22

9.

Id. at 2509-10; see also Warner Bros. Entertainment v. WTV

The App Infringers stream live and time-shifted CCTV and TVB channels

23

through a peer-to-peer network and/or through servers in the United States to large numbers of

24

TVpad users who have no right to access the content. Thus, plaintiffs are likely to succeed in

25

showing that the App Infringers publicly perform plaintiffs’ television programming in the

26

United States without authorization under Aereo.

27
28

10.

Because TVpad users operate as peers in a peer-to-peer network through which

each user retransmits live and time-shifted CCTV and TVB programs to large numbers of other

14

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 16 of 30 Page ID #:2567

1

TVpad users, plaintiffs are likely to succeed in showing that the TVpad users publicly perform

2

plaintiffs’ television programming in the United States without authorization. “[T]he concep[t]

3

of public performance . . . cover[s] not only the initial rendition or showing, but also any further

4

act by which that rendition or showing is transmitted or communicated to the public.” Aereo,

5

134 S.Ct. at 2506 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 94-1976, at 63 (1976)). TVpad user retransmissions

6

are “to the public” because TVpad users who receive them are “a large number of people who

7

are unrelated and unknown to each other,” and TVpad users are not “owners or possessors of

8

the underlying works.” Id. at 2510.

9
10

11.

third party users – a necessary predicate to their claims for contributory copyright infringement.
2.

11
12

Plaintiffs are thus likely to prevail in showing direct copyright infringement by

12.

Contributory Copyright Infringement

To prove contributory copyright infringement, plaintiffs must show that

13

defendants: (1) had knowledge of the infringing activity; and (2) induced, caused, or materially

14

contributed to direct infringement by others. Perfect10, Inc., 508 F.3d at 1170 (“In order for

15

Perfect 10 to show it will likely succeed in its contributory liability claim against Google, it

16

must establish that Google’s activities meet the definition of contributory liability enunciated in

17

Grokster. Within the general rule that ‘[o]ne infringes contributorily by intentionally inducing

18

or encouraging direct infringement,” the Court has defined two categories of contributory

19

liability[, including]: ‘Liability under our jurisprudence may be predicated on actively

20

encouraging (or inducing) infringement through specific acts (as the Court’s opinion develops).

21

. . ,” citing Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913, 930 (2005));

22

Louis Vuitton Malletier, S.A. v. Akanoc Solutions, Inc., 591 F.Supp.2d 1098, 1106 (N.D. Cal.

23

2008) (“Contributory copyright infringement requires (1) knowledge of another’s infringement

24

and (2) either (a) material contribution to the infringement or (b) inducement of the

25

infringement” (citation omitted)).

26

13.

Defendants had actual knowledge of the infringing activity because plaintiffs

27

sent them cease and desist letters. A&M Records, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1022 n.6 (defendant had

28

actual notice of the infringement because the RIAA informed it of the infringing files); see also

15

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 17 of 30 Page ID #:2568

1

Louis Vuitton, 591 F.Supp.2d at 1106 (“Actual knowledge exists where it can be shown by a

2

defendant’s conduct or statements that it actually knew of specific instances of direct

3

infringement. . . . ‘[I]f a computer system operator learns of specific infringing material

4

available on his system and fails to purge such material from the system, the operator knows of

5

and contributes to direct infringement,” citing A&M Records, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1021 (in turn

6

citing Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Comm. Serv. Inc., 907 F.Supp. 1361,

7

1374 (N.D. Cal. 1995)).

8

14.

The second element can be satisfied by showing either “inducement” and

9

“material contribution.” Perfect 10 v. Visa Int’l Serv. Ass’n, 494 F.3d 788, 795 (9th Cir. 2007).

10

Inducement is shown when a defendant has undertaken purposeful acts aimed at assisting and

11

encouraging others to infringe. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. at 936-37. Thus, “one who distributes

12

a device with the object of promoting its use to infringe copyright, as shown by clear

13

expression or other affirmative steps taken to foster infringement, is liable for the resulting acts

14

of infringement by third parties.” Id.

15

15.

“[A] defendant may be liable for ‘activity undertaken abroad that knowingly

16

induces infringement within the United States.’” Columbia Pictures Indus., Inc. v. Fung, No.

17

CV 06-5578 SVW (JCx), 2009 WL 6355911, *8 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 21, 2009), aff’d, 710 F.3d

18

1020 (9th Cir. 2013).

19

16.

In the Ninth Circuit, proof of inducement has four elements: (1) distribution of a

20

device, product, or service; (2) acts of infringement; (3) an object of promoting use of the

21

device, product, or service to infringe a copyright; and (4) causation. Columbia Pictures

22

Indus., Inc. v. Fung, 710 F.3d 1020, 1032 (9th Cir. 2013).

23

17.

The first element is satisfied by showing the distribution of either a device or a

24

service that is “used in accomplishing the infringement.” Id. at 1033. Plaintiffs are likely to

25

succeed in showing this element because CNT, Club TVpad, and AMG distribute the TVpad

26

device, which enables users to view and transmit infringing streams of plaintiffs’ programming,

27

and operate the TVpad Store, a service through which users can download the Infringing

28

TVpad Apps.

16

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 18 of 30 Page ID #:2569

18.

1

Plaintiffs are also likely to show the second element, i.e., acts of infringement,

2

based on forensic analysis that establishes both the App Infringers and the TVpad users directly

3

infringe plaintiffs’ public-performance rights.

4

Technology (HK) Inc., Case No. CV 14-4213 RGK (RZx), Order, *4-5 (C.D. Cal. May 12,

5

2015) (Docket No. 217). See also Aereo, 134 S.Ct. at 2509-10; WTV Systems, 824 F.Supp.2d at

6

1009-11.
19.

7

Munhwa Broadcasting Co v. Create New

A defendant’s intent to foster or promote infringement can be established by a

8

“clear expression” of such intent and “affirmative steps taken to foster infringement.” Grokster,

9

Ltd., 545 U.S. at 936-37.

“The classic instance of inducement is by advertisement or

10

solicitation that broadcasts a message designed to stimulate others to commit violations.” Id. at

11

938.

12

20.

Other evidence of intent to foster or promote infringement can include providing

13

customer support and technical assistance to customers engaged in infringing uses; failing to

14

“develop filtering tools or other mechanisms to diminish the infringing activity using their

15

software[;]” or relying on infringing activity for the success of the defendant’s business model.

16

Id. at 938-40; see also Fung, 710 F.3d at 1027-28, 1036-37 (holding that a website that

17

encouraged users to upload torrent files with copyrighted content, offered links to copyrighted

18

films and urged users to download them, responded to requests for help in locating and playing

19

copyrighted materials, and failed to develop filters substantiated infringement through

20

inducement); Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 454 F.Supp.2d 966, 987-88

21

(C.D. Cal. 2006) (noting that defendant’s interface had a “Top 40” song category that “made it

22

easier for users to share copyrighted content”).

23

21.

Plaintiffs are likely to prove the third element by showing that defendant CNT

24

intends to foster, promote and profit from App Infringers’ and TVpad users’ direct

25

infringement of plaintiffs’ copyrighted works, since it advertises the Infringing TVpad Apps,

26

and provides customer support and technical assistance to users attempting to locate, install and

27

use the Infringing TVpad Apps to share Plaintiffs’ copyrighted programming. The evidence

28

also demonstrates that CNT collaborates with App Infringers to develop and improve the Apps

17

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 19 of 30 Page ID #:2570

1

and their content. It has not developed filtering tools, and the success of its business model

2

depends on customers paying a one-time fee for unlimited access to infringing programming.
22.

3

Plaintiffs are likely to prove that defendants Club TVpad and AMG likewise

4

intend to foster, promote and profit from direct infringement because they advertise and

5

promote the Infringing TVpad Apps and the availability of copyrighted programming on those

6

apps; provide customer support and technical assistance to users; inform customers of the

7

availability of CCTV and TVB content on the Apps; and have taken affirmative steps to

8

facilitate user infringement by, inter alia, pre-loading Infringing TVapps on the devices.
23.

9

Plaintiffs are likely to show the fourth element necessary to prove inducement

10

because once intent to promote infringement is found, “the only causation requirement is that

11

the product or service at issue [have been] used to infringe the plaintiff’s copyrights.” Fung,

12

710 F.3d at 1037. In Fung, the Ninth Circuit rejected Fung’s argument that “the acts of

13

infringement must be caused by the manifestations of the distributor’s improper object – that is,

14

by the inducing messages themselves.” Fung, 710 F.3d at 1037; see also Grokster, 454

15

F.Supp.2d at 985-86 (rejecting an argument that plaintiffs had to prove the inducing statements

16

“caused specific acts of infringement”). Plaintiffs will likely be able to meet this standard

17

because the TVpad device and TVpad Store are being used to infringe plaintiffs’ copyrighted

18

works, and defendants are the but-for cause of that infringement, i.e., their distribution and

19

promotion of the Infringing TVpad Apps is the mechanism that makes that infringement by a

20

large number of users possible.
24.

21

Plaintiffs are also likely to succeed on their alternate theory of contributory

22

infringement through material contribution against defendant CNT.

23

“material contribution” can be established by proof that “a computer system operator has actual

24

knowledge that specific infringing material is available using its system and can take simple

25

measures to prevent further damage to copyrighted works, yet continues to provide access to

26

infringing works.” Perfect10, Inc., 508 F.3d at 1172.
25.

27
28

letter.

In the Ninth Circuit,

A defendant has actual notice of infringement when it receives a cease and desist

A&M Recordings, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1022 n. 6 (defendant had actual notice of

18

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 20 of 30 Page ID #:2571

1

infringement because the RIAA informed it of the infringing files). A defendant materially

2

contributes to infringement when it fails to take steps to protect the copyrighted works. See

3

Perfect10, Inc., 508 F.3d at 1172 (“assist[ing] a worldwide audience of users to access

4

infringing materials” constitutes material contribution); Gershwin Publ’g v. Columbia Artists

5

Mgmt., 443 F.2d 1159, 1163 (2d Cir. 1971) (creating an audience for an infringing performance

6

supports a finding of contributory liability).

7

infringement by providing software that makes it an infringing peer in a peer-to-peer network.

8

See A&M Recordings, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1022 (peer-to-peer software provides “the site and

9

facilities” for direct infringers and constitutes contributory infringement). Plaintiffs are likely

10

to success in establishing that CNT has materially contributed to infringement under all of these

11

tests.

12
13

26.

For these reasons, the court concludes that plaintiffs are likely to succeed on the

merits of their contributory infringement claims against defendants.
3.

14
15

A defendant also materially contributes to

27.

Vicarious Liability for Copyright Infringement

To show likelihood of success on their vicarious infringement claim against

16

CNT, plaintiffs must show that CNT “profit[s] from direct infringement while declining to

17

exercise a right to stop or limit it.” Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. at 930 (citing Shapiro, Bernstein &

18

Co. v. H.L. Green Co., 316 F.2d 304, 307 (2d Cir. 1963)). Plaintiffs are likely to succeed on

19

their vicarious infringement claim, because they will likely be able to establish that CNT (1)

20

has the right and ability to control the infringing conduct, and (2) derives a direct financial

21

benefit from it. Fonovisa, Inc. v. Cherry Auction, Inc., 76 F.3d 259, 261 (9th Cir. 1996).

22

28.

A defendant “exercises control over a direct infringer when he has both a legal

23

right to stop or limit the directly infringing conduct, as well as the practical ability to do so.”

24

Perfect10, Inc., 508 F.3d at 1173. “The ability to block infringers’ access to a particular

25

environment for any reason whatsoever is evidence of the right and ability to supervise.” A&M

26

Records, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1023; see also Fonovisa, 76 F.3d at 261-63 (holding that a

27

contractual right to terminate or exclude swap meet vendors constituted control over pirated

28

goods). Plaintiffs have adduced evidence that CNT has practical, operational control over the

19

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 21 of 30 Page ID #:2572

1

apps in its store, and the servers necessary to stream content. They have also adduced evidence

2

that it has the right to exclude Infringing Apps from its device and service.

3

29.

“Financial benefit exists where the availability of infringing material ‘acts as a

4

“draw” for customers.’” A&M Records, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1023. In Fonavisa, the swap meet

5

operator reaped “substantial financial benefits from admission fees, concession stand sales and

6

parking fees, all of which flow[ed] directly from customers who want[ed] to buy the counterfeit

7

recordings at bargain basement prices.” Fonavisa, 76 F.3d at 263. In A&M Records, Inc.,

8

Napster’s revenue was dependent on “increases in [its] user-base” that were stimulated by “the

9

quality and quantity of available [infringing] music.” A&M Records, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1023.

10

Plaintiffs are likely to succeed on their vicarious infringement claim because they have shown

11

that CNT has financially benefited by offering free and unauthorized programming on the

12

TVpad device.

13

B.

Irreparable Harm

14

30.

A plaintiff moving for a preliminary injunction must demonstrate not only that

15

harm is irreparable, but also imminent. Caribbean Marine Servs. Co., Inc. v. Baldridge, 844

16

F.2d 668, 674 (9th Cir. 1988); see also A&M Records, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1013.

17

31.

Following issuance of the Supreme Court’s decision in eBay Inc. v.

18

MercExchange, L.L.C., 574 U.S. 388, 391 (2006), a court may no longer presume irreparable

19

injury from the bare fact of liability in a copyright case. Nonetheless, the injury caused by the

20

presence of infringing products in the market – such as lost profits and customers, as well as

21

damage to goodwill and business reputation – will often constitute irreparable injury. See, e.g.,

22

Microsoft Corp. v. Atek 3000 Computer Inc., No. 06 CV 6403 (SLT) (SMG), 2008 WL

23

2884761, *5 (E.D.N.Y. July 23, 2008) (concluding that plaintiff had shown irreparable injury

24

where it had “established that defendant committed copyright and trademark infringement, and

25

. . . there [was] no reason to conclude that defendant ha[d] or [would] cease its infringing acts

26

because it continued infringing plaintiff’s copyrights and trademarks despite being notified of

27

its infringement”). See also Stuhlbarg International Sales Co., Inc. v. John D. Brush and Co,

28

Inc., 240 F.3d 832, 841 (9th Cir. 2001) (“Evidence of threatened loss of prospective customers

20

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 22 of 30 Page ID #:2573

1

or goodwill certainly supports a finding of the possibility of irreparable harm”). Such harms

2

are difficult to quantify and compensate over time. See Herb Reed Enterprises, LLC v. Florida

3

Entertainment Management, Inc., 736 F.3d 1239, 1250 (9th Cir. 2013). Plaintiffs have amply

4

demonstrated that they have suffered and will continue to suffer these types of harm.

5

32.

Unauthorized and uncompensated internet streaming that competes directly with

6

the television programming of a copyright owner and its authorized licensees causes harm that

7

is “neither easily calculable, nor easily compensable.” BarryDriller, 915 F.Supp.2d at 1147

8

(granting preliminary injunction); see also WTV Systems, 824 F.Supp.2d at 1012-13 (granting

9

preliminary injunction); Fox Television Stations, Inc. v. Filmon X LLC, 966 F.Supp.2d 30, 49-

10

51 (D.D.C. 2013) (granting preliminary injunction); Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. v.

11

iCraveTV, No. Civ.A. 00-121, Civ.A. 00-120, 2000 WL 255989, *8 (W.D. Pa. Feb. 8, 2000)

12

(granting preliminary injunction).

13

33.

Defendants’ conduct has caused irreparable harm because it has materially

14

reduced the number of individuals who subscribe to authorized U.S. platforms for CCTV and

15

TVB programming, causing lost market share. See, e.g., Robert Bosch LLC v. Pylon Mfg.

16

Corp., 659 F.3d 1142, 1153 (Fed. Cir. 2011); i4i Ltd. P’ship v. Microsoft Corp., 598 F.3d 831,

17

861-62 (Fed. Cir. 2010); WTV Systems, 824 F.Supp.2d at 1013 (“[T]he loss of revenue to

18

Plaintiffs and their licensees, which is already significant, will continue to increase, and

19

constitutes irreparable injury to Plaintiffs”).

20

34.

Defendants’ conduct further harms plaintiffs because it impairs plaintiffs’ ability

21

to negotiate favorable licenses. “[I]f Defendants can transmit Plaintiffs’ content without paying

22

a fee, Plaintiffs’ existing or prospective licensees will demand concessions to make up the loss

23

of viewership to non-paying alternatives.” BarryDriller, 915 F.Supp.2d at 1147; WTV Systems,

24

824 F.Supp.2d at 1012-13. Stated differently, “[t]he availability of [p]laintiffs’ content from

25

sources other than [p]laintiffs also damages [p]laintiffs’ goodwill with their licensees.”

26

BarryDriller, 915 F.Supp.2d at 1147.

27
28

35.

Plaintiffs have also been irreparably harmed by defendants’ conduct because

defendants’ unauthorized retransmission service not only streams CCTV and TVB

21

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 23 of 30 Page ID #:2574

1

programming in the U.S. without a license, but does so several hours before that programming

2

is available in the U.S. through authorized channels. This prevents plaintiffs from exercising

3

exclusive control over the retransmission of their programming and is likely to damage

4

plaintiffs’ goodwill with their licensees. See WTV Systems, 824 F.Supp.2d at 1012-13.

5

36.

Defendants have also interfered with plaintiffs’ ability to develop a lawful

6

market for internet distribution. See BarryDriller, 915 F.Supp.2d at 1147 (finding irreparable

7

harm when defendants’ streaming service “compete[d] with Plaintiffs’ ability to develop their

8

own internet distribution channels”); WTV Systems, 824 F.Supp.2d at 1013 (holding that an

9

unauthorized streaming service “threaten[ed] to confuse consumers about video on demand

10

products, and to create incorrect but lasting impressions with consumers about what constitutes

11

lawful [internet-based] video on demand exploitation of Plaintiff’s Copyrighted Works,

12

including confusion or doubt regarding whether payment is required for access to Copyrighted

13

Works”).

14

37.

Finally, defendants’ infringing conduct has caused irreparable harm because it

15

impairs plaintiffs’ brand, reputation, and goodwill by associating their programming with poor

16

quality transmissions and viewing experiences on the TVpad device. See WTV Systems, 824

17

F.Supp.2d at 1014.

18

38.

19
20

Absent preliminary injunctive relief, plaintiffs will continue to suffer these types

of irreparable harm as a result of defendants’ activities.
39.

Moreover, given the extensive nature of the infringement alleged, and for which

21

defendants are likely secondarily liable, it is unclear that defendants would be able to satisfy

22

any damages award entered. This further supports the conclusion that injunctive relief is

23

appropriate in this case. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 518 F.Supp.2d

24

1197, 1217 (C.D. Cal. 2007) (finding irreparable harm where defendant “induce[d] far more

25

infringement than it could ever possibly redress with damages”).

26

C.

Public Interest

27

40.

“Enjoining violation of federal statutes is in the public interest.” American

28

Trucking Associations, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, 559 F.3d 1046, 1060 (9th Cir. 2009).

22

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 24 of 30 Page ID #:2575

1

41.

The injunction plaintiffs seek is in the public interest. “[I]t is virtually axiomatic

2

that the public interest can only be served by upholding copyright protections and

3

correspondingly, preventing the misappropriation of skills, creative energies, and resources

4

which are invested in the protected work.” WTV Systems, 824 F.Supp.2d at 1015 (citing Apple

5

Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp., 714 F.2d 1240, 1255 (3d Cir. 1983));

6

BarryDriller, 915 F.Supp.2d at 1148. Any public interest the public may have “in receiving

7

copyrighted content for free is outweighed by the need to incentivize the creation of original

8

works.” Grokster, 518 F.Supp.2d at 1222.

9

D.

Balance of Equities

10

42.

Courts must “balance the competing claims of injury and must consider the effect

11

on each party of the granting or withholding of the requested relief.” Amoco Prod. Co. v.

12

Village of Gambell, Alaska, 480 U.S. 531, 542 (1987); Cybermedia, Inc. v. Symantec Corp., 19

13

F.Supp.2d 1070, 1073 (N.D. Cal. 1998).

14

43.

Here, the balance of equities weighs in plaintiffs’ favor and supports entry of a

15

preliminary injunction. The only harm defendants will suffer if an injunction is entered is that

16

they will be unable to continue to profit from infringing plaintiffs’ copyrights. Defendants

17

“’cannot complain of the harm that will befall [them] when being forced to desist from [their]

18

infringing activities.’” BarryDriller, 915 F.Supp.2d at 1147 (quoting Triad Sys. Corp. v.

19

Southeastern Express Co., 64 F.3d 1330, 1338 (9th Cir. 1995)). See also WTV Systems, 824

20

F.Supp.2d at 1014-15.

21

44.

It is appropriate to dispense with the filing of a bond in this case. It is well

22

established in the Ninth Circuit that “Rule 65(c) [ ]vests the district court ‘with discretion as to

23

the amount of security required, if any.’” Jorgensen v. Cassiday, 320 F.3d 906, 919 (9th Cir.

24

2003) (quoting Barahone-Gomez v. Reno, 167 F.3d 1228, 1237 (9th Cir. 1999)). In particular,

25

“[t]he district court may dispense with the filing of a bond when it concludes there is no

26

realistic likelihood of harm to the defendant from enjoining his or her conduct.” Jorsenson,

27

320 F.3d at 919. Here, the court finds no realistic likelihood that a preliminary injunction will

28

harm defendants and thus will not require plaintiffs to post an injunction bond.

23

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 25 of 30 Page ID #:2576

1
2
3

Based on these findings of fact and conclusions of law, the court grants Plaintiffs’
motion for preliminary injunction.

4
5
6
7

DATE: June 11, 2015

___________________________________
MARGARET M. MORROW
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

24

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 26 of 30 Page ID #:2577

EXHIBIT A

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 27 of 30 Page ID #:2578

Exhibit

– Infringing TVpad Apps
TVpad3

Infringing TVpad App
and icon

TVpad4

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

BETV PLUS

CCTV 1 (live & replay live),
CCTV 2 (live), CCTV 3 (live &
replay live), CCTV 4 (live &
replay live), CCTV6 (live &
replay live), CCTV 10 (live),
CCTV 11 (live), CCTV12 (live),
CCTV13 (live & replay live),
CCTV14 (live & replay live)

BETV_HD

CCTV 1 HD (live), CCTV 5 HD
(live)

BETV II

CCTV 1 (live & replay live),
CCTV 2 (live), CCTV 3 (live &
replay live), CCTV 4 (live &
replay live), CCTV 5 (live &
replay live), CCTV 5+ (live),
CCTV6 (live & replay live),
CCTV 10 (live), CCTV 11
(live), CCTV12 (live), CCTV13
(live & replay live), CCTV14
(live & replay live), CCTV风云
足球（CCTV fengyun soccer)
(live)

DWT 26394458v1 0094038-000021

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 28 of 30 Page ID #:2579

TVpad3

TVpad4

Infringing TVpad App
and icon

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

BETV

CCTV 1, CCTV 2, CCTV 3,
CCTV 4, CCTV 5+, CCTV6,
CCTV 10, CCTV 11, CCTV12,
CCTV13, CCTV14, CCTV风云
足球（CCTV fengyun soccer)
(all live)

粵海時移
(Yue Hai Shi Yi)

JADE HD, JADE (both timeshifted by 12 hours)

粵海寬頻
(Yue Hai Kuan Pin)

JADE HD, JADE HD, J2,
JADE, PEARL, iNews (all live)

粵海寬頻2
(Yue Hai Kuan Pin 2)

JADE HD, JADE, J2 (Live and
replay live) PEARL, iNews
(live)

DWT 26394458v1 0094038-000021

2

JADE HD, JADE (both timeshifted by 12 hours)

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 29 of 30 Page ID #:2580

TVpad3
Infringing TVpad App
and icon

TVpad4

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

粵海直播
(Yue Hai Zhi Bo)

516TV

516網路電視
(516 Online TV)

JADE HD, JADE, J2 (live and
replay live); PEARL, iNews
(live)

JADE HD, JADE, J2, PEARL
(live and replay live); iNews
(live)

TVB programs on demand

港粤網絡電視
(Gang Yue Wang Luo
Dian Shi)

TVB programs on demand

iNews, J2, PEARL, JADE,
JADE HD (live)

TVBS (live)

CCTV4 (live)

CCTV4 (live)

TVBS (live)

TVBS (live)
TVBS News (live)

DWT 26394458v1 0094038-000021

3

Case 2:15-cv-01869-MMM-AJW Document 97 Filed 06/11/15 Page 30 of 30 Page ID #:2581

TVpad3
Infringing TVpad App
and icon

TVpad4

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

HITV

JADE HD, J2, JADE, PEARL,
iNews (live)

体育online
(Sport Online)

CCTV 1, CCTV 5, CCTV 5+,
CCTV风云足球（CCTV
fengyun soccer) (all live)

港粵快看
(Gang Yue Kuai Kan)

TVB programs on demand

港台武俠(Gang Tai Wu
Xia)

TVB programs on demand

CCTV 5, CCTV 5+, CCTV风云
足球 (CCTV fengyun soccer),
CCTV 高尔夫. 网球 (CCTV
Golf/ Tennis) (all live)

DWT 26394458v1 0094038-000021

4

TVB programs on demand

EXHIBIT B

Registered TVB Programs (Live)
Title of Work and Episode Number

Date Broadcast

Copyright Registration
Number

All That is Bitter is Sweet, Ep. 16

September 29, 2014

PA 1-922-865

All That is Bitter is Sweet, Ep. 17
All That is Bitter is Sweet, Ep. 18
All That is Bitter is Sweet, Ep. 19
Big Boys Club, Ep. 1200
Big Boys Club, Ep. 1201

September 30, 2014
October 1, 2014
October 2, 2014
September 29, 2014
September 30, 2014

PA 1-922-865
PA 1-922-865
PA 1-922-865
PA 1-922-870
PA 1-922-866

Big Boys Club, Ep. 1202
Big Boys Club, Ep. 1203
Come Home Love, Episode 610
Come Home Love, Episode 611
Come Home Love, Episode 613

October 1, 2014
October 2, 2014
September 29, 2014
September 30, 2014
October 2, 2014

PA 1-922-875
PA 1-922-872
PA 1-922-874
PA 1-922-874
PA 1-922-874

Come Home Love, Episode 614
Line Walker, Ep. 26
Line Walker, Ep. 27
Line Walker, Ep. 28
Line Walker, Ep. 30

October 3, 2014
September 29, 2014
September 30, 2014
October 1, 2014
October 3, 2014

PA 1-922-874
PA 1-922-863
PA 1-922-863
PA 1-922-863
PA 1-922-863

Line Walker, Ep. 31
News At Seven Thirty (Pearl) 2014 9/29

October 3, 2014
September 29, 2014

PA 1-922-863
PA 1-922-869

News At Seven Thirty (Pearl) 2014 9/30
News At Seven Thirty (Pearl) 2014 10/1

September 30, 2014
October 1, 2014

PA 1-922-867
PA 1-922-873

Pleasure and Leisure 2014 9/30
Pleasure and Leisure 2014 10/1
Pleasure and Leisure 2014 10/2

September 30, 2014
October 1, 2014
October 2, 2014

PA 1-922-868
PA 1-922-864
PA 1-922-871

Registered TVB Programs (VOD)
TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

A Change of Destiny, Ep. 1

PA0001388870

A Change of Destiny, Ep. 9

PA0001388870

A Change of Destiny, Ep. 10

PA0001388870

A Change of Destiny, Ep. 14

PA0001388870

A Change of Destiny, Ep. 15

PA0001388870

A Change of Destiny, Ep. 20

PA0001388870

A Change of Heart, Ep. 1

PA0001866892

A Change of Heart, Ep. 6

PA0001866892

A Change of Heart, Ep. 11

PA0001866892

A Change of Heart, Ep. 16

PA0001866892

A Change of Heart, Ep. 22

PA0001866892

A Change of Heart, Ep.26

PA0001866892

A Change of Heart, Ep. 30

PA0001866892

A Great Way To Care II, Ep. 1

PA0001847097

A Great Way To Care II, Ep. 4

PA0001847097

A Great Way To Care II, Ep. 9

PA0001847097

A Great Way To Care II, Ep. 13

PA0001847097

A Great Way To Care II, Ep. 18

PA0001847097

A Great Way To Care II, Ep. 22

PA0001847097

A Great Way To Care II, Ep. 25

PA0001847097

A Step into the Past, Ep. 1

PA0001074513

A Step into the Past, Ep. 9

PA0001074513

A Step into the Past, Ep. 13

PA0001074513

A Step into the Past, Ep. 20
A Step into the Past, Ep. 30

PA0001074513
PA0001074512

A Step into the Past, Ep. 40

PA0001074512

Always And Ever, Ep 1

PA0001866873

Always And Ever, Ep. 5

PA0001866873

2

TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

Always And Ever, Ep. 10

PA0001866873

Always And Ever, Ep. 12

PA0001866873

Always And Ever, Ep. 16

PA0001866873

Always And Ever, Ep. 21

PA0001866873

Always And Ever, Ep. 25

PA0001866873

Always And Ever, Ep. 30

PA0001866873

Always And Ever, Ep. 31

PA0001866873

Awfully Lawful, Ep. 1

PA0001866872

Awfully Lawful, Ep. 5

PA0001866872

Awfully Lawful, Ep. 9

PA0001866872

Awfully Lawful, Ep. 14

PA0001866872

Awfully Lawful, Ep. 20

PA0001866872

Beauty At War, Ep. 1

PA0001849236

Beauty At War, Ep. 5

PA0001849236

Beauty At War, Ep. 10

PA0001849236

Beauty At War, Ep. 14

PA0001849236

Beauty At War, Ep. 19

PA0001849236

Beauty At War, Ep. 23

PA0001849236

Beauty At War, Ep. 30

PA0001849236

Black Heart White Soul, Ep. 1

PA0001920529

Black Heart White Soul, Ep. 4

PA0001920529

Black Heart White Soul, Ep. 10

PA0001920529

Black Heart White Soul, Ep. 15

PA0001920529

Black Heart White Soul, Ep. 25

PA0001920529

Black Heart White Soul, Ep. 30

PA0001920529

Bounty Lady, Ep. 1

PA0001890407

Bounty Lady, Ep. 5

PA0001890407

Bounty Lady, Ep. 10

PA0001890407

Bounty Lady, Ep. 15

PA0001890407

Bounty Lady, Ep. 19

PA0001890407

Brother's Keeper, Ep. 1

PA0001878628

3

TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

Brother's Keeper, Ep. 6

PA0001878628

Brother's Keeper, Ep. 10

PA0001878628

Brother's Keeper, Ep. 13

PA0001878628

Brother's Keeper, Ep. 18

PA0001878628

Brother's Keeper, Ep. 23

PA0001878628

Brother's Keeper, Ep. 30

PA0001878628

Brother's Keeper, Ep. 31

PA0001878628

Bullet Brain, Ep. 1

PA0001847052

Bullet Brain, Ep. 6

PA0001847052

Bullet Brain, Ep. 9

PA0001847052

Bullet Brain, Ep. 13

PA0001847052

Bullet Brain, Ep. 18

PA0001847052

Bullet Brain, Ep. 21

PA0001847052

Bullet Brain, Ep. 25

PA0001847052

Coffee Cat Mama, Ep. 1

PA0001910249

Coffee Cat Mama, Ep. 6

PA0001910249

Coffee Cat Mama, Ep. 11

PA0001910249

Coffee Cat Mama, Ep. 16

PA0001910249

Coffee Cat Mama, Ep. 20

PA0001910249

Come Home Love, Ep. 1

PA0001872347

Come Home Love, Ep. 31

PA0001872347

Come Home Love, Ep. 61

PA0001872347

Come Home Love, Ep. 91

PA0001872347

Come Home Love, Ep. 113

PA0001872347

Come Home Love, Ep. 121

PA0001872347

Come Home Love, Ep. 151

PA0001872347

Daddy Good Deeds, Ep. 1

PA0001857840

Daddy Good Deeds, Ep. 5

PA0001857840

Daddy Good Deeds, Ep. 10

PA0001857840

Daddy Good Deeds, Ep. 15

PA0001857840

Daddy Good Deeds, Ep. 20

PA0001857840

4

TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

Divas In Distress, Ep. 1

PA0001827059

Divas In Distress, Ep. 5

PA0001827059

Divas In Distress, Ep. 10

PA0001827059

Divas In Distress, Ep. 15

PA0001827059

Divas In Distress, Ep. 20

PA0001827059

Duke of Mount Deer, Ep. 1

PA0000923706

Duke of Mount Deer, Ep. 10

PA0000923706

Duke of Mount Deer, Ep. 14

PA0000923706

Duke of Mount Deer, Ep. 15

PA0000923706

Duke of Mount Deer, Ep. 22

PA0000923708

Duke of Mount Deer, Ep. 29

PA0000923708

Duke of Mount Deer, Ep. 30

PA0000923708

Duke of Mount Deer, Ep. 35

PA0000923708

Duke of Mount Deer, Ep. 40

PA0000923708

Duke of Mount Deer, Ep. 41

PA0000922071

Duke of Mount Deer, Ep. 45

PA0000922071

Friendly Fire, Ep. 1

PA0001840636

Friendly Fire, Ep. 6

PA0001840636

Friendly Fire, Ep. 10

PA0001840636

Friendly Fire, Ep. 15

PA0001840636

Friendly Fire, Ep. 19

PA0001840636

Friendly Fire, Ep. 24

PA0001840636

Ghetto Justice II, Ep. 1

PA0001827048

Ghetto Justice II, Ep. 6

PA0001827048

Ghetto Justice II, Ep. 11

PA0001827048

Ghetto Justice II, Ep. 15

PA0001827048

Ghetto Justice II, Ep. 20

PA0001827048

Ghost Dragon of Cold Mountain, Ep. 1

PA0001918949

Ghost Dragon of Cold Mountain, Ep. 2

PA0001918949

Ghost Dragon of Cold Mountain, Ep. 5

PA0001918949

Ghost Dragon of Cold Mountain, Ep. 10

PA0001918949

5

TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

Ghost Dragon of Cold Mountain, Ep. 15

PA0001918949

Ghost Dragon of Cold Mountain, Ep. 19

PA0001918949

Ghost Dragon of Cold Mountain, Ep. 25

PA0001918949

Ghost Dragon of Cold Mountain, Ep. 30

PA0001918949

Gilded Chopsticks, Ep. 1

PA0001906159

Gilded Chopsticks, Ep. 5

PA0001906159

Gilded Chopsticks, Ep. 10

PA0001906159

Gilded Chopsticks, Ep. 16

PA0001906159

Gilded Chopsticks, Ep. 20

PA0001906159

Gilded Chopsticks, Ep. 25

PA0001906159

Gloves Come Off, Ep. 1

PA0001857855

Gloves Come Off, Ep. 5

PA0001857855

Gloves Come Off, Ep. 10

PA0001857855

Gloves Come Off, Ep. 15

PA0001857855

Gloves Come Off, Ep. 20

PA0001857855

Gloves Come Off, Ep. 25

PA0001857855

Gods of Honour, Ep. 1

PA0001063318

Gods of Honour, Ep. 10

PA0001063318

Gods of Honour, Ep. 20

PA0001063318

Gods of Honour, Ep. 30

PA0001063319

Gods of Honour, Ep. 38

PA0001063319

Grace Under Fire, Ep. 1

PA0001776413

Grace Under Fire, Ep. 6

PA0001776413

Grace Under Fire, Ep. 12

PA0001776413

Grace Under Fire, Ep. 13

PA0001776413

Grace Under Fire, Ep. 18

PA0001776413

Grace Under Fire, Ep. 25

PA0001776413

Grace Under Fire. Ep. 32

PA0001776413

Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre, Ep. 1

PA0001012498

Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre. Ep. 10

PA0001012498

Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre, Ep. 20

PA0001012498

6

TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre, Ep. 30

PA0001012450

Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre, Ep. 31

PA0001012450

Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre, Ep. 41

PA0001012450

Highs and Lows, Ep. 1

PA0001840632

Highs and Lows, Ep. 5

PA0001840632

Highs and Lows, Ep. 10

PA0001840632

Highs and Lows, Ep. 15

PA0001840632

Highs and Lows, Ep. 20

PA0001840632

Highs and Lows, Ep. 26

PA0001840632

Highs and Lows, Ep. 29

PA0001840632

House of Harmony and Vengeance, Ep. 1

PA0001857846

House of Harmony and Vengeance, Ep. 6

PA0001857846

House of Harmony and Vengeance, Ep. 11

PA0001857846

House of Harmony and Vengeance, Ep. 16

PA0001857846

House of Harmony and Vengeance, Ep. 21

PA0001857846

House of Harmony and Vengeance, Ep. 26

PA0001857846

House of Harmony and Vengeance, Ep. 30

PA0001857846

Inbound Troubles, Ep. 1

PA0001848886

Inbound Troubles, Ep. 5

PA0001848886

Inbound Troubles, Ep. 10

PA0001848886

Inbound Troubles, Ep. 15

PA0001848886

Inbound Troubles, Ep. 20

PA0001848886

Karma Rider, Ep. 1

PA0001863828

Karma Rider, Ep. 6

PA0001863828

Karma Rider, Ep. 11

PA0001863828

Karma Rider, Ep. 15

PA0001863828

Karma Rider, Ep. 20

PA0001863828

King Maker, Ep. 1

PA0001827056

King Maker, Ep. 5

PA0001827056

King Maker, Ep. 10

PA0001827056

King Maker, Ep. 15

PA0001827056

7

TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

King Maker, Ep. 20

PA0001827056

King Maker, Ep. 22

PA0001827056

King Maker, Ep. 26

PA0001827056

Man In Charge, Ep. 1

PA0001738145

Man In Charge, Ep. 9

PA0001738145

Man In Charge, Ep. 12

PA0001738145

Man In Charge, Ep. 19

PA0001738145

Man In Charge, Ep. 20

PA0001738145

Master of Play, Ep. 1

PA0001827046

Master of Play, Ep. 6

PA0001827046

Master of Play, Ep. 11

PA0001827046

Master of Play, Ep. 16

PA0001827046

Master of Play, Ep. 21

PA0001827046

Master of Play, Ep. 27

PA0001827046

Master of Play, Ep. 30

PA0001827046

Missing You, Ep. 1

PA0001840634

Missing You, Ep. 5

PA0001840634

Missing You, Ep. 10

PA0001840634

Missing You, Ep. 15

PA0001840634

Missing You, Ep. 20

PA0001840634

Never Dance Alone, Ep. 1

PA0001919570

Never Dance Alone, Ep. 5

PA0001919570

Never Dance Alone, Ep. 10

PA0001919570

Never Dance Alone, Ep. 14

PA0001919570

Never Dance Alone, Ep. 19

PA0001919570

Never Dance Alone, Ep. 25

PA0001919570

Never Dance Alone, Ep. 30

PA0001919570

No Good Either Way, Ep. 1

PA0001827058

No Good Either Way, Ep. 6

PA0001827058

No Good Either Way, Ep. 10

PA0001827058

No Good Either Way, Ep. 14

PA0001827058

8

TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

No Good Either Way, Ep. 20

PA0001827058

Outbound Love, Ep. 1

PA0001891391

Outbound Love, Ep. 4

PA0001891391

Outbound Love, Ep. 8

PA0001891391

Outbound Love, Ep. 14

PA0001891391

Outbound Love, Ep. 18

PA0001891391

Outbound Love, Ep. 21

PA0001891391

Queen Divas, Ep. 1

PA0001894494

Queen Divas, Ep. 5

PA0001894494

Queen Divas, Ep. 9

PA0001894494

Queen Divas, Ep. 14

PA0001894494

Reality Check, Ep. 1

PA0001845356

Reality Check, Ep. 5

PA0001845356

Reality Check, Ep. 10

PA0001845356

Reality Check, Ep. 15

PA0001845356

Reality Check, Ep. 20

PA0001845356

Return of the Silver Tongue, Ep. 1

PA0001910251

Return of the Silver Tongue, Ep. 5

PA0001910251

Return of the Silver Tongue, Ep. 10

PA0001910251

Return of the Silver Tongue, Ep. 15

PA0001910251

Return of the Silver Tongue, Ep. 20

PA0001910251

Return of the Silver Tongue, Ep. 25

PA0001910251

Ruse of Engagement, Ep. 1

PA0001901753

Ruse of Engagement, Ep. 5

PA0001901753

Ruse of Engagement, Ep. 9

PA0001901753

Ruse of Engagement, Ep 15

PA0001901753

Ruse of Engagement, Ep. 20

PA0001901753

Ruse of Engagement, Ep. 24

PA0001901753

Season of Love, Ep. 1

PA0001840377

Season of Love, Ep. 5

PA0001840377

Season of Love, Ep. 10

PA0001840377

9

TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

Season of Love, Ep. 15

PA0001840377

Season of Love, Ep. 20

PA0001840377

Sergeant Tabloid, Ep. 1

PA0001827198

Sergeant Tabloid, Ep. 6

PA0001827198

Sergeant Tabloid, Ep. 11

PA0001827198

Sergeant Tabloid, Ep. 15

PA0001827198

Sergeant Tabloid, Ep. 20

PA0001827198

Silver Spoon, Sterling Shackles, Ep. 1

PA0001840638

Silver Spoon, Sterling Shackles, Ep. 4

PA0001840638

Silver Spoon, Sterling Shackles, Ep. 8

PA0001840638

Silver Spoon, Sterling Shackles, Ep. 13

PA0001840638

Silver Spoon, Sterling Shackles, Ep 18

PA0001840638

Silver Spoon, Sterling Shackles, Ep. 22

PA0001840638

Silver Spoon, Sterling Shackles, Ep. 27

PA0001840638

Silver Spoon, Sterling Shackles, Ep. 33

PA0001840638

Silver Spoon, Sterling Shackles, Ep. 40

PA0001840638

Slow Boat Home, Ep. 1

PA0001857765

Slow Boat Home, Ep. 6

PA0001857765

Slow Boat Home, Ep. 11

PA0001857765

Slow Boat Home, Ep. 15

PA0001857765

Slow Boat Home, Ep. 19

PA0001857765

Slow Boat Home, Ep. 23

PA0001857765

Slow Boat Home, Ep. 25

PA0001857765

Sniper Standoff, Ep. 1

PA0001881211

Sniper Standoff, Ep. 5

PA0001881211

Sniper Standoff, Ep. 10

PA0001881211

Sniper Standoff, Ep. 15

PA0001881211

Sniper Standoff, Ep. 20

PA0001881211

Sniper Standoff, Ep. 22

PA0001881211

Sniper Standoff, Ep. 25

PA0001881211

Storm in a Cocoon, Ep. 1

PA0001901640

10

TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

Storm in a Cocoon, Ep. 6

PA0001901640

Storm in a Cocoon, Ep. 10

PA0001901640

Storm in a Cocoon, Ep. 15

PA0001901640

Storm in a Cocoon, Ep. 19

PA0001901640

Storm in a Cocoon, Ep. 24

PA0001901640

Storm in a Cocoon, Ep. 29

PA0001901640

Storm in a Cocoon, Ep. 31

PA0001901640

Sweetness in the Salt, Ep. 1

PA0001660153

Sweetness in the Salt, Ep. 9

PA0001660153

Sweetness in the Salt, Ep. 13

PA0001660153

Sweetness in the Salt, Ep. 17

PA0001660153

Sweetness in the Salt, Ep. 21

PA0001727287

Sweetness in the Salt, Ep. 23

PA0001727287

Sweetness in the Salt, Ep. 25

PA0001727287

Swipe Tap Love, Ep. 1

PA0001900069

Swipe Tap Love. Ep. 5

PA0001900069

Swipe Tap Love, Ep. 10

PA0001900069

Swipe Tap Love, Ep. 14

PA0001900069

Swipe Tap Love, Ep. 20

PA0001900069

The Confidant, Ep. 1

PA0001840635

The Confidant, Ep. 6

PA0001840635

The Confidant, Ep. 11

PA0001840635

The Confidant, Ep. 17

PA0001840635

The Confidant, Ep. 22

PA0001840635

The Confidant, Ep. 28

PA0001840635

The Confidant, Ep. 33

PA0001840635

The Day of Days, Ep. 1

PA0001839833

The Day of Days, Ep. 5

PA0001839833

The Day of Days, Ep. 10

PA0001839833

The Day of Days, Ep. 15

PA0001839833

The Day of Days, Ep. 20

PA0001839833

11

TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

The Four, Ep. 1

PA0001638548

The Four, Ep. 5

PA0001638548

The Four, Ep. 10

PA0001638548

The Four, Ep. 12

PA0001638548

The Four, Ep. 15

PA0001638548

The Four, Ep. 20

PA0001638548

The Four, Ep. 24

PA0001638550

The Four, Ep. 25

PA0001638550

The Greatness of A Hero, Ep. 1

PA0001660075

The Greatness of A Hero, Ep. 5

PA0001660075

The Greatness of A Hero, Ep. 10

PA0001660075

The Greatness of A Hero, Ep. 14

PA0001660075

The Greatness of A Hero, Ep. 20

PA0001660075

The Hippocratic Crush, Ep. 1

PA0001857863

The Hippocratic Crush, Ep. 6

PA0001857863

The Hippocratic Crush, Ep. 11

PA0001857863

The Hippocratic Crush, Ep. 16

PA0001857863

The Hippocratic Crush, Ep. 21

PA0001857863

The Hippocratic Crush, ep. 25

PA0001857863

The Hippocratic Crush II, Ep. 1

PA0001883626

The Hippocratic Crush II, Ep. 6

PA0001883626

The Hippocratic Crush II, Ep. 11

PA0001883626

The Hippocratic Crush II, Ep. 16

PA0001883626

The Hippocratic Crush II, Ep. 21

PA0001883626

The Hippocratic Crush II, Ep. 25

PA0001883626

The Hippocratic Crush II, Ep. 30

PA0001883626

The Last Steep Ascent, Ep. 1

PA0001827043

The Last Steep Ascent, Ep. 5

PA0001827043

The Last Steep Ascent, Ep. 12

PA0001827043

The Last Steep Ascent, Ep. 17

PA0001827043

The Last Steep Ascent, Ep. 20

PA0001827043

12

TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

The Last Steep Ascent, Ep. 24

PA0001827043

The Master of Tai Chi, Ep. 1

PA0001619042

The Master of Tai Chi, Ep. 8

PA0001619042

The Master of Tai Chi, Ep. 16

PA0001619042

The Master of Tai Chi, Ep. 17

PA0001619042

The Master of Tai Chi, Ep. 23

PA0001619041

The Ultimate Addiction, Ep. 1

PA0001916638

The Ultimate Addiction, Ep. 6

PA0001916638

The Ultimate Addiction, Ep. 11

PA0001916638

The Ultimate Addiction, Ep. 15

PA0001916638

The Ultimate Addiction, Ep. 17

PA0001916638

The Ultimate Addiction, Ep. 22

PA0001916638

The Ultimate Addiction, Ep. 26

PA0001916638

The Ultimate Addiction, Ep. 30

PA0001916638

Three Kingdoms RPG, Ep. 1

PA0001827052

Three Kingdoms RPG, Ep. 5

PA0001827052

Three Kingdoms RPG, Ep. 9

PA0001827052

Three Kingdoms RPG, Ep. 13

PA0001827052

Three Kingdoms RPG, Ep. 18

PA0001827052

Three Kingdoms RPG, Ep. 21

PA0001827052

Three Kingdoms RPG, Ep. 24

PA0001827052

Tiger Cubs, Ep. 1

PA0001827044

Tiger Cubs, Ep. 5

PA0001827044

Tiger Cubs, Ep. 9

PA0001827044

Tiger Cubs, Ep. 13

PA0001827044

Triumph in The Skies II, Ep. 1

PA0001877655

Triumph in The Skies II, Ep. 7

PA0001877655

Triumph in The Skies II, Ep. 13

PA0001877655

Triumph in The Skies II, Ep. 19

PA0001877655

Triumph in The Skies II, Ep. 24

PA0001877655

Triumph in The Skies II, Ep. 29

PA0001877655

13

TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

Triumph in The Skies II, Ep. 33

PA0001877655

Triumph in The Skies II, Ep. 39

PA0001877655

Triumph in The Skies II, Ep. 41

PA0001877655

Twin of Brothers, Ep. 1

PA0001242731

Twin of Brothers, Ep. 5

PA0001242731

Twin of Brothers, Ep. 10

PA0001242731

Twin of Brothers, Ep. 13

PA0001242731

Twin of Brothers, Ep. 18

PA0001242731

Twin of Brothers, Ep. 23

PA0001242730

Twin of Brothers, Ep. 25

PA0001242730

Twin of Brothers, Ep. 30

PA0001242730

Twin of Brothers, Ep. 35

PA0001242730

Twin of Brothers, Ep. 41

PA0001242739

Twin of Brothers, Ep. 42

PA0001242739

Whatever It Takes, Ep. 1

PA0001102787

Whatever It Takes, Ep. 7

PA0001102787

Whatever It Takes, Ep. 8

PA0001102787

Whatever It Takes, Ep. 14

PA0001102787

Whatever It Takes, Ep. 17

PA0001102787

Whatever It Takes, Ep. 20

PA0001102787

Will Power, Ep.1

PA0001884284

Will Power, Ep. 5

PA0001884284

Will Power, Ep. 11

PA0001884284

Will Power, Ep. 16

PA0001884284

Will Power, Ep. 21

PA0001884284

Will Power, Ep. 26

PA0001884284

Will Power, Ep. 31

PA0001884284

Witness Insecurity, Ep. 1

PA0001827051

Witness Insecurity, Ep. 5

PA0001827051

Witness Insecurity, Ep. 10

PA0001827051

Witness Insecurity, Ep. 14

PA0001827051

14

TITLE OF WORK AND EPISODE NUMBER

COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION NUMBER

Witness Insecurity, Ep. 19

PA0001827051

Witness to a Prosecution, Ep. 1

PA0000980415

Witness to a Prosecution, Ep. 8

PA0000980415

Witness to a Prosecution, Ep. 15

PA0000980415

Witness to a Prosecution, Ep. 16

PA0000980415

Witness to a Prosecution, Ep. 22

PA0000980415

15

Registered CCTV Programs
Title of Work and Episode Number

Date Broadcast

Copyright Registration Number

Across the Strait, Ep. 265

September 22, 2014

PAu 3-751-289

Across the Strait, Ep. 266

September 23, 2014

PAu 3-751-289

Across the Strait, Ep. 267

September 24, 2014

PAu 3-751-289

Across the Strait, Ep. 268

September 25, 2014

PAu 3-751-289

Across the Strait, Ep. 270

September 27, 2014

PAu 3-751-289

Across the Strait, Ep. 271

September 28, 2014

PAu 3-751-289

Across the Strait, Ep. 277

October 4, 2014

PAu 3-751-289

Across the Strait, Ep. 278

October 5, 2014

PAu 3-751-289

Around China, Ep. 265

September 22, 2014

PAu 3-751-288

Around China, Ep. 266

September 23, 2014

PAu 3-751-288

Around China, Ep. 267

September 24, 2014

PAu 3-751-288

Around China, Ep. 268

September 25, 2014

PAu 3-751-288

Around China, Ep. 270

September 27, 2014

PAu 3-751-288

Around China, Ep. 271

September 28, 2014

PAu 3-751-288

Around China, Ep. 277

October 4, 2014

PAu 3-751-288

Around China, Ep. 278

October 5, 2014

PAu 3-751-288

Art Life, Ep. 37

September 25, 2014

PAu 3-751-290

Art Life, Ep. 38

October 3, 2014

PAu 3-751-290

Echo Clear, Ep. 38

September 26, 2014

PAu 3-751-295

Echo Clear, Ep. 39

October 3, 2014

PAu 3-751-295

Echo Clear, Ep. 41

October 5, 2014

PAu 3-751-295

Fashion Infinite, Ep. 39

September 28, 2014

PAu 3-751-281

Fashion Infinite, Ep. 40

October 5, 2014

PAu 3-751-281

I want to go to the Spring Festival gala, Ep. 35

September 28, 2014

PAu 3-751-285

I want to go to the Spring Festival gala, Ep. 36

October 5, 2014

PAu 3-751-285

Star Walk, Ep. 31

September 25, 2014

PAu 3-751-292

Star Walk, Special 3

October 3, 2014

PAu 3-751-292

Star Walk, Special 4

October 4, 2014

PAu 3-751-292

To a happy departure, Ep. 37

September 22, 2014

PAu 3-746-792

Variety Festival, Ep. 36

September 23, 2014

PAu 3-751-293

16

EXHIBIT C

Exhibit

– Infringing TVpad Apps
TVpad3

Infringing TVpad App
and icon

TVpad4

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

BETV PLUS

CCTV 1 (live & replay live),
CCTV 2 (live), CCTV 3 (live &
replay live), CCTV 4 (live &
replay live), CCTV6 (live &
replay live), CCTV 10 (live),
CCTV 11 (live), CCTV12 (live),
CCTV13 (live & replay live),
CCTV14 (live & replay live)

BETV_HD

CCTV 1 HD (live), CCTV 5 HD
(live)

BETV II

CCTV 1 (live & replay live),
CCTV 2 (live), CCTV 3 (live &
replay live), CCTV 4 (live &
replay live), CCTV 5 (live &
replay live), CCTV 5+ (live),
CCTV6 (live & replay live),
CCTV 10 (live), CCTV 11
(live), CCTV12 (live), CCTV13
(live & replay live), CCTV14
(live & replay live), CCTV风云
足球（CCTV fengyun soccer)
(live)

DWT 26394458v1 0094038-000021

TVpad3

TVpad4

Infringing TVpad App
and icon

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

BETV

CCTV 1, CCTV 2, CCTV 3,
CCTV 4, CCTV 5+, CCTV6,
CCTV 10, CCTV 11, CCTV12,
CCTV13, CCTV14, CCTV风云
足球（CCTV fengyun soccer)
(all live)

粵海時移
(Yue Hai Shi Yi)

JADE HD, JADE (both timeshifted by 12 hours)

粵海寬頻
(Yue Hai Kuan Pin)

JADE HD, JADE HD, J2,
JADE, PEARL, iNews (all live)

粵海寬頻2
(Yue Hai Kuan Pin 2)

JADE HD, JADE, J2 (Live and
replay live) PEARL, iNews
(live)

DWT 26394458v1 0094038-000021

2

JADE HD, JADE (both timeshifted by 12 hours)

TVpad3
Infringing TVpad App
and icon

TVpad4

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

粵海直播
(Yue Hai Zhi Bo)

516TV

516網路電視
(516 Online TV)

JADE HD, JADE, J2 (live and
replay live); PEARL, iNews
(live)

JADE HD, JADE, J2, PEARL
(live and replay live); iNews
(live)

TVB programs on demand

港粤網絡電視
(Gang Yue Wang Luo
Dian Shi)

TVB programs on demand

iNews, J2, PEARL, JADE,
JADE HD (live)

TVBS (live)

CCTV4 (live)

CCTV4 (live)

TVBS (live)

TVBS (live)
TVBS News (live)

DWT 26394458v1 0094038-000021

3

TVpad3
Infringing TVpad App
and icon

TVpad4

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

Plaintiffs’ Programming
and Mode

HITV

JADE HD, J2, JADE, PEARL,
iNews (live)

体育online
(Sport Online)

CCTV 1, CCTV 5, CCTV 5+,
CCTV风云足球（CCTV
fengyun soccer) (all live)

港粵快看
(Gang Yue Kuai Kan)

TVB programs on demand

港台武俠(Gang Tai Wu
Xia)

TVB programs on demand

CCTV 5, CCTV 5+, CCTV风云
足球 (CCTV fengyun soccer),
CCTV 高尔夫. 网球 (CCTV
Golf/ Tennis) (all live)

DWT 26394458v1 0094038-000021

4

TVB programs on demand

EXHIBIT D

EXHIBIT

Hosting Provider

Enzu
Cloudddos Technology
Enzu
Cloudddos Technology
ClearDDoS Technologies
Cloudddos Technology
ClearDDoS Technologies
ClearDDoS Technologies
Cloudddos Technology
Esited
Esited
Cloudddos Technology
Cloudddos Technology
ClearDDoS Technologies
Krypt Technologies
Cloudddos Technology
Cloudddos Technology
Los Angeles,California
Esited
Enzu
Enzu
Enzu
Cloudddos Technology
Cloudddos Technology
Cloudddos Technology
ClearDDoS Technologies
Cloudddos Technology
Cloudddos Technology
Cloudddos Technology
Cloudddos Technology
ClearDDoS Technologies
ClearDDoS Technologies
Krypt Technologies
Cloudddos Technology
Cloudddos Technology
Cloudddos Technology
DWT 26394541v4 0094038-000021

Observed Server
IP address or
Type of Content
Location(s)
Domain Name
Delivered
LIVE TV MODE VIDEO STREAMING SERVERS
Los Angeles, California
104.151.28.194
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
104.171.230.30
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
23.89.39.194
Streaming Video
San Jose, California
168.235.240.149
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
104.193.92.111
Streaming Video
San Jose, California
168.235.241.77
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
162.221.12.41
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
104.193.92.60
Streaming Video
San Jose, California
168.235.241.60
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
104.171.230.23
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
104.171.230.16
Streaming Video
San Jose, California
168.235.240.65
Streaming Video
San Jose, California
168.235.241.10
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
23.234.41.9
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
98.126.14.26
Streaming Video
TIME-SHIFTED MODE VIDEO STREAMING SERVERS
Los Angeles, California
104.171.230.30
Streaming Video
San Jose, California
168.235.240.149
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
104.193.92.111
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
192.225.233.202
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
104.151.28.194
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
199.48.69.146
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
23.89.39.194
Streaming Video
REPLAY LIVE MODE VIDEO STREAMING SERVERS
San Jose, California
168.235.241.70
Streaming Video
San Jose, California
104.171.230.72
Streaming Video
San Jose, California
168.235.241.77
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
162.221.12.215
Streaming Video
San Jose, California
168.235.241.60
Streaming Video
San Jose, California
168.235.241.70
Streaming Video
San Jose, California
104.171.230.72
Streaming Video
San Jose, California
168.235.241.77
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
162.221.12.215
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
162.221.12.215
Streaming Video
Los Angeles, California
67.198.192.3
Streaming Video
San Jose, California
San Jose, California
San Jose, California

168.235.241.77
104.171.230.72
168.235.241.60

Streaming Video
Streaming Video
Streaming Video

Krypt Technologies

Los Angeles, California

Cloudddos Technology
ClearDDoS Technologies
Cloudddos Technology

VOD MODE VIDEO STREAMING SERVERS
Los Angeles, California
104.171.230.72
Los Angeles, California
162.221.12.215
San Jose, California
168.235.241.60
Los Angeles, California
98.126.14.26

Streaming Video
Streaming Video
Streaming Video
Streaming Video

Krypt Technologies

San Jose, California
Manassas, Virginia
Los Angeles, California

168.235.241.77
162.210.198.179
67.198.192.3

Streaming Video
Streaming Video
Streaming Video

Krypt Technologies

Los Angeles, California

67.198.192.3

Streaming Video

Krypt Technologies
Cloudddos Technology
Leaseweb

Hostspace Networks
Unicom
Sharktech
ClearDDoS Technologies
ClearDDoS Technologies
ClearDDoS Technologies
Sharktech
ClearDDoS Technologies
ClearDDoS Technologies
ClearDDoS Technologies
ClearDDoS Technologies
ClearDDoS Technologies
ClearDDoS Technologies
Datashack
CloudDDOS
ClearDDoS Technologies
Sharktech
Hostpace Networks
ClearDDoS Technologies
CloudDDOS
ClearDDoS Technologies

98.126.14.26

TVPAD DNS LOOKUP SERVERS
Los Angeles, California
xz.boxepg.com
China
Los Angeles, California
xzsec.boxepg.com
Las Angeles, California
Newark, Delaware
xzsec.padepg.com
Los Angeles, California
Los Angeles, California
xzsec.listebox.com
Los Angeles, California
TVPAD AUTHENTICATION SERVERS
Los Angeles, California
stbepg.wsxlist.com
Hong Kong
stbepg.bmsftr.com
Los Angeles, California
TVPAD STORE SERVERS
Newark, Delaware
bi.wsxlist.com
Los Angeles, California
Kansas City, Missouri
cmsres.wsxlist.com
San Jose, California
Los Angeles, California
bi4.wsxlist.com
TVPAD OPERATIONAL SERVERS
Los Angeles, California
epg.qaxlist.com

Streaming Video

DNS Lookup
TVpad Operational Content
DNS Lookup
TVpad Operational Content
DNS Lookup
TVpad Operational Content
DNS Lookup
TVpad Operational Content
TVpad Authorization
TVpad Authorization

TVpad Store Menus/Graphics
TVpad Store Menus/Graphics
Infringing Apps
TVpad 4 Store Menus/Graphics
TVpad Operational Content

Hong Kong
San Jose, California
Newark, Delaware

sepg.qaxlist.com
hsp2p.sinohao.com

TVpad Operational Content
Infringing Apps’ Program Guides
TVpad Operational Content

ClearDDoS Technologies
ClearDDoS Technologies
Hostspace Networks

Newark, Delaware
Los Angeles, California
Los Angeles, California

jqknb.khjdaq.com

TVpad Operational Content

zmrt.kda8ifdi.com

TVpad Operational Content

Hostspace Networks

Los Angeles, California

zbuy.kda8ifdi.com

TVpad Operational Content

Hostspace Networks
China Telecom

Los Angeles, California
China

rtx.apljndc.net

TVpad Operational Content

2
DWT 26394541v4 0094038-000021

Nobis Technology
Nobis Technology
Enzu
Protected by Cloudflare
Sharktech
Chinanet
ClearDDoS Technologies
Hostspace
Hostspace
Sharktech
CloudDDOS

Los Angeles, California
Phoenix, Arizona
Los Angeles, California
Location unknown
Los Angeles, California
China
Los Angeles, California
Los Angeles, California
Los Angeles, California
Los Angeles, California
San Jose, California

tvepg.iyqwc.com
btvstb.xqlzoy.com
ngdvc.gvplayer.com
vnpcg.gvppp.com
ysxup.gvppp.com
apspu.gvppp.com
hkok.rfvlist.com
public.gvppp.com
canpic.vdese.com

3
DWT 26394541v4 0094038-000021

TVpad Operational Content
TVpad4 Operational Content
TVpad4 Operational Content
TVpad4 Operational Content
TVpad4 Operational Content
TVpad4 Operational Content
TVpad4 Operational Content
TVpad4 Operational Content
VOD Thumbnail graphics