Luis Renteria v. Debbie Asunsion

Filing 10

ORDER SUMMARILY DISMISSING PETITION FOR LACK OF SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION ; REFERRING THE PETITION TO THE U.S. COURT OF APPEALS PURSUANT TO NINTH CIRCUIT RULE 22-3(A); DENYING A CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY by Judge Manuel L. Real: Pursuant to Ninth Circuit Rule 22-3(a), the Court refers the habeas Petition to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit for consideration as an application for leave to file a second-or-successive habeas petition. The Clerk of Court shall send a co py of the habeas Petition and a copy of this Order to the Clerk of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The Clerk of Court shall provide petitioner with a form recommended by the Ninth Circuit for filing an Application for Leave to File Second or Successive Petition Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 or Motion Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. This action is dismissed without prejudice for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 4 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States District Courts. LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY. A certificate of appealability is denied. (copy of petition and form attached) (Attachments: # 1 copy of petition, # 2 Appeal Form 12) (jm)

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 1 of 146 Page ID #:1

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CALFORNIA STATE PRIS ON-LOS ANGELES
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;iddre~s, !cicphone ;!n2 (~~s!uiilc numbers, and retail adciress.

UI~IiTFD S1A'I']3S DI~TRI~T CCIURT
CENTI?~T.~3I ~'rltl C;1 OF CALTFGRNIA
CASE NUi~,~113L1::

LUIS RENTERIA

o be supptiea }' the ClerF: of tae Unue:J Smtes istnct Cour

FULL ?~P,P~4E (Inchide rirme insi!er i;;'licii You were cuni~icled )

Petitioner,

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a z~iaterial fact, you ma}` be proser_uied for uerjury.
9. Anse,-er all the c;ucst~ons. You do not heed i:o cite case lev,~, but jrou ~o need io state tLP federal ]era) theoi~~
and op,raii~~: ~;cts
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in suvport of each ground.1on n:ay submit ~ddiiiona] pabes if ~ecesszrj~. If you do ~~oi~Iill cur the foi-i~~
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the grounds for relief from the conviction andlor sentence That you challenge.
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 2 of 146 Page ID #:2

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15 years to life, plus consecutively 1 yr.
TOTTAL OF 16 YEARS TO LIFE.
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 9 of 146 Page ID #:9

LUIS RENTERIA
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August 31, 2016

-_

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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 11 of 146 Page ID #:11
CENTRAL
~
-~1-5`~ ~ ~ ~ DISTRICT OI' CALII~'OI:MA
LUIS RENTERIA

v.

Case Number:

DEBBIE.ASUNCION
PROOr OI'S~RVIC~

I hereby c~1•tify~ that on
of (:I~eatt~ci~ecl

August 31, 2016

,I served a copy

WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS: EXHIBITS :"A, B, & C."

by placing a con3~ in a posta,e paid envelope addressed to the pet•sott(s) hereinafter
listed, by d~pesiti~i~ said envelope in the Unified States I~~ail at
LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA STATE PRISON, INSTITUTIONAL MAIL. I
(
List l~aii~e and Address of Each
Dependant or Attorney Served)

I declare under penalt}~ of pei•jui•y that the For• oind is rue and correct.

August 31, 2016

`
Sibnatuz•e of Person Completi~ig Service)
(

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 12 of 146 Page ID #:12

E X H I B I T

"A"

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 13 of 146 Page ID #:13

1
2
3
4
5
6

SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOR THE COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES

8
9
10

ii

In re,

Lase No.: A041259

LUIS RENTERIA

ORDER SUMMARILY DENYING
PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS
CORPUS (CRC 4.551(g))

Petitioner,

12
13

On Habeas Corpus

14
15
16

l~
is

The Court has read and considered the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus filed on

APRIL

19, 2016, and all related materials provided by Petitioner LUIS RENTERIA.

19

zo

lli response thereto, the Court makes the following findings:

Zi
22

1. Petitioner's Writ of Habeas Corpus is timely filed;

23
24

2. Second degree felony murder charge as alleged in the infornlation and for which
the

25

Petitioner was convicted is not "void for vagueness" nor does it violate the Fifth or

26

Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution ;and

27
28

-1-

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 14 of 146 Page ID #:14
DEPT. S23
SUPERIOR COURT OF CALIFORNIA, COUN
TY OF LOS ANGELES
Date: April 26, 2016
Honorable Gary J. Ferrari , Judge Presiding

Tyra Baham, Deputy Clerk

CASE NO. A041259
I N THE MATTER OF
v.
R ~PvTtRIA, LUiS (NP)

~J~TURE OF PROCEEDINGS: HABEAS
CORPUS

The Court has read and considered
the Petition for Writ cf Habeas Corpus filed on April
19, 2010, and al! ~eiat~=i
materials related materials provided by
Petitioner LUIS RENTERIA.

I n response thereto, the Court make
s the following findings:
1.

Petitioner's Writ of Habeas Corpus is timely
filed;

2.

Second degree felony murder charge as alleg
ed in the information an~J for which rhP
Petitioner was convicted is not "void icr
vagueness" nor does it violaie the Fifth or
Fourteenth Amendments to the United State
s Cc;~stitution: and

3.

Petitioner's claim vis a vis insufficiency of the
evidence to support the theory that
Petitioner was a "major participant" in
said crime (People v. Banks (2015) 161 Cal. 4in
788) is likewise withcut merit; therefore,

4.

THE PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS COR
PUS IS DENIED:

_,. ,..
T `'`~~~~}s
5r.

A The Clerk to give notice

'a. .-Page 1 of 1

DEBT. S23

NIINUT~ ORDER

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 15 of 146 Page ID #:15

3. Petitioner's claim vis a vis insufficiency of the evidence to support the theory that
Petitioner was a "major participant" in said crime (People v. Banks (2015) 161 Cal.
4~~ 788)is likewise without merit; therefore,

4. THE PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS is DENIED.

April 26,2016

The clerk is to give notice.
A

-z-

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 16 of 146 Page ID #:16

E X H I B I T

"B"

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 17 of 146 Page ID #:17

IN THE COURT OP APPEAL OF THE STATE Or CALIFORNIn
SECOND APPELLfITE DISTRICT
DIVISION S~V~N

G

~ ~~~f@@#§~
~
:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~='

, - ~ 201 u
~U~~
H ~. uNE

In re

B275169

~ ~,,y~~Rs

(
Super. Ct. No. A041259)
LUIS RENTERIf-1

(William H. Winston, Jr., Judge)

on Habeas Corpus

OVER

THE COURT:
The petition for writ of habeas corpus filed on May 31, 2016 has been read
and considered. The petition is denied.

PERLUSS, I'. J.,

l~T, ~.,

AL, J.

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 18 of 146 Page ID #:18

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 19 of 146 Page ID #:19

5235326

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA
En Banc

In re LUIS RENTERIA on Habeas Corpus.
The petition for writ of habeas corpus is denied.

SUPREME COU6~T
~ ~~~~

A tiG 1 ~ 2016
Frank A. fVic~~ire ~8~r~
D~~a~t~

CANTIL-SAKAUYE
Chief'Justice

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 20 of 146 Page ID #:20

Luis Renteria
CDCR #E-75707
P.O. Box 4610
Lancaster, CA 93539-4610
In Propria Persona

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
WESTERN DIVISION

T TTTC

L V l~../

Case No.

1?~NT~1~TA
L\LL\1L1\1L1~

Petitioner,

vs.

DEBBIE ASSUNCION, WARDEN OF
THE CALIFORNIA STATE PRISONLOS ANGELES COUNTY
Respondent.

PETITION FOR WRIT OF
HABEAS CORPUS BY
A
PERSON IN CUSTODY;
PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254

INTRODUCTION

Petitioner files the instant petition to challenge
the validity of his 1992 conviction for second degree
felony murder in Los Angeles County Superior Court in
light of the United States Supreme Court's decision in
Tnl-sr~cn~ ~T_ iiniter] ~tates~ (2015

135 S. Ct. 2251.

.TnhnGnn struck down as unconstitutional the so-called
"
residual clause" of the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA),
18 U.S.C. 5 924(e) (2006). The Court's holding in
Johnson mandates that California's second degree felony

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 21 of 146 Page ID #:21

murder rule, which

contains language that is materially

indistinguishable from the ACCA's residual clause, also
be stricken as unconstitutional.
Date: August 31, 2016.

Respectfully submitted,

~-

LUIS RENTERIA
N R

- 2 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 22 of 146 Page ID #:22

TA13L~ OT CONTL~~~T
PAGE
STA'I'P~P~ILNT OF THL C~1S~ . .. . .. . . ..
.. . .. . . . .. . . .. ..

.. ..1
S1ATE,II~NT Ol FACTS .. . . . . .. . .
.... . . . .. . . ... . . .. ... . .?_
THE PP.OSECUTION'S CASE .. . .... ..
. . . . . .. . . .. .....2
TI-IE D~IENSE`S CASE ... ... . .... .
. . .. .. ... . . ......3
STATE`iENT OF f1PPEALAI3ILI`TY .. . ..
. .. .. .... . . .
, ... . h
PP.00ETDINGS OF STATL'~ [~~RIT OF HABE
AS COP`FUS . . . .. . . . . G
PETITION .. . .. . .... .. .... .. .. . ..
. .. . . . .. . .... ... . .9
JiJRISDICTIOi~ . . .. .... ..... ... . ...
....... . . .. .. . 0 .. . .9
PFTTTT(1NFR ~ C (',~li~1TG'NTTrI\T(C 1

, -~

PP~A~'~R rOR RELIEF . . ..... .... ....
.. .. .. .. . ..
J URY' ItvSTRUCTION(S) .... . . .. ...
...... . . .. ...

... ...."~1

... . .. .13

CAL.JIC 8.10 ... . ....... ..... ..
.. .. ....

.. ... ... . 1.3
CALJIC 8.11 .... .... ... . ... ...
.. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .1.3
CALJIC 8.20 . .. . .... ...... . . . ..
. .. .... ~ . . .. ... .1~;~;~L~IlC ~ .30 .... . o ... ..... . . .. ..
~ ... . .. .... ... . 1.5
CAL.JIC 8.55 ........ . ... .. ... ...
. . ... . . ~ ,. .. . .i6
CAI,JIC 8.65 ....... .... .... .. ..
. .. . ....... ... . . ~_6
CALJI_C 8.70 .... ... ~ .. . .... ..
.. ... . . ... ........15
~~L~IC ~~ .i1 .. ..... .. . .... .. . ..
... . .. ..... ... ..16
CAI_,JIC 3.01 ....... . ...... .. ....
.. . . ... . . . . ... .1i
C ALJIC 3.02 . . .... . ... .... .... . .
.. . . . . . . . . . .. . .1%
CAL,JTC 3.03 .. ...... . . .. .. ......
.. . .... ...... . .18
CALJIC 3.31 .. . .... . .... .. ... ....
. .... .... ... . .1.~
CALJIC 2.02 . . .... . . ..... . ...
.. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .18
CALJT_C 6.]_0 .. .... . .... ... ... ...
. . ...... . .. ... .1.9
CALJIC 6.12 .. .... ..... ... .. . a .
... .. . ... . . . . . ..:%0
CALJIC 6.13 . .. . .. . . . . . ... .... .
. .. . . . . . . . . ... . .21.
CALJIC G 14 ... . .. . ... .... . ....
. .. .. . . . . . .. . .. .21
i~IE?~90RANDUM 0~' POIi.~1TS AND AUTH
ORITIES . . . . .. . . . . .. . .?_2

1
.

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 23 of 146 Page ID #:23

TA13LL_ OF CO[~T7,TN'1'S

T.

(CONY .

'AGL
1
~'~ PE'lITTON P'OR tidRI1' OF HABEAS
CORPUS IS THE
APPI~OPRIATI~ VEIIICLL TO PUP,
SllE AND OBTAIN
JUDICIAL PLLIEI' FOR THE I'ETITIO
NEI: .. .. . .. .....22
~.
B.

P~TITIONLR'S COI~~~~ICTION ...
... .. .. ... . ... ..22
PETT_TIOiv~R'S SENTENCE ... ...
.. . . ... . ... . . ..24

II. THIS PETITIONER'S WRIT
OF HAB~!~S CORPUS
1S i10T FILED AS UNTIMELY ...
. ... . . . . . . .... . . ...25
~_I I . "SEC0I.VD —DEGR,~ T~LONY `iU
RDER"
— COMi~10N
TPW OP. IVOT
— IS "VAGUE"; THE STATUT
E
VIOLATES STATE AND FEDERAL
CO`~STITiITION
(U.S. CUNTS. V AP~tENDl. ; CAL
. ART. I,
5
7) ... ... ... ... .. . ... ......
... . . .. ... . .. .. .. ...28
"
~

iIi}'.
-

JVUlV1t1L

ni~1UF(Y

VL'

'E1tSJ1Kf=.C~1L

VL'S5
~~IHICH
IS TII~ NATURAL EQUIVALEN
T 10
"
~~AGU~NLSS" .............. .
....... .. .. .. ...28

(1) ON A LEVET OF' I'ED~RALIS~I
.. . .. .... .. ... 28
(2) ST~T?~ OI' CALIFORNIA ....
. ...... .. . ... ..36
(3) JOHNSON v. UNITTD STATES
.. . ... . . . .... .40
B.

ITS ORIGINS OF CALIFOR\IA'S
SECOND—
D~'UREE FELONY MURDER RULE; ..
... . .. .. . ... . e . ~i 8
(]_) THE
FRANIE[~~ORK
OF
C~1LIF~ORN IA _PENAL
CODE SECTION ]_87-189 . . .. ...
. . ... ... .. .4~u
(2) THE
DOCTRINT
OT
"IT~~I~RFNT_LY
DANGEROUS I'ELO~Y" .. . . . ..
... . t , _ , = _ :...53

C.

SECO?~D—D~GPEE I'ELONY MUR
DER. MUST BE
STRI=KEt~? DOWN
— "VOID FOR J~~GUENESS" -IT VIOLATES T~iI; FIFTH AID
I
{OliRTELNTH
AMEI~TDME\STS
0~
THE
Uiv IT~D
STATES
CONSTITUTION
BL;CAUS~
IT
FAILTD TO
PP.OVIDE "FAIP~ NOTICE" TO
THE O~DI~AR~'
P}:~P.SO~` OF 'Ti~E PROHI~IT~D CRIt~
IL~ , AND IT
INVITES "ARBITRARY" AND "DI
SCRITIT_NATORY
ENI'ORCE?~1~NT FOR T~HICH CRIi
~~L IT INTENT
l0 PUNISH . ... .. .. . . .. . ...
... .. . . . . . . .. ... .32
(1) THE APPLICABILITY OF `I'H~
"VAGliEN~SS
A NALYSIS
T_0 THL "FELONY i~1URDTR
~IJLI?"
P
. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . ..... . . . .
. .. ... .X32
(?_) APPROP.CE-IING 'TO T_HE "ACTUA
L FACTS" ... ..96
ii —

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 24 of 146 Page ID #:24

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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 28 of 146 Page ID #:28
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 29 of 146 Page ID #:29

TABLE OF' AliTI~ORITIES

(CONY .)
PAGE

272 . .... .... .. .. . . . . . . .... . . . . . ... . . . . .36
286 ... . . .... .. .. .. . . . . ... . . .. . .........49
286 ...... ... .... . . .... .... . .. . . . .. . . ...49
288 ......... . . . . ... ... . .... . . . . .... . ...49
288, subd. (a) . . . . ... ..... . .. . . ...... . .49
289 . ... ..... . . ... . ... ... .. . ... .. ... ....49
347 .... ..... .... ... .. . ... .. . . ... ... . ...60
647 . . . . ...... ... .. . . . ... .. . . . . .. ... . ...38
654 .... ...... . . .. . .... .... . . ....... ... . .5
1473 . .. ........... ......... . . ...1, 16, 17
1475 . . . ...... . . ... ... . . . .. . . .. .... . ... .17
1 2022, subd. (a). . ......... . .. .1, 4, 5, 17
1 2022.5, subd. Vi a) ........ . ...1, 4, 5, 17
1 2022.53, subd. (e) . ...... .. . .1, ~E , 5, 17
V echile Code
2800 ... ........ ...... . . . ... . . ... .. .72, 73
2800.1 ... ..... . .. . ...... .. . ... .....72,
73
2800.2 ... . .... . . . ....... .. . . . .... . .72,
.
73
2810 ... ... ..... . .... ... ... . .. . .....72,
%3
U nited States
U nited State Code

18 U.S.C.

924, suhd. (e) (2) (B) .. . . ... ... .. .89

92
~~-) ... . . . ..... . .89, 92
924, subd. (e) (2) (B) (ii_) .. ...89, 92,93
92!+ . ... ....... . ....... .. . . . . ... . .. ... .103
924, subd. C2) ~B~

- V111-

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 30 of 146 Page ID #:30

STATI~?~1ENT OF THE CAST
O n December 13, :L98S, the
Distr_icL Attorney for
the County of Los ~~gcics
tiled ate Il~forr»a~ion, chargi
ng
L uis l~rnteria, the Petitione
r, of second-degree felot~}~
m urder (Ca1. Pena]_ Code 5
187(a)): sp~citically for
the
m urder of Andy Velasquez. It
further charged Pei~itioner
w iti~ orle count of conspi
racy-to-comi~~,it murder (Ca1.
ier~~~1 Cody 55 18?_(1) ; ].87(a
)) with an alle~a~ion lat
er
found to b~ true.; that is,
during leis participation,
h~ Baas ~~ith L le pri~~c~.pal
~~;ho was arn~~ed ~4ith a firear
m
(r ~
~
~ ~,.~,_ ,c ,fn-~-,i_~i, ~~
i
i
1~
)
rI'he jury found Petitioner
Rente~-ia guilty of
secorlcl-degree felony murder
, during ~.~~hich h~ co~l~mil~ted
th~~ u~zla`~.fu1 !cillin~ of Ai
d}% Vc-lasquez ~tihile in the
c or~lrnissi_on oz shooLinc at
an occupied motor vehicl
e.
(Cal . ~'en~l Code 5; 18%(x) ;
2~;6.) Tt found true that
(1) Petitionrr enga;c1 i_n a
conspiracy-to-co~nillit mur
der
and. (?) being ~;~ith the pri
ncipal armed ~~~ith a fiL~arm
~ l~al

1~`ilai

~,Oue

\'S

I ZSL=
_1 i

1

J(JJ'~~~~\i%~

\C,.1

~(~.

!~!E-'

2~6 .)
The sentencing court - Jud
ge G7i11iai~1 I~. ~~,inston sentenced Petitioner to the
tollo~ein~: Lor the underl
ying
offense, that is, second-de
gree felony minder 7.5-yea
s
to lire ~~~ith an additional
consecutive 1-year terra for
being ~ai_th the p~_incipal
armed ~ai_th the firearm (Cal.
1
.. The "Cler_l: Tra~zscri_pts"
~•,i11 bE~ herein referred
t0 as ~ , C.L. ~ ~

- 1 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 31 of 146 Page ID #:31

Penal_ Code 5 120220(a)(1)). (C.
T. p~. i61-262.) 1'he
sentence imposed on Petiti
oner resulted to a nee tot
al
of 16-years to life ~•:ith the
possibility of parole.
ST ATTI~I~NT OF PACTS
THE PROSECUTION'S CASE
A nd; Velasquez Baas talki_n~ to
several people,
including some members of the
"Pee [, ee" gang in
1
d Liveway near the corner of
25 th and Petroleum in
~Jhitter, , hen a sma11_ r_ed
:
Hyundai and n white 'Toyota
picl --up trucl: drove up and beg
an shoo t.ing . (P . T .2 pp .
~
154-170.) Petitioner Baas the
one ~~~ho drove the r_ed
H yundai. (R.T. p. 375.) Vel
asquez Baas killed Lrom a
~unsllot to the chest. (R.'1. pp.
13~-141.j .and ~omeonG
it1 Ll:e car and/or trucl: sho
uted "f~~ilmas" around the
time of shootir~Q . (R.T. 1.5~
-161.)
O n ~~pt2mber ]_ , 198b , Leonel
Lopez 'read done to
`~:~be1's Body Shop," ~ti~here Peti
tioner_ <<~o~-lced, and had
a con~~rsation ~~Jith Petiti
oner and hip ir_- i~~nd: "i~o-N
eck."
(R.T. pp. 352--353.) Durinc
that con5~ravtion, Lopez ~~;~s
to]_d that Petitioner, "No-2~
eck," at~d others had dri~~en
L o Harbor City in Pe~itioner's
red ~iyundai, f~l_1o~~~d Ley
a ~,-hiL~ true, to do a "payback" and that they shot
someone in a parking 1vt. (R.
T. p. 35~.)
P etitionei:'s cousin, Ed~:;ard
,
Del~~di.]_Lo (also 1:no~.,~l~
as "D~do"~ ;~-as killed in a
gang shooting on the day of.
V elasq~ez's death. (R.'1, . pp_
;74-332.) tetitioner sto
pped
2. The "Reporter Transcrip
ts" ~ai11_ be herein referr
ed
t o ~s "1? .T."

- 2 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 32 of 146 Page ID #:32

leis ror~:~er ~irl1_ri~r~d, Dolores Iivine,
on her ~aay ho,ri~
fi=om ~, ork - he t:=~s very upset abou
:
t his cousin's death
and said that

he hal heard that Lhe Har~or_ City
gang

m a~,~ have done the killing. (R .T. pp.
372-375.)
Fe Litioner also told her that he atld
his friends ~oere
;
oink Co HaLt~or. Cit}% to shoot up the '~Ha
rLor City"3/
(R.T, p~~. 375--378.)
P etii;ione.r ~~;-as iutervie~~~ed by Dete
ctive Joseph
o f i=e.r iris arrest. Dui=ink that intervie
w, Petitio»er
denied si~oocing Vc7_asqucz and deni
ed being present
G,~1ien !1e ~, as killed . retitioner told
;
Joseph that he
h ad driven i~o I-Iarbo~ City ,with "R~o
-~ec1c," ~but that he
4
i-~ad changed his mind after he got
there and left. He
t urtheL st.aL~_d tha1~ "1do-Neck" had driv
en l~iim in 1~iis
c~_r end had not '~eei~ in~rol-v~d its the
shoo L' ii~g oz
`~%~i.a~~qu~z .

, witness to events surrounding the
a
shooting,
rreddie Soto, to'lci police that he had
seen a white
T oyota pickup carrying three "^I~xic~
ns" at the scene
o f the sllootin7: t~~a~ lie i~ad chased
the truck in his
c ~~- and that ihos~ in tl.~c trucl~ tool
: several snots at
Soto. ~l:.T. pp• 5~~-57U.) Soto also
told

Lhem that ~-;hen lie first

3.
l.t shoul_d lie 1cno~an th~L "randy ~'elasquez,"
the
~
:~ar~ ~.~~ho ~a~s shot anti killed, was part
ol: ~i~vary gang
II
L1. CZ 1_~Q Z.

4.

\~l Ly

Agustine Rosas' a~onikel- is '~"No-Ncck.
"

-

~,

J

-

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 33 of 146 Page ID #:33
sUw tl-l~ i.iucl;, it Baas fo1
lo~,rind ~ i=ed Hyunda
i ;~~ith Lour
m en in it and Lhat the
Hyundai had made a U-t
urn to
f ollow tl-~e truck. (R.T
. pp. 563-570.) Ton
y Velasquez,
the victim's ;irliriend
wt~o t.cas also a c~,itn
ess too the
shooting, told the police
that the victim lead
been hit
b y shots fro~~ a c,%bite
ttucl:. (P,.'1'. 572.)
A ugustine Rosas, "No
-Neck,' testified tha
t,
af_t~r the murder of d~~
p~l_lant's cousin and
another man
L eputcdly by a Harbor
City gang, he celled
a number of
his t~_iends and ~~rent to
PcLitioner's business
for the.
D Ur~OSt~

of

c~roa_ni ~,i no

a

"r~av-l~~,rLr
i

~

-_...~

~~

~n .'T'.
i

t,r'

~ =i t "
V
=

649.) Yeti_tio~~er did not
want to go, but "No -ne
ck"
convinced 'nirn to c10 so.
(R.T. pp. 650-655.)
"~Io-Neck`s dro~~ e over to
Harbor Cii.y in a ~,~hit
e
Toyota mini truck with
t~ao other guys in the
truck,
e ac.}.7 r~rr;~ii~g a dun . ~R
. T. pp . 6~5-656.) •• No
-Neck'•
i~o1d Petitioner to lea
d Lh~ drive to Har
bor City in
his rec"t ~-Iyundai becaus
e rye was afraid that
Petitioner
~•~ou1d "back out" it P~Llt1011
~r i- nl_lo;a~~
. (R.1'. pp.
658-65°.)
P
.fter searching the Har
bor City area in ord
er to
1_ocate Lhe va11 that yeas
reportedJ_y invo7_ved
in the
previous ~~~urders, Petii.
ioner turned his car
around and
told "No-'?eck" that
he ~~~as a~:raid becaus
e so many
people ~ae~e ~iround and
that he etas going to
go back; hoiz~e.
( T. pp. 659-~65.)
I;.

- 4 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 34 of 146 Page ID #:34

Petitione.~ then Corned Nori
~h on Petroleum «nd lei
t
area. R.T. p. 667-66~.)
~ ~NO - ~~C'CiC~ ~

1>>~7S

~01T1~

t0

f011O~v

P~t.1t]_OT12L' 011~

OL

L he area ~,~hen lie spotted
t~~hat he believed to be
thc.
v an involved in the ear
lier murde~_s and turned
South
o n Petro]_un to o11o;~~ the
van. (R .T. p. 669.) j~Jh
en "NoN ec~" was in the middle of
the block on Petr- oleurn
near
2
_~~th Streei., someol~e slot
at the truck and all of
t hose in "\ -Neck.
10
's" truck shot at the
people in the
s treet and in a parking
iot there, hitting one
man -

~ L

.,

~

,

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 35 of 146 Page ID #:35

STATLI~i; c~T Oc' ~1PPEA LAI3ILI`TY
a ftez_ tried at~d cony-icted, and i:iling
a Limcly
n otice of appeal (C.l. p. 240) ; court
appointed
a ppe]_]_ate ccut~se)_

i_led an Appellant Openin~ Brief

(
"A.O.P.") to ~hc C~ur_ i: of Appel, Seco
nd appcl_late
D ish=i_cL, Division Se~;ren. (Case no. B056
051.) Tl~c
b rief ~~~as submitted on October 21, 1991
.
O n diiec~ appeal, appe]_late counsel
raised tour
cla -i rs : (1) ar~~ erroneous jury instruct
ion, C~~LJIC 2.04;
(2) ~r~oLher jury ~.nstruction ptrt
ainin_ to C.-`7LJIC. 2.90;
;
(3) ~ trial court ' ~ a~us~: ~~f d; scretio<
i; a:~~~ ~4)
inudmiss~Lle evidence.
?Io~~aever, the Court of Appeal affirmed
the Petitioner`s
conv:~_ction ~,vith a reasoned opinion.
O n a last round of direct appeal, reta
ined
a t~orney ai i.a~~,~, D:~nis ~isher,pi-epared
and tiled
petition foi= review to the California Supr_
en~e Cot.~rt.
B uy tt~

high court rendered a "post-card"
denial

for that !natter: the petit,ion ~,~~s defa
u]_ted.
PROCT~EDIP~GS Ors STATE LvRIT OF HABIi~AS
CORPUS
O n Apri_1 2~, i_997, retained a_ttorney ~at
law, James
Lync~~_ , filed a state ~~ariL of habeas ot~
beh~li of
Ietition~r Lo the Superior Court
for the ~out~t~% of
Los a~~eles. Thc~ ~;~iiL was a "'f_irst
collateral attack,"
b ased on a 1ega1 constitutional c1~i
m of inefi~.ctiv
a ~sist~~zcc of trial counsel. The cour
t processed,
r cvie~aed ; al~d considered the ~~~rit but
denied it. (Case
n o . :~0~12~`~ .)

6 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 36 of 146 Page ID #:36

The matter ~,aas Lhen appealed in the Cour
t of
A ppeal, Second Appellate District,
Division seven.
Once agai_t~, i~ sumrna_rily denied it
on August 21, 1997.
(Cass no. 3114779.)
O n a last attc-mpt, Attorney Jame Lync
h tiled
a nother state ~~rrit e;~cept ~•:ith the same
]_egal claim io
L he Ca1if_orni~ Supreme Court.: it too
sum~la~r.
-i1y denied
1. i_ .

A7_mosL a year later, Petitioner file
d (pro per)
a nother ~~rrit of habeas corpus, addr.
essil~g un ineffective
assistance of both tr_ia1 and appe7_la
te counsel relevant
Lo his conviction, to the Superior
Court for the County
o f_ Los Anbeles. The court sumrr;aril
y d~ni~d it, thou~ll.
P etii.ioner then appea]_eci that matter (for
-the-second-timej to the Court of Appeal,
Second ~ppe11aL2
D i_stri_ct~ , Division Sc~~~en. (Case no
137.26994.) Ott November
13, 1998, it summarily denied it.
F or the seco~~d Lime, Petitiolier appea7.e
d the
]
_over court's decision (case no. F312699!
) ~o t~1e
Caliioi=i~ia Sup~_en~e Cou, t: the petition
~;as denied on
L
'ebruar_ y ]_7 , 1999 .
O n October 22, 2012, Petitioner ~~ i1ed
~ writ of
habeas corpus to the superior Court1_or the County of
Los Angeles. He challenged an issue
relative i~o a
B oard of Prole Ilcaring (BPH): due
process was violated.
Ho~~~ever, .1ud~e j~~il]_iam C. R~~an denied
the tivriL i_n its
en1 ii~ety . (Case loo . BH0~~896 .)
_ ~

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 37 of 146 Page ID #:37

Petitioner, nF:L, appealed t~~e matte
r_ in vile
C ou:rL of ~~ppeal, Second _~ppellatc
District, Di~~~isiot~
S cveri . (,C~se no . B2~E7197 .) I'l~e petii
~ion ~~~as st~rnm~rily
d enied on `larch 03, 2013.
P eCii~ioner submitted another petition
relevant
C o the P~oard of_ Parole Hearill~ (n.P.H.)
, a11eg~_ng a
~ ~C~ll~-

I~LOC~'~S

~i101cit1011 ~ ~ ~

011

VOV~C[1~JcL

~3 ~

~~1~

~~,aS~'

r~o . ]3H008828.) Abair, Jude William
C. Ryan denied

tree

~aLit.
S o Pei.itioner appealed the issue in
the Court
(
1t

ATITIp `~ ~

~~r np;l

/\r, T. ,.l ~ ~ iy.

ii

1 ~-~

;)~. '~

i,~

~

U~`v Cii.

I t denied the petition on January
2, 201.~E . (Case no.
~~o . B253!'i~5 .)
airit of habeas corpus was thin file
d ro the
Caliorl~ia SupLeme

Court: ll enied it ~~ithout a doubt

on L ebru=~.ry of 2015. (Cage no . S>2L914,
.)
Fina11~~ , on July 23, 201 , Petitioner
~~nt a:~ot~ier
~vri_t of habeas corpus, r~~ising a ment
al incompetency claim
ll Il CI i' 1"

t ~1 c~

l_1 Ill_}~j 1_ P ~ ~ a_

nt

i i~ ~ f f ~ v i- Z' o
~~~

~ ~ ~~i~~ r ~
~uiiGc

c
V1

~

~ L.

VU LLL

trial ~n~i appellate counsel. The peti
tion ~~a,5 ulti_rna~ely
clenie.d.
Pc ti Lioner of teitaards sent al~otlle~<<,ri t o1 tlaY_~eas
cor-Pus - a_ppealit~g the su~~erior cour
t's denial - Co the_
C ourt of Appe~1, Second ~appellat~
Court, Division seven.
(Ca_se no. B266b40.) Z'he ~a - iL, no less
r
, . ~;~~s denied oi~
5ept~rnb~r 16, 2015.
lherc~i per, Petitioner sent tl~_e same
~,irit l;o i~l~e
highest court: that is, the C~:Lifocnia
~upr_eme Court and

.
~J

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 38 of 146 Page ID #:38
denied -~_t. November 18,2016,Case.rS229920
.

I ~ ~itiol~er LUIS RENTERIA is
'
so un1a;~;fu11_y
incarccra'i.cd and confined jai
Lhin tine coni~rol , and Lhe
a bsolute cor,~snand. of [Darden Deb
bie Asuncion: the sole
principal u{ she California Sta
te Prison -Los Anoelcs
C ount~~ ("CS~P-lAC"). His con
finement is, no less, based
to prct~oui~ced juddemcnt of
J~_idge [ai11i_am H. l,~inston fro
m
t~-~e i,os A~~ e1e5 County Superi
or Court, the "Long Beach
Couct," in Departmen~ no. S0.
D, Long Beach, California.
(Gorse no. X1041259.)
this petition (in ~ahicll is bei
ng prepared and
s ubi~~itteci) is predicated fro~r
~ the final judgcrn~nt
f o11o~4i~~g n trial ley jury,
finding Peti.ti~ner Rentcria
g ui_1ty of second-d.eoiee felony
murder (Ca1. ~ena1 Code
5 "187(a)) , co~~spir~cy i~o comm
i.t murder (C~l. Pena1 Code
5 ]_82.1), and an allegation
found to be true: being
~~:itl~ t'«e principal armed with
a firearm. (C.T. pp. 25!E256.) It chai_]_en~es (unequivo
cally) Petitioner's
conviction of second degree mur
der. This state writ oL
habeas corpus i~ au~horized
pursuant to Ca]_ifornia Pen
al
Code section 1473.
JUR T_SDI CTIOI`
This petition (In r_e Renteria)
is being filed to
this Curt ~ur_suant to its ori
ginal ha'deas corpus
j ui:i~diction -(Cal. Gonst. , art
. VI, 5 10, Cal. Petal
Code S~; 1_'73, 14 5.)
P eti_Lion~r Rer~l~eria fundan~~
2nta1]_y contends that
- 9 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 39 of 146 Page ID #:39
his conviction and sentEnce
(al7_-together) must b~
set-a side, so bcc~use the
statute o~ second-degre
e felony
m urder is invalid—~~~oreoG~~
er, the statute in aid
of it~~~1f_
s tands to be "~Toid-fol-~vaoueness." (See. Johnso
n. tini_trci
S tates, (2015 576 li .S.__;
Kolender v. Lac,~son, (19
53)
461 U.S. 352, 357-35~.) It
is "under

crimitlal ]_~~o
so vague that it fails to
bive or_dinar_y people fai
r
~~oLice of tl~e conduct it
punishes,
so standard7_ess
that it invites arbitrary
entorcer<<ent.'~ (Id.) T'l~e
language, inl~ei_~nt1y dan
geLous to human-1ite,
vi seconddebree Lelon, murder fa1
1s poi th; ,~ r~~~~ ~;,,_e LuuL~.
c of
f~
vagueness. ~~
O n ~not.her matter, in 1iQ
ht of Pec~p]_e ~~ . }3~nks ,
X 2015) 01 Cal. 4th 788, Pet
itioner's con~~iction can
?Zot
s tand if there was no evi
dence indicating as a
"major
parl~icipant." Or, in the
a.ltern~tive, and ror a L~i
~ter
clarity, if t!~e evidence
stlows naught i~l~at the ~ ~
person, not L1ie actual
1ci11er, who,
as a maio~.
participant," aids and abe
ts, the accused cannot
be
convicted_ of such crime.
(Td., at p. 798.) `I'her
ef_ore,
Petitioners sentence is
nonetheless "unauLl~~orized
," as
h is underlyi_nQ offense is
invalid.
I t tol_1o~~s < Ca.lito~_ilia Pen
al Code section 1!+73
allo~os
this CouLC Lo act as req
uired in the i_nLerest
of jusLic
i n p~rtict~lar cases . lE~i
e Califo~~nia Code of
Civil
P rocedure, 5 1~7, provid
es: ".
~W]hen jurisdiction
is, by ConStitui:i_on or thi
s Code, or_ by ~l~y oth
er statute,
conferred. An a Court or
judicial orfic'er,
all the means
- 10 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 40 of 146 Page ID #:40

C1F'_C~SSctr~~

LO

C31"L'~~

It

11110

2ffEC~

the e~~rcise, foL instance,
'~
"of_

c1LG~ ~

~ ~~1_VZlI~ ~

~ ~ ~ I~I1

this jui- indiction, iI

the course of n~_oceedin` be
trot specifically pointed
out by this Code or

statute, any suitable process

o r. mode of proceeding may be
adopted" - "which fever]
m ay appear most comfortable to
Lhe 5pir:it of tl~li.s Code."
(C~l. Code of Civil Pr_oc~du
re, 5 187.)
Pl?TITIONER' S CONTENTIOi~ S
1) Petitioner's. conviction, tog
ether with leis
s ~nrence, must be set -aside;
ror his col~victed charge
o r second-degree felony murder
is vague, it ou~h~ to
b e void for vagueness.
2) Petitioner's sentence., il~
]_i~ht of Peov]_e zr. B,3nk ,
is "authorized'. There tiaas no
evidence indicaiino that
~ ctit:ioner_ was a. "'major partic
ipant."
PR%1EI?. ~~ 0~ RELi_~F
WHEP,EFOR~, Petitioner LUIS RENT
_~RIA prays t~
;his Court as follows:
1
(1) That this CouLt "ordei to
show cause" to the
A ttorney Geneial as to why Pet
itioner should not oi~tain
reliet;
(2) `Th~~t this Court ~et~-aside
Petitioner's Vi a)
conviction ai ~d (u) hip sent-n
,
ce of 16-years to life in
the cotii-se of ~n evident=iary
hearing;
(3) 'I'haC Lhis Court reduces
Petitio~.zer's con~~i_ctior,
to ~~

u

r_
1_essor-included-o~fcl~s~~, ~ i

Lhat is to

ii _

Lnvol~.il~tarj~

z~al~slau~l ~ter~ ~ ; ~\D
i
,
~ !~~~

Ti~at this Coui:t order_ PetiLi
ot~er's ~_eleas~

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 41 of 146 Page ID #:41

immediately as he has seved 2~-years of incareration
in the California Department of Correction and Rehabilitation
(
"CDCR).
Dated this-- -

~- ~ 2

of

~1

,2016

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 42 of 146 Page ID #:42
JUDY IIVSTRUCT7=0N S
P e tiLiot~~r <<~rites, l01
the most part, her
ein Lhe
j ury insLruction(s) as
verbatim.
CALJIC 8.10
[P~LiLioner] is acc
used in Count 2 of
the
information of having
committed Lhe crime
of murder,
a violation of Penal
Gode Section 1b7.
~ver_y person taho unl
~iafully kills a hum
an being
w ith malice afo~- th
ought i.s ~ui1t;~ of
the crime or
r~urd~r_ i~~ violation
of ~ecLion 187 of th~
~ Pen 21 Code.
Tn

Q'~"C3~;' !_^

~~.,,c

:~liCi1

CL:t~[i~~

e~ic~il

UL

L'1'le

f olloc~ing elem~n~s mus
t be proved:
1 . A humal~ being ~~:a5 1~i
1]_ed.
2. Tt~~ killing Baas un
lawful, ~_nd
3. The killit~q ~.~as dope
with mal_ic~ atoret
houbht.
(C.i. n. X11.)
A ~;illing is ul~l~wful
, if it Baas neithe
r
justif_ia.ble nor excusa
b]_e. (C.I'. p. 212.
)
CALJ IC 8.1..1..
"
?Malice" may be ci_the
- expree or inplie
r
d_
~~lalice is express teh~t~
there is manifested
an
it~t~l~ lion unla~aLully to
k:i11_ a huma~~ being .
~Iaiice is implied ~ahct~
:
1 . The killing resulted
Lrom are it~t~et~tion
al acL,
2 . 'I'l~e l~atural. conseq
uences of the pct ir
e
dangerous t~ human life
, and
3. The act ~•~as delib~ r
- ately performed
with
k no~aledde of the dan
gei: to, and ~ai.tr~
col~scious dis~~_edard
- J.3

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 43 of 146 Page ID #:43
for 17urn~n life .
[ en it is sho~:
~1h
,n that a killit~~
resulted ~Lun-~
Lhz it~tenL'ional doing
of ate act Faith ex
press or_ i~~nplicd
nl~lice, no oth,~r me
ntal state ~~eed lie
shoian Lo
e stiablish the mental
state of malice ai
orethou~ht
d oes not Necessarily
require any ill •,i
ll or_ hatred ~f
the person killed.
1
'he ~.,tord "ai~oreLhoua
ht" does loot impl
y delibe~~tion
o r the lapse of co
nsiderable tine. It
only means Lha1~
Ll~e re~ui_red mental
sate must prec
ede lather i~han
f ollow the act. (C.T,
p. x.13.1
~ALJIC 3.20
~`~11_ mui r ~al~i_ch i_s
-de
perpetiatecl Ly ~u~y
1~i11d
o f ~.;i]_ I_f=ull, delibe
rai~~ and pren;edi
te~ L:ill_ng ~~:ith
e xpress malice afor
ethought is murder
o~ the first
c ~ree .
l;~
T hy ~;~o~rd ~ ~~vil.7_

~,a~.11s ~1~L~~~~zo~1~i.
1 x12

~JO1~Cl

_ill," as used in
this instruction,

{ ~Cj~ll L7G1"3t2~ ~

T11P_~Tl

t~JrmoC~

Oi'

a~ilvc_Cl 3C

or determined tlpol~ as
a result of caLe
ful though': and
~~~ei~liil~g o~ c~nsidei
ations for anc~ ag
ainst t1~1~ proposed
course of action. Th
y word "premeditate
s]" means
considered beioreh~t~
d.
I i you find ghat th
e kill7_ng was nr.
eceded and
acco<<~pan led by a cl
ear , deliberate
ii,tent on the pert
of the c~etendant Lo
ki11, which ~vus
the result ~r
d e].i, ratior~ and pr
~~c
emeditation, ~o tr~
a~ it musi have
been forr~e~l upon pry=.exi stingy r_
ei=legion end 11ut
- L4 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 44 of 146 Page ID #:44

under a sudden heat o~ passio
n or other condition
~recludin~ Lhe idea of deli
lierati.on, it i~ rnurcler oL
the first degree.
1
'he 1a~.a does not u~nderLake to
measure in units
o L time the 1en~th of the pei
iod during ~~, hich the
,
thought must b~ pondered bef
ore iL can ripen into an
intent to bill which is truly
cl~]_iber~te and T~rem~dit~L
- ~d.
7
:'he time ~vi11 vary ~~ith diL
ie~.ent individual and
u nder varying circumstances.
The true test is not she duca
l.ion of time, buL
rather t1-ie extent of t_he ref
lection. A cold, calculated
judgement and decision may be
aLrived at in a short
p eriod of time, lout a mere
unconsidered and rash impuls
e,
e~,r~n though it include an inte
r:t. 1~o kill_ , is not suci~
deliLer_ation and premeditaticl~
~s tae1.L fig ~!t~ un1aG:~iu1
1 i11ing as murder of the fir
:
st degree.
'
1'o constitute a deliberate a~~cl
pre~~n~aitated killin;~,
Lhe slayer must weigh and con
sider the question of
killing and. the reasons for
and a.~~inst such a choice
a nd, having ic1 mind the consec
~uenc~s, h_e decides t.o
and does ki11.
CALJIC 8.30
`
Iurdez- of the second degree is
also

the un1a~~ fu1

killing oL a human bei_n~ ~oit
h malice a orethou~ht ~v11et~
there is manifested ali ini~nt
ion unla~atully to 1ci11 a
1~uman being lout the evidence
is zi~surficienL tc~ establ
ish
deliberation and premeditatio
n.

15 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 45 of 146 Page ID #:45

cn1_.7Tc 8__5,
T o constitute murder the
re must be, in ~dc~i.tio
n
~ o Lhe ciea.tli of . a human
being, an unla~~,fu1 act
1~-Mich
~~,as a proxirnai.e cause
of that depth.
A proximate cause of a
death is a cause ~.chicl~
, in
» aL ul_a1 and continuous
sequences, produces the
death,
a nd ~airt7out ~ehich the
death would not have
occurred.

c~~L.~Tc s . r~5
Tdhere

one. attempts to ki11 d
certain person, but
L y mist~l~e o.. inadverte
ilcc ki11s a different
person,
I.`. ~i ~,.,;~ , ~i ar~y , ~o cu~,
iini ~ i:eci is the same as
t't~ou~h
t he person originally%
intented to be killed
, had been
l~:il]_ed. (C.T. p. 219.)
CALJIC x.70
' der_ is classified
Mur
~_nto t~~o degrees, and
if
y ou sElcuid find the deiend
ar~t guilty of rnur_de~- ,
you
m ust deter~~iine at~d sta
te- in your verdict= whe
ther ~,~ou
f ind Lhe murder to be
of the first or secot;
d degree.
(C.T
n_ 219.1
~ CALJIC 8.71
If you are convinced bey
ond a reasonable dou
Ut
that the c~_ine of muzder
has Lcel~ con~ni'tted by
d efendant, but you have
a reasonably doubt ~,a~i
etl-~e~ such
m urder was of the first
or of 'the second degree
, ;you
m ust give def endant. the
benefit of ghat dou
bt and returl~
~l

~~LC1C~

i:7_Xlll{

Lt"12 [11ULC~~L' ZS

(C. T. p. ~?_0.)

- 16 -

Of

~i1E

S~C.GI1C~

d2~rE~.

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 46 of 146 Page ID #:46
conl~emplated crime.

C.T. pp.1g9-190.)

C~iLJT_C ~ .03
O ne ~~:ho had aided and
abeL'ted the commissi
on of
a crime may end ~Zis
r_esponsibil.ii:y for Lhe
cr_i<<ie by
n otifying the other par
ty or parties of ~~.h
on he
has lcno~ale~i~e of Isis
intention to ~~~i~hd~a~a
tr_om the
co~missi~~n of the crim
e and oy doing ever
ything in
his po;a~r 1,o prevcl-~t
its commissiotl. C.T.
p. 191.)
CAL~IC 3.31
I n each of the crimes
charged in Counts 1
and
2

Of

~~1~

lil~OLllla~lOLl ,

theLe muss e:cis~

l~c`1f11~1V

fl~'cL-:1~^-0_
-%=-

rniirnr~~ ~
-

union or joint oper
ation of uct

or conduct and a certai
n specific intent
in the mind
o F t'ne perp~ Lrator . iJn
]_ess sti-~ h specsf is
intent exists
t he crime to which i L
relates is not co~~~m
itted .
t he sp_~~li~~c intent
required is included
i.n
the de~in-~Lioi;s of_ ti~~
crimes o - a7_leg~tion
r
charged.
T he crime of first de~
,ree m~_irder requires
she
sneciric intent t~ ~:i]_l
.
A rcs the crime of cons
piracy ieq~~ires tl~e
specific
int~n~ Co agree end ~o
commit n~uLder. (C.'L~ .
p. 193.)
CE1L,~I? Q7
C ;
'
The specific in Cent or
mental stag with ~a~
~ich
alp pct is dons may b~
shown by the circum
stances
~ ur~Lo~lridin~ the commissic
~l~ of the act. But
✓ou nay
i~ot find the ~le~endai~t
~ui]_ty of the o~te
nses charged
i~.~ Counts 1 and "? , Lmle
ss t~~~e. proved cric
umstances
- 18 ..

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 47 of 146 Page ID #:47
CALJIC 3.0:1_
. person aids and abets tl~c
1
commission of a
crime ~.:~hen he or she,
(J.j ~~-ith kno~•:ledge of. the
unla~•,~fu]_ purpose
of the perpeL~ aLor end
(2) ~,aith 1;i~e intent of puL
pose of co~~~mitting,
encoura in~, or facilitat
ing the commission of tl~e
cr_im~, by a.c~ or advice aids,
promotes, encourages
or ins L mates i:he commis
sion of the crir~~e .
A pei so~~ ;~~l~~o aids ~~,nd abe
ts the co<<mi scion
Ot

c`1

Ci=lfR` I1P_F''~

i10t

~2 DC'T'SC)t~a~~~~

T~L"CScii~

a.~

L'[lE

scene oL the c~=ime.
?Mere presence at the sce
ne of a crime s~,~hi.c.h
d oes not iLsetf assist the
commission of the
crime does z~o'~_ an':ount to aid
ing end a~ei.ting.
; -r~~~: knowleci~e that a cri
~le
me i_s beitlg co~~l;n~ittec~.
a
.nd the fai]_ure Lo prc~~ent it
does not amount to
aidi~ig and abetLinb.
C ALJIC 3.G2
O ne ;, 1-io aids end ab is is
,
not only ~uil_ty vi
L he particular crime Lhat to
his lcnowledge his
co~nLeraLes a_re co~nte~pl.ating
comi~,lit.tino, GuL he is
also 1-~ab1e ion- Lhe natural
end probable con5equerlce
s
of any criminal act that he
1:no;aind]_y end intentionall
y
ai.d~d and abeLi~ed. ~'ou mus
t determine ~~;hether the
defendant is guilty of Lh~
crime ori~:~i~~11y cot~te
mplatcd,
a nd, if so, ;:~1'~etl~cr the cli
me cha - ged in Count 2
r
yeas
~i natural ~l~d probable
consequence of such ori
ginally
- 17 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 48 of 146 Page ID #:48

~:r~ no1~ on1°,~ ~1) c.onsis~ent with the thoer.
y Li~at the
ctefc-ndat~t had the i_equired specific inten
t or
m ental state but (2) cannot be reonciled kith
airy
o tl~~er rational conclusion.
A lso, if Llle evidence as to any such speci
fic
intent or

mental state is susceptible o~ t~ao

r ~usonable interpretations, one of which
points to
t he e,:istenc~ of the specific intent or menia
l
s tate anal the oi.her_

to the absence of the specific

inl~2nt oY mental state, you must adopt the
in~erpretaLiot~
w hich points to tl~e absence of the speci
fic invent
o r mental stag . If,

on the other hand, one

~_nt~=r_pretation of i:he evidence as to such.
specific
intent oL mental state appears to you to
be reasonable
and the otheL inl~erpretation to be unr~~
so~~uble, you
~~~u~~ a.cc~~pt the reasonable interpretation
and reject
the unrca~onzble. Q .C.T. p. 194.)
C ALJiC 6.10
A conspiracy is an agreement eni~ered into
bet~,acen

roc, or more persol~s ~~:ith the specific inten
t

to a~re~ to coillmic the public offense of
murder and
~,~ith the

uri~her specific ini~et~t to cornmi.t such

offense, fo]_1o~~,ed by an overt act co~~~m
iLl~ed in this
s tate by orle or more of the parties for
the purpose
o f accomplishing the object of tl~e a~reei
~~ent. Conspiracy
is a criil~c .
I n order io Iind a defendant guilty ofi
consPir~cy,
i n addi~.ion to pr_ooi of the
unla~oiul ag~eemenL and
- 19 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 49 of 146 Page ID #:49

specific ir~,Ce~.~t, c112re mus
t be proof oi. the
con~missi_ol~
o r a least, one oi= i:11e
o~~ert acts ~l]_eged
in tl~c
i nf=oril~aLion. It is not
necessary to the guilt
of any particular d~iend
~nt: that d`Lend~nt
p ~r~on~]_1_y committed the
overt act, if he ~~.~as
one
oz th^ col~spir~toi_s ~,oh
en such an pct ~~~as com
mitted.
1
'l1e term "overt act" mea
ns any step taken
o r act cc;mn;itl~ed by one
or more of the cozlspira
tors
~~~hich goes beyond mere
planting or a~rcenent
t o ce<<!~ii_i~ a nL~U1ic of i
e<<se and which step
or
a rt
-

is

r~n~,~

y~;

~;;~ ~~„_~_;
iCc'_

GL

i,iie:

ctCLUIIf~J115C1~[12T1L

of the object, of the con
sPir_ zc}~ .
T o be ~n "over L ac L ; ~ ~
tl~le step taken or ac
t
c o:~~!~i -i i:t~d :iG~ d not , in
and i.t.seli , consi.ilute
tl~e crime or even an atL
emnt to commit the cri
me
cti-hick is i.~~4~_ ti1~~_naLe
object of tree conspirac
y.
N or is it require~~ gha
t such step or act,
in
a nd. of ii~self , be a crirai
~~a1 or an ui~la~~~lu1 pct
.
(C.T. lip. x_96--19~,)
CALJIC 6.17.
The formation and existence
of ~ conspiracy
m ay be inter=red ir_om a1]_ cir
cumstances tendinb to
s hop•, the co~~~lmon intent ~nc
l may b~ pioved in the
same •~,<~ay a.s arly other fac
t may be proved, either
b}'
d irect LcsLimonv of the
tact or by circumsta
ntial
e vidences. I'c is not nec
essary to show a meti
ng of the
a Ll_egcd co«spira~or.5 of
the i7akind of a.n expres
s or
t or~nal ~~r~ement..
C.T. p. 19~.)
- ~~ -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 50 of 146 Page ID #:50

CALJIC 6.13
Evidence that a person ~,aas
in tl~e cor~~pai~y of
o r_ associated with one or more
ocher persol~s al_lcged
oi: proved to have been memebe
rs of a conspiracy
is not, in itself= , suffi_cient
to prove that such
person taas a member. of the
alleged conspiracy
(C.T. p. 199.)
CALJIC 6.14
I t is not a deten~~ to the
crimes or col~sniracy
that an alleged conspirator
d~_d not ~no~a all Lhe
o ther conspirators. The adopti
on by a person of
the. cri_~z~inal design a.nd cri
minal intent en tertain~d
il~ corimon by otheLs and of
i.1~s object and. purposes
i_s ~.1]_ that is necessary to
male ghat person
co-conspirator toh~n the requir
ed elements of u
con spi -~ acy ire preser~ t .

- 21 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 51 of 146 Page ID #:51

~1~rioRaN~uM or pol~v~rs ~a~r~ ~UT
~o~T~rr_~~
I.

A PTTITLON FOR WRIT OF
~iA
APPROPRIATI, VL~HICLL~ TO BTAS CORPUS IS THE
PURSUE AND OBTAIN
JUDIC]_AL RLLIEI' I'OR THE
PTTITIOi~~R
A.

PETITIONER'S COP~VT_CTION

I~ven though the writ of
prohibition is used
i requentl}% L efore or_ aft
er trial to challenge
the
constitutionality of
statutes) and ordil~acc
anc~ to
test ~~~hei:her the accusa
tory pleading on its fac
e has
s tated a public offense,
a writ of habeas corpus
is
also she appropriate ave
nue - let alori~, the
appropriate
~ ~~cci}~ - Lo zultill either
oL~jective. (See In re Be;
~r~,
(1960 6o Ca1. 2d 137,
145; see also In _r e C~~
, (1970)
3 Cal. 3d 20~; In re A]_
l~n, (19 2) 59 Cal . 2d
J.)
B ut ~ti "objective" is
not the only excuse: f~;E
z~n
changes in case law exp
anding a defendant`s rig
hts ,
~ re gi~~en re~~ o~ctiv~ eff
~
ect, a person previousl
y
col~vicied :nay use a writ
of habeas corpus to obt
ain
o verall re]_ief. (See In
re Cortez ; (1971) 6 C~1
. 3~
~~ ~

iI1 i ~ ~Oiil1~U[l ~

`1 ~%lJ) 3 Ldl . .~C~

~F~~F

L L"C~trO~C~1.~I1_t~~

of ~L=ary ~~ United States
, (1969) 39~ li .S. 6,
b9 ~.
C t. 1532, _ L. Ed. 2d
__]; In i:~ ~1ont~omer~~
, (1970) 2
Cal. 3d 863 [r_elief_ udd
er B.sr_ber v. Pa4e, (190
8) 390
I .S. 719]; In -re Caffev
, (1968) 6~ Ca1. 2d 762
[applying
C ~].ifornia cases in int
erpreting decision in Gid
eon v.
G n~~~ri~ht, (1963) 372
+~i
U.S. 335]; Zn rc [.lall
~er, 0007)
1~+7 Cal . 4th 533 , 53~ [
in light of deg-elopment
s in ]_a~•~,
r easonable probability
e~;ists Lhat resu]_ts of
trial
`could ha~Te been differ
ent had expert iestir
~lony re,~~~rding
- 22 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 52 of 146 Page ID #:52

111L1R1u'~~

~c'1L~~11~L~

ii

L>%11~C2L"111

it

~13C~

~~~211

~~L~SP_110E'_Cl~~

I n re Gros, (1967) ?_'+3
Cal. 2d 315, 320 ~multipl_
e
p~csccucion bared] :, he11~t
v. ~u~erioi= :oust, (19
6)
63 Cal. Zd S2"l_.) Moreover,
the high court, In re `'[orse,
(1969) 70 Cal. 2d 702, held
that a petiti_o~~er ~~as
entitled to h~b~as corpus
relieL taken a post-convict
ion
d eci5i_on by the Ca]_iiornia
Supr_em~ Court - which had
leer made Leiore the petiti
oner's conviction but wl~ich
did no L initia.l_ly a
ect him. `There, the LourL
bunted
r ~lie 'because the peLiLi
oner could not reasonab.Ly
nave
a nticir;~~i_ed the ('„al i 1=n~„i ~ ~~.
~r'~~...~ ;:;~::~ ~' ~ u".~~~
(Id. , s_t 70 C~~1_. 2d 704;
~on]e ~,~. StaL~.~aorth, X1974)
11
Cal. 3d ~&~.)
__

V L
l

Hire, Petitioner Renteria
could nee t~a_ve expected
t ~;~o high court's decision.
One. ii.om the C~~]_itornia
~ U1~"L ~;~1~~

L:G'lt ~. ~

1n

\^;i"1101

t~l~

COLI_ t

1R

~ P_OD1F
p

V . _~~~7Ll~~S

~lElCi

i t there is ~~o evidence as
a "major participant"
for ali
accur~,p]_~_ce, the acc~.used can
not be convicted. and fLo
m
the second one is t iat tf:~e U ni t~~l St
a ~ o ~ ~„ reme ~~u -~~'_ L ~,
~,p
in Jol~nset~__~,=:
_Unated_~iaLes, held "ln]o
person ~ha11 . , .
b dcpri~-ed oL life, libert
y, or property, ~,~ith~u
t due
procr~s~ vi 1a TvV.'I t3 eLter sai
d, the "Govel-r:~ent viol_atcs
"
d ue proce~~~ of lava "by tak
ing ac~ay sor~ieon~'s life,
liberty,
or property :ender a crimii~.
~l 1a~v ~o vague. Lhai~ it fai
ls to
,i~~e ordinary people fair
~
notice o,`_ the conduct
it
»unishes, ... so standardless
that i_L ins-- ices arbitrar}.
e nforc.~inert. ~ ~ ~~Id. Pet~_tion
eL s convicted charge of_
- 23 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 53 of 146 Page ID #:53
secol~d-de~ie~~

elc~ily mu~dei i~tcrr
elat~s with J~hnso~~;
Ll1us, Pe tiLic~ne~_ meets
and exceeds Lhe i;llre
sl~old of
habeas corpus proceedin
gs.
B.

PETITIONER'S SENTENCL~

A ~iabeas corpus G~i11
order a court to revi~~
a the
validity of a sentence
~~hen the face of the
record
shows that it was impose
d in excess of the cou
rt's
jtirisdi_ction. (In re
EStrad~, (1960 63 Cal
. 2d J40,
750; In r~ ~i~v, (1.976}
62 Cal. 3d 552; In re
Huff_rna.11,
~ 19R6) 42 Cal. 3d 552.)
Even more, an unauthori
zed
, ~<<`,~ =_iii <, ~..~
;
~ ~.~ ~<
~k
~~
i~~i`ii`t ,~
uC,_vL
C

ct

Clv~_i1 L.
-

Ley

ail

IriCB-1l5

(People v. Cooks, (1997)
55 Cal. 4th 797, ~u 11)_
~nd
a r any tine (In_r.e HaL
Lis, (1993) 5 Cal. 4~.
h H13, ~4?;
I
'eo~~le ~%Sar_- r_ato, (J_
97~) 9 Cal. 3d 753, 763
; Peo~1E <<~ .,_
Cha~ol_1a, X1983 j 1!+4~
Ca1. ~3d 422, !+3~i .)
So the gener_a1 r_ul.~ tha
t habeas corpus rel
ici
i~ not a~~~aa_lable for
claims that ~1eLe or
could have been
r aised on appeal does
not apply here, especi
ally ~~,hen
1=ti?~

~~.'_ i;.1 ~~ ~O ~t~i"

CCiii=cCluS

Lii~1l:

111 ~

I:L 1~i1

C011I" ~;

1i11DO~C'C1

a n ui~aul~horized senten
ce. (In re. Preston, (2
009) 7.76
C~~1. 4th 1109, 111!~~.)
Arid the rule that une
~_plaii~ed
delay its seeking relief
may bar ~tabeas corpus
~reli_ef
a7_so does not apply her
e. (In re }3irclwell,
(~1~96) 50 Cal.
4th 926, 93Q; In rc Har
~_is, supra, 5 Cpl. 4th
X1.3, 842_)
Given that Peti~ioner's
unauthorized sentence
center
ors a 16-years to life
for his underl,~ing o
tetzse, in
lig~~t of Yeo~le v. Ban
ks,(20"15) b1 CaJ_ . 4th
738, Chis
writ o~ habeas corpus
stands ready for adj
udication.
- i%~ -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 54 of 146 Page ID #:54

~C1. - iE PE7'1i'IO~i1?P'S
~~7i~IT OT i~:.~_E_`_S CO 1t'S
-~-~ ivOT PTLLD .'~ ~ li ~'11~11?LY
~~[1~:
~ ~c~

1=~11=Cc:-IEVG~_

c \vL1~
cl

L`Z1i01"il]_n

Of

~.11cll~'515~ ~

I"La~~2~5

Clcll_fil fliLl~~

SU~~L2iilC~

COL'~)L1S

COUL'~

LO

LOLfi~ll~_c~E~1

C~2~2ZiI11IlE 1:%~Z2t~1Er'
OL

tic1S

~D2 rLE'~C'1lLEC~

11~:~

b_E11

~=1~_ F~C~

~~:1t~1GLl 'L

~1fREl~ :
'
;

IIOt.

~ ~~1LS~. ;

~SUliS~~'.ilLl~l

C~el3)~

~

S econd, ii a }_~2~itioner
rai~cs a cl~~im alter
s ubsta~~tiaL deli}~ ,'~ the
court ";gill 1~~~-ertllel~ss
consiC~r it oil t~~e ;~~eri
ts" 011; "ii the petitione
7~
~ i11

C~el~~.0~!StL"3~E

i i~
t

~11LC1~

it

1_L

7

OOC

G3ll~E

f01

('

~~1~

u~~_c'1~~~

~.Tl;i

~i
i:;1il

COilS1C~EI'

L~l~_

il'!'~'Ll { _` :;~
;

s is

claii~~" "ii it fa11s und
er one ~i [thy] lour
e _~ceL tion~ ~ ~ — that is,
i an error of cons ti
tut

iona]_

r1ct~T1ltllCi2
l ei

rl
n ~ ~; ~r.~_

~

UCCLILL2C~. j

i~_i) a

(

:
~i-1iL~~11~~1T1`~

~]_1~

(~ ~

X11; P2`Ll~lOiir~~

ath n~na 1 t ~~

2llt.11O1=1t;~' \'?1_Li1

~
7LO~i1_C.~ ~ ~

OL'

S 2ll i=G'LIC~d

UT1G2r' all

~lV

LICE

SllCL1

;~:s
c`l

~~Lit7.OI12t

~ ~117Va11C~

1S

cC~-Li<1_j_1}

_' ~
r:~ L>os~~~_

l

~I-OSSl~.

~~

y'

lJ ~

c~.

1! -i~~cr3C~'11

i
CQ1lV:i_r ~~~! ~111
~~OL

~dd~

SLdtU~C- . ~ ~

~ ~P~ ~.lf

LP. -~Pii , ~
j

~'%~12) ~5 Cal . 4th 'r25, 460
.)
~ ccunse Pe:titionei s
convictiol~ oz second-de~~~
i el_r?n~~ i~~urdeL, il~ acl hoc
to the 1~pdua~e of "in
herentl~~
~~
CI El11~E=1. OL~ CO tlll~i1c111
11Lc ,
1J

V3jllC

-

LIZ C=

~ L2 LU L~~

1

~ ~in~T~l_id." (,T.~. , ~at 55
C:~l. 4th 46~.)
1_n Peno, the Court e~:
pl.ained Ln~t substal~tie~1
rr':Jlc:}'

1~

i~:i~c":-~Ui(_'C1

1=r0'Sl

~~.2

L1_i.l

~l

~~c.L1_tlOil~L"

~1~i0

1~n~~,~: , or ~-easonably sho
uld l~a~e 'tcno~-n, of the
~ Ili~, i"'.i~.?~1Cll
~ ll~i~0:"C

OL

1.10%l%l~011_~'. ~ill1~E~
^

C~

tll~

C~_~1- i'.~

c'lllC~

-

t~1~.=

_~
7

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C1.L~1~C:C~

]_L' ~tl. ~~:51_S

-

~~~~~

111

~i~

~J`L"~

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 55 of 146 Page ID #:55
~_ ;.

-`O_~

L i~.~.L

~~

~r:i_ .11jL}C
~~~;=~1~:1__Oi~l

C~t=~_ay' 1il

~.t'v1ll'_;
7_

l 2- JL

c;~I~]_?J_Il

S~E_'~:1111. 11c~i~~BS

~l:~~S

1O11'= 'i.i`:_11

c1lC! ~l!j~~

COL'7L15

~'

~tll~r'

L~11G~. ~ ~

L1.nU1

~Ci

S~_ '~Tll'1=1C~:ll~

~ZCI

I"c I:Plla~

~ u~ra ; a~ 55 Cai. ~+t
h 45~; Tn re Clar
k, (1990 5 Cal.
~ tl~ J~O, i65. j Peti
tioner belie-e~ ~ha~
Lt1~:i:e is
i~c "'substantial dela
y"' in his filing (m
uch less a
n e ~_~ed eanl~,nation to
be ~i.~rel~) ; but oti
i of respect
f oL Lh~ 1a~,r , hE s~lall
do so.
O n ~1u~1

2u, ?U15, the Unit
ed Slates Sup~~ ~_,r:
-

i
C o u r t n~ n n c` down ~i ~,
hi,~n » ~~_z___t~ t 5~~ ~
1 ;_ : _~ t a g s , ~~ U 1;)
_~.
1 ~~i
~-

l~{- _

~.

C Z~llS'~~ ~
: .c'_C~
~7~IP

1 ~,~1
._. .~
_

Oi

t11~

~1~~`_1Lc:2L"

~

7 ti ~7
~. _~ :~ i

T
iL

~ ~Vl.O~Ell1

~ _
. _ _~ ~. ~

~i_ -_
'~ i 1 _

~~~_Oli~~ ~

lf',:l[illll~lt !~Ct

S iJ - t_ ~ I I P ~I

rJLOV1~1011

~ ~ ~i~C~~~~ ~~ "
~'OlC~

O~

L P g l ~1 1
3.~

tll~

`1 0L

~ a~u~~n~~ss .
'
-~

1~1~~ .T o' sr~n Court
-m
h ~1d the t thc- cow ~ r
i_tLtil~ul
problem ~~:ith the res
idua]_ clause Baas th
at the
_l~ a~Y~ -~ c

r-

T7.S~- ~~~

i~Ot

U~1S~c'~

Oil

aCLllC.1

i~:G~S, ~~lli

o n h~poth~tical iaci=s
. (I~l . , at 1~~ ~ . Ct
. 2557-?560.
~ til1, Pet; tioi~~L ~:n_
~:; l~~othinJ of suc1 ~
, e::i~Lins case
1 a ~,• .
~IGII~~

C~i~"l2

c,ll

u°Il~.l~J51S

lOL" ~L~~Cldl

~L1C~SlS~

e ntitled; "t~i1~y~ Cali
orni~'s Second-De~,r
ee relony^lurder Rule Is ~ o~, Vo
,
id for Vagueness."
il~e thesis
L ~:S

C~?:~C~1t~C

C~`y' }~isO

~~SO1-

~GL

~,3~~~i~

~~~lIlS

1S~?ll

1~r:i_

f,.om LAC ~-?ssti~~~-, Scho
ol o~ I-ago, on Octobe
r 15 ; 20:1_x.
~"~~ H~S`IIti'G ~ COT35TITU
TIO,IAL L^~j•? QUvRTERL~
t , Vol . u3: 1
[]_0/15/2015 11:44 a,m.
].)
:o~:
~ r~ ~l-~irt~. -clav~ o~ ~o
, Pruf~ssoi: T._~e ~
thesis
~ ~~c~0'lC1 - i_''_z"_~

cc_'

~-=10ll\/

i~1l1LCl~L~ ~

~
~

-

9L]"l~'2~`i

ctt~

~~1=

~~~2i13~_

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 56 of 146 Page ID #:56
irlsCituiion ni L1-~~. C~]_ii
~rnia State Prison-Los
Angeles
C ounLv ("ASP-L~~C") . It
~~arro~,~.ty landed at 1~acil
iLy '~C`~
L -:<<,~ Library. It ~:-as only
then that Pc~titione~. Ren
teria
h ad a~~~a;-encss oL Che com
ple~iLy of Professor Lee's
contribut~_n~, 1eg21 thesis
.
~ o on December of 2015, Pet
itioner Renteria began
on Keith his journey of 1~o
a1 research relevant to
the
r~~atter: "second-degree fel
ony matter." He Megan
a ttet-~ding Facility "C" La~~
Library as a general 1ega1
u ser ("GLU"). (See Cal. Cod
e of Reb. Lit. 1_~, 5 X12
3
(h'i - ,
-, _ 1
1ioL procrasinatin~ too muc
h, its duration v1
crafting, }~i- epari«g, and
filing his wriC c~ habeas
corpus Baas (gi~re or take)
Ct,~o (2) mo~~tl~s . 'lh~reior
e.,
i~titioner's iilin~ of
writ, or if zhi_~ Court. ~
, 1d
,ou
_1 ik~ to "measure[] from the
tii~~e" Johnson v. Onited
St,~itc.~~
Baas ruled, ~,~.~as reuso~.~a
L1e il~ ti_rne., un~uL,sL.ai~
tial i~~
d elay. (In re Lucer_o, (20
11) 200 Cal. %+th 38, 44 ~a
ten-month de ay »a- i._
,
~,.., ,~~
~,1~ ~u:.r ou ~,,,~,a~~e in Lii
ing a ~~~rit
of habeas corpus ~~~hen pet
itioner Baas a 7_ay~»dn -- had
]
_ir~ited access Lo the. pLiscn
~_a~a 1ibLary, aid did not
receive ne~.aly published cas
e law).) Such „gas ~1~c
case
here ~~-ith Petitioner. (I1..)
%~~

~~~

%~/

-- 27 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 57 of 146 Page ID #:57
I_ ._.=1

"SF.CU~v1)-D~'~UI;LT I'FJLO~;Y
i•IURD,R"
i ,~~~;;

Uc~~

~d(iT

—

1_~

~ ~V_~(~L~ 1~~ ~ ~

- COi~ii~l0~;

~L'11':J

J1f11U1~
~iIOL.ti'1TS ST'ATL; ~'~~iVD I'~D
~R.'~L CO.vS`~i'I-1UTI.O~
(U . ~ . CO~dS1 . V Ai•fE~DT
. ; CAL . aRi . I ,
5
7)

[
~.

THE JiJDICIAL HISTOR
Y OI "ABSIR
,
ti•.'HICI-I
IS THE N~TliP~AL L,O AC'TN~'SS"
UIVATENT TO
"Vc~GUI?NESS"
(1) ON A LI;~'EL OF l~ EDE
RALI S i~1

the. United States Suprei
~c Court bean ~,~ith—`:
7hat
'T~P:=~{~ r Ci
~
-

~=0

LSE

c
01

1ilCcJLlGiI

ill(=

~.}lE~

~~

X11111111? ~

t%mot ;L1=11ESS

OL

ti1.=

~GSO1_llL~

QOCt7=1Prc
--~,Ji~.1~F'~l

_

~_~i~~
`
:
1

= _
-_-_

(-'- ;~75) 9~ U.~. 21'x . T. her
e, ~1~~ :ourt ~truc!:
d n~~;,i ~ crimin~i statute
becaus it ~e~`ced ~u.~is
hment
L or rlore than just r~c,i~1
discrirnii~~~ion. The cas
e
crn~ei- d (fae.Lua11;~) on
federal_ , crir~.~i~~:~]_ c.hai_~,
2
:_,?1T1SL

~~~i-1`LllC~:~;'

OLL1C1ctl~

X11LE;~~Cli~.' ~1 15GL1`i[
iiil2.i_1i1

L o~~~r1 ~ 1-,1~~ck voter. (L
.
S t.,~~utc
~ ;~~~
.

~ o~~.~

~"i ]_'~ 1 7 1

1 tll~~iiLOLC:di~l~

aL 221--r''_ %.) ~ t~, ci
-il~in~1

L Loli! llOt

UIl(jcT

~11C

~ ~ ~~~~;L"o~~L ~ ~tt =

~'- =`i~~L~_Li~T? '~

Tlit~c'_ll~i. ~. iilEE
I1(~~,Ici1L

~.Lri_ . ~

I L it l d that the statute
iailcd Lo prop-ide t~i~
t~otic;- .
i l~ so tloldin~, ; the High
Cou~ ~ ~~plained the
'`[1 ]u~;~~ ,:-1~ich pr_ullil~i_L the
doing oi '~'<<~il~~
~:nd pro~~ic~~
~. pt~nisl~in~~ ~~nt Toy tl1~i~ ~ri
olation, sho~_~1d nit 1la~~e
u
~~
d ouLle m~al~i»
(Id. , at 220.) It ~,~;e
ni, on to spy: •`ii=
L L'lr

Z2~ZJZ2.tULC

U rt~_11SE ~
. X?~~L -'. _,

L ~1~

D ~~

c"1~1~
L~c

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fl L~1c

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~~~.ilO'~:

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1:

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 58 of 146 Page ID #:58

,~_ _~ 1~ 1 ~ 'J:'.~:',iG}1
4
ri~.

-t

1~

SC1:ICL~U'il

;~LiLll.l1'..:
i
ttl~

Oil

LCIc

1_'

c.li_Oi_C~~iilcilL

it
Oi-

,"-1` UrLic~~
C."C'ii1111d~_

s taLuL~~ - •~., l~ich b~c~
;
~~n~_ the result of
~,~+ ~~r~_ r,-r,~'~ii,i > >m
i
o ~ ense.
.. .r~:. ~

ur~i nroh~_ ~itun o f~n
sc later arose in a
c riminal a~lti~ru~t sta
tute. (Ir~ter n~tio»
a1 Ha -~ ~rester Co.
o f _Srn~ri_c~~ v_- K~nt.ucl:
v, (1914) ;29 Li .~.
X73.) I11
111L~'_I~r'~.c"1 1~10T1c1~_
i~3L~- CS`LC-i=

~,O_

Ot

_~(ilCL1L3

~i _

~.i'1l~.LIC1~;V ~

~1

c ~Lro~_.a~e company ~~a
s prosecuted and
p~nali_zed for a
c o,~spir_~cy of priceii;:in,~. (Id. , at
229 1i .S . X77.)
fi

Li12

`! S

= '_'

L'

~

.mil '~; i

COIl'~'7_CtlO'il ;
~~Oi"

~ ~~"'~ = i~ c
'~

Y_ O _i_ T
icy

l•;ii G

~
1vi111~

t~V ~ r5 ]_ i1 r~

O~lil~Cl:

i'~ S,
iOSvS 1"lOS;% 1p~(~OSS
1L~12 1L

1S t0 L1~1111<
~ ,c"~~; the principal f~:c
ts o` the ca~~ as it
eYi~Cs, :zed ~~;~,~ ~~;i~at
~~:ou1d ha~;;e 'o_;_~~ th_
prLce
in
~t~
lr~lu~~ir~ary ~~~or]_d. ... I1-~

t'~ ~~Otl

_LS T10~

jury

Ci= ~c~lcrcil ll
T?~~i_~c~1.11t1~~ Oi_

trial,

lout.

i!_`-~»~~1-lJ
i
'

ti~at th~~ e1~.;;,_,~cs

LO <l~.'CCL:l1Il_' ~i
ir_' 1.~I!~:~iI13L~'
lr`~3~
~;-'r 2 i!ilC'~L Ld111 }~:,Ot~!1
1T. Il~t'~L1rE' di.iu
Q'.~= ~ cr' Oi
r ~,
__
o~ i_Lc`.t LO L Lr ~1C'
U~LSL COi~:iil.=rG1~zl
ii1111~~.

~, 1 C'1

~ ci t ~ 7_ .~
_

?•ii t'i1 ~R1_S

_

~L~

~u~Li~~C

aV i~1~S

COil`L1_I1UCr~

~;~~~Zsll:~tl0tl
. c

LC'~c'~1(.1

.
`!,~_iS! `~~'.

is

LI71_S

(7 ~.C1 Jl~ll

d.~

~~I11LEC~ ~t~tFS ~~I~
~IJ~

G~1~Jl_~t.lll~

x'11 ~L~

?79 U.~
. J7J

in ~:~~~ich it ~, as h ld tha
:
t a ciirninal 1a;:
not Li~constituLionzl
rr~~~~rell- becau~c iL

t~1'r'G~, S
ll~O~l
~~Ll[P.3tlll~
c

ilb~il

f';:BL~~L

L11~

i"]_SlC
01
Ll _~ i C l\'
Ot G2^L"cam - ~.<'il
r lj 8.:1.

ut,dLe r~strainL 01 trade.
Ti~at d~ ]_s ~.~-i.t}-~ ~il,~
actual_ , ~_~ot ~:il1z ~n ima~
in-~~r~- cot~~~i~ion oti,_~
~han ih facts . . . . To
cor~~p~l then; to ~u~~ss ;
v:. ~~ri1 of indictr:~nL,
~~:hat the co:~y~~in~ty
~:,'ot~l_d 11~.~:-~ ~i~.-~t~ i-oL ti~~~[~
:~ i_f the c.o~ ~cin~~~a11~,,~
,

C~l_!il~-Lil'~ CGifC~f1L1.O
ilS [~;cLC O'LC1Ei
~i'1~_il L1T ~, c. 1.
i_O %tl] Ui1C,
~I-~2~]_Il ES~E'_,1~~ ~O
Clc.,~1?1~, 1.>L'O~~[1c~1C._=il

(,J_~..) ~~.hat thG reacti
on of un1~~• p~rtiall_~,
, ~r;:~ina~,_
',~~
r~~;.t~
~.~;ou1d
b= t~~~on ~hc - ;1 ~ -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 59 of 146 Page ID #:59

_... ~7_Il~'.'~lOLI:_~

~lll_!

C OJ ~Cl~~CI;%l~;~l~
_.
r ~~~~
~0__ _~

`1L~~

Cic~~ i ~l OiIS OL i i' I
1-~~Il~i.~ c ~-~ , l.t
Cll~i~
i'.~~1~<1C1~1 il;_)~~ i10L

~I
~~
T t~ter n aLion al H~r~re~Le~~
Co. does not

ully

iliterr~.late ~~~i~l-t Jol-~ns
on .r. United States
; ~icen tl~~t
i t int~olces the diLiic
ult predictability
of im~,~inary
p urch~~~crs - and i~ot im
a~nin` jud`, s. Irliei
_national
~lat~T~st~c_~ Co. ~~n`:LaL2s,
hut:~ver, an intell
ectual `uidr
L or Joht~~on: it
rods bl~meworthticonstituciunally
-~ el E~-a.~;L to ~ cri~. in~l
,
,
statute, no less ror
cin
~ LLizens i.o assess 1~he
crirlinal_ity of th it
pond:~rabl
~ci~s on hV~othetic~l fac
ts — rather than
on a f~ctua]_
pieli.cate. (Id.)
l he Court s ~ ~ ~~a~ueness ~ ,
'
analysis - u1~_i_r~~atcly
clir,bed up the 1_adder
~~:it}~ another untlu.~,
or fixed,
~L1C'.C - Lc~`L2

~'L~At.11~~

01~i-

i;Cl;~t

1i~,
~311_c~l

1`LS

DBS~CI

OL1

"hy-po~hetic~1 facts,"
that Baas very such
open-ended
in its liabilit,,r-st~.iZ
dard. (U~ited SL~te~
~~. L. Col-~~l-~
i, ,~;~~
G i'v'~~LV
\1~J_V
J

!L=) ~.~

J

~~ ~

~5~)

J

717CLG~

~t

~LOCCL}'

company -- to Le rn o're
precise, L. Cohen Grrc~ry Co__ --.
•'as ~~-~inisl~ed under a pri
g-iixit~o statute ~;h
ich "m«d
u nla, ]_
:~iu
of any person titi i111ul
~
ly .. . to n~~k~ any
unjust
o r unrea~on~t-lc ~-at~ o -~
- char.,e in h~nr_'~l
in,, or deali~~
in o1- ~~aith a~zy necessari
~
es . . . ~
I~.)
iii its opinion, Chief
Justice j~~hite proies
s~d,

_"

J~J

-

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 60 of 146 Page ID #:60

i~1 ~i~~cL-~'c

r
.i ~~ • ,
=_

~

~Ll3~

i~[l~~

v~=C~1.Oit

i'J

_ 1.

ii~1 i~ IlU
~ p~cii i c
o~
defi_nit~
acl:.
Ic
con irr:~~
Lhe
subject-ir:attci= of
~i~e
iti~~~ es Li~ati~ri ~.hich
, p~ oviu~~~ . I t
t
1eav~s
open, thGrcioi=e.
the ~~:idest
cot~cci~.-able inquiry
,
Lhe scope of
~;h~.ch
no
one
cats ioreshado~a ur
u dequat~l}' guard
a ainsL. In fact,
i,,e
see
no
reason
to doubt the
s oundness
of the observatio
n of the
couiL be1o~~, in iL
s opinion to the
~ ~~z~t
that [-] to ~tt~~,~~
to
eni ~rce [ -- ] the sect
ion ~eould be ti7e
,_,:~r~
~qui~~alcnt of
an
~i~f_ect to
carry
out
a statute ~~:i~ich in
terns
m erel~~
p~~~alized and pu
nished all
acts
detrir~lcntal
t~o
th_ public
interest
~vnen
unjust .. . in the
csL7_mv~tiot~
o~
the court an~1 ju
ry

ihn~gh iL did not cn
~
d there, a con~
trtictioncontp_~l~y lead b~el~ pros
ecuted tos ~io7_~~_i
n.~ G state
Iii1'~ZJ_iTtLCi!-"t"~~E
. ~:~ `L c
_
1 `o

O{ C) = ~

1c'~A~ - C1~GL~C --~ ~~~;~C~
C11_ ;
~: ~~

DcLj_O!~111'cQ

~~i 1 ~-~ G S

S~".~ 1 1

lll

~ 1~1 i_

11:. L!2~1~j

~ES~

1 O C ~t 1_ i t~ 1~
.~ ~

Li`1C

CUL"lE1l'L

~~;'Cl E i C

C~F
== -- I11la~~`_
l~O
-

C it:' ~., G L 1C
l~~_C;~.L

Got-~s truct_iot~ Co . , (1_
J26) 2b9 U . S . 3~ ~ ,
358.) The CouL i
i~~ Con~~ally strucl: th
e state s minimum-<
<~a.~~ sta~uLe as
uiiCUCIS~~1Lll~1011~31
.t;

`

V~~LG:

~,~~c are of the opil~ion
that tl~iis prava_si~~~
p~~~e~ ~+~; ,~: ~~o~~ible uncert
,
ainty, iat11 to its
validity
as
a criminal statute.
In thc~
First p1_ac~, the ~~~ords
"c~~~ ~nt rate of
-r
~~
:~ia~ s
~
do
tloi
denoie
a sp=c.itic or
~ _~.
u~~i~~i to ~u~ ~l. .. . `1`h~ ;~
,
current rate oi_
~,~a.J~s" is not sim~~le,
but Pro`;re~si_~-~
ron so niuch ~ Lh~ ~~Zini
i
mum) ~o so r~u~ch
the maximum} , i~~cludi~g all
Let~~:~en; and Lo
CilTcC1~ ~[I~ ~~~}
`[Tl?ll~

not

b~~:

2
;,1GL'Ilt~ ,

'
~~h~

OL

x'.11 ~~'iOLiIL \illi ~.}1
~1~

a11
leis than ot.~ of sev
eral dii:f~~i-ent
1J1 ~'IlOU~

~~~~.~~tiot~

oL

52.}%lll~ 1sil~ C[1,
1.~

LO 127\%c

~,-'~~a~ is ~ ~~~.n'c it~c~:
b1e of

7.L

'_

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 61 of 146 Page ID #:61
I.~~

ti:~-

j_,=

j i^'c
-)q~:~:=C

~ ~co,1~i i~1ac;, ,_,._'~~ii L1~~_;r~~~_1 ol~~c
.w=1L:'
LO

~i1~ SL~iLU~= ~i~j' ~iic
!mot- OL

the ~~~_~~.li yil~~-, ~~:ord "loca]_i~y ."
[~Z~o can spy
.Cl
~

~~i1

c:il~` CIc~Ltc OL c:C~UCc.C~
', ~.~'Llc L 1i=c

~S
constiCut~ t~1~ 1ecality t.~.1~e~e
a liven piece
o` ~.orl: i:: b~in~ done? ... It i~
said L'nat
Lhis question is settled Lor
u~ b~ the
, ~
d~~cisio~ o~
Ln~ sLaL~
Suni~n~ CouL'c on
Lehea~-in~ in State ~~. Tibb~ti
. Lut all Lh^
cou~~ L did there gas ... d~ii
ne the t~rorci
I I
1 1
11
locality
as
meaning
place,l i I I near
the Place,
vicinit}~, or nei~nbornooc~.
~cce.ptin~ this as correct, as
of course ~~.~
do, buL is not Lo remove the
obscurity,
rath_~ to offer a c'noic~ oL
uncerL~inCieS.
Tt1e
~~;ord
"n i~hborhood"
is
c~ui Le ~~s
su~cepti.'o1~
of
v~riaLio~~
as the ~~.ord
~ ~ ~ocalit}%." Both terms a~~
e1~si.ic . .~. ,
d~pendcnt upon circ~_~-~s La~~ces , [th
ee] nay L~~
equall~:~ ~~tis i~d by ~rea~
measured icy rods
cr l~, ;;i_l~~ .

(Id. , ai> 39~-395.)
?~~ reeab7_t oL not, Connall ~,~
reassured (soundili~i_y)
r_i~at crininal ~rc~hibiLions
~.aould ~be a~_~~oul~ted to the
C01 lCl~ L1G11
-

1 ~1

OL

~`aL"'10L~

1_ilit~T1LOLCcc1'D111ty' 11

~.~i!c.,{~~.

IC3II11f

11.5

L~iZCy' ~.•1`L(-

CIVI~cx.~~1C

O

ll 1lCcLtcti?l

U~i_G~ L~=il11L_~

~
u11;~ combi~~~:~ ~:it, ~n unc~ - tain
«
~
r
t~- , p~_ccluc~~r1 criminal

s ta_tuLes (or 1a~, s
,
:

r
of sufricient notice tc
suffice the

d ue process.
C ot~t~a11~,~ . if any thin, in
same ruti~~ o~L sh~p~
r
~ ~,ietold the ~ ~ v~gu~ness doctii
n~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e~rentu~l directiol
~
t otaar.d a concentration on ~h~
p_ ecariousness o1 ~ ~
arbitrary
, L01C
~~ c'Il
C~cil ~`=

`IO

~3~'

L11c.

ZC3j~~

COT11i~_ ,11~.' 1S
'

Lc~tcC~i

Oil

tr~~~ unarticulated, but iun
damenta]_ , ~r~~.;~i_se that a
S ta~L1~L

~]"i=\%Ol"v1il:~
-

1Ll

t%~i~Li~l1C5~~

v101_c.L~~

~IUC

~LO~.~~j

e v~;~n it the deI_enc~ant - aL ~
~~r - ,
nad a cl~~nce Lo a~~o~_d
~iO5~C11~~1C;'ii :
l

1 ctt;;

~~=~

~?illUi"C.~fi':t=_ 'il`L

i

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c~~

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~'~~ LL'.~.2
:

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."~ ~

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~i_ ~. i'_Ci_7_VE1.1'

C~tCI C'•111:-

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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 62 of 146 Page ID #:62

`-' i. ~ `- i
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,.~..~

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~l~i~

LE~11~~' tlictl_

~ , con;missi.o~l~r ~~as o~-er_- a]_1
i ~~
(~~e to ,o ~l ter any
i
_
i ~`:'1t1~~

C-i"il~~l_Oy' E~]_

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tlE' ~L1L1~C11CLlOTI

~G

~D~~~;c'_li~i~

~:~a~e-

Lll~

~,~~,~zsure of 7.iabilit}' on the sta
tute could be ~r.anipulate
d
il~finitcl~~ .
`.it=~-c:'a ,.d~, i_1'~~ "~- a`~: t~es~
_
dcct;=i_n~" in its
~~~olt~ L~_ol~ focused ol~ the arl~itra
Ly enforcern~n ~ in
'an:~chri~ tot~_v
1

Ci~~

COt:i" ~ ~
j ~~t ~l' Lc

~~~:'C'1Ci

~ ~bo~t~ . .

L.~c~ E ~

,:c~11"

I01~ildJil~

c1lCO~~1L
-

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V3,~~l ~c'Il2SS

LOIt

<<+~,_u

~~

~19u9j %;.05 li ..;

t01 ~c'L`lilo - V1 C1!LIaL!~~C
S~IC[1

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I_ i_

U~ tCU

~1

t~~~t. iC Lail[ed] to ~~i~-e
a ~~-;~i.~on o~ o-~'~ir~a_,-,
..

7_P.L~LZ ~ - ~ll'~,_
~~

o__ ?ac~sonvill~

~iOL1C~~.~ ~
b:%

L11'?

Ot 'L1~ S

SLd~ll~Cr~ ~

2.Li~7_L'~31V

_L~ r
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-

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c!1't(~

COTIQUCL~~

~t=CdU~~2 It
C0~_l`v"~G~lQrl~~ . ~ i

~
;Id. , at =.05 L~ .S.162.)
I n rcj:_ci~in~ ~ cn;~7.1~n c of
~~a~u~-~~ss, ho~,~:e, ~r, Co
,
a r~,inicip~ 1 court anti-noi_~~.
lh~ CoL~~ -~ t in Gi-a ~-~cd v.
~].CT O
C ~lc',•~

~GCiCrOt-C1 ~

~.~1~

OL

~ ~_'1l~OL"Ci=ilCll'L
~
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 63 of 146 Page ID #:63

.~ _1~J~ii1~1 i ~

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1.U7_~~'

1_Ll=

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• ~

i_~ ~;. :d,_

li <<_ ~t=it~~ite "~, ni c_'-fog
- -va~uen ss~ ~ b~c<.~~s~_ it
>
>
:
~~QU1L~Ci L~12 OL~Ci111c1
""~,' 11~~,1~:1~U~31
t0 DLOQUC2 a ~ ~

CL~~1blF~~

i

~~nd i-e7_i~~o1e

u

idc~,tiiication to 1_~;

enf_orce.,:~~nt. (Id. .

a t 3~7.)
I I

' 1nc vnid-ioL-v ~gueness
1
doctrine, 1 1 Justice 0
Col~i~ei
~ ~:,~]_ained, ~ ~_~-eq>>ir~~~ . . . ~
~~
p`l:~~l st~~~ut` to ~~ derin~
L1-~e
c rini_na1 o runs= ~~ii,'r:
~uLticient deiinit~n~J~ tha
t
o rciinar~~,~ -;~ople c~~n t~nd
ei-st~l~d ~:~h~t conduct is
pr ohib; ted
~_nd in ~.~ r~~~nntr tn~t doe ~
~~o L ei~~courn,~c ~~.r ~,i_tr«r~a~n~'~

Vi i_

~;~.r- i ~i.i n„
:Tpr~~
i~

-

1
c
c ~~tis~

of

r-n~nr^r.=111~11t

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{

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crcr_~i~.~,_~ ar.1 rel i~~:~l o ii
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of ~11e C~~.~_ifornia

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po]_ice r~l~~,r

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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 64 of 146 Page ID #:64
~_ i t<
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,
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l

Ll~e ~:nti-~,rbi.Lra
ry rationale,

t11~ CoLLt c':pr~ssecl
she equivocal z.nd not the oLviou
s lour-e1cr~:ient '~or~~i~~
ance" r~.quired in
o~d~i Loi= the
.~iolation to ~~~ ~~~und
~
:
P~_~ ~ ~ , t, po
' ~
c~ --~.
icr ~1 f_ icer mug ~
rca~onaLly
b~l.i~-ve th,t at least
one of th` t~<o or Wor
e

L-`.L"SO'~iS

y:=~'~cll~

CL]_i'~~ll~~

= t.Lt~'~ ~

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1l'_l ~ l.Ci

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perso~~~
r,,ust
,
be
loit~ri~~r,,
~~hich the
ordinan~.e drI_ines as
-r~~.ain~ii~~~ in an~,~
1l~re
oi~
t,._ i 1-11
~~,r~
r7r~~i air
p+~1L.7~,~,=. it',1.1_ra
1_t~~~
-offic~~- r~~.u~ ~ tnen ord
er all of the person
s t~
d ig}=`~r~ ~~~~r1 rer~o~ve th~
;ilsel~'es Lro: ~ tl~e _~r2a
.
I~OLltt~1,
8. [~c
t~Ol i ill~~ C1150~~;
=V

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liscr~tiot~ for 1a~
c
enioicem~nt oL ic
eL(s) Lo ctl~ese
• .ho Lc a - resi: ~~_r:d ~:~h
.
r
o not to. .Justice
~i~vens repeated
L 17
ii

~:iOL CIS

-- - ovid~s
ut.

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1CIc:C

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t o find t1~e staLutc
ulzco~~sti_tutionall~y

Ci

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7 Lo police otf ic
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 65 of 146 Page ID #:65

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1't1C'lLG~l

I t is lair

c:LU1L1'3L"V

ro say

OL"

~i=1CCi=1VC

t 111=01C - 'i:12:'i
'
2
~.

that later dec
.isiol~s T~aid i~oLe

1ti.ention to tl~e ~ ~ ar
~
L~iira~y eniorcer,~
ent ~ ~ pi~on~,
n o t~~l;_ Lhs tandin~~ the
~aci that the Co
urt never abatldot~
~~i
~~1~

~~llC)L1_t~~~ ~

T "011~~
t7L

O1.

~}1e

~~V3~llctlES~

C~OC~illlC

~ ~

(2) STATL OF CALI
FORNIA
' r Li1e r~ajorit}~ pa
~'o
rt, the C~l_iiori~ia
~upre:~ ~ Coin
has the right to cons
true individual
rights in accord
ance
to the spate constitL
ltiot~ more br
oadly then the Unii~c
d
S ~c"l t. c:
1 i11_]~. ~

~llj~L"c[i1C

~i!E:

~~O~SL ~

C~~1I.01111c

I , sec%ion % o~ th

C~O..~

llIlC1GL

SLE~L"EP:12

t'iiL

COli- `t
~

1~-'~?L?i~_
C0111C1

CGii ~ t1tU~lOI
1.

it~~~"f~)_~~~L

?L'C1C1

Cal iiornia Consti
tutio;~ :;o to pr
ovide

. ,
~ .:~oi:e vi c~Lo!l5 ~~
i`~uurd a~ait~~t
~..~, t1e cLir;~in„{ L

~ ~~ L"uL~S.
I» ~~il_1i~m ti
~ ~;~~ r~~.~1Li~ (199~,~
5 Ca=~ . -~th 5~1,
O ~l~~

01_

~~lE

~_Ec~~lll~

CdS~~

111

V~.~Lltll~_S~ ~

~1-l.c

C011i: t

L"c~r~~~LCCI

the supposed, ar~_~l~i ~u
ous Ca_liforl~i a st
atute author_i~in
m isdemeal~or punisl~n
ent ~o an;~or~~ to
~~;~~~o~~~ : ,~ comr~~,its 2~n_
~~
act or o;~,iLs an;' dut~
Y~ c:~usinr ; encour
aJin~
oL
co-~tiibutin~ it the
lepend~ncy or de
linquency of a
CI11110t

~~

~i_~~' ~,ul.

i CLl~l~_

CO~~~

~

~ %2

~?~)~~~

f

%~1i

~il~.I~:Iir~~ilc''11

to ti~~ SCatut~ p~o~-i
_~ie~l that - fir
the p~~~Lp,s~~s o?= th
e
C
;L!OL~C~
t'?C:
't

~:~l t

Si.CClOiI
v

YrJ

L ~Ji~cC~~ll7~l ;
i t

_~

C~t~

-

I~c~lcil~S

~t':CF1C1~~

d1iC1

=l}~

~lllC~

OL'

1=r'c ~CP.ct}J1.~

CCJLl~LGL ~ ~

0- 'ci"
:

Jli_J

-

)~;

-

~~!~1LCilclil~
C3Lc

L~ZE1_L

~ ~ _.~_
:~t1d~~_

i ~~~%G
,

~ll~).~1 - b'l,_. :_OT1

Cl~~~ClC2~l

~ _.
~ ~rl

;

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 66 of 146 Page ID #:66

._ I_ ~~_) — :=

l ~-~U=

i~.:1 ~

:.-11~Li1,
~:i"

~~.:. Z ~ L G L 7~ ~ ~_

Li1G

!I~COli~~7_~U~lOil3~_l~'
~

._' L 1J ~ ~ .I~. ._

£iill~'llClili~=llC
Vcl~'U2.

R;2CE

It

(~ ~) ~; L .,

Ll~~

~ . .~. ~.

L I a ~_

~ t<<LliL

Sc'~1C~ ~

the cons titu~ion~1 intErest
i~~~licatecl il~
q~~~estions of =tatutoL~- ~~a~ u~n
~ss is t1.at no
person b~ d~pritcd o_t" `~1i
te, lib,-, , ur
-t~~
~i0i~2
i_ CV~

`r:1t.~lOU~

C~Lfl

COIILP_~:L

1cC]ll1L"Pj

PL"OCC~S

OL

l~~.v

~ ~ ~ U~
as~ur~~~~ b~,~ botl-i t11e fede~al Con
siitutio~ (0.5
. Cony L . , .1~~,~ends . V, lIV) end
the Ca]_i-Lorni~:
Co~~stiiuLion (Ca7_ . Const. , aLt
. I, ~ 7)
U~~dcL both constitutions, ciue
proc,_~s of 1~~.

1u

tli1S

t~'.O

cl~IcI1L

J:
criminal statute must ~ i i be do
mite cnou~h to
p;_ovide (1) a_ standard of coi,
.duci Lor tl~~o
:
~:~11~E

cCL1C'l ~ll"-'~

3C~ riLGSC1_L~cC~ 2!';Ci ~~ I

~ t~nd~rcl nor_ police enforce~
r~ent anal
~sccrtai_n~ent of ~ui1t
~
. "'

~

(1d. , ~~ ~ 56% ; citing ~~'~1r-e
r ~~- . Supe io, Court_, (1c~S~
)
~~7 Ca1 . ~~; i ]_:' ,
_'~
1. "I ; _i o1rn~]er
~;: L~so;;_ sung=a, l~-S~
~)
,
~ ~J1 U.~ . ~5~

j~~~ ~

li~i5 ~tat~<<~ nt of 1a~.; res
ounded =i_n 'cl,e L~1t~;n~ 'i:`
E ~~~.~'~i r~!"1

1l1

l r~~
-~~~

~~~) ~?~'.._._,
'~~~_;,~.~—___i]C.~? C r 17 i—~

~'101:fl_~~;

v
-

v1

~;tici['
-1G~lE,

clit~

:iLl l L?~
~

Ill. 19~/
~f1C

~ll~~_~1L~ll'i

L1L"SL

b~%

~;. O~_

~

~~

LV.F~.

7C~

I?]=OTC.` fOCllSPS

_.1~='~

~i t

~~
01~

? _1 ~ j

l i~

C~
i~ _l,—f~~_~.--.,

E~.~ ) Tu~~~P
~i

I1G~1_CC

~- ~-"-= ._ 2
~

t111S

~i
~G

~ilE'

o ~ lin~.ry citiz ~~ - that is
-c
Lo s~,y, th~~ ~ Lz.t u.~e ~
l~n~ua~~e
G Z;F~L~~.l~_

(i~L1S~

SEt

i0i"L~Z

SOD:;2 3SCC'L"Ca1i~c'!~
~lE

~~~.LZCi2

Cl

~U

, ich tine citizen c~~t~ coni
~;il
ar~~ 1-~i~ and/o~_ her L !1~~
~ior .
`
lorec~~ ~_i , ~ ~ ~~ a ue 1a~.~s , ~ ~ it
l~~s been said, ~ ~ . . . tra
p the
i
.r~zloc~~~t by not pi o~ idi_n;; iai.
c -, :_~rni_r,~. ~ ~ (Gar_cr~tt._i.. 5
C al --Ch <<t ~~% .) =\n~'i ~'t~
second prom ~oct;~e~ on
the
c
.VOlril '~ ;

~ ~~,L"Dl LL_.L~

-_111 GLC~1?lE?it

~

~il

r~.:~. %

~ ~ ~_ :`l~

~c:_Ll:'-

, .~ :~ ~ t11, :L ~ ~ ~_Ci:p:~ri:';i~~i_b].}' dei
i
_~`~ t ~ bade ;~o]_ic~' i'.:~
:LCei ~
~~
~~
CG
)0.~..1CC~::: C1
=1U~~_`` ~~~
;I~Cl `~Ll:Clc
I:
~

~%

-

i_;C

i"c~0~ LIL~.Oii :~i1

_'1

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 67 of 146 Page ID #:67

_ _~

~pC

'
~_L

='_ 11 Cj

~ L1 ~f ~
f

~i1:~D]_~I=-_`1L~`

tl~ ~

C ~ 7.":r' ~:~ c. S i ~

~iiCl

' t ~Ll
, 1.

C~11~C?'1f:1111~!'C01=V

~'i1 i~~

c~ ~ i _ ll ~.~~ _ _~_ I
:

~'tL~~)11i;a'~i ~~11

~~

~ ' ~ ~ '=
i ~i

1~'cCr1LSi=

statute only atiLlloii
zed puni~h~.-~.~nt u~ o~~
pLoo` of

cri_nu_na1 n ;s1i~21~ce—`.~:i~i
c 1 required a ~ ~ oss
d~viaLion
r ro~n the n~i_ma1 care—
thy statute s sLal
~~'~arci o~
~ ~.
~;

r easonable

car: aid supervision
~,~~~s not uncons
titutionally
~?~..)
at

v~~~u~ . (T~
1
'u1"I11T1`'
c.
;~~~'

1Cl

~3]_

LO

Pt~C)i~l!~

~C~

1~

V_

~_ .

~1~L'_~2i~c~. ._
S d~~1T1;~

Gil

tl~~

Ca~~

C~l1PEL107=

111

=;_i~i

~-1lOLi1°~i_

l~l~[Z

~viil~:u

ICaS~ ~

t'11~

i[1'vUl~c~

c311~~

n

c_ ~

~~.~v~~

rl ]_5CL'SSc(~

S ~3 ~E

n ,
~`i110

~C L~011
'
-

vu~:l'i~SS

~ ir
(,c:~~J~~~ ; ~ ~ ~

C.OUL'~

COUt L ~

_ _ ~

r~-`~LC~111~

LIZ

Lvli.C_L iit~

101`Lc'LJ

11l

~:G

S ~~ ~li ~r~ .
~ t,
~iU011t

OL

~I~~i

tail~c open ~o the ~L;
b]_ic ion- the p~_~rpos~_
oi: cl~=.=~`i, ;
,
]
_'_l

t:~l

~ ~~ ~
tC

;~01.~ Cl'L~it11Z=, ~ l~;'
~;'OUI_r] ~Cc

~ ~~7L17_~ 'L 'S

Zc~vr1

01

~

O1

~ fl ~C.7_'~"l_p~i.~

G15~:Ci!E=t1iGL

~~

OL

~iT1}'

~ `~C~~

U"I~1~-'.9L111

~,~ll .

F'~L1~%a~

u0<<~~ 5' b~'.7 ~~~015
/ =j
-

rl. ~~~'~1I
-I~
L ~li=
i~

..

~O
~ C1Cl

~i
1lOt 1C~

~,

LO ~
-

`vci~UcllcSS~

;~
CO1~`~JEj'GCl

~I1F=

~~OLiL~~

, ~;Ol'e-cCl
-li"

,i
d~P

Ct=

8S

Wt_~_1

~:S

~lli:

ii
c-1b]_t ~ ctL y'

Eilf OL"C~i'~ ~1~ ~ i

sta~u~e, ~ ~, r ~rst, ~'r~
.
~u~t be guff=ici~~r~t1_
y dcfin~ Le

'~ '^,~

pL'O~'1C'l ~~

c:C~tClU3~` 1"~Gtl CL

~ ~~S~ECGlI~~ ~

~t

S ~c~t~lt~t

01

fflUS ~

Ll,c

CUI1~llC~

~LOC'1CIZ~ ~

DLO'~Ci'11~~Ci

~~:1~i7

,~

~1lJU,~C1

~;
~~cl 7_Il1 ~r

`li]_Q~1111cS

I.OL"

~11C

3Li~1tL"dL` ~_ 1,
'
,
~~i_ (1~_jC1~1G11TlaLOL'~'

The Court ~.:-2nt o~~
~~

notice

~-actor_

1~011C~

Gll

-

to stress

lil

OL~iCI-

O~iCc'J.2il~

~~

1.0

~1C

- ;~.irh resp~cc

L~-~ E~. ~1:~
~

c:L

Lo

-,
Jc~(1 .

L}-ie

- t~:at ~ucl~ l.oit2Lin
~ s~atute cor~t~~i:is

~. sF,,ecif ic. i,lt:n t re~u:i_rc
~: erit . ? L the 1ac1: of
:
~Lhe
L'=~.J~'i1_ '~ ~c

~ ~i~L1=r_'~G~`

1i-

''tl~~i'~1I1 '~

-

_~J

]_ll

-

O_

SO~_1C~ ~1.11;~~ ~

~,

~.~[:Ci ;

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 68 of 146 Page ID #:68

~ . ; '' ~' l ~,~ 1 r.~ '._I C ~
,

~~~lct ~~

L2.11l~

O '"

~.ili

-i
i 1 rl Z l : j~ , . 1

C.c Sc

SCI,.

Li1`_

F 1

~.cOLC~.

I~ r_

-'

~

~_O1.L~1

—; J ' _ i~ Z ~ ] i.'~:

_.

iil]_:' i i~

~I~c

S'~_15C2L _~J1.~

to ~~~~~ltiple interpr~'cions .
g' ut nevertheless, the
r e~uirar~~ent of specie is int
ent prevents r~.a1 innocci~t
people tro~~~ doubLin;~ to
then= respon~ibiliLi~s.
Even so,
[~]~rsons oz ordinary
"
intel]_i~ence _geed noi~ 1in
~er for
L~1E: ~~1"OSCLIU~C~~

~UL~10~~~~ ~

~t11P

GOLIi~

~US~~llll.C~.~ ~

LOL

~ ~t~lE.'d

1~-eve not ~iolat~d the
sC~_itute." (C~ <•;r1]_ , at X91
<
.)
F cLC~0il11~
'
[
~13C1c

?

t~11~

CCiil~ ~311;'~Oli

~ ~i=cild~~i~

3P.u`'~i

n~ad~ the
~ ~12

11l

o i_i_; cer .

~~OZ~l~~~E~-

CLc~71~~1~~ ~

E'Ll~OrCeiil~il~~ ~ ~

~~h~

E~i1CIt~IIC~

112C~S~ -i ~'~~

ll[~OTI

~011C2

~EZC

t0

~GL L'L
1

~7 GC~llCt
-

Cic[!1allC1 ~

~

i
loiterin g o~c~inar~ce ~ ~ in ~o] T i~,
;
I° _r ~~~, ~_,_
-

r ~t~21=50T1c~L
it

t0

~ ~~ib1~1c1L~/

S~~lilC12T"G~J

GL

C?C11

1I lC~1C'1C~~ 1 7 31
-

~ u~~ject
~
i_ ~-~s

to

Egli=Oi"CC-~i?T1~

~

-~~i
(Ia. , ai ~ ~+ .) Contrary
1
to that, t~~e

rt

1 oiler, n
~~
oi-ciinat~c~ in~-o7_~-eci in Cas~,
:e11. vc~ Lcd ~ ~ no _st~c~z
discL~ti_on
~;
' L'L! ~_c'1~~.~; clli GLCcllle
,J~
,r~
lit
~1Z

3Cid1~101~ ~

~3

Fi~J"SC~ll

~ u'~~j~ct Lo arrest ui-~d~r the
provision cn]_y

1S

i_~~= hi_:;

~ ~~zcl/loi= h~~_ conduct ... [a]
rise to p_~-obaUlc c~u~`
to
I_~`1ie~;~ that he [anu/ or
sl~.e is ]_oiterin~ i~~ or
about a
p uL lic -~
-est~~o~:n ~,aith the proscrib~
.d illicit i?~tet:t.
,
~Id.)
car tlzc [,~.c:~ t part ; a]_1 of
thcs ~ C~:~~ turni<< ~t!pi-e'r;e
I I

~~~OU"r r

C~35cS

i10r1CC_

3lZCi

I'=:VO~_V1Tl~

1I1~0

X11-~1t]=~~1~)

~ ~Vd;~U~11i=S~ ~ ~ ~

~IILOi=G:'_G1~.i~'~

~L1G~ ~ 2S
,

IctCtCLS

Lrl

~1Q~~c1=i~

c1_osc7.~~ to tl~e united Mate
s Supreme Cou -rt pr~~cd
~_r~s —
ti~.e d; c~~s~~~;, earlier '~~-a
~u~ _n~s~" an~.l_~~sis. The
ti~;~~ h~.
-i=GL
?LL1~ ~=Ci `LO ~.`: i[''l1Ll~
.~~11.1~
ll12.

:
~Lllc

~ J1"

1~

~ Lc`1ilC~S

lIl

L~RG

S~ .GilQ - ~~i'= `c ,'
:

CC Cl ti'L

'~
~

_

01

~~_E-~ U1~i ~,

~ ~~'~t=~Ucll~ j,~ ~ r
,
.

[llllL~~C1
-

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 69 of 146 Page ID #:69

(, ) ,JCI1~~S0', t~TC11il~0il
ull~i

CL"llilal

.~0:%Et
~

i~,~il~~

11~ltl~ii,2d
3iic11V%c1~

~.10~.<'ifi~'~~

~iC~Ir1LD S i~-?7~

~,~.1tC1 1~5
111

~~1G

Illni~~ 113r~1 OLc,
.C

iA~1211C~~]~V.
~Uc1L~Ll~_c:~

Ld`~:'SQ%;

~~;'

~ 1~.:~11L~r1

~~

~a::lll~

~~Z~iZC

c;L~i~V

SGiil~011~~~~

] c, 1_~be -rL~' , o~ j~rope
_i
rty under. n criminal
1a~,~ s~
~~a~Tue that it fails to
~i~re ordinai-•~~ peop
le rai,_ not~_ce
to the col~duct ~.t p~~it~
ishes, or so ;~tanda?
- dless tl1a~ ~_t
Iii"v1t~S

cL fi1. 1= -r~tLV

~T1LOiCCCitEll~

~~

~ 1~~

?~~51, 'S~~, ; citing iCo]_e
nder ~T
j~~

i
~

J~~ -.~J~i

~

n ~~~ _~Ot, OTIl)' ~ ~

ii
~i

~
,]_SO

l.v

~~O

~

C~ i. c. ~. Lt l.C:i

Sl~cztll~~S

~

C1C

~ L"l(.

1.37

J

~L •

C~O~,=S

ln.L r~`

~~lE

14`~G

O

~~-

ciCrilCii~~

~~

~'E~~ll21lt~S
1. l~~(ltcJ,

~Tri_. ~

~t

U~.1L

~JS~:

Butchel~leL, (1919)
'; ~'E= U.~.

„
~ ~~- , ~ ~~ ~
_>
1 122 infa[r~~~i~s

~:~

La, ;son, (19S;) 'E61_. U.
.
~.

i1~:1T1~' SEl~tE
PCe~

c !.tin` Ut~it~d .~,taLes
t'

~

~ ~C~.~2~,o~ical aprroarl~
„ i~iiitc:l_ in

~c TlC1~~.1=~-". Q: CyS7.Oi%

lIi

T~i
_`~JlO~LV~=

1'L11L~~

~t:2 L' ,
f

~1 ~ ~)~
f
iC)

'
=9> U.S. ~%~, ~i~~.) Tn
Ta~~1.oL, she issue ;,--`
~~ i~_ the
~l~~'I1Cj~lIIL~S
S Lii ii:`_ ~~

Ill

' il~tll~~C~.
~\~
1',1=

~ZZC~2C1
L~11~

~}1~ ~

COUL"LS

DllL~~c~L~' COi1~L
1LUI~EG

JL_lL~_
i.~12

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c"ir~2~)'~1S !vaS

~10~

2:CC~=~~t

c~

; Iil~
~ C~. )

ll0 ~

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~l i10~ lll~il

~.

~ ~til1!"u

L~:~llLC

~ ~S1I;1L~] ~

Oil:

~ij~Pi"G2C't1

n

t0

b ~_ii-~1_~~.r;~ o~; c'~~e _}usti
~ication that ~~(i ~oL~r~
callr~: i~
~ ~,_
~~
_
u ll~'~lcl i~~~

~'TcaV ~ GL

Zi

~T11 CECI

~t~~~~,~

SL1D1"8 ~

'FC'~

[~

~.

a t X92 (~ ~~~'e tl~in'~: the
t 'bu~_glar ;r ' il~ ~~2==(
e) ~~us ~~ ha~-~
S O:~~ !1111FO~1i1 C12i=1
111C.1011 11lC~ct:~
?1C121~i
c fi'.~;;~ O~' 'c;'~

~ L .I.
.

ii `.

C)c

~ ~'

t2i~'

_ i.. ci L. C

;~~~Ot :~_,[i ~ 1~l_O~l~

vc L'1011

L~ r.. ~

~--

~ i~y.i.~S ~

1 L~

('J l'r 1~

.= u11. ~~
-

-

-

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Ci"1~..111c"i1

IJ L L `~ I. ~2 L ,~~

~:[11CI1

rQ

OL

1~~_c.C~S

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L ~~ L Ll L. ':
_

..~ ll~

-

~

;'._ ~~~,

~.~ l L ~~1

~,~ 'D 1_li-

l:_=i_2eCi .

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 70 of 146 Page ID #:70

r;
._~-~~C

,
~,Gii ~~`~~~~

CI =_i~cl`_l~

COli1 1

~t- 'LU~C=~

i1~~%

}1..:z
-

i~OLiiiL..~~

c`15

,~LI~E~~l

~+1~

=
Oi

~:;7:~~

~~1i1;,1_~lj' ..11,'L~1~-

~=~cCuli"

tl~e ~ ~ut~e ]_~ i_slat~_,rGs
choose too use th~_t
l~Lc1 . (1d . ,
a L ~9U-j91.)
iizeretore, the =~`~~
Court adopi,ed the su
Periluous,
,~
: neric Lour; of bL~ ge
„
r~lar}~
ir~7- the Ar~~.led Cap;er
Crir~ii~a1
~~
~~
~C~ ~ !~,~C
~

~lllc~l) C1S
7

C',1~~1

Lll~

iJ? C`;Uli?DLI.!jll
-

'L i1c~L

c~

s tate ce,.~ion cat bur,~l
ary contained all the
el_e,n~~~ts
O~

~'L1 2 l~~ L 1" ~ l %:l ~'

?~1QL~~1.Oli

Oi_

'C ~i

li

3 ~CTl~r'1C

1~

`~v O ll ~ Cl

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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 76 of 146 Page ID #:76

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~~~~lil;~l~~.L ~l
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It
hug
Leer
said
th~~
Lh~ lif=e of thr 1a~.,
;
is ~~•:peri~nc~ . \ins }ears' e~I~~ri~
nce tryin` to
1~_~-iv~ meanin~ zrom the residull clau
se co~~vinc~~ us
,
t~~~at ~, e hay-e ~~~ ~~~~~Lb_ed Lipon a ta;le~l ente
;
,,
rprise.
(Id. , at 135 S. Ct. 2557-2558,
2~6(~.)
T hus , Jo'~~n~~on s tirag`i`t~ess anal
ysis Lurns on ore
iTlalll

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{~CtOLS

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1[T',jJOL"~.d~iC`~

111E

m ain Lactor is the ~_ntc~sectio
n o1 risk_ and hypothetical
r
=ac Ls. Thy leis import?t~L
~O

SCI - ll[?1C]:r3i=F.~~_

f- F~01~.1`~

~co~-s air ("i) j~i;:tapo~itio~
lTl\'7.~i_il~
_

Cii~li~ri' _~nn_
' and
~
-~

("L j rep~~.ted judicial failures
to craft a l~~i~~cipled
a r~d objecl,i.ve ~t~ndard. It i~,
not cl~~r hog:; much 1e~~
in,portGnt th~s~

~econd,~ry ractors are, bi_it zoL
Purposes

of ~t1e CaiitoLi~i~. ~~cond-cie~ree
t~lony n~urci~_r rule is
~O-c5 l~GL

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-~~ ]_

~17L~~=

r~1C~OL"'S

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1i1

dI~~U11Ci31lii~' j~L2
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il~ the Ca7_i,-ornia's "inher~ni:~v
dan~erou~ felol;y" ~-u1e
a5 it cu~
-rentl~~ exists .
;
~ i1Li7 ~ ~"~LcIS
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L E~011~_~S,

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-

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the inclusion vi vur; lar_~;~ Gnd e;~:t
ortion
Lhe E~~~_i~~,~~ra.ted o~ter~ses prEcedin~ Lhe
residual
CO11111[ll~

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acL of n?~:~:in
a;7 ezcorti_or~~te d n,_~.nd o~ Lr«_~kin
and ent~rin~ into so~mon:~ ~ homy do~.s
nit, in and o~
i_tselt, vernally cause physical injury.
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UL

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i

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en a~ i_n viols=n:~e ~i=Ler m~'~:in` hip d~rna
nd or becau~
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ence b fore
or 1_;_caus~ the b~_~~
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 77 of 146 Page ID #:77

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3

I~LS ORIGI~iS OF CALII'
ORNIA' S SL.CO~;DDLG ~L~~ T~ i~ONI' ?MURDER RUL
T
~ ]_) TIIL,
F1:Ai;EGlOZK OF
CODL SECTIG~~ 157-189

ih~

C~ILIFO~i';In PENAL

~ ~liio~ ni:~ ~ s murder sta
tute c.o~-ers several

! ~
~

t r'pV1~10T15

~G1.R,

tii~

tli"St - Ci~~i-Lc

r311C~

SEc'.pi~r~-~ip~7.F ,
,f

cloil~~ i:;u,_d~r doctrines
invol~re ~or,:~e :ind of
'
LLO!1

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Lhc Cali iorni~, Supi=:~-~1~
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of anothzr human
'~~~ ~ in,~, or fctu~,

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a~LOEt~-1Gll`'L~f~~ l

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seccio~~ 1 ~;;~ i~ a~
m alice r.~.a.~;' ue express or_

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ii ~.plied. 1t i~ ~~r~~~
s~ ~;he~~

t E~~r~ is manie~tcd a del
i~~raL~ intention ut~J_~.:a
u11_ ~~.~
L o t~l~e a~:gay file life
cL a re11o, c~eat~~~~_~~.
.~
1t is irnpli~=d ;
:h~ ~ ~~o ~.o~~~i_ci__~_:bl ~ p~
o~~o~.~.t:~_on ~~p~~~ar_ , oi=
.:',1~i~ X11
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 78 of 146 Page ID #:78
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a t are ts~ b~ put~is
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 79 of 146 Page ID #:79

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d C~~~_,L~.-~C

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o Lh~~ ~:ird_ orb },i
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there could U~ no
need to infer
an;,-tl~in~. Lout se
c~ion
1 ~9 c1_o~s noL gay Ta
i.: it 1i_niCs it
s scope to ~;;h~.
tevrr
i t al;-ead~~ made "m,
urcier_" by sect
ion 157.
~
1« can ~truc~ion of
vection J_~9 l~a~,
ho~:e~~~er
lol~ , c=aced to hr
a r~a~t~:r of ~ ir
sL ir;,, ession. _mss
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 80 of 146 Page ID #:80

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for
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ond-de•~i:ee felo
ny murder rule.
See
~: ~1e L- . Ho:,a~~, (200
~o1
5) 34 Cal. ~~th
1129.) This is
i~
1 ~ ~ c_~;? ll~ ~= Lllei
,
~(~C017~ C4 ,_ E'L
=':;
ic-lorry-:nurc~~~ rule ` ~ ~-i- a
c ot7rt-raad~ rule, iL
has no st~tutoLy
deiinition.`~ (Id.
~_~l~

C'011i~~

~1~:~

S ~COltil - CI~JLG~
C
iOC~1'~ I12. ~~

~~:cTli

011

LO

~Ely~

i`~ Ol1y _,rlli"Cllr
,

`~~'F' i 'OD L~
(

V

~,~

itllC~"t

ri~~_`

GS

_., c

~(OC.~ L"~ ~OII,

cl

~%E2,L'

~c)i;,,Ti~i~

~ ~IJU!' J

~~;0

~ ~~111i:

~ ~..,

.S4

C~ 1

~ 5~, ~~~vrriuled b~~~ Peor
le ~r. Chun, {2
0Q9j 45 Ca]_ . =th
- ~%,)

-~r

=.1_thou h, its ~'00~' i~l:
e Cali orni_,
Supreme Go~sr~:
}
:~iC~

c;1 ti ti1~~ t'C~

o ~i~~re:l
~ ~l~t

~~lP_

CO L1:C5~'

1_ii

~i _~~~11'~

~ hisCor-i.ca1 ~; pl
«nation
~cC01~i~ -!iC'?i=~~='

cre~~ion ~aftel a11_,
i L?1_- ,
C

~~rJ171P

d~_~L1011~jl

~11~'2C

ri

~~'Rr' 111~i~

car Lt~_ ~~c,n.]_usi.ol:

~LlOIiy' ~ ~Ll"1_'Cl2l

L"i11~

1~

T he second d~
~r=~
TLOi'sl

COUL' i.

COi;.ifiGl`l

1_d~~

~:t

~L_aLll~OL~
'
;

~~ o<<~•,--muLd~r
1_

L~~:SCCI

oi~ ~ ~-a_cu'~-~; i~ i.s [j
ust] ~~nother ini
.~rpi ctaiic» ~f
~ ec~iol~ 1~5 s e.~e.ndon
ed al~d ~~a~_i~naut
heart 1;~t~~u_l~e. :~
(~~ ~ .
a~ 11 5.;

- ~I. -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 81 of 146 Page ID #:81

_I Ll ~ 1. 1

•~ ~ 7_'l

L

L i
` ~,i1 L

~

C O Il r. 7_ Il ll c _~
,

L~VF~i
COi~~10' -C~1SL"~
,_15
? A1Ci- 1 0:- -]_1tG
~..ul1C:'
ii011~~.~.~L1LCi"~ '" 'J_'Ll
;
i
Lil~~ l~fiil~E~
S~il~e~ L'111L 110
~ tatuie sp~~
C~111.L01111~

iic~111y u~~s thos
e ~~;o

rd-~ . But that fo~-r;;
l_CIi~J~1EC! Ciid110E
1S 1liilil~' D?
~~~ Gi1 SL~~L1l~G
an inte~p- ~~a~ion
~ l~ 1S
~~
of section 1b~~ i
s abanciol~ed ant
~IiaLl~il~:?lt
[1~3"L ~
lc"111~113oE.
~]_f;l]_1d1"l~' ~
d~~rce felony rr,urd
S~COlI~
Oi

E-r i~tile is nonst~
~tutor>> in the sins:.
that no st~~ut spells
it out, but it is
as another inte~pre
also statuLory~
La~ion of ti~~ sa;,~~
"abond~n~d and
rna]_i~nant h=art ~ ~ 1an~ua
;~~. [~;e ha~~~ said
that '~ftlonyr,urde~ rule. e7.i~~~inal~e~
,
the n~~d for pLoo
of n ~~iic~ 7_Il
,
CO1lTl~C~

]_Ol1
~r71'l.l~
?=c11U~Llil~ 1.i-1Clc~c
lt~t. LLL

~`,~ 1ic~ , bo ti~i t:-i lh L ~~
. =~ard

c1T1Cl

~rOil~l

3
C~-13i=~~ OI iill
lLil~L", ~[1i~c~~>;y
i~Li:~Ei~CE GT c:}J
~i=:IlC` OL ~?CLll
:l
to

1ire t de~r~.~ f~1or~

~- n;urd~;L~Z011~' i^L1L(1~
~T=. ~ ~ ~}~l1~. ~:T12~1
.V~1Cc117V

~'ir',_l"~c

~i~is i:; not pi~~c.i ~~=1;~
correct, . T'tze felot~~
,~ nu~~der cu~lerenders irre_lF~vant
co~~siou5 -disr~~a_
rd-io-~ -life malice
but it does not
r~nd~r malice i_t
s~lt ir~~~evar~~.
~ ~~~~~~,1, t[-lam L~1
G1~j -~IULG~1
, ~~ ~''t5 ~~~
u
4 Su~J~Lltut'~"
f or consious-disr
~~ard-ioL~li~e
melicc, It sirrp]
• r_ ~
d:=~scribcs a d;_L~er~.~~ r
_,
t~t ~- or_~n of r.~~~lic
c unu~r section 1~
~ ~I'Ci',' L~~Oit`' -Iltlll
- Ui=2: rl!l;_'

1"i i~UL23 ~11~=
~l-c'~li1SL~=. i _1C
I
1OL' ~i ii;UCIcL / CO
~~ll
cs -•
R`:'~CLluli `LU tl"lU
~~. ~.~i0 CO~'hTl1~
~~11iltl= tiir L~~
2. C1uii!1C1c~~:
=1~~~LLc_~;1Gll GL
i
_, ic~Oi~`i it;~
l ~~
I1
JLciiti~' C;Lalj"-r
jL -

11

~~!1~

vi'

L,~~L~Z

dU~.~~I,~Jr~i_.i~

L'.1=

~lri~~i

1
li'~~~.1 Z~' !i~lll~_

Oi'1~111'J.~

~l!=:~.L t~ l

y
LCiLI': l1a J~_

Ui
~_v~~~ ~ci~::' ci'tlil
LG!131' ~ S ScC~
]_G11,dl~lllll
1C LLi~ CCiCdliUli
~a~d SZCOiIC~ C~~
LF10:1~ ilT~ll:~~ `L~ l`U
~~ti c_ 12. 7.11;, ~~ 1 1]_
1Tl`ilc'Sti LO CO
Ta~?lt ~l 1EZOi1V
1 hL`~11~1V G~31l~~LG
1l~i
US LO 11_te 15
~3 C1~C11[11St~r~C
~n ~bur~do~.~~d and
c Sii~\11T1
rnalign~~~t heart. '11~
c second r't~ ~-~=
~ ~~0~~~---iI;L'_U`L"' 1U
1~ 1S b;~SE 011
S~ct~:Ut`,~ ctli~~, cCC
.tamd~ an fi.~~~r~ cc~s
OL"Clll'iv1_}?,
tituLiol~a

~ v:"

C01it.~111~

l. -_r_ou»d.

.f-,G'~.
L UI.0 il~iS

~111~.:C
i=)Cc' Ll

~~li_~~~ ~
L~'`~~'~.L

m ore corrrctl~~ ,
1 i
2_`,

ull ~

I , ~:1lly
i1=

L~l
tC1

C~

<<

UL

ct'r, ~!IZ~Ji~c'~

~ :.s ~, t s~; ~L~ ~ ~='G
~o
,~,
,
~1~~
: ' :~~,j:~l~i'_~~
.?-lL

dS

2.

C1c=~1~1011

ii=l.0il~'

O.L

~i l_l

C~E1"

~tclCLltc:

UL" ,

as a sLat~,!i~ory
cocliLic~_ l:io~~ oi:
co~~trron

l;'[~2 L"~" SUT11'ii~
~
~[~.E

ScC017C1 - C1:= - L~
L

~'.~_LLL7 1~
~lilCl

TIO ~

iii21]_~[lcIlL

cll~

Oii

[1c31 L

~07_Il~ :
n

Zell

L~1~

l~~i'~C

~v the i_~,lor.
~~~-muzders e:~:r1
_tcitly

1il ~c~~l:iOl1

]_C~~

-

llli_

7~

-

( I _~ ;
L' ,

ill~l -

.iCl.l

L~~_

CO?~~=c~~~C~C1

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 82 of 146 Page ID #:82

=~;l~;~
O~

l~

LO

~i1'.J

ii

[i1=:]_1C~_

~i'~=`~1tIQOl1~'d
I I

~_~:55

i=SL~ ~~~

CP,COG:r~3S~L~
COilr:~_UCI ~

- Faith

ci 1lC~~

SOfiic

t~Z~iL

1L

~i

- OL f''.~
-

'Li"!a L1

Oj.

7_T1tET1L

LO

c~]_ll

i CI_OLI~;'- fiiL1LC~EL

7_1lClI 1Q~~.

dilQ~

L11L1~ ~

iv2~%Cl"~~;~lESS~

SLC01lC1 - ~iE`Lt=E

LclUll;~' G1UiC1EL

ll T1GC'~l

EdU~_)/

Or

~~}'

t[1~

1~2~1~~_c"i~UiC,

tiz,_~n on1;% ih~ 1~cisla~i-,~e].v
,
G~rc~ci-i_b~~i predic~,Lc

LOL"tll

i;ll2.~ !.'c

'n

1I1

j_~

~C?GL10iZ

l~`~

C~.~[~':OIl~L1~CG5

~ ~ci~~~11lC~UT1E_Cj

S riu\J

_1 ~=:Li-~~c~

t1.7~_ op~~~z-ended possibility
oL cour_ts Linding nee,
;

- ~:ii;er

,~~i_ij_n~_~~

11%_iLC~ ~

!I

tOLf11

:
,~~3LlltOi=`y' ~LcC~1C~lt?5

~ GL

i~l~i~_1'~Ll_111L

1_S

~i1~ (tic111~~T1c11Zt
__

~c`'r~~li ~

Cc:"Li~ctllll`.'

C]U1~~~'_

L11c!~

~i

1_~cl~~.

11~a1 t~ ~

~~_l;,' ~Z

ctll

c~t

C,iOSL~

L~lr'_

1ll~:C~L"~,L"cL

~1G?l

ctS

1.i-iC] l l~i i ~~`~

L

11~tr~Li,~i <ta,i~_inn
-

i~ic

~~luL

1S

T'~

ZC11`✓_

`in~S

lT]~ClI?L , L~I ~~_C;l~
~

l~

Ot

:;Ot

ci

iil2.li:~.~',~G1`~

L
"~c~Q1Il'~ .
-~:C~~1~`L

~tll`

i=c~\ci[[!111=~~1GL1
L c~Oii~'

i~~Lll_CjEL

1~

il0 ~

~,~11,11~

Ot

11ciJ

c_

~IZc

c~_1lC~i

D12C~

~Gi

1~~5 [101C~1Tl-~

c.

COC~1~~ ~tP

t_~i%.'L

S~dtLlt01~' 1~~C11__,LE'c

~C~~O~l:l -~C~a~,l:t=~

Li~~E

1_S~ll~' 1S

0 1 ~_c,urse, second-- ~~~rec i~`1o
nti~ ~~.~~~rd r - in ]_i,ht of
_
Tn}ln~
r;,~il V
lJnl t~~~1 ~t~i- ,
~~
~ti lS ~ ~
lil~l~tET1L~_A'

(7_) THE
DOCTR7-~`!E
OF
Dr~r;G~ROuS FELONY"

.
-ci='L2.

"Ii~IHERLNTLY

, ,,
,
~1~, un~esL~ictec~ ~e?~sior~ of ,
Ln~ r~lonv-~~,~t~~_~~r rule
~ dOl_11G
.

~Jc' i1dL~l: '-

~ L;tLi~LE~Ci

~ O'1i_011C
:
~1L'~

d

Tc~_t=ll

-01=
1

cc'L']lli"~'

cl

~_1=

10L

~i~t,?C~

~1EcttL

c l52 COiI[[ll ~

tL"c.L~Cl ~

~L'i ~: .
-

LLOi;i

GL lliE=
CL

Or

CVcil

n
.;~ht be guilty o_r inuLder.

llltit~l~Cr ~
tCl~

~L811C~_

1-21011}

,~',Oi'i t`OT1c

~~:10C~; O1-

tt1F L i= ~

~. 1t.1lc~Sl.p';

11?c 11

t1'E~~~~c'1SS

U1.

~1~~

i_LC_~ll

~~ d`at~-~ iol_1o~,;in~ one. of

C hess teloni~~ ..~ers-:~, ]_e~~
tlla_n i=ores~=ail =, and pe~
-h~.ps
D ili-

?COS~CC~!01=

`: OU .Ci

c\i= LC1S`: Ci1~CLc
`L 1011

_% _~

-

i10~

LU

Cf1,sLr c.

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 83 of 146 Page ID #:83

~ . ~~i ~i_c;~i= _n s~_:::h ._ ciccun
sta~~ce
~ri0'~,]l~

QECI.ICZ

~O

COTI"V1C~~

~- ~= n~~~i~i~.!,s i:l <<:~ jur
,

Or [i?LiCicL~

L)U~~

~~L1c=

CL1iP.11i'i~_

1a~,~; slloul_d not 1ea~.:e it
corr~pletelj~ i.o pro~~c~_ttor
~ a~~~c
juries Lo ~i':a~c sure th~~t
d~tei~d<<nts ~ind~~~e~='~:i_ng
cf
- isi~m~~r~t i_o~_ r~u7-der
vun
do not in fact rcc~~ ~,-e
~1~at
punish~~~ ~ent. The ~.~ang~rous
,
felon} re~luire~nen~ lcs~el
~ ~h~=
1-iarsl.; cd~~ o~=i the basic
felony -murder i=u1_c.
7
'll~ o_~_ _din oj= the d~n~~i
-ou~ i:~]_ot~~,~ rei;~_iir~mr
nt
i~l ~,r~~~~ ica is
-

orn~ tin.e~ ~~ttri_bu~ec~. to
r~cc._~~ti.on L~-o.:

:~1~~1ish common lat~~. 3~ Tile
~
ori~ina_1 En~~iish Lt~~le
;~.
~ ,~

ice ..

~.~.. .~ 't;~'~.

~. :ic

~~1`,_:~:~

~i~~.u«

v;.

_io'~1` - <<luL~~^'.L

~
.aithout regard to ~.~:heth
~r tl~e ul~derlvin, i_e.l_o7
y ;,gas
L

i
12.T~i `~~~ O~l~ .-~

L CilrirCl_
ct~

~-R~

t~0'~s~iLQ

~~LC~iI ~~.2.ii=j

,,
i '__ - ~i ~:~tl

CjS'.11..'['i

]_"i_1

c,
~ll=1.1(=S ~

~,cil L1=0L"llld

~ llEPC~` ~1S
i G1=

~~CiC

=! Oi?l
-

?~rC11-

all

Wi lli_

f.oL
-

111~~c11

d ~~r~e ielo~~}'-murder. ('T
onle ~~
~,
_
_~~,~~ ~-

.~ ~'.S

U LcC~1.Ca~

iiv

_
[iicil ~IOL~

icl_OTiy'

1_I1

~'dL'lUl7~

~i~~ Gil`/ -[Il'~ICCl~_L

C. 'c'~._,~ J
-_` ~L~-

Lc:~L;l_Llti':,

LG

r
u1

~?l7}'

_1 ~~3~_ ~

U~ ~.

%1~DOL'L1Gil

j ~;fir,;_
,

I~r01~~~_r

CGllf= ~~

_1 ~~_C!L11~5
~ li-c

c=.~ti~;,' 1c~
,

ctD07= L10T1

11Z

_; ~~:L''~i,~

i~ii~_L

~`~:Oi1C~_ -

(1'';14) 1:,? Cal.
1. 1

C7llct11L 1.2C~
t".

C1Ual1i i_2Cj

~ `_) i ='~

~1~~C1_

Fd25

C.a~ ES

~=lS

~'i~'~ I~._i~Vi=t. .

cl

1~tiu

Cu~~Lt ~1SSu-,
,
.cd th~~t dri`~;ii~g under
t'~:e 7_~_~f_~_n~r~C~ c,Ua1]_i
=ie~l
7~

fi

~L"i=:11C~L~

L01

SCCOIIC~ - Cl~`]-=_

t._l~iCl' -i~lUl=~icL

`~E~~

r ~_o~,~]_e v. ~1~-lntvre, (19
1) 213 Cpl_. . ~U (1~~3:1
) .)
~
,~~:1L1~

LLi~L~

~v~i~.

li0

ct11~:1~'S]_S

01

Wtl~' C1L1~'litJ

LiIQCL"

~~lt~

3. See T,~,- '~Y\~ ~~. L~.F_',\-I~ CRI
;;IIN~L L=.~,~.' %E~-7~~ 5
.L=. .S
Vi a) (5th ed. ?010) .
! . (Id. , ~.:L 7~~. But
r
sze Gtiyo~~? Bind~~, Tl~
~ Origi»s
of American T~1ony ~~iurd
er Roles , ~7 ~~~r,`-._~i . L . R;~_
V . ~')
(20~~'~ ) (ca]_]_i_n~ the l~arst~
oi-i~~in~1. ~ u1r~ a m~,,~th)
.

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 84 of 146 Page ID #:84

~cor?1 r~ ~,C ct~_1~I.01_1~1F1

;:'oinde~~~c r der~.~
:o~~~LLaI.~~ Lh~,.t t~

~U~L~i';!2

I~GLi"t

S

UL]_~`1T1E11

c~~j~i0~"iCil

LO

7_ll[1~

C11~

d an~rrous ~~:as to foc
~_is oli the acLt
lal i~c~s or the
case.
(See Pco_nle v. Poi
:~~dExLer ; (195
8) 51 Cal. 2d 142.
j it
-~e
d efendant hid furn
ished 1_~eroil~ to
a minor, nano died
. Tn~
~ GUi=L
~ il~L

I I -i

c_XpL"'c~•5~=C1 ,
~ ~IZ~

11~i"

~:'1C;L1R"i~

~11~LE

Cl1F ~

L1"O'i;i

~.ic5

lli'~COiltLOV~L~t~
_CI

l~<`1LCU~1C~

~cS~1Cii0"r~~
,

LlU1~011lCl` ~

c; I1C~

tl~ar ~a~.in~, a Tot
of heroin ~~:as ~~
~~~ct ~f dan~~~-sous
to
~-~t~ ~;- 1 7_ifie . (Icy .
;~~1
, ~ t~ 1r~9 . I t is
har:i Lo ~.no~a ~~ ~
~~o~
S :_ri QLS I v

i n

i~c":c:~

~~.1 i.5

S~IZ`L~T:~~;'. !
r 2~:11~;
~

1 1 ~rL
'`l~
-~ ~

Court is ~ zy~~_~~~
tL_~:t. ~ t Baas pro1~~
1- for tl:e
'
LG

.11iO~.d

tcSt"i I lO11J'

GT1

`. 11C_I~11C,1

cl

~'ClC~

OL

~~"l`

.r~_al co,_~rt

''_~C
-10111

1S

c n LrouS ~~ 'rlurnul~~
Iii e: ~,~~hich ~: ou
ld m~a,~ i~l-~at tl,
,
dan~_rot~sn~ss ques
tion ~:as trc~t~c~
a~ _.. gt~~~tiot~ of
~ C Lll~i~_

~~~] UC1~ Cr.r1V =

~.Cl: ~

T10 L

clS

«Tl

~ ~~.}~~ r]=~ CL' ~ ~

Gll=~ ~1Gil

o f 1~~~.~ . Gn Lne~- o
~ -~ L hand, it
could ha~re been a
"s7_ip
o f t1z~ p~i~," the
d~~~11y qualit;~
of narcotics ov
erdoses
~_ .-~,~
~~~ ~ i one b~~n ~ae
11 ~ no~~an .
t1 I_~lZ.~I,J ',-~~LI

TL~F-~'l/~~-'

\%

~\1_l
~l

~l.=

Z'

~U;i.0 ~li l~;
~

l~.L c:111 Lcl~

kith Lh~ oe=innit~~
.
I
o
_ o~ the absrr~ct a ~~Lc~~
ch Lo inherent
1~L
d at~~_~ruusne~s it; Ca
l_i`ornia, Lhe
i.irst rep 1 cxpl~~
nu~ i.o,~
O~

1 ~.

~ ~ p `~=i. L" S
I.1

1 lZ

(1960 ~~ .~ C~ 1. ~d

F' ns_~F
~=

'v

}~ ~ L~ ~ i ,

j r,,:~ n
~ f.~w_
i~~s
~
T?~~1 a r c
_)

X52

Peovle v

~'ar_tz_ ~o,,
,

~:;_ ,~91 _.c,,
C cl~. _i('1 ~J_~_~, b!1 ~li
~ ~~)~ I~~1LLL1D>>L1i1
~ Li~c ~,LJtL~.CL
LC=L
';' ~~~'-~-:~_-')
~
to
te _"~;-~Lam__, -, fi :-~~,=~
r'__=
~
-1 ~ ~ ]_ ~ 7 .l j ~ ~ ~, ]_ .
3d % '
3~- ~'
Gt"<.L 1. LI]_::ri n\ I'cU',~
i l.e v
L'1(_iOd , \ I~1~1 ~` J L c
C ~I. . ~: th
' U' Pec,t~l r __Phi
-!
11ir;; , i,tic~;6)
6=~ C~~_1_ . :'_d 5 f'=,
~:lso
_ -, _, _

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 85 of 146 Page ID #:85

G ~.% i= ._ ]_ IJ 1_ ~~- l~
~1i-i~}_~LC'Ci ~
~
tI=G

l~
= i= O iJ 1__ -,~ --i ~_ O O Q ,

h _,'

~ ~ 5.'1

~1c1'J~

L~1ZiT~~2~_~.'~.~

i1El~j

L11cr

11111~icl~t~.~%

jI ]iJ i_
~:~1C

,)

G1ilV

Cj~!"C1~c110U~

~ it ~

-' ~ , =i I 1 - =

~LIC[: 1_clGi
llt~
LG

ll~li1ic111

i_~, ~~ L'. ~-

~l5

11iC_

c an suppoLt t1;e
~p~~licat~ioi~ of
the ftlol~y. m,
urd~r rule.
[~~,~ 1~ave ruled
that i~n assess
i~~ such pe~~
-il to l~«~~l~i~
i - e inzer~nt Zn
and' gi:~en felo
ny
~~~ look to ti.~
e 1~r~1~n~~ o~ t~l~
fi elotl~~ in t'r~~
aUsLract, ~~ ~~ rlj? ~,
~rii~,l_~,_
r~,~ ._~ ~,1-~~_ ca
s_. ~ ~ ~I~. ,
a~ 502 ~~rnpr
~asis adled~ - )
Tt-ie Court ~, as na
,
t ~_cqui - cd to
r
~~:plain ~<h;~ th
e
~anderlyi~,r reloi~
,
y at bar, gran
d tl~ett, ras
not i~nheren
~ly
C
iuLl`~7.011~
~O

~ltl;ilall

1] 1-F

- ;~

~1- ~ :~;
.
;;~~Cu%li~Ll iict~l

c on~veded th_ poin
t. The ~iosec
uLioi~ did_, ho
~~e~er, ar~~ue
i
C~i

r;`[1F~~

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1a`,~~

c`1CilOUtll~d

1.0

ail

~ ~~CCUc1~

a pprosc~-~ , to ~.:~hi
cl~ Ll~e Court repl
ied:

tc1Ctj

I I

acl::~ittir~~ th=,t or~End
theft is teat inh~
r
~e~~t1y dang~rou
LO
1.7_LP_~
r; ~- `',
i:i'1~~
i LO~ ,~CUL1G~
~
c

.
Shy
LS CO ~~_~i~'O:il~
,
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C12`LEL'ICldt~ S
COr',Ci~.1~L ~O `L
111~~0~~)tJL~-~.t.~
1i~t .Vc fil~`r
~U~~ll
'
.
~~ciICClLS
8_J
~t'Vt~l,}
, ~!c~Ci'
inlzerent.l~~ dal~7ero
1115 Ci1~:iC
u~. In so i_z~~~
~in~ the ci-ii_nitic~
cl
~l~~~l
l of
1=P_lOL~~
fOL
tL~ic Pll::POSG
Of auS~ ~lli~
it~herEnt p.~~ i7~ to
1~.5
line the
i_il 1~l.f'~

CiJ~1L"..

v~

prosecution ~~:c~uld
the 5tstutory c~ei
a~,l.nuon
inition of the
felony as such ai
: stit~_~t.~ the ta
;ub
d
ctual ~1-~ .~„'~s c~
deicnuant's ctu~
CG1l~llL.~.
T1l
`L~1E
l
P'L"ES~Il~
Cc?SP
L~"?i att0ill2j
~v~ul~l
' Lc1- ~L'c11
cha~act~rize
!
that
co~id~~ct ~~s i ~ral~d
; ~11.C~ 1_
',2
_r
L '~ i~;;~~ ~
tt~~ft
~Cl~l
t~"t1S 1Z~~aly C
:=c'l ~ ~.CI
aL ~~u~s , c1raL1y it~
i_ C:~ULl~1 ~
i
lis
~.rol_~-~~ c~an~er
to l~~_L~ian 1iL e an
su~~t~orts an app1~ca
d
tson of the
ielon;~ murder ru1=
[Si~
'1'o
ra`!i!~ ntiz2
.
tl~~
course; v - conduc
d:. enlan~ ~o that
t ot__
the i=elc~i~; murd
er rule aP~]_ie~
~
lilV
~cVi1!u1lL
it
OL
~11C L
Cv1lQUCt
(~~I'~' ~~~ CCi
dan~~rotis
r
_
iI~1C~~1 cll
to
1i~e
~~.-ould
s~;id~~~ '~h~ yule
calculacio.~.
b~yon~l
Zc
•,:~~~uld
tl~.en ap~-~ly trot on
co~:;.~~iss~_o» a~ ~~p~c.if_
ly Lo the
ic Monies. ~:~'
~ic.h ~ L~ the,r:~~:l~~
C~!311ji-'LOL].`
~O
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~~lJUL
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t~lp I~~LIJELL
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~l__om~ duii~1~ ~ liicn c_~
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acted i1i such ~~
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 86 of 146 Page ID #:86

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approach or ate

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ap~~rc~~c~i~.— The minimu
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~,~:'~~~Lh~r pi_ior co~~victions
qualify for either f_ecle
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r~~~ ~. ~ca~_ . See, e. - . , i~lend.e
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 87 of 146 Page ID #:87

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;
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01

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UiIC~:=:L

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I10~~? CE'~

,i

~
oruinary comrnissioi~ i ~
~pproacl~~ has its
o~~n
arbi Lrari,~ess problems
. S• nst dogs L11e
ordnary or ~~~pic
al
con„ission oi: an ut
fen~e 100 like;
Thy i~nquir-y clred~
es
u p pro~b7_~~~~s ~ir~~~ilar
to those or ti~~
minimum conduct
.pp
~ i=o=.cl~, _~s t~~ ~-~ i_s
sirn~ly no non-aibiL
r~r~;' ~-a~' o=
s a~;`in~ ~.;i-~~~ ~ ~ orcli~
~~ry or L,,~pical. 11i
= one escape ro~~
l

Tlzc

t ii~~.~

<<il:1L.Luiliii=.~~

~JGuiij

C2

COiii~i

ci~:i=liSi'v'2

S~ciCi: i,1.CJ.

I i. ire l:r~~:; ti•.- 't1aL per
c~~nta:~e ~i dri~i~
n;~; under thF ~t1
_1u~r~c;
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u

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l

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%G

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1GU~_tlES

pL~dicabi]_it;~ . In 1~
%1, the C~li orni
a S~_iprem
C
lcC1rl~C~

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lS~~lle

, %i t C ~l ~ .l_ 1 ~
c
j

o1:

Court

1111~~L`CP.L

F L~ i~ is c"i .

L.'[1 C:

~~

c C~ i C ~~ L c

f elol~v ~r~s ~~oss~~;sion
of a cot~ce~lable
~.<~apon Ly yin ~t_f_e
J_o~~.~~
—
~.

1_Cl .

clL

-:~

il -

1 ~'

~~ ~~F

~t ~ ~OL ~\ciliiTl
lE~ L,OL~?Ol"
Cole, sections 3019-3
c`i~10Z
021, 2554G et sea
(fraudulent and
C ~C~[)L`lV~ ~tCt~
Y'c~_~~tll~~ iC>
COTl~GL'~ttl0il~ ~
~ ecLions 12000 tt se
%lf_CL]_Ori CGCI` ~
q. , 14'~O~i , 1~2~(~
, 17090 et seq.
c t SCl1
~~i1.J~~ Lt 3c~~
?c~100
Z~~ZC~L~ ~
~~~ -L~,U ~
' Jl1 ~
~~1'
~ ~=leccion oii:rn~e5 j ,
~~~=;JO ~
~ ~~ ':JI
~'il ~~;nci_al Cody,
,
sectio~~ 1855% .1
~ llilElUr~1v"i1~E~l
Sc!12 Of lll`.T~S
~ii?E'Llt Cc1 t1
r1CnLE5~ j UOV
G ods, ~~c~~io~1 905'
rl(11CL~i:
~t s~c~ . (inteLfer
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c~:~=OCc~S~
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 88 of 146 Page ID #:88

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Cal= ,

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rr.urd~.~_, alter the Li-ia1
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011
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Gi2 C011v1C~1L1~~

~:ll=

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L h~ tr_ia1 judge ~riulLiple
questions about L11e la~,~
of
~ CCOi;r~ - Cl~;{L"~E=

1.c1011~' fi',UL~~~L

SLi'~.~cStl_ll`~
Jr

Ci1%~

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r~; y l~a~.-e teen b~~.~ed on a
r~lot~v-rrurd~.r th`:ory. ~1ci
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O ii

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r~111C1"i11u

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Citcil~.2~

i0

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LOCll~?Ci

~~liZ7_Cii

a

1'L~

a~

L"E'v1G~d

1P_1_Gii~iil"'~~v~Sc~~l~

iiZ

might ha~~~e lieen n;-c~- ~_o~!~ly
col~~-i_cted. ~1 e.~~~n~;icLed
~i'LIL"c12 L
-

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_lnothcr 1971 dec.i_sion,
Pe~1~~_~, ._~~le.tti_s~~n, (19
71)
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~
t r_
poi_s;n ~ '1'h~ c~e~erl~~iat~t
:end ~ric'ci:n
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 89 of 146 Page ID #:89

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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 93 of 146 Page ID #:93

,.,~~O~~L:r

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a ppi.o<<ch t_o inh _r ~nt
].y dangerous ie
loni~s and i5
c ~~~istrn~ °„~itl~ ~atc
.ol
Lell — bui: inco
nsistent ieith tl;e
"ordit~aL~,~ com!Zli~~
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it1 `Iichols.
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C~lirornia Supreme Co
urr s~~:zng~ back
to~vard tiZe
o~.dinary comni.ssi_on at~
p-roach, ~lbcit
sorr~~~~ohai. c~paquel.
}~.
T1~c victir~~ , J~nl~ti~ Li
c~_io, h~r1 been
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Paterson plc led 5u
-ai
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-er
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turnishes, adrninstE
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t~~pts to import i1~
i:his
s tate
o,
tranvpor~
(]_)
anv controlled
~ ut~stance
shall
be
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1[;l1~L15011TiC~l1L
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 94 of 146 Page ID #:94

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ll~e C_1_ii=ornia SupLe~~:~
rct.-el_scd: i;ririn` ~- or_
the Cuur_ ~, Justice E~et~l~ard
e;<pl~ined Lhat ~~:'~1~.the~ a
~-io]_ation of secL~_on 113~2(a j
is ~ ~ inh~rentl~~,~ dance er_o
us"
c
~epenc~s upon precise]_v ~, hich
;
s~~bstance i~ in solved.
'
I"tt`~ pLop~i- iactua]_ iiel.ri of r~
eren~e i~ t'~ot ~u~t ~,r~ ,
~ ubstar~c~ co~~er ~1 b} tl.~ pro
,
vision, buL in~Le~.d t':i:~
p ~ecis~ substance in~-o1.-,r~.d il~
the cage. '~1°ne GourL
ii~si_sLecl ghat it ~~•as u~i,~~ ar
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i :<~~ L c~ S S ~~_ V
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l 1Z

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of an actual i~cts ar,proach
. (Patterson, 'r9 Ca1. 3d
~L
5~'0-6?1.) T}~
prop'-.-~- qual~tun~ or thr~~h
old ~_,i ..i,t.: ~:~a
~ ~hi~n ~o-~ohabi]_;_L~,.~ ~ —
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C011C~LC L~ ~
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~OVPLiiEll~~S

p J_r~_ fo?_ an ~ctu ~J_ fa
cts appioach.
[ghat Lhc Cou~.t i~~
c-ant
-,
~, Gs th~.t section _11_
;
,52 a) is divisb
l~ - in other ~.~
~rds i t contains as r.~~an~~
diii ~r~nt offens
e as substanc:~ iL
c o~;er~. ~Cf Dc_~c_~_
~~1-— ~~ Unite _S t a
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')
13~~ S. Ct. ?276, '?2
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aL r:he~~~ d~t~r~~,
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' C11C~1
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C]Uc~l~ ~y' c._S
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~~10111~.=~ ~

u ~~der

~l
-~e tedcral :Ar~r~.~~d Ca
reer C? imi~nal ~c
L, cc,u, ~~.
m ay look a.i. the f~_~_t
on1_}~ L=oi rl-~e limite
d Z~urpose c
ascer~~~inin~~ ~, itt~
portion ci a di
visib.Le cr-'tr~~~_l;dl
5 ~`t1=~_ll.0

i. lc'_

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n ~~t Look at Lyle part
icular .~ay~ ii-~ ;~h
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i l~LT11Sl~P_r]

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ii13~1

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s tatistical ~~t~a7.y~~s
should be col du
cted on re~~~and.
1i1.J

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c
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G ourL ir,;.pliedly ac
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 96 of 146 Page ID #:96

,_ ~~LL1.~ LiG~
C~%1il~;GL OUS
-

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i_

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'

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ICE

Lit=~

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CUiili~!1~L~=mil.

A

. minin~u~,~ ~~~~duct an
,
a ~,~sis ~~ecessaLil~
; it~volv,~s cci~ju
riri
h ~ipotheLical dcsi:~i~e
d
o minimize risl~;
, Chem aslcin
~~ s~ethcr
that 1lypothesized
rninimiz~d risl: ~no
neih~less
b eaks throe h the
thresc~ld i=or "inh
erent danoerousi~e
ss
t o human life." Tl1at
is ~ah~~ the Court
in S~Lc1~~~11 algid
~ui_rou~l~s ;~a~]~ no t~e
ntiot ~ of ~tai~istics.
,
Patterson,
C~~~J

LOLl~1'dSL

Ci1C'

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iO1_'

Li 1aZ
-

C;iLli~.

C011S1C~~'La~1Ci~

o f sL~tistics, ~.~~hic11
can only b~ piol~a
tive as to the
~i ,;Ja.r`^

~,_

nr

i~~~_~~,.~ -

~vi.:iii.,~l~v~I;

OI

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~~Lrlil~

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ni~1~_ - pi-ob~Uility -

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l~~-tl~Le-ordinaLy-com~;

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7

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o ~. ~rr~~, l_ ~cl L~~' P~~ot~l_ ~ ~;
. C1~tun, (~Li0ci1 45
C~;1 . =tip il!'~ .
I-i~~.7s~~« had ~i~, 4 r, ~,'~~0
to one ~chaves ,
~~;i~o l~~ d p~~ o;ni~r~d
to procura soae me~ltu
<<1pl~etamiz~e to - Har
r
?sen. 4~~lh_t~ L~r~ch
avcs
P(_~'cL

..ciCii~

L~~IC ~

t'ictl~: ill

idcI1~

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L,ar~ ,cd on tl- e doo;=
.
sere-~rl Lime: . i o
one ~:n~,, ~i- . Hour ~
l ater, c-'nen Ilansen
Mill 1~ad not l.eard
bac'~: fr~~~~
E Cl1dV"t=~

il~' C~L'O:'~

~)~=iC~:

t0

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ci~~c"iLtiP,clit:

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Sll~i; 3`L

it i rorn 1~is car . Ong
oz Ll~e Uu11~ ~~ ~
ti ucl~. and killed
a ir1 ~:-ho ~.:a~ sitLi_r}~
, it} the 1i~ ink
roo~:~~ ~~:itlz I-~`~=
~rott~eL
(Id. , at ~U5-306. j
Tl~~t~-Justice Ge~r,~r
~.~~rc~ 1~2 Lor l:~~c Co
urt, i1o].d7.n:,
L'll- ~

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i

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c'11;

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i~~n~~L~l~tl~~ a~~t~~crou~
to 1-~t_~!nan life.
FLo~;l coils isLcd oL
~_ ~;

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 97 of 146 Page ID #:97

,_ i_ _
~_t ~.~:

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Cc 5~3L \-

t0

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Of

CO.'.iilll

L E'.ZGII~'

'h:: discharge
I
o1 a firearm air an
i~hab'~~ited
d ~ce]_]_in ~ house -by det
initio~n, a
~~
c1~~;~7_lir~
currently
being used zor d~a~ll
in~ purposes,
~;~hether occupied or
not' (5 24S)-is of c
1o~~y
: hosc commission inh
~,
,
erently invol-vrs ~
dan~~c--_
~ o hur~,an 1i;.^. ~n inh
abited dt;;~llir~~ Hou
se is
one
its
t.~hich
pe~so~s
reside ~l~d ~, here
it
O CCUj~c,Tl'~S
~:-r 2
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,1 7.1111
a ~llll

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SUC

K c~_ S t? ll C1~ u? , there ~1_t•-ays ~ai11
-e
exi_s t a ~ i~~nif ical~
t 1i1:~.]_ihooci
ttiai~
~.n occu;~ant r~a~~ b~~
pr~~::etl~
zlt[10U:~r1 1_i. 7_S i~~
L~ {~i1c"ii r~ rFi
F?nrlpi;~ ,~.~'~' vc
~ui1t of ti~.i~ ~e1o~~y
`~~~n if, uL tl~c ti~r~.e
o
t he
shootil~g, the r~~ide
nts of the in11aL~~it~cl
~l~,-ellil~g happen to ~e
abstract-as sl-~ootit~~
a~
n
Ali=llCl,Ll"LCD~i1~

3~
CU1"Li_111_~_~'
15 11~rC1 iOL"
1~Ut]~USC~ -i~O~~.S
ct ~r' clt L15r::
ii
Gt ~ ~I11_ '~~,1
~
probabilit~,'
or deaL~1 ~,, itnin the
;
Cl~~ic~_lllii~

r,i~ a~~in~ of

_?~1- t _~=~.ter,.
(~T

.

aL ~1U (~~~.p1-~~asi~ added
j .)
J_~

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d

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S~1GO`llll` c"lL

ci7

_ti~d'CL~i~.~=LiL

could_ ?_i11 soT~eone, for
it Ll
-~e Court had follo<
<,~d the
!
111 I1]_i'1LIR;

COi1C~.UCL

c"I~~LOdC~1

t31C2T1

117 _53tC11~]_1

G1-

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t1-~~ Lrsult r:~i`ht ~, e11 i ~a_v
,
c b~2n diff~icn~.
~s it nog
possible nor ~~ ~lru~, dea
ler to b:-~ak. in Lo ate
apa:~- tn~ n'~
1 CO!il S'~ciil ~U ~~C'_L11
-~
~
«tICI ~ i1IiCI1ll~~
_.
TlO OTI
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:
not bac'~: ir~Co L'«2 ~,~a~t~;~
~nt ot!t of fr?!st~~tior
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o 'i si~ootin~ into Lhe apa
i ~:~~~nt i~ dan,~~ruu
s to hui;~ r:
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j1 '~:` ~` it

VAC

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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 98 of 146 Page ID #:98

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or a~,-~:-r ±:fie ce ~,~r,i~s ion of
that of en~e . ~1

~ ~- 2004, Justice Ge
orge haci uecc,ne Ch~
_~
Justice,
b>>i. i1~=- .~.-~~ s~i11 ~,-r~_tn~~
i~o;~ the Court, o~~ -~.~;
1~1~Lhe~- shooti~~'
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1 O~
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7 . Tu~tice G~~or~:~ ~~~
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ho~~icid~ ~tatisLics
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 99 of 146 Page ID #:99

~. i1c_

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ti-iola L~~d Pen ~1_
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(~1SC'1~d1'~1I1,~

c~

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c, '~i05;1_Y'

n ~~`li_ Gnt manner.

i~~ Ca]_ifornia Supr
,J.:: Court a~ i~_~::~d
:
a ~r~~~in:~, ~,ci_th an ~ar
l_i~r Coui-t of App
eal decis~_on
h olcli_t~~J s~ctiol~ >4b.3
it~he-rentl;~ dan,~eio~_~s
Lo l~ui~~~n
] s. CI ~i_c TusLi_ce
_it
,
(=~cor~~e expl_ainFrl. ,
" 'The ~ ti_a~~ic death
'
of
i_nnoc~~n~ a«d of Len
L ~2nd~m ~'ictim~
a~
the ~r_~~,~lt of ~l-~~
d i~~~.h;i-~il~`
of
L ~ rearms ,
h~,~ l~eco:~:~ an
a larc~ingly com~.~or~ occ
tirrtnce in ot~r oci
~nP7~~mc;~r-~p r~~
et~;--~
_. .,-„ -.`~~,
CviiC~Lit ~V LIl ^
~i
c~llb~.1l`..
the (Court of App~a1
] re~.su~ned Lhat the
o rfensc. i_s inherently
d~n~erous because ii.
7_LIVv]_ViS t~1~_
LZl%
.
1

~i

~"il~v 1P_t~l~,l 1.Il
~~LLf11c:11L~11_t~,' O`
ti,;~ 1L"t"1 '='rO~S
llc~l]_`c~I1C ,
~ lI1 ~ fi72ll1tcL
`~cou1_~

r1L~~tli1

that

result

~lr~L'SG1 ~ ~
,,
~Ic(1Cj~_V
i

~~

~~IU

_i~

in inju~~~ ur ci_~t~i
~~ ~~

Lt

CvR~~~IUcI",C~S
~

~1;~Ci~Ci
~ctL~l

~l"13~

~ ~ 1J!~.;i1lTicili.

-

7_Tli~~2'L'C?lt~

ill ~~1~~2 2.CL
I_citat ~ on ~ eve~~ ~f t~ne
bull=t fortuzLou~l~ 1 ~11s so as
to injure ~~~~d not
L-il7_ .
~ 1 ~S L~~I='~~IS~
~~il
5i_
~ C
:L

~~]Li~ ~ ~~~1- E.:=Ur~
uOS~~ C1i=~L L'i7,
~'i'~=
1Il 'LIlY'iii5 ~ :~ ~Jc`1`
y~~~ ~ 1lCl ~~_1%~ t. ~l
i
Lc'-350~~:1 person

~~G~l~~ C'_

a b1~
in d~~t~-n~~llt ~
~ituatior~ ~: ou1d
,
h ave `~r~asol~a,l ~
gLounds
to su=~~~ct
~l~l~.t
~~~ople ~~~i1]_ 'o~ end~ng
,,
cred.
(I~i .

~t 1 6~-~, . i
~; ci

~ O'l~~tL ~~OLI
~ r~~_la~
~ 11C~5

i1~

~1G1C~

111

L EI=C'L2.LIlll'

11l

~

C~G~~

Vi
-

L'[l~

t~:c

IlC L

~~ 11_

Lrt~']:E1lCl_' ~

52~~1~

~~~_ iCE~

OL~i~11~c_~L`

UL

~1=05~~_~' li2`11'`E~l1
L

L'S

35

~, 1_~t1

[Iill~.~~L

-~GO'~1~

t7_t't1-^_

Li115

~}1~'

i1~iOLi=

]_S

G~

ctll=tl\%S 15

l~-_tit1CL1~~L

3Vc1-8 j;: Cil jr~~'t~'?1'cr_

~?~iillle'L

;71'OT.i~L

Q 11~`L"OL>

U'~

t0

Ctii~ilS2.
,µ

L1_LLc.Lf`:i

11L1''~Tc.TI

1_lt c.

h et e~~~_n ~t~e r,~ini!~,u:,,~
(l~a~t risk_- o~- le~
~t culp,~ble)
c onduct nrcr~~ary, to
vio1~Le this sL~Lui.~
is dangerous
LO
0i

11'Ii..2.L1 IJ_Lc:
3

L ]_ L E ~~ L [I', ;

~l~':il
7 it CI

~ ~~' ~

L112L

1_ C

L'[1cLr_
[l'~.1_l S ~-

- 7U -

~u

{il_1 c L
i

l.11

v _

~l

(l~

C11Si~~7ut'=~~

Lc1CLUc1~_

CGilt;=; '~

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 100 of 146 Page ID #:100

~, c ~" ;=

3

~_ '_ ~i 5 ~ . ~ < <i i~ _ =

~.:LLt=ili=~_\'
_`u~

E`~`cT1

1~11~1C[1

U ~' 1 ~ O it

JL1'D_~Lcirl 'C1c11
~t

1c1~.~

l_~~ri

~LOLE~~UL

SC~:11~OIlc'

~_1~E~~

c~

S t1 O L]]_ ~~
~]lclt

LCill1Cl

~Uil

11l

~l

i1 ~::~` ~~

~~i ~= EI
i

~Ol~c011~~
CIi"Fu~;'i

c:

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]- •~C:~

;_~ L

'fi

=l l';

~i1 iL:_':;=Cj.

~i~ t1.EL'il

~?l

~1=0SS~.~' 11~~~_7.~~~1
1~

~~:~ann~r ;here it is e~L r_em
el.y unlilc~ly that an
il<<locenL
p~rsot~ ~~ri]_]_ uc killed, for
if it i.s e>:ri-emel~~ unl
i_k~ 1_y
e haL tllc ;hoi~ ~•i11 harm
anyone: iC is not grossl
y
t~. ~~ 1i~_r~ce. Ti1~reLorc, ~~i
Lh res~ee.L Lo section
2'-'-6.~ ,
1~

~ G =S

'i1 O ~

i , ~, ~i ~ ~~ ~ L
-

~~'i7 1 c~'%"1

L c"t C i= ll c~_ ~_

~= 1_ ~ 1;~

Oi

o ~~e a e~; thc. result ~,, i11
ce that ti-ic

L ~ i ~=1 ~_ I1 C

~.]_onv

_

i ~.~hei enL]_v danGerous . The
Robes tso» Cot~rl~ ;lid
~~ot
have to ci-~oo~ ~ .
~ cil_1LGL[11a
1 ~10i~v

' tI1
,

C
!~=

~I IDL~f'l~:

s~:C1~io~~

11 ~ ~~

LTi

~.i~ ,
~=i~:i1~

\;'~t~

tll~

t.~O~:'~1rC~

L,011~ ~~J

PrOUI_e

~j.

11cAt.

jiGtr~7LC1 ,
-

:8.1.1;,' [I1iJL Lll il` Li01
1~ ,=
,~d~

~LGl~~~cCl

~1_l~[lEii-_li~~_~'
~`J(1~~~

O1=

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`''i~i.~'

Oi

C~~tL7~'-: -OLS

j4

~,.

ti12

C~~~ .

~~-~ ~J ~ ,

~~3~_1iOLil1~.

i
ii~r~t;;ay Patrol for not hay
-ink a rear lic~n~~~~ ;~1
_~te. A
the otficeLs alighted fro~
~n them_ vehicle, Hos~%a
rd restar~ ed
h is cn~~ine and sped-oLi ,
pL ecipi Lu~inr,
c1_~a~ ~ L
-i~~ t
r c-ache~'~ ninety mph. Dur_in
` Llli~ chas
throw h ~~. ~ura1
c L ?cl ~
Z -

~Ipt>>~~LQ

S~ZLI~

OfiI 111

~1CflC~11t~11L3

L2C1

L~.JO

S tG~

~ l_~~'i~:

a nd crossed over to tree i:-ro
~n~~ side of t~hc ro~~u.
L~l~~~r~
~~Ci~.J~iLCl

~O~

o ~1"1cE~Lc

C.~_GS~

Cr~~IS:'CI

LO

CiOI:I~~O1JT1

~17`it

~1~'~T10

~~ uT=SL11~

,
~ t0~,':2VL~7= ~

LEc.l=lil '~

~tLl

~ i2

illClCi~ _ll~.

~
'~~it it ~~:as ~o0 1~.te . Sho1 Lly
a Le_- tl~e,y~ ?a`
-e up the
che.~_
the d
icers s ~.. Ho~,;arcl ' ~ Clic~~;ro1c': T~:'<<oe run
`
~

t r ~~

Z 1 '~ ~R C

i
~.00~~7.'~ ~1~7,

c~ 1l C!

~~:~10

C U I_ ~ _ 1 ~~ C:

......

`::1 L 11

~t~_1L~_cC~

-

~

If~

% J.

-

C ~~ L

~I L 1'~ ~~ it

tUi_I1t~C~

OI~~

~G `1

~~:d

J ~_ ~ tl = L 'C c

~E1C-

Z~~.'RO

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 101 of 146 Page ID #:101

; G
~1 ~~
_.

.
:~i`

; -i ;_ C ll

.'> L O ~_ L i~

'~;'"~'~~i

~ 1C~J_~i

:1lCi

._. c'~. 1. 1. -i ~ L

~'i1=~..~C~

~c~C~_7.~1_.L"L
~.

~

i Tl

`~ [11~L1

i~~lOOQ

~_~ _ i~'

L ~'i °;_

ls~.S

~_:=~~c~l
3150

r101cc7L"Cl

Ci f=

ii:`cLlld~~:~1'i~_ '~l.ii~.

L~S~cC~

coil Lain '~o ~1~ he~~oi,~ ant coc
aine .

~U10(~j(I

~ ,_

Id
-

~IICi

LOUiiCl

~~;J

at 1132-113 .)

~I-h~ jur~~~ ~,:~s instructed that
i~ could colz~rict
~Io~a~.rd of seco~~d-degree

elony~-~ru~_d~- ii: it concluded
r

:~ _1.~~ t ~o~1ri;J~_i~~z .:.,~. 1:i11ed lur
ing ~. ~.~io]_atio,~ cL
~v'~i77_C~_

'~GC~P_

~i=~~~1Qll

~~1~).~~

iJ~11C'l"l

iilu..~~

1L

~t

Cali orni_~~,

t1.~01~ }`

~;

LO

C~L"1~,'~E

lip

~d111LU1

G

~J~11l~011

G1S~~'`c LCi

=0'L

t:~l'c

r
.

o 3iP_t~;' OL

T~cL~UTl~

O! E~LO~='L"L\/

it~~L~uct on ~,.»~.- oth ,
~r_
1 ~.

m ll
i

`
LO

r Or

~IlC1

iiOL

_ S f~ - E i~:l ~
plc

1C1~LLUCL
L" l_ o _:

r i 1•n:i~~11=~

I~.:'~Lric~_ ~

'~ O

Oil

i]a~_li:

11 '_ i ~t T]
;~.

L~C~i `~

LLOTi

~1c~:1If~

11

a~

L

C~1SL~~2.L"_~

(~ ~0 1 ~0(~ Ll 1 =l ~_ 1 ~'

~;111f~~t~~ )
~llr~~

C.OT~tiC10ll~

~t

1i.

SdOUlCl ~_Z~tV

.,_ 1'E

t0

j u_~,- ~~r~t t~-~e tr_i;~1 judg
i~'i~r_

X11:; LiLI~ ~lvii~

S GC~1.011~

%v~~C~~

_

~_ L

~=ilci~

~O

CO'il~:'1C~

CJLZt;1CC

U1l

~11c~1

~~_1~~F

i i~ ~ L r: 1` d
C'L~ctC

~EC:'_1ii~i1

c~_

Cl~r

a note ~_s1.in=~, "1t app~~ar~

<<1Ll~t

~LI11l:V
i'-;'_

~

,-~..~ L11C1~

lil~ `L`,~

tG

4P.S'~vct

tll~

~ lIl

VGtC~i_: L

f or (Leval_ Code section] 1~7 , ,
e~ or ~~o:" (Id
~_llL

OL

1" ~ L ~ i_ ~_ ~ Ci

~]_on~,~-r~u -r_c'~~~- thc~~>_-~;- . During ~
Ls d~1i't~~LaLiori~

1 11

`~

t1 ~eor} of n:s]_ice, -.~~_ich is
,
~~o s~,,: ,

~:i~:11Cc

C11~I~.

S:'111~

C1UES~lOTI

at 11',~ j
c. T1Ci

~ im;~7_v r_ep~at~_d t~1E_ il~sLi_uciio
ns on ~~1onv-r~,urde~~ ~lnd
c~:us, tiol~,. The jui_.~; convicteu
No~.;ard of ~ccoi~c-c]e,; ~~~_
I~i~llLC1C1"

ct1lC1

_. '.'1_p1_

L1011

Ot

S~Ct101Z

i ~~

-

%~~n~~

~

~:i~1101

S L~it~~~ :

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 102 of 146 Page ID #:102

1~L1L"SLiI.11'~
J r~Ct7.Otl

L?3<''.C~
~~jl~f ~.)

Cl[_~'2ll

1T1

~ ~1Lc~~':~

.~

OLD 1C~t-

a11C1

~fi~

~Il

~iIIL jL1C~~
-

V101%;'L1~~Il

OL

`<:.~1lCl~

l~

OL

~

tr111~ll1 Ol l~:'
alll~011 Ci1~Z"C'?21"~s
tOI
L7C'_L"~~IIS
O~
E~;"Gt~~i~V
t1Z~~ j
~LSOiI
the

d L iU~in~
~rchiclF
upon conviction, sha1
1
b~
puni_shed
b~~ ir~prisonme«i
in
Lh~ s l a ~~
prism, or by cot~iinen
cnL in the county jai
].
The cour~ n~a;~
also i~~,po~e a ~it~e
oL ~a~~ ir~pose vo'~h
i:h;~t in~pLison~~nent or
C Oil L lilE~lGtl L d1lC
l

(b)
Ol"

For

~.v~:ll'LOI'I

i 11"le .

pui-poses of this
s~ctio~~, ~~-~~;il:l t~7_ClJ_S"_'E`,c`'.
I:C~

i0i

tl~C

S~'.'LC~~: v' 1. ~~c_'?:S
ClI
or ~~roperty includes,
Lui. is r:ot 1_ir~it~d
Lo,
CjLl
_`'<<lll~

s.Jllll~' 1~~Elll~
O? ~iLLf~nLlLlj
LO EZUCl2
1.liL~ll111
~~~ICC
Ofif1CCi_ ~llli"1T~',
?~1'111C1.1 ~1_G`!~iC~~ier
2
.

thLee
or mope viola~io~
~~
that aLe
~ s~ ~_~ned ~
~i-a zic ~-i_olatio~~
voi~~t count
under Section
1?~]_0
occurs ,
or
da,~a~~e
(i~~ , , ~.t 11 7
Z ~roin~ in on Che ~1~ L
~_i~~i_ti~11 0l ~ , ~,-i1_ .Li~ll
or
: lLO l
'uL

~~1.Si—~`,2Li~~ i

~j lI1C ~_llC~1'l7'~

~1~~ t ir~s-o1~✓es 1=hr`e Lt
V 31.7_~O'L"Ll~~i
Gt

SP_rt~011

' i~3ll
Cll~

~~Ui~L~'R}~
I~l~~`~ .~

1 1

~i

it?dl'~11E'L

z1_~~ ~-iolation ~oit~t
s,

L~OLIJ"~
1S

C~L7_'v';_ll~

IiOt

~~OLICIli~~Q

Li~?,L

'tie

~. `:10~_~t:LC L~
,

11111tLEIlL-1.' C~~ai~
`cLQl1S

~V

~11i_:

V , o~ =-r; one
~:,~,t are a~~i n~c
i poi~~ts
[that
c~~~
b~ committed ~ai~houi~
endan~;~~ril~.~,
h ~.i~~lat~ life
incl~~de ~lrivit~,~ <<n
um-~_~istered
chicle o~,;ntd
by ~i~~ dLi~~r, dri
p-i~;~; ~,tiith ~:
S ll'-~~
CL1C~

C7

= ~_1 J'L1~7-}'
i11;~~7=.~"

Z1CCiIS~' ~

(fIOLF
"I~`~~Cl

ailin=~
~ 1~11~
111'~

QL1V111~

LiZclll

O1~
» {':ill~~

~_]_ , :?li.
~

12.5

u C11=`[7~.:~1~i
C:L
JCL" iIOUL ~`'i~C=ll ~t
llut i~~cii T~VS~E
C

Lo cone Lo ~ ccmpl`t~
s cop ~. ~ ~ stop
c"t!~(1 ~T~cL~;1Ll` c~ L"11 1
~L1L

LOL

lt~l~

Lt'~L

~Jc101~~

rLli'Ii ~~:1t~lOU`L
Lli1111?l~.

(Td. , a~ 1137-1.1.3 .)

- IJ -

S1_l~'?l -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 103 of 146 Page ID #:103

11l

C~Ci;_].
-

p;-~i.1C~~

~.~,OLCI~

nI l~ ~ C:~i"

i 7_rt'~'- Sl:ti

il~~i1

~G','

1il

1. ~

~c1'~OII

C'iL']_~-111 _,
~,

cill

L~_=~~

~'.

~i'~1 =, 1.1]_11_

UIIL'=`1~ ~~~i=~C~

I1i i:~'- Ll\'~

I~1~11

ZOiI~

~~~111C~_

2i~~

s i~~na7_~ for ~ ~i~l~t turn
only nit;~t~~-nin

~_dtG%

feet betoi=c

t urnir~~, th~it cor~ciuc ~ con
stitutes "~:-i1 ~ f_u1 disreg
ard
1=0? ~~f~t,v of ~~~~r~ons or
propert,~,~ I I as ~ ~i~.atter oi_
l~i~~;.
~ C~~•.%i_O'~l~]_~` ~

~~i:~~~117~~

ll1

SLCi1

a

iT1~.I11~Et

1S

T10t

7_IlIZcicTl~l~'

d ~~:nt,erous to human life.
r
_
~
I t i_ ~ pai~~.~ u11y c1~~ar that
the Ca1~ r:orni2 ~upi=~~~_~c
~
~CLI1 f~ ~ ~
~_.. ~__

c1L~~~IG~.C~-t
_'

c.~

~.O

L'C1E

~. ._ ~ L:"c~. L ,

7.11~1~7'Cil~
a~

1L

Clc'11i1P_I"OUS1l~SS

1SSL1E

CU.^~J1~ L~1,' 1 J1iC
L 2CI

Li7~

~,~~i1r11~~ reckless a'oat~don of
the deiencant' ~ actual
1ri~rii,J
d ~i~~lli. c(~
7

12_c~CL

it ; rquully clear that
s
the ~i 2 ,-s; Court
==~
~ ~O_"J1~ _3L`i
,

LC=f~i~1tC~

U1.

~~~_L~i10liIJr'1

CJIP.~11SS10i"l ~ ~

l~~

1~

l_C!'i~%O

tOt

1~~

O'.

SECLlOII

Cl~tll`?ci_OU.~11

S1D1~

.:l 'LL-0L1L

' aLi_stic~, ~o Say eacti~,,_
~~ 11at ~1~.r

i t

~~(
J(.~

55

~

c~

all2.~_~'~1~-

CGili')1cL1

11S1~+ '=

ordi~~ary I 7 oi=

'
-`a~c -ra~

section ?~Q0.2 ~,~iola~iot~
1ool:s 1ilc~ -- it ,..~~st

C cL~ct1'~I1~!

Clii;~S'

1iOL

7_L1V01~%2

CI - l~'1C1~
~

t1i~~'- ~1X

[I':'~L1

cl~~',Cl

s i=,t~~,]_j_n< for ;:i~'1-~~ ~'srn~
:
a tad 1~ te. I1':~_ _I-~o,~ ti=c1
Co>>rt
cr.p i o~:; ~~d a r~iin; ~~u~~~ co.~;luc
t field o1 reference, ~,~:}
iic:~ i_
t o sa~;~ , it ima~;in2c t e
Easi_ risl~_y conduct t_zat
n onc~i~~eles~ ~~:ou1d cot~stitu
tE a secLi_oll 2~~00.2 ~-i
olatiot~,
~~~~Il

c"_1~~,~:ICCI

1il}~E -r~ll~~_)~

ti1O~

I~'~'~~O;:tl~'t1C~1

C~cTI~eL"OL1S

t0 11Uill~ll

1112.E briil~s u~, ~]_na11y

Lc:C~S

IlOL

LO

~D

1.1~c.

to the [:'.OSt rcC~~~~

'~:jOr ~a1i~i~ini` ~~_IpL"=i~i~
;
CoUtt d~_Ci~lOn oi~ Liie SeC
Onci~1=~Lrc

L~lOil~.' ir,llL c'Ic
-

=L11~

-

_'~~Fnr~~~ ~' y(~}: 'p
—
- -- -~--i1

~~~

-

l~ ~~lrl~l~
-

~ j

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 104 of 146 Page ID #:104

Ci .~_

T ~l. ~~L

Il Z ~

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~_ ~l .) L ~~'~ L

i~;ci'.'i~~L L

f!_ '._ _
lJ

L ~~7 2 L, ~ ~.

~Oi~'`Oil('

also fired snots into

~ ~

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~

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i. ~~ ~: ~•:

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.,
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,-

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Vc171C1L

o~hcr ~ chicl_e. Tl,~ oth-r
~.-ehic_1e

'~= d darl~:ened ~~: i_ndo~.~:~ at~d ,
itinbel:no,:~ns t ~o Chun a~-~d his
COIIl_~~~~LdtG
?~.~.;1i~r`~ ~ _,
i

.LiC
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7

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u~_"C~~i

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~_1o~ ~} of ~hootin~ i__~i_o are
,
occur~ied

~l ~~'~ =L

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---

th` unc ~ l,,~in~
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C~_t~ iL

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'n

~r~.}ll. =.~_i'

2C~l~cl].1~;~

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',d _S

p;-~ i~E:~1

~~~:L"~_1~]',

SC=COi1 '~~. -- <<-'1. ~=
~"1~i_Ci .

COilL]:~iLV

r~=~L~1

s.~~,S

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~ -1CI1~' G~lli=~lLL
~O

C~~~.~,C~~~

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11t

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;i~~:-L~iO~I

~Dcr:.~U~~r=

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~il~c

. ~_~,c~~-d~~ree ielonti% r,.~1,-cier
.eco
~_ul_e is nz:i~datec: L,~° ;;t~
.tt~te,
~^
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c!~ SO

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-

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~,J1~11

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1_YL12 il;i ,
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iu ~~~1 . 2ci ~~2, ~~9 , the C~~l
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1 UL%i=.=Tl~

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into-~~r~1 to

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ai~c1
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I t

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ILc'Z3~~C~ ~

the ';.i_17.i1;~- ..a~ the "ci_~
r~- C~. ~ ~:L.~~11_
~

/~

-

`L1:r

1_l~lQGI"~_~,'1i1 ,

it~cl_uded in tact I ( : itlliri
,
;
~~}Z'

~~C;~llCi - Ci::= -~`

-

tl-1=

Oi_

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7. 1~~'-~L!C'.L:'CL

~:=~_Cil~.' [l'.111_c.ic

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Oi

~_~ir~
~-

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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 105 of 146 Page ID #:105

_ .=':i f.~L-~L~G

O!

~;553LZL

i:1~i1

-,

rl~_~i.l!'

ii

.~:c~=JOII.

~

_~

X1;.1- ~t~dant had s'_~ot an~~.
~ill~d l.li~ ~,:; ie ~oi_nL
b lank ~:Ti~i1~ he was h~~~_vil~~
in toxicated. The Californi
a
~ u~~rene Court ioul~c'i that the
it~struc'cion ~~-as erro~~eou~
because the assault Baas int
egral to and il~cltided in
~ c.t ~~~iL11in the re~ultin~ hom
icide. (T~., at 539.)
It ~.,~s u~ to she j~_iry to dec
,
ide ~~ah~Lh~r the defendant,
u nder the circu~;~s Lands , rea
lly il~ vended to ki11 his
~~~i_fe o r ~~;hether it ~~<~~ instea
d a ~.ind of ma~slau~hter.
The ~~~ose~~ution should not ~
,at;e been ~~~Lmi~~~d ~o
h

~ ~1~GOLStt'c'1~~~
1T1~i~~~~1~12T1i.

~~?~

fl SSa~llt

~~LOOL"

Ot

1il~Q

fil`?~_]_C:.P_

171L1LC{~'i"

1t

L!1E1=E ~.daS

ct01EL~C70~1~11~.

~.~-r'

ll0

~

~s chronicled by i.he Chun
opinion, so ue~-~~n a
Z O~I'_'

?I1Ci

S ~~O~~:

O

'~Oi"tLL"SCI
'L~1`

~~~~31.1~OrL112. ~ ..

at
O il

i:~2:1~_

Oi

T1~.1a1i~~

ti_11E

V~"L"510I1

OL

C~~C1SlOilS :~~~~lLG~lll'_
~,<iS0

[1~

1 EL[?L
-

~ ~P,lE1 ~F'L~ ~

i= 1

~O

~L'L1~

c'_

CIOC~".1112.

~~. ~

X39, ~e a1~o T~ . , at n. 15
(collecting authori~ie~
X11; ['~PY~{el"

~ UC~1

CIGCLtlll:=

ll LtFL"1y' j?:~~~~~_e::].Tly

1=0i1

Q1_h~~_
-

S~1"lE~

OL

~r~~`~~
~~

Ci_glOil~

1~

f~cVO1lC~

~ hc scope oi- thi ~ ana]_ysis. It
safe to say that Cht~
L EF>llC~l.c L~~~
j1f11~~1F
L c ~ Oi~~>"

~~l?~F~

C~!t~l?11t]_Gil
~T~, ~l'y/

110

C0111- LiS11lj C~C C1Sl
Oil~
Oj_

~i~L:~C

ti1C

3S

f !`r"~~1" rL1_C
r~

T~LECi7_C<9~~

7'ii l

S :tt]_GC'l

I;c~iil2i~'
LO1

c

OT1

`L ~ir ~

~

3

5EC0,lC~ -

d e_r;=e r`lonv murder convictio
n ;.," ~~l~e tclo~y i~
~~
a ssualtive in ~~ture. ~ ~ (C1i~.n, ~~~n
[~, C~~1 . «th ~t
7
.?OC~-1201 . j~~
8 . Tiie~e i~ sLi1 1 the p~ss
il~il_it~~ th~~t: certain

L C'~_0111~~ bill_ b= - 11 ct
1
~i
~
T1011 - ~15S~3ll~_ll~~r2 ; i
~~UL

~l'ci)' ~'1=t~c1 Uc`~',•:2Cll
~ ~ciSS~il1~.~1~.'E,~ ~
L~17_S LllZP. 1~ CO1lS1C~Li7D,
~_;r ~_ES~

- 76 -

cP~Cl

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 106 of 146 Page ID #:106

`, ~l.: `l 1=
~
,
1 Lr',:,i_ ~~~,~~1_Vi~

~ ~1~1
' 1~~_
O11

dU'~~_1L~Cl

a

JF~l

~cCGllCi -:1E~L'CG

C~L1~111~:~

111

L~1~_

LElCil1' "IlL11C~=L ~

,::C1=cL
7_L

C~.1C~

~~Lso7_tst~~1}~ t~oti~in'` to ch~.n~
e t11~~ 1at..- ;_e~aLdin7 the
il~heretiltly d~n~~erous felony
1ir.~itation. ~ ~Ihis
ristrict:ion i_s not at issue
hire," stated flatl;~
J ustice Chin's opinion for tine
Couri~ . ~ Id _ , at 1188.)
G ~_~'lilk

Oii ~~~~ ~
~~ ° f 111d111~

1ll~il3l~l'~c~l

J>>~~ic~

C'_~~vc~ 1.1T]~

I~011SG

tl1~t

~~ici~

S[100 ~1T1`.;

111 0

?il

i11~1~~CI1~l}' !1~T1`L10~1S ~

ChiT~ concluded that shooti
ng into ar•~ occupieu
-

m
.oto~ ~-ehicle is also self-evid
entl~,~ inherenrly
d a»~-emus . (Td.) Chun, :.hen,
sail r:othin~ n~~,~~ about
t~1c

1T111G1"c'Tltl`y~

C~cil;~rL011S

iElOT1V

QOCtL11~2.

~5 ~~ preliminary r<<at~er, it
sl~~uld be noted t1_z~:t
Lh~ al~~~r~ ct appro~cli to tri;
s doctrine: bLe:~1:s cio~. n
i nto t~.~:o p_, ~.- tv. ~1) t~~~ pro
per ~a~t>>a1 ficl,?. of
r~i~r~nc~ (it~~at. i~ ; rlinimum
conc!uct oL orcii_n~ry
C Oi~I';i1=SlOil~ ~

~111C

~~~

1=.~iE

~.i7~=Z~'1101G

OL

Z1S1~

c
,ualii its as inherent ~- danger
ous . `1h
,_
~
~,
C Ol"1'cC`l. LILL
"CS~~OZC~

OL

L1S1~

15

171~r1

~.}1~:~

1 _~.;,~ ~~;-: t~;`

~>LG~J~tD~_1L'J-

~~

(P~on~_~~ ~r . ~'att.~~ rs~n, (199)
49 Gal. ~cl ~S~S, 618.} T;~
is L
--_rue that the ~Io~,~ard opinion rec
ites the threshold
c
.S

~~~L!~~~LaLIL1~il

L1S~:~ ~ ~

}'F_'O_)1.2

~'

:'~iO•.7 ~LC~

~L1Ji~ ~

J~

G ~7_ . '~,th 1129, 1135, buL it
;~~~a~;cs no acknot~~1_d~ernenc
u i i.h

a:~~par nt di~cr panty, much
less uny rea~on~d

~ ~.p1~~naticn for i t . Tn ~ ~~ ~bs
r
~t~ce o~ any sucrl
c ?:~~lc_t:~~]_G_l ;

1L

1

~D~S~

~O

".~~lil"1c

~:~13t

p ~~~o't~~b; ]_i t~,~ i i s ta~~d~.-~~d still
~~o-~-~L~~is .

- 7% -

LI"i~.

~ ~ [il~l~

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 107 of 146 Page ID #:107

1 I1~

~~i~Sti

~ 11 `_: ~~.

~ -- !~

~'l~i~'~U~iCii

c'~C~:

C l c «1

_

;3 L-

^
c
~l~

U?;1.O.C'Lllii`', ~~: ~_:
=i G

~`[li ma c_
-

lililEl~Il~~

vi.

~~~C_`

=::1_~ L5_ 1~

`l-~t1`:r'_ OU~IICSo
-

C1i=C1~1.OP.~-~_i:_C_IZc]_ .1. ,
-

~~

110

i~lli_1- (_) ~,] '~ l~~
—
i
-_

~1IlCi

io~~;ard—clearl;~ co~~e do~•:n o~i~ the
~
side ~i ~~ inirr•~in~~
conduct as thy. pLopri i-field of reie~~
-:.nce. lh~~_c otl-1`rs
~I~C1510i1~
C OII~;~

~~Llt

-

QO`,'ill

1. t.

~8.t LP_1 SOtI_~
,
,
~C12

Gll

=;1~'cS

1 2I1~C.1-1

?'.'ctS

liL~

H~1T1S2I1 ~

S1C~~

v~

OtC~7_r1flL"~'

L2.3.~OT11T1~

~%1"L ~:Li~l L1V

O1l

a1lC~

E~C2U~

c111

~~~1C~1015

-

C1_~di=1V

COiTl~;i11_SS10il

~O

I-01_]L S

SLl^

~+'Uil'~

~.

i=

O~

C~LSC~

~~~~~~i

~=Clc~ C

Cc St'S

h is c~ ci= o~;`-rru]_ed ~n~; oL the others
on thy_ in~-, ~rentl~~
~;nrr~r „u

r7 1 ~

,ti ~ ~ rL

~~ LZ C_'

'
DES-il
15

.:'~ Oi

~J': _.~ ~

~~ ~ ~_~S

=c~C~=l-Ga_ i v

i J ~L C -, ~~., L ~l
,

~ I~l

1_T1rlC~L~;1:i_~_j'

L L ' 1 ~„
-i i.'
;

Cj (-

1111'~~121~1L1j'

C~E~C1C2~1~_~' `Plt=~?~

C~iLI,~cLOLiS

LO

ti L11. C l7
,
,

Cjc~11~;~LOL15

~'~~ ~_0111Pti

,-~n i_nllabited ci~. e11;~_n:

~ilcl 'L

11'_l i-~~~,11

~ioi~iiiin~
~;-

~,_ i_

JCi

ic

L C ~_ 1111 1. l_ J

5_l.~

rici~.'~

L ~L .'i ~~~ c

J11lC~ti

1'la~'~

r10~

~~~'~Cll i P i (-~
,

111:: 111C1L.Qc'

SI10U ~11_I:~

2.L

~p ,
~~~.1=~_~~~1.~~, ~,19J=,) 9 Ca.1.

! 300, o~'e~r- Lu1ed U); P~~]~
,~1-~

~ ~~~7 ~

dLE

~_ Ci ~'+

C~cCr'1R~~iIZ~_Ci

1 . ~~
,

~'i-i~=tr

C','n_~,_L,, (20 9) t+5 Gal.
4th

Lil

intent

to

inju, ~~
_-

1 /~

X115011

Of

3 1':iO~GL

~'~n

1,
~

~_-,_`~~r;~~,r, ,

,'"ci11C1G ~

!~_ 1~~~_~_

°,~_, i~i~~-?~21~ , (1970) 3 Cal . 3~1 ].~0
, ~~-ossly ne~li;ent
~ 1_SC~1H11~1-i1`' d

11L"~~~tr;?~. ~

~?1.

O`d~LLLI~ CC1

~.'LL1

_L")CV

1lHLl~1~" ~C LUL 11l'~

J~

Cell.

~~~~~'::11

_~L~1~.

=~~1

)~;~'„

~l`_f

~%1

1,.-:I_

tiJO~~:~S~1uIl

O1=

Rnl-~~r' `_n_~7~

L}' P, ~~~ " z

Ci.E't~!.1GIli~~7E=`Lc hill!''
-

~~L:'~~Zj

n,~.1_i.C]_OLI~

~~~~~ =
~=

~r

( .'r~iin
l

f=Qi~~_r

l.:lC~lldt~~?111~~

`:~~~)

_5;.~

I. ~~`i~

1.>_~J~l-~
i= ,
LC_' ~

\~_~T?~lc=~ ~

Y='nL~P

~1ilC~

CiC~ Ct.U.Ct7_`:c ;1~_~ i_Cc. .

'

~~

1

~_~

LEC~<L2~~

~

-

/

O-

i~ ~~ ,
~,t:Lr1_w

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 108 of 146 Page ID #:108

i.l~«lL

11a"r C=

i_
u~Ell

~L~tCL1C]_li~
?

1101

1ll~l~LcLl~l~'' dclil~
~10ll~

i'~~l]_Clil

1d1~[101.1~ „ ~_1CCI
lSC

'CO

~_~I ~E

UTI.~LL

111C1_UC~C

COT1Q'1~1(~P.S

cl_eatin,~; ri_s~_ or °teat
bodily 1~a - n, serious
r
physical
o L r~_~.~nLa~ ~i11n~~ss, or dea
th, Peon]_e ~~ . 13LiL ou~
,h~, (1954)
~5 Ca1. ~d ~~4, false
irr:piisonmcnt vy violen
ce, menal-ice,
tread, or lecit, Feo~1
v. Het~dersot~, (1977)
1~~ Czl.
J d S~, 9"%--~~~ ~ o,~erruled
by Neo~1e ~~ ~1 1ood, (19
9' 1
,;
G~1. ~, tl~ '~7!_~ . no~se~
sion of a conceal ;~ble
_rear;~~ by
a convi_c.te~l 1=E1_orl, '~ eon
l_c ~l. Satcn~l-1_, (].
9%1.) 6 Ca]_ .
Jn

/ ~, ~

J:' - s~) ~

O r.`rr-ill~~

b~,''

i~C07~~ P

~' IOOCI

~LIDI';: ~

pos~:~ssion of a s~~,~i~d
-~ofi sl~.otdtm, id. , at
!~1-~3,
escape, Pe~~~_]_~ v. Lopez,
(1971) 6 Cal. 3d =~5,
~at~d
tl~Gft, Peo»1;= Phil-1i~~s,
~1~66) 6=_ C~1_ . 2c1 ~~4
, ov~r;-uled
b ~,- r=oL1e - Fl_ood, ~u»
;_a ; cul~si~irac~,~ to
possess
-_=L'l"l:.Ci17_?lC ~

~'~O;112

~~=_T_l~_11~r`;S r

~1J(~~,)

~~?

C31

~'~

=~

; ortioi~~ , Peo~~1e v_Sr~~,it
~xt
h, (]_99~j u2 C~~1. :1p
p. nth
1233, 12~v-_ '3 ,
urnis ~~_n
pl-~encyclidir~ , Peo~:l
e ~-.
1
'avio~ , ~199L) 6 Cal. App
. +th 108! , l~?99,
and child
end~n~•ernienL of ubu~e,
pFc~n7_r ~r . Lee, (1 91)
"L3'~ Gal_ .
app. 3d 1?1~, 1 29. Lf
there is a c:iscc i_naLle
p~LLern
h:~ r~ , i t is subtle il~dee
d.
i
'hi~ recii_ation renind
s o~~e of Justice Sc~
1ia's
11?

Inl~ncr~r~

~ ll E)~ ~~G

o i:

1

t' r''~~,lll
,

CO~li L

~~)U/

~G

'~ E.~"1E~.~:~Cj

~J1~11 ~

LGU"L

t[1i_

C~.St'_S

L~il~ L~'_C1

~~~~~c~

T~]"eSCIlL11l`

~~"1~~

CLUES ~lOi1

~

;'i1~_CLz ~L~tL~ ieloi~i_~~ p~:~ erg
a

I I

;tL7_ous rotenti_~1 Lic
k

, T~l-~~~sical_ i_n j ~_n_
,r
~~ ~ ~:;ithi.n tn~ ~;~.~_ani
,
n` of ~~h~
L ~:51C~.Lcil

C~~U_

T'11=~~~

Li lc

-

/~

L~011LL

-

~1;_.L::

L}l

~

CC
LLCfIr~`LPCI

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 109 of 146 Page ID #:109

CLl1 ' ~_~~L"~.~

L ]_ .- ~-.

5 _~ i^)

0~

J

7_ll

.'~~iii

r~i ~0~~

D t~ ~ ._ ]_ C ~_ 1

~

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r]i_~=ll~

i ll ~ L L' ,
"

~_ ~% ~) ;

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d

-;=L lOLIS
-

_
'-• _r ;____~r_

~ f

-r ll 1_ E Cl

~ t,'

~~fJi~c=iii

cl~

l 1 r,_i i- ~:~1 _,~ i~~ t_:
`

T r1 }1 n` ~i
~~

(, ~ f~ ~)

1 _i ~ i r H rl

~' ,

201 ~ > 135 S . C~ . 255i..)
Then , it held the t dri
T,rin
ll i1C1~'i=

i.~CiE:

c E.7']_011S

lRi.~ L~.ilC2

1701~~11~~1d1

1i1

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t1S~r: Of

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11l]U1".

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~ ~

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~F'~P~'.1~'_`r

~ '~ ~1

I Pn

~,

~1;'Li ~=~-~

~ ?QQ~'j ~~~3 iJ.S. 1~7, 147
-148.) ~~e1t, t'ri,- Cour~
held
~ flZi:
C
iG~~~

I:ct=1_il_c
,'~O~

LG

i"C~~OL C
-

~uL ~._~RL
-

~-.

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111St1Ll!1~10I1

~Ot~ilLlctl

i7_c~

11l

~_1.11I',01~;

I '~r11- i~ ~LL_1:__~_._ t;
:

l~n~_i_,_~_~~2`._-~, :''-!09)
'~5~ Li .S . 122, 1~5-1.30.
) In %~~~ii ,
L~,~ Cn;~~ ~ he1c. ~ 1 ;t ~, el~
i
~~~~
ic~:lar ~' 1i~~~t L ~oT~ ~ la~~
r
~~"IrGiGC.iT~ °~ il~
~

Of

~CCL

111

Il1C1121"13

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~_nj ~ ,~~~ , !~;;~~~~s-----ift~z~~~Ct~,~~c
Z ?6 i
111

o ~' L r ~_ 1 e d

_~~ ~~~n~_'~.,
,

~
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ci

~cl-'10US

i i
i

Liit=

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1 11c

L1~~; Ot

c: ~•101~:~.~~~_c

~ ~l=ll'~^_l~; ~
~~~i i_1~L

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~iO~E:il~l:`_l~_

rl1!~l.t~_
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ti i _ .fitj` ~
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Llt~ (_nu~L l.
-

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(~~011) 1J1 J. C1 .

_i n 1~_~ ~;1
' ~`~_Li_~ i '- G ri
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m ot:ntial iis~
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~11!I1~E'_~OLc~_

~~GLt~

~ln~~~d1"LCCi

S~r'10'~IS

asked the parties ~o
l,rief the q~~~~stion
~lIiC1

CIt-C;_~i"E~

L1113~_~'v
1~~

~~t"=C~_~iLCCl

1GSlC1U~l

t~l~~ (L~ ~l1!SG

Tc:_Lli=.

C1~1US~~' ]Li11S~~i'LC
1iJT?Cc

~a;1ed ~::nt~.rp~ isc:
h is Cot.irt '~~as ac~~~:noccle
~lged that Late Lailu~e
~~
-r
D~'1" 1Str=1l~
ctLOL"

O'=

LJ
LO c~~~i'D~_1ji1 c.
~ Cc-ililclLC'i ~ ~
Cell PLO~~lC12 2~i]_C~'
ilC2 UL ~'Z~~1211
_~S•
r 1~_,'cJ ~
L111S
~.OLIL~~ ..
~;_D"~~c'Ci ~?~~.:.:
~I~~~
~i1C'L
cp~ated

Lailt!? ~
Lo cry L a pi-incipled
and
o bjecti~~ standzrd out of
the res~_c1t~a1 c7.ause
:
O':1 =li:
ii~

]_i.5

~~0~`,,r~_4.~~~

1ildC-~~T:-"l~il~,~b' .

2~

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 110 of 146 Page ID #:110

c~i it~:rio<<
C Ofil

OTl

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t~l~~rl

it

~ ~01=C~1~1~~1_~~

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i~_1~~i~~
i.l; l ~~di~ir~a 1_i.e~ a1_on"
this sp~ctrur~~ ~ of r _s~:
]
Common
s~~~se
has
not
e~%gin
produced a
co~~s~ ster~:t c~i~cept.~ on
of the dc~rec of ris,::
i
~05~~

~~'?C~1

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~,'1-i~tt.

L~C~

L1LIG~EL

~C1c`:

t.~"1.

i~tll~~~i

S tates St~prc~le Court
to decl~rc the crus
e v~~,~~ue. Ir.
i, as a1 ~'o the aCt thn
;
~
h~_ Cour_ ~ had tried so
ir~.`:ny.
d a_t i~r~nt appro~~ ~~l~~cs and
i~:i1_ed ;~it1.1 _~l_]. or
them.
L
'LL~~i~'ii:!Oir
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 111 of 146 Page ID #:111

~ ~COfi;~i0~1
i1u ~

=.C1~~L1'=RGt=~ ~

E'_`v:;L `~L!OC~~

~~

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B j-~ st, appi.n~ a
:

~'=CSll:l~iVc",
~i1

.;OL LC

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i0

CtiC

Scti;l^_

C~~'~L"E':=
~,:~`
j
'

~~~,- choice ~,aorcls, Jus
tice Sac.alia

could ~: e17_ hate been Cor
,
i ~it~g an opinion dec
larii~~
G aliiorni~ 's it~he~ent
ly' dan~crous re].on,✓
doctrine a
tailed ~.n ~er_prise . Pe~
ore the ]_960x, C~]
_if_oini_a
a scerLain~d dangerousnes
s by 1ool:ino at the
actual ~ct~.
T ht_n it s~,:~iLched to
cn "abstrct" ~ppioa
ch ~~~itl~ no
rationali<atio~_1 0~
articulation of_ an}
% Lie1d of
rer~rence. Then it arL
iculat~d "hig11 pro
bability" as
a threshold. Fi1~a1
1}~, i~~~ its 1~~~ ~~,,o
decisions, it
u sed ~~inirn~~~r1 conduct
fog= on~ at~ld ~rdi_n
ary commission
L o~~ tt~ic ot1_t~ r, as •;e
ll as arLicul2tin~ ~
~suListantial
1 S';_ ~ ~

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~ ~~~ll~L~
~~

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x.111

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the

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~. L~i:1I~C1Dl~cG~
,JuSt1Ce~

t11GSC

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(Id. , at 22~~7 (Scalia,
J. , dissentir, ).)
C.

SE.COND-D~GRE1~ FELONY
i~1UL DER i~iliST BE
S'1'P~IKr~,' DOG]N - "VOIll
FOR V~GtIENESS" -IT VTOLAlES THE FIF`1_
, AND FOURT~~NT
FI
H
AT~1Er~D~~1E111S
OF
T'HE
UNIIF~D
STATES
COi~STITUTION
BTCAUS~
IT
I'AIT ~ TO
PkOVIDI? "FAIP. NOTICE"
TO THE ORDl~iARY
PF~R_SO~I OF THE PP,O~IIBITED
CRIME, AND T_T
I+~VITES "A~RBI`L~RAF,~'" AND
"DT_SCRINIIIVATORY
ENL'ORCE~~IEI~~T FOn t~~HICH
C~'.I~1E IT_ INTL,NT
TO PUivISH
(1 j Ttii~ ~~PILICABILITY
OI' THE "VAGUE~IE~S
" ANc.LYSIS TO TIIF
"FELOi~;Y ~1UP.D~P,
~UI~E"

I.
~1~ _~_atio;.a1~ of Tnl~i~c~„
~~;no11_

and p_~-~ci-~~==1Y

~ nco. , ;~ :se~ ~ali=orr~~~, _
.
c~~~rr~~~t ini-~ei~.n~1~y.
~an~~r~u
- ~. ~ -

-

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 112 of 146 Page ID #:112

j- ~. 1 ;`~ r~ ~ ; `', ~~ ~ '~ r
1 l~ ~

_~, C C ;J ]. C~ 1_ ii >;

. T cl'~,~ ~l_;= 2i ~

LO

L ~(1 i~

- _. ~ i_ r'. i_, _i ~_

c 7_au-.~ '._ Coi=e int~_~=i
~l]_L}; ~~:as that ]_~ ~tn
CiZored r~_sl~ ~o
t7~'~O~i~c~1C~l
1 5~: ~Jc'1S

L~CLS

-

~JciS`Ci 01l

t[1dt

all

1S

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1_C'l~ctllZ2C

~'1~.2

VCLSlOLI

fl', .~1SU~;-li~il~
Of

ti1C-'

OL

LF=1_011 '.

F ron ~ ~~a~u~.t~ess standp
oint, t1~~;~ pLo'~~]_em ~•;i
th suc11
r u]_c. i~ ghat neither the
concept of risk: nor
hypothetical_
f acts ~~r2 atL~ct~ed to
an•y tl~in~ cot~~~ 2'~c . To
use «
r~ cha>>ical n~_taphor, it
~~~ou1u be to conrz~ct
ot~
p~~~ioti~~~ joint fro ano
ther pi~~ioLin~ joint,
~:~itt~
"
either joint attached
to an~rthin~ sta~ionar
~- . ~oti~
~ i~
~,

_c=S1C~L31

C~_~1L1S;-~

Of

~,(',(', ~\

^n

~.-`-

l -'-~icil~~~ ~
~J

~tu+ii"E'_LOU..~
~

r e1_onv doctrine in Cnl
.ifornia do e,~:i.actly
that.
'
~ L1]"Lf1

L~Ti01"2,

11Z~~ii~i0'1

t+~l]_li~

~~C'~]_t10T1Z.1

C~c,tl~~I=oUS

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t
Sc~~~! 1 ir:E

L'LIlE

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~_~1t,~;~12L"1}'

~'L~=~i

diii_c~~ c-nt 7_a~. s, intuition
s must nog be acted
upon iii.

1t

~.;c

iti~ filLlSt

_t1~

~:~

t0

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L 01 0111 ~.clelll=

l~L~.c:~
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i=i=~.~t r. i~~i`
'._'

~
•~t11i-G_ 1- ;~.? ~~L15Gil
IlU1:'

Lill_

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SOfil~

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1tli~~rtiltlj' C1 c.L1~~
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~vill~(~il` SGLP1llr-~

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.
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1.'!11' .JG~ZilSOil

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~D:151S

CIOC~L1i1~-'.

~~~,JZ]_LS
llniii=~_A' ,

th,~.t in bosh si_ `cu~.tion
s the neas~,~re ~~~~i_ oL
Li_~k i~
h;n~~ed to ~~ hypoth~~~sized
version n
racts - i t i.s not
?ilOU;1i

~07_

L~~t~

~ a~;,~ 'c~~i_n~ .
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; ~ = it f;
',l

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110

1. i, }~ ~ ~~1 di f~r~nt .
~~
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`L'i t c .~.1~ L. _~~
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i}1E

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 113 of 146 Page ID #:113

L~~7_Cl_!31.

CiO~:ti'1:1E
U UICIETI

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S[LctLc'

311~j

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C011~~l ~=U~1.OIl-~:~_

,
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Lc~_~.-)11'

7_ilL1Li'.11_~;~ .
c;:~131i~

li1F'

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~:~hv

Lh~ comparison is inapt.
InLu~ tio~~ , no mai~~er ho~,~~
s LLon~ or ~.~~idely shard,
is not an ~d~>quate reb
uttal.
~lo~.~; 1e~ us, teen, e:~p:1_or~
zive possible rounds upo
n
;iziclZ these t~;:o doctrines
~,
might b~ distit~~uisheci
Lor
oa~ucness ~~_irpo~s .
O ne pos~i'~~J_e ~,-round of
disi~i.nction ~:~ou1d b~ that
.21Gi1~✓ -I1;U
1
l~`r~i.ic~~:

C~C:C

tl~~

Q1~J ~~L~

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a

~'GL~' l~fOt.7.Or; of
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_

Iii-;ilrl3Lpi-~' f;11i11[`1Li11

~`~_
-

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-`lr r

__

.-. _._

~-`
_

S?11~iJ1lCC

=,

.

v Ja
i. 1..~C.~

tl~aL 1=elons ~i~ie up anv st~
nd~_n~ to complain Gbout
t I.27_]`
d ill

~1"Eflf:lllrll ~

`.~"1~L~L~j-

.dOLilCi
~

~~R7.1Q

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ra

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`

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Gf

C~15L1T1C'~~ Oil

1 F_~_OR~J
-

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~ tliE .~iCL~~

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~~E

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t~~~L

r i_s1: or_ de~~~th (Le]_onv-r~~.urd
~rj i~ dii~~r~nt ~-ru~~n ris1
:.
o ~ ui ~vsic~.]_ injury (ACCA) .
,
a fourth possible gro
und
OL

~1_S ~=l_1~:_. 1=i nr~

E Ili1~_11iCLC"i

11~.

i_.
:

~~ .rl~,~~

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r.r
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't1cL"EIS
-

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~~_ ,~

Fl
_

SEMI= ~i1C1ll~

L~1.OTl\,' - ;lll'C~c;L

CjGCtt'1T1C

is a rule oz 7_iabi.]_ity . Fil
~elly , it could ~c argued
th~.t t1~e ie~idu~1 c.lai_~sE~ in
_UCCA ~,,
,a~~ co,,~ar~d to
L G_L0111cS

~i1rL~_

ci~~Tr:~~

ct]_~

~:\DL1C1C~_~,'

110

tllU:~~Lc~e_'Cl

c15 ', [1t.L"r'.

~F'~_G111E~

ail-~~

GO1_1~Dt

1Il

.-.~~L~. ~
1

tL1`~2L

1~ _1 onV n~~_~rder. Erich one of
these

C~7_S~iIlCtlOCI~

\O

ci~Lrilr~Lc ~cC~

[;l1c:LC~,S

SEGOIl~ -

~ss~rLed

i~7.15.

~~1i=

c:I~li:l~~l_ti`

LQLC:; i7~I11T1C''~

C~~1;

1.2IGll~:` -;i1LL C~rY
-

-ul.e is ~n in~uitin_~ Ch~_`
~ +.~ho~~~ :~c~v cor~~~,:iiL
i=~:l_onie
,
- , ;~

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 114 of 146 Page ID #:114

;_oi=~ _-it, i=11_i?~ r~_~h~ ~o tn~
nic~_Lie=

~= t1~~_ i~~~:~ns r~.~

d c~ctri~~e ~.inen Li~~~v bill_
som~on~. It is sov ti_mes
.~e
said
t hat th~fel_ony-n~urd~r ~_ule
deters ki]_7_in~s pr~ci~el
b acause of ins simplicit
y: ~ ~you do the crin~~.e and
you
k i_]_1 someone, ;you do tt~e
tiny. If }~o~i co_~ ~:~lit a
,
serious
offense, ~~;e do not ~.;~ant t~
hear 1~1z~=~~ you 'didn't mea
n
~~
to l:il_1 ~nyon~. Ho~~;ev~-r
reputable yr di.sreputabl
L his intuition may be, it doe
s not distinguish L'n~
i ~ i ony-murder rule i rom tl~e
resicual c.l_ause of the
A CCA. T'h~ ACCA is a fede~~
l Lhree-~tril:es statute.
It
O ~J :=I. =1LC.~

l~Il

ltltllitl_Otl
V OL ~ l"C

to

LIZ P_

~1bOL:t

OUL

~011

~U~S1J

Of

CL

c1~~CL'Llil~
CO[ii.C[i~ ~
-

h]_`1~.1~~

CL']_it~E:

~~~~=EE

~.71 ~.~ Q,~~7 1 1 J
-

~i1L~C

tr1G1~1P_S

heal any arburnents a~o
ut ~~:~n~tL~eL

1I

\'1C~_~1ZL" ~
C O~ iu1~:1I1

honing
And

I

O' 110
-_r

lei=

.

CCU

`L~1dt

~~Ll.i"S
!~7~

CIO

~IICl

il:~~

?v31ZL

i_
t~~~~~~ ~~;ere tic ~ni
c~lly,

-

~-~aVr. i0i: i rl_LC:~

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r
~,

1lOL

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`,'011L

11~i1~

t0

;~I_11~i C,11r= :~OUL'~
-

1L~~~;

Lh~

iesidual clause uncons
titutionally value.
o~~ ;ood r-~~son. Con`r~ss
may not delete

~ or~.~~one's c~nSLi_tution~l
ri~~t~t 10 a~equa.tc not
ice of

~cha_t a c~initlal ~tatule
coves . The r.~,~A ;ni:~nt
'
~~-~-e more
d ~~e.~~ encc PoL~ntial it i~~
~~:er~ ~z~~~:;~~t Erom, i~112
constitution~~,1 ru7_c a~ai~~
_
sL v;~;u~ s~aLutcs,
'~~uL iL
C
iO~S

1~0 L

'~iUCCIGL
i

iildt'Cc'L"

~"UlE

~l[f~]_l~:!?"~_~'

Rl]_~11L

CjE~i_L

i~?OL':J

~11~

~'cC01~Ci -C~C`icE' tLlO
I'i\'

D~01~]_~

i'.~-

1r

S:ELc

c`:~c[!i~LCCj

L ron, tl~~ eaguenes~ doct,-ine
: 1_~ut that moves is simply
011 ~

Oi

I~GUII~~~

Zile

1_`~~1.5~_~:~LLc~ [l~
V

C~C~ LAC;

~~1=.~

f11c~~~

7't-•~l

r equir~,~rn~~r.i, =nom a crir ins<
]_ oif~n5e, ~0 1_0~~_, a~
t1_~at
d oF~~ no L ~.-;elate the Ccnst~it
tii~io~~. . Th:~ cotr~ Ls 'r~av~
- ,~ ,.~

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 115 of 146 Page ID #:115
~. -i-,- :C. ~_'

O7-

tit'~Ct~`1_ '~

Chi=C1Cl;~~.l

t[1~3t

i~C1'~

i~~ 1.0~

-- ~:>»l.CiLi_

r ule do,_~~ not ~-io _ate
tn~ ~onsLa.~u'cion
on tii~~ ~rout-~ci
tr~a~ it 1ac.l:s a requ
iren~nt oL m ntal
culp"~o~_1it;~ ~:~iL h
r es~~ect ~o Che ~illin
j. u~ i~he Le~;is
]_ature i-~ay not
d e]_eLe tl~e L~qui_rement
c~1 constitutional
ly ~dec~uatc
~ oti_ce for any oLtense.
Tile second asserted
oro~~nc of distincti
ol~
=cC(L17_1_- ~~
]

1.7_ `l tl:'_

C5~0115~

i~LCBL~~' {JO~~i

~ ~CIdT1~1:10llS~ ~

8110

"~_isk" cleno~e probaL
il_i_stic concepts.
11,e G~tli~~i:nia
~,~r~, ~:~1;e Cou;_t has ~1t~la
ys Lreat~d dan,~~~~~
ousness as the
q u-~t_cr~ ~~f 1i~.; l.:ihood
,that a~_, -- Lc~~'~
~~~
~,,,,,,,,.~~ ~• i v ._i :J L ct.
~ i
liven ielonl~ ~~;ould ~r
in~ aLout the deat
h of another
_>>1;
} ~:~~~<< be=i_~~
Thy United St~tr:.~ ~,
upi_~rn~ Court i~as
t-c~,.t~~1 ~-e~idu~ 1 clau
se ri,;l~_ ~.~_ Clic pk:.
„s~c_~:l injl_fi_~ to
~
:1101~~'i27=

iZLiii

:
i

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:

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'1

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t i7~.

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c`1S

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J_T1ClUl1- ~>

C~c`l1~'

CB~r' ~

C0~1GLCt

tll~,'O~_V;~S

1L

il~c~~;PS

t. i t,-11

~~=;"iii

~c

1_

~ii~~'

n~^ it ~ C. -~ /~ ~_ j S
_
.
~
_

~~~1~'iiicC~

1l.

~~~~i

~'r~2~ 1~

7i

~~ctft'J~I=vUSll?5S

311 C
1

r isl~_ is pur~1~,' predic
ate r~: mot qual_i
Li~vre 7_n ar~y ~. a~y~ .
C OL

~r~i:~L1r~Il2S~

~lli=DOSC~---filar.

~~LO~: 1C1~:lJ :~0~~10E

t0

].S~

c~'.Ct01 j— ClclTl

LOL

L"Ili

~~Ui=~~O:~ ci
~

i'_1O115i1

S~

~~1:O~lilCi

L~~~L']_L~

dll~~

Ul

L:L~i:

~L~~

~r~at~~_ial1~- indi~Cingu
ishable.
_`;OL

ClO~ti

<
.il.'ll','~1~
\~;1SF ~
, ~•=
i.

1~

L'[1G

1 L1CLi: 1~

~iL~~J2c?l
Ci-U~

i_.z=.~~~t~1_~~il

L'[l1LC~

Ll~~~. UL

Lh~.L

Oi"

1l0

C!:-~,Li1

~l=ij=3111

2-~SE1t.~Q

il:~nlilil~

CjEfl~l1
1.~

111

cipC~

C!1tLcL ~'~ICC ;
i_7.Sh

Lille;-';~b1~U011:~

~!L~ 1 Vlt

\'j~)~.C;l_~ic:ll

~ i I'~
t

-

OL

:lL!C'L1

Vc.?llcllC ~S -

~)il~'~~.C~t~

~? U~L111~

lll~Li"~'.

't~l~~_

,-i"~c`LdL1.`,%~:

~~L itc

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 116 of 146 Page ID #:116

C~~11~L0~."t'.L_=7_~'")
i
Ji

~~Z,Jti:!_C~3~_

L l1t

1_1115

;lllli'_

11~]~iLj%

al_ ~Ui11 ~ it i.

~~tic;

;.'i _=>CcLICc
1

~i'

l':~~il - t;•:1~Lcl1Cc

~~

Ct?~1Lt~S~cCi

Lil

CU~1C

Cell

COiiiD ~ c ~.E l~,'

7_~IIUI_ S

~i1'_

c~c~

C3~Ei~.

CaSE' 121';

1~1

U nited States Supreme Cou
Lt's residual clause
~ Ui1S~LUCIc110E

iZi15

IIcC%2i

LZ3C

dll~%

~~LO~ZC~.~il

~d1~11 CIL~11l1I1

physi~.~l il~,ju~~,~ , in the abs
tract o~ i_n concretesituat;ons.
I nstead, Lh~ Uni~~d ~tatcs
~u1,r~m~ Co~it_C 's proLle<<~,
[ ~~
Z

}~r_i~il

CIc~lIl~ L1J

c
1~~StL<iC'~--_]llS i~
~LG~~_21[1 l~c~5
~
L 11;=

c_~

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~i~~ ~l2-_ci

~ ~~2L"1_UU~
L[1L

C~tl_1iGL"ilia

7_S

1I111C1Pllt

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L
- 1SR~ ~

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C1~tln1ll~

1i1~L~

,~Ot~.lt~1c11

7.11

~[Zc

LOl1L ~ ~ S

~7L1~2L"OUS1l~SS ~ i

cli5 i_7_ii_r Li -„
• l

;_;~

i~~

l.Il

__~"'~

beL~>:e~n ris1: oi= :1~ar1-i anal
risk of injtirV, zrom ~.
n ~~~.i_ce. s~ai:cl~oirt. „_ p .e i.n
rCo
Ca]_iioi-nia , ~ no r~zor;~
1 :=~~;2~i~111~\/

~Ci

~~r. _~11C~

~;'L11Ci"1

1=c10111E~

'n'1l~_

b~

~:1,~~(~

j_11i1c1"rTll~~ly'

d ~.n~erous to l~u~aai~ life tha,
~ people ~t~rou~hou~t t11e
jJL1.l_I_~~~i
II

u~u'L~~

C.ULl1'.L

jJL"Ci~iCL

~ eriou~~ ~oLenticl risk

1 1

,'itll~~..

iEl(''Iil_~._

L'O~c(1

c-

or 2~~i~~aic~1 inju-i;~
- al~d r~L

t
.h~ exact sa~,~c i~asoi:. i~o
one. ca_~ acc~~La.iely p~_~di
c
L-IO~J

filUCl1

l;i';~1Jlllc~t10 11

lV1i0~~1~~]_~1C1~
i
~ 7 ~ ~~~ ~ ~
\

C1=

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_.

~'

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~

r11~i1~

1R

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~Cf

~ ~, J ~

CL'1!i~~.

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~i

01_

~` 1 I

~~~i~

~C~CL~il_

_E'`~~31

~Tvlii`

(~O111~3~.F7_

_~ ~ J
l

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!.~

~- .

1. ~_ L~ ~L

~cRcl_1C

S~~_iLL~c

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C_;iUtO)' 111

~Jll 'L1ciS -.~,~I_V~]~i=Z~

t t7 c. ~.

Cl

J t. i1 t. L

Cl=i_1L11i=]_OTi

i=cC]Ll1_

i_rlc~lll~ ~i_Gtl

LO

c.~

~:

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5 t ci t. l~

~l

til3ll

SL2~~~_1~E

Z ~tlI~ll~dci~~ ~~

^i 'i1~
:

LGU1. ~f : 2~~ t=i t.i_ 1
,

d i~~c.t.~ft . 1;~ rl~t~l1C]_11~

CIl~ ~l I1CL10[l

i~F-.~ .`:C~~'`.
~:;~-111.~

tClE=

1S

L~1c

`c.~1c~C

tC

-e~_du-~1 c1aU~r- i_~ a rul_
:~ of

SEi~Oi~~l - CC'~c- ~~=

-

~', /

-

r=]_Or~ ~~~

f':IL1-(!~-L
-

i_ll~_c

i

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 117 of 146 Page ID #:117

~~':k'i~ C~i"t

~UG :Ll[il=_`

~ ~'ZOilj%

:1L~11I;

1. 1_:T:11~c~~10i1}

1S

1L

~=,

i~'C1E

Lll1iiCcli~.~~:'

SL~JS~ZTI~l'v=

LLll~

Cldil_C_LUl1S
OY

CLliillllal

1_a~~,. Ot~e ~;o~-~i-~~s Ll~e
d~`ree of punish~:~et,t
;~,'hi1~ the
o ther ~o~-ert~s 1i~zbilit
y. Buy if this dis
tinction has
any purchase ~L all ; it
cuts in favor oL fin
ding
~ra~uzness hcie. Sure1~~
ac~o- s ure no less
r
el~ti_tled
L o c1_ear notzc~ about the
boundari~~ ~i subsLanti
~-e
criminal ]_lability rule
s Shan they are abou
t ~~ntencing
r ules. If ~:~e ~,rcie to rcco~,l7ize a distir~cti_o
i~ bet~~;een the
t~:~o, actors ~~~~ould b~ rlo
re en~itled Lo notice
about
;
_1aDiJ.~.t.~~ rLl'le_S. (Gf
Ghar,m:~,~ r,
flr~i ~e~~ ~ ~'~t~5, (~_
9~1~
~ liL~

ti

p

=!~3,

~=~~~ - =l~ti

t ~ 1.~~CSt1llJ
1

L~ic'C

~i8~~1~L1`~S~

~~crutiny~ L~~r sGnCencin~
statu.te~ i5 less e::
acC:i_n? t~~an
f or pri~nar}~ cri~;in~1
conduct statues, and
stating,
t ~~Lll11S

~i~i=~~_
~

15

1~

~~c!="L1_CU12.i=_L}'

'.:vLl~_~~

C~ LlLCL

SJ

.lC?C~' ',~i~~`L.C`%.=L~

'irO~~t-~;i

C't~t'

t~ci%t:

C~

~l~i~LO~~C7_~1~2

~c.I:t, i~11C~

a nu nog the criminali
t}~ of Ll~e conduct").)
In Jol~nso~~
1 ~~;~]_ ~

ti1c: TOLL"t

Stc~~~C~i

L~[lcii:

L~"1~

~jL=

~)iOCP_SS

CIOCL11T1:'

c~

va~uen~s~ "a?~pl L i e~'
riot onl;~ to ~tatutcs
dciinin
el~rnen~~ 01 crir__.~~ , but
al so to s t~.tuLes fi:
:in~
~`nte~~ce~. (J2;~n~u}, 13~
,
S. C~. at X557.) In
support
Of

Lt1cL

}1LVLJOSZ.~7-011

D c rCi1c~.Q~1"
 «,~U~

(1~~~~

SE11~ ~11C11
-i~

v io]_aLin~

L~~~.
fir'-4r~

CG111"t

L.S.

~~LO'. ]_S1011S

C]_L~CL

~_~=r ~

Cla~~

L'1.~1L~Cf

vLcl t_~S

1~~

`,i1Zi_CL1

~O. ~

COTISF~G~U'11C.~"'

5~.~1L~'~i

S_

~L1~1~

O~

.~i~~en cLirna_1~a1 statut
e. i i

1
'1-x_, ~ i Ch ~:s~ei:c~d ~_,r
out~d oi= distincti_on
is the
tt ~~~. _`,CCa r~~idua_1 Cla
,
us,_ ~~~as Wade u~~iqu
uy its
j ustnpo~i~:i_on ~_o
specii:i_ca11_~; ct~~_l,? ~=:i
,
=~~t~d 1:elonies, ~~hich
- ~ 5 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 118 of 146 Page ID #:118
Ll_1L"LElc]"

t~C~ -~ i,l~_1Cc"i 1=CCl

~~~1~

1.1~~~: 21 31` 01~
,

~cC~.~01~. ~ ~-,- ~~

,~

~ ~_
~_T he
~cLm
~~ic~len~ f~1on~~" ma
ns anv
c Lir~~~
puni_s~~ablc
uy imprisonme>>t for
t e,_n~
e.~.ccedin~ one }'car,
or an~~ act of
juvenile delingt!ency
ins-olvin~ the use
GL

Cai_L"~'lrl~

UL

~t

11"E~z1i~l ~

~il]_i=~~ OL
d ust,
-active
dc~~is~
tn2t
~,aould
b~
punishable by i~.npriso
nment for such Cerra;
i ~ co:~~;~~itted Ly an ~du1t,
t~zat —
i~

~7c! ~

L AC,

ciS

OL'

3~dlil:~L

:t i E'~_EiCll t ' t17~
L1Sc ~ c~ ~ ~Ci~i~~L2Cl
~1~1L'E~L'cIl`C1 LISP_
Of ~}1VS1C ~_ L
LGLC:-_
LI1i D~"1_~Gi~ G1
4110~~~"1~1 j O1'

(i_i) is ~~ur~~lary, ars
on, or. ~xtort.iot~ ,
i n~~-o]_~.~cs u~~ of ~;~plosiv
~s, or o~he~, ist
l i1~'

r~]_~~c5 COliC.LCt ~l"l~l~
~~1 ~S
J01_F_~~Li~; l
'
Ci_~~: O~ nIlV57.r~.~I
L
C ~1 '~t~`.
J
_.L

tits ~
in~,.~,-

S2L~10U5
`-

.

Tl~~ fcc.t.is 1-i~r~~ is on
subsectio~< < i_i
" 1~L~_~S1V
.t:
c
.l1C~

C1`~ 1ri13~~~'_S
,

'L!=]_ ?Il1PS

~ ~~':_.c

:l~t~i:~~-ifs

lIl`✓Ole✓illy
~_
`L:t~Gl

that. Cri~;~er
c ~'~ll;T„1c`1 1~7-CiTI

L~Lli`I~aL'~~ ~

CO~!IlL

OL

t170Sc

ii~cl_udF~~ ~~.t~y uL ~er
~

LO`,~,'dLCi

E;~~LOL'~1011~

~=~~~JIU51VcS
1=11c

tilt ~F_

~I

~ ~\-10.~f:.i1~L, ~ ~

5~1~~!~:~.:,

m~l~dator5~ ;~~inimun~
sc-ntcnc.e. ~'he
LOLL"

the rEsidu~~l cl~t~~e cr

D L'~:_c'-'il'L1.11'~

US2 'v L

?LS011~

1'~

~~L J_CJll~

~~

tC10R1c~

1S

f011O~:EC~

u1'

~~her~;ise ~ i ~ldusc, ,
,
~,,~~~iclz

e1_oni_s that in~~•o1~
~e con~~uct.
PO LEII Ll g1

1.1 ~ c; OZ

~~!1`y'S1C 11_

injur. ~~~ to ~_notl
-~~r.
i ii .Joh«~on, _iu~ tics Sca
lia `s opinion
Cou_~ CnentiUned

of Lli:

this ju~Laposltl.oi~
of e1~u,rErated ai~~u

u n~nu~~.rai:~d ieloni s
ns a facCor contr=
i_Lutin~
~~~_u:-~~.~~~~ of chF_ r~ 5i.dua
]_ c.7_~use:

- ~9 -

L o th~-

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 119 of 146 Page ID #:119

~t

~~~_;l_1~~

~ Il ~'~.l_~.'c~

~,'
.
.7c' ~~'rtf_i"

~~J L ili ~!l.L

L~1`--

LLi~L

I I

CL~_[~It=

O

I)_~ i_SC~~~~

!1cL~. 15

i

JCL ]_UL1

J
potenCial_ ri '~.. ~~~oreo~er, the
re~idu;11 c.lau
i
:orccs coui-ts to int~~rprei; ~ ~ ser
ious pots-nti_al_
~ i
,.
1_is~~ ~ in ii~nt o~ tl~e r_our
enumerated crin ~es,
bur~lar~ ;
;~
arson,
extortion,
and
crimps
i ns:-ol~rir~s the use. or e::plosive.
these oL cns~
r
_
ire iar
Lon: clear in r~specr to the
de~ ree
o f risk each ~~ose~ . Dins Lhe
ordinary burglar_
invade
an
occupied
Home by night or an
u noccupied
homy
b~~
day? Does the typical
e xtoLtioi~ist threaten his ~~ic
tim
in
person
`

~?1 .11

U ~~

~t~2

ll S

:~c_1~_

OI:

idl~il

fOLC~~

t[1~^_

OLL

~Ot~S

i=c.~'21~1~10I1

~1~

c~L

t~17=~~LElI

iil~~l=i8S1P.
:

persol~~l
il~fornaLi_on?
By
combinir;gindeLeiminacy
a1~ouL ho~:~ to measure cne
risk
posed b~~ a c.rim~ ~~:-ith ii,de~er~,ii
nacy about 110,.
rr,uch
ri_s~~ it t~.l<;cs for Lh crime
to qualif}'
~_,~
~~
violent felony,
Lhe r?sidual cruse
,.
~
~~~~''~C ~
<<~-~~
uii~~r~u1CC~'[~111Lj'
~~T1~1
a rb ~tr~~rincss Lh~~ the Due PLo
cess C1a~_is~- . . .
~ oleratcs
(._lo~li~ on, 7_~5 ;> . CL. at ?~5~
(ciLzL'ion omi~ted~ . ~
T his structural fe~tuie oz t'rle AC~"
y - placing enumerated
te1c~~~i~s n~.:L to a residua]_ clause
, ~l~d thereby
C OC~~.D1.1C~!i:i?l~

t.ilc

L1.~~: ~~11-71~'~]_S
;

n

t o Cali.iorni_~ ~cna1

-~

;_S

,
i i=~"t=1_,'

7_riC11L1C;1)_

ode section 189. As noted al~o~
~~,

the stLuctur~~ of s~ctiol~ 189 is to
en~i~~eraLe c~rLain
~ 1_~LiBL? vii5 ~
i'~lOil1_C5~

1.1~

i;iv~ ~

uL

`•.~'17iC11

L'[i~Cq

CC~Illiil1SS1011S

?, ~t~.11LC1E'L

1~

O~

UI1C~~'L1y111~~

i 11S~ — ~IC-`L`t=~
-

I1lC~

t~1

L o declare that_ a:L]_ other murder
s are second-de~~ee.
I1~

Ot~1F_:1

t:`~~i=CAS ~

SCCL1G11

~_~~

S

SPCOTICI — CiEdi_~?c

C!?llY'Cl~_t

p~ovisior~ i~ itself a residual
,
clause
_ ,
r 1.1 nurcl~L ~~;nicz is perk etrated
`,
bl~ means oL a
C1P_Stl"uC~l~:~

ne.ss

Cj~~~7_~~

CSC

elestructi.on,

CICJL=;I12C1

Ul_1Ii '...1L"ZJ_~~'

~:<r~_OSl~~'~~

u

l~ica~~Uil

O~

l:no~~~in~ use of ammunition
LO

I~~11~'LL"ctL~.

~lc~.t:
-

1Z
OL
aimor, poison, 1vit~~ in t.~ai
t, t~rtu~~e, orb_~~ ~_nv c~t11~L l:~_nd o= ~vi]_7_iul,
deli~eraL;~, ar~d
L ~~ic C_1t~3~cC~

E:11.17_ll? ~

OL

in
the
perpeLr~tion
p ~_;=pets=_~te,
rsot~
L Oi~}J~L`~'
-

l~~,lt

IdL~' ~

`,:'111011

oi ,
r<'P~.,

'~5~.3~'Llc~l

- 90 _

1S

CCfi,iilli~2,'1

oi= atter~~~t to
ca~J~~c~~-'-n~,

~~;1GIlc ~~~)lll~ ~

L"L"~i]_11 -

T1

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 120 of 146 Page ID #:120

- :i-`.;~~:~ i~~ 7
.
~ ~~~J

O~

~~~C~

c~l'i `

~:CL

~'J~i

liUiil_jc:'f~~_=:

~~ir;c. .

Oi.

lil~.','icL

S CI

Or

~C f= _llll
-'_.

c1ilV

l:illLCjE=L
:;i1
' i_ch ]_s pel:]~etLate:d '[~.v
r~,~~~tls vL ~iiscilaL~itl~~a !^ir_- earm 1ro~~ a ~;~oLoi_
vehcilc, intenti.ot~ally
a t ~;nother per son outsid
e vi Lhe vei~icle ~tiith
the .intent to inflict dea
th, is murder= o~ i:he
i=first de~~_ee. :`,1 1 ot11e~__
kinds of 7 , 7_re -.s a,
_
,
-y
~ t _t_he s~c_oncl dearer

(Ca1. Penal Cody ~ 189 (t'
est 2015) (e~.~phasis
added
T 21['

lc,~t

~EIlLcilCc'_

O~

SCC~]_011

1`~

l~

~

LE'S1QLI31

claque, ~~1d ,.t cr:~atcs e:;a
ct.]_y the same probl~~;~
Lh~L
u]_a~~u~d tnr ~~.CC:`~ r~.~dival
clause in terms of `au~it
l,
r i sl.. [JFlen a court as'~:s ~~;h
ethe -r ~~n un~num~r~.ted
fElony
is inh~rentl~- dat~ _ erous ,
it n~rtorm~ r.ha t ~.n~ ~ ~.,~; ~_
_
,_ ~ _
the shado~, or seciio~~ 1~9
1
's many enumerated fel
onies.
B ut hoer often do tl-~osc en~
im~r~t~c] elo7ies end
up ill
a ~,i11 ink? Justice ~c,~;lia
used ~~~r~lary ~s al-~ ea~~
~lp7_e
of the di ic.ulty oL ~au
~in : i=isC: in the abstra
~
ct .
O cc.upi~d home ~t r~i~ht or
u~~occu~ie~1 hori~~ i~ Lhe
d ay~ti~ne? In the absence of
comprehensive statistic
,
tl~l~te is pimply no non
-a-eviti~ry ans~~~er Lo tt~~
t
q uestiol~. J~l~ns~n, sl,~~~,
]_~5 S. Ct. at ?55.7 (co;~
~pi i~ensve
s tatistics do not exist)
.) het section 1-~9
specirical]_;%
e nu.nerzt~s bur`~1_ar~
just ~s the ACCA res
idual c]_~use
c ~02S

11'iC':E'~CI

I~t1C

L1S}.~

clll~ l~'S1S

tOL

ET1ll~:i~i~Lc tC:j

LclOIlltS

in s~cLion 1~9 ;s ~~;or~e:
}~;ecaus~ it includes at
temp Ls
to commit all tno~e el~~_~m~
ratecl ~ elonies a_s ~~:e11
as
~ ll CCL~SLU.L
LO

~uU~~

b UC:?ld1_~!

GvIT:i,11:~~1UilS

~~~~

115~~

il0`::'

or death i, ~,_n
_~

haLC1

Ot

LJ

OL

L[Z -

lll]UL1' lei=
1L

~O

j=C1.0I11.~5
C~~dt'~Z

`~~U~E

l.~[l?

IT

Ill

1t

a?l

2~»tic1C~

~1~~: OL

1S 'C1~1LC1

lIIJILL~.

tt~~~:~L~ ~~~d t~ui_;1_~i-~-? l~l~e
sitii~cl reels.

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 121 of 146 Page ID #:121

C it C.

J oi.~l _,nn
,
= G~~

GL

~
ii

T! O i- ,~ ',l C 1 ~. I_

C v it i U ti i Li it

i ~l l l ~ L

~~~ ='

~. `. O 1 :-~_ ~ Ci

1- ll

the Cnui
,t slated t!~at it -.,'o
ulc noL 1.~~ ~-t _u

S L'u~U~E

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SL"~'1tUtOi~;

i~ic~'.SLILt=

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.

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,~~

tile: L2al - ~.d01 _Cl

~l~~e

1~~~1_~~LZ~C

~G1~

i=aC~S

t~"1C_

impre5ion from L~f-ii_s stater
~cnt that C~ali.iornia~s
it~1_~lerenl_ly dangerous `el
ony doctrine is theref
ore
~~~~1id l~.~caus~ the abstract
approach tc~ deter~~in
in
C1~1Tl~r_TOU~1"1,'_S~

l~

J=.S~:C1

0.1

8l1

~11c.1VS1_S

OL

.~L~tLif:OL`y'

~_~lei~.ient.s . Buc that is pla
inly not ~~, h~~~ the ~T~ ,,
,
~~~n
Court rn~.at~i. l.n ord~~~- to see
this, one rnust return

Ti~~ relevant portion ofi
the sty tuLe has i.hr~c
T;;~;:ts .

1ne first part, s~ctior~
9?="~(e)~ ~)l~)(i), dcline

a ~~iolcnt. felony as
~n}~1e~,.~ent
'Lc';J~i

`1L"~L
1

e1_ony t'r~at 'has ~s an

the u~r o1 p'~~ysical far
ce z~ainst tl~e
t~i
-

c.i1O~i"1ci=

C. J_c1U.~2

Ot

r~lClr~

~GCL7.Oi'f

S~CO1~G

G~i:t,

4Ji11Ci1

9~4~E~~~~~P~~11

~

1~

L~12

S~~2C1.'ilCclll,,%

denonitlaLes as ~.~iolent fel
onies four pa~rticul~?r
0 1- f~_i~_~F~---i~: ~~~1C«y'
~

c:i~v'~~1U11 ~

c"1L5011

c~T1Ci

USA

O

~
,:~:plosi.~,~e~. Tile thi~~ d pay
-t, the residual clause
, ~chicn
is tl~e second clause of sec
tion 92=-( ~) ) )
(Z (B (.ii) ,
i ~~cludcs any other Lelony
~~ ~~ose conduct il~~,~o vE=~
~ ~riuu~ ~oienLi~1 ri~~ u`~ injL
~,iti~ . j,~lz~i ~ pus tice Sca
,
lia
L ~~CL~

t.0

~ ~ .~t-_`l~ll~0 ~ )'
-

P_~_Frr~~IltS~ ~

~~P_1_Il~;

2T1

~~.CCE=~~i.~~C)~_c

llOil -

~ra~~•~;e node of an~1}'s is,
hc_ dogs loot ~~~eat~ thy= kin
d oi=
C I_~P.1cL1L~11

ctil~ll%S1S

111V(7~VEC1

ll~

ScC~1Gil

~~~4~t'~~~~~F~~~7_~

- i~l,~jl~

i_.

its rl,r-

_taLute o:~_Li_?1i_n~ the und
~;_l_~ it ~~ ~= :10_-~~,2
,

l.i~ ~:~~11',~ , dogs t11~~ clem2i
~t oL roe c2 ~~p~;~a~

- ~)~ -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 122 of 146 Page ID #:122

~~O

r. ~~ic1L

l~

L~~Zc' ci11

q .~ ,_,( ,~)(__,;(~.,) !;_)
,b ~Cu~_~1~E'

~1- _T10E'~

L%iICICi.
-

~cC~7_Utl

L'r~;~_ C;ue~tiot-~ i`
t~;i1~~h~r

~
COtiL~:lTit~

.
`l t1~

~~ i_O

~':O~ CI
-

LCC~

Ci'~~= r~`:,:~ of a

~~
1'LciCil~lGticl.

L~i~~:

s tatutes c.ontair~d the
Ler~~~ Lord; ~o~r~c of
~h~_
m od.=Lt~ ones do loot. Thi
s ~.ii~d o~ anal_ti~s
is is ns
d ~L~_rnti_nat~_~-e as it bet
s in the 1~.~~:. Fven
it ~ec.tin,n
9>'=(e)(2)(F)~i_) ezLenc'ts
to cage lea,:: i:eUdit~~
4, i_orce
.
-cq}
,ir~r~~~cl~~t ~ n to ~. 5 tatLL~
thai~ lac1.~ an e~_i:~1 ici
'c
f~;~ I1~10i1
i O:i_

vi"

Li1!?

~,'O]"Cl ~

CGT1~Llr1_l~.i.OTlc`ll

LC1c=

ul i~ilVS7_S
-

~111CC?OS2.

1S

~t C':;~~:2L

~~1~ti.~J' CI~'LE1
- C~ilil~tVe
Li111~31].St1G

is , one is nrest~~,,:ecl to
~:n~,;,; the j ~ ,d; c; ~i1
C L"l~~l:LT12~
1 ~~c

Cl"i~~

_ 1 0~ ~ on

S~~I~,Ut`~ .
ctcil`il~~l1

~.11~1}51.,,

7.S

L ~i}1rO1i112_
,
~S

1I1i1ii=Cl~i.1`%

d ar e coin,

~ Lorry cases , on the
o th~r h<~nd , is no L
h i,;;li1~,r de L~rminu Li~~~ e .
The ques Lio~~ t~~c~ e
i_s no r
~s'C1C.~}~1~1
C~~;F

2~

1~1:1c

~~ 7 I1~[~`1=ciiC

llll~ctlti'1_ll~i

;~1 ~~Ti L ~

OL

i

~.i12

:~3!ll~E'L'U~IS1lCc~~
LE'ZOlI`y';

L[ZC_~~t

1_L

Vlll~

15

1=

~t

i G~~Iicil.

~Ji"icrllGl

r G~ 0=1~i

C~lil

~~~iC

E l~_I~'cil~~
'

~U"Li1171

l-

v~

S~l1C ~

3~

a rnit~imunl, t~ Lequi~e
conduct that c_~~~~ fai
rly oe
cl-~_~r~~c~~eri~e~i a~ i,~h~r~`
~~L1v dan,~~rous to
huri~~n 1it~.
I i: tine inhei~nL]_y~ d~~
n~;erou~
~1on}' c~.s~~ pivol:~~t ot~
~a11~Ll1c1"

L~l~

~~
C~311t ~):OUS ~
~ ~1E'J

Stc.tUt2

t~1~

~~O~CI

~ ~CIctLl~t~r~ ~

OL

~~

~-)1"v'Of~~~

~ ~L"1.Si~ i ~ ~

GOtl~1L12C~

t11E}%

'L i1

Cil

'tip

~, OULC~

t~i~

i•.'0111C~

1Zc~

~

j~~ 25C,P.CG
TlOt

b~

ll0

V~ ~L!~11~_~S

OLdD~ 'CIC~

V":~.~-,L1G.

1~~~'cll

It

~~L"0~;~ iii .

01

IL

L~1E~. ~::OLC~

~t12

11111P_1_C1l~l"v

d~n~ercu~ teJ_c,r~y c.-sc~
E~i~„otecl on ~.~:l~etllts_
~~:dicial
:Loy.. l~«d ,-gad
cia1,~~~c,r
~i~:: info ~. st~:tu
tc, t'n~.,
,
,
~~~o~lld trot b~~ s~_i~ ~i_cir~_
, y ~a,u~ co ,
~t1
,iolat~~ dui p-roc~s~.
- 93 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 123 of 146 Page ID #:123

~1 11`l~=i'

tC1r

li~_l~_i_iI?l1 '; 1

i
c 1l C~

- 1=~_;_Cl~_.'_~ 1.~~,!

~uIldLiC.~

F~~'~~~~
~
1-

`L i1 E

C~:Si=`~

]_j_~~.~

C~ U C S ~ 1 O 11

1~

_?i.:r.~r]_~I

1i c ~ i1 c 1=

O 1l 2

could i~~ <<-~~~ine any plausiole
,
set oj- ~~:cC~ ~:~l~ich: ~1j
~ atis :i_~~ the essential elemen
;
ts of Cie orfense, an~~
(2) does r,or pope ~ "high probabilit~d'~ of killin.~;
~ or~~~on~~ . Phis i~ a,~.y ~hin~; but
b~i~h-]_i nc analysis ,
f or it co~~t.ins t~:~o open-ende
d inc~u~_ries. l'hicl-~
l~_;~potlz~t~ical Lncts are ~ ~ pla
usibly ~ ; is ~n inn~~r~n~
1~~
S U~~~~i.~1~J~. 1Ci~ UlLt ~
1

Vi i-

`~,U

Lhe ill:St10I1 O~ ~v't1~
f.

15

~ ~l

consi i Lutes ~
X 1 1L it

c.S

~Z~~h p~_obability . ~ i Bo ~,
~~~ ; ,uir~ ies a-- e
n
~

~~ 2~~1L1Caii i_
v

c i 1. .ti ;lcrHcrn_ c,,, 1"_ _
._ "
'

~ UC]~E~S

~O
~

~vi11C1

~1Ct01~

-

15

PZt:~1Ca1~]_~_1~;~

Gii71CI"i

(U .I.

~i~10171?:r

-

~_ ,

_`-`---

_

,
~~

311Q~

-cc~GLl %t _, LC

~~~ci~'fOL"Z

F:l~_1 Uc

LOUlIC~

1lOt1C2

1111i~L'c'!;i~LV

~dCl%"c=]=OLiS .
C
~ I 11~

~ ~OY~Cl11~.~;1 j/

~ it C~i ' ~' cii C
,_' 1:_ 1_
i
L ~i~_1~ O LI11~1

ll O

L L' ~ 5

~U~~L :TAE.''

t o co~~5ider
' ~u
~`~
" ~~
j

C~JID_[P~7_` 51011~ ~

is

Ca~EtS

l L ~ 1 'i~ C 1i`,'

CCl1t t

L c';ilaRC1

Zl~:C

~c Lt.~~Lj~~rl_

~ ~~
C~

.-: 1~~--`
~=`-,~-~

t0

trl

LL 121

~1= _
CGllL t.

~
medic-~1 articles and
-~ eperLs i ~ ofier~d

^%O~icL~~~c~:L

LO

~~I:OVC

1118 ~

~~7_L'1~]_S111T1"~

CUCd111C

1S

in~~~ r:_~nt1y ;~an?e~ous to l~un~an
1i1e. (Patt~~i~son. ~upr:~
,
~ ~~1n9) u9 Ca_1 . ~d 61
5, 5>~ . , Although r'e ~~
t;o~~er_ has
been unable i.o
it~d a record of :hat nap
pct~~d on
L ~Ir.allC~~,

1L

'1C~.U~t~ ZV
c

1S

2\~.L~['~,c_~}' l"I011~~Li:ll~_

1~I-0C~UC~Cl

C011PL"C~1~1151~~E-:

~'d'Ii

C11C1"

Li"1G

St~~~-1St1GS

C,UV`LCi.cilL
,

011

G;lZci~

1-~app~ ns ~~;he~1 one per~ot~ Lur
»ishes cocai~~~ to ano
ther
?1

1=SOil

~:liil

~U1_I~0~1~~

i"~='L~~~r ~t;

O\'cLCJ"-~3

~i

L~lt=1E

2:1c

C~OGiIi'~.~Ll~l.11`"

i~UL

~_.~~.

t

':':O~lLCi

~1_C_ll~`~

~i1F'

=1~

ilUL

Q;

C]Uctl

i~?vi'_

_

O_

~ f:lECI1C21_

;~,'

i~~_.c=Lt

Ci

tcl~~ll

ciL~~1Cl:=

CO C;1_i1

S111.r.iCl~.ill~

LO

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 124 of 146 Page ID #:124

I=cS01`.'c

h c

r~~`=

~-c ~Ctl

Cali:-~ ~~10i1

TIZ~~

=~p~ PL;'.1 ~~11~

;UL11C1

I1 , ~'~.
3

to t.0 h~,~• ~ producec'~ co;~~,pr
~~len~i~:-~ ~C~Li~Lic~.l

~ V1Ci~~1lG~

Oi

110~J

UiLcTl

~~20~~_C-

~12_Vc

~`
~~L ter i_t~~~~tin^ cocaine that
o
has

i_?l=d]_

GVc:LC10~P_S

u~~en i_t.iLl~ish~d to

them in vio]_~tion oi: Ca]_ilorn
ia Hca]_th ~~~ Sal ly Code
s ection J.1~~`' . In otti~r ~, ords
:
, a Lcpori~ coi~Iirrnins 'cha
t
x numl~e~~ of_ people di.~d iron
cocaine o~~erdose~ in ~~~~y
~1_~'~'1i
;

`,%L~~1=

~:'Ol1~Ct

I10~

Sat1Sl~'

~'[i~

~UJt1f11 11~~5

~~L1L"C~i~ll.

T
_'~~e i- e.Lev~nt questiol~ ~, ou1_d be:
:
In ~~:nat percenL'a~c
o i= cases involving ~~ ~ ol~ bons
-,
of ~ ection 11~~? do
~
- ~U~~l_F

C11C.~

Ij

~_~)~~

pPiJ7~~ E'

C~I I i=~^

i_~ f=

~_r~r ~i ».r~

O`. - u~C~.~.,_
`L

i n a ~~ear, that seems li1:e a
lob; but ii. 10~),000,0~0
coc~,in2 ti-~~~nsactio»~ il~, violat
ion of section 11352
occurred that year, that amount
s to .UO!_)001

, :Mich
:

is in~_initesimal. On the other
l~snd, i~^ 10C~ Y~_~~1ii~ics
ca~~.~~ iron 10,000 ~ran~acCio~~,
th~c _~n~ounts to .01,
~,[1l_C~l

1.S

fali"l~

fi i=~C~U~lit

Lt

1S

;.}:_~Lttil:_1V

CIOU~ULIUI_

~allether tl-ie ~ovei-i7~~nL could
have pr-~duced statistics
7~
c

~~~llA

~~

~ PZ'~l

1.5

nl

tll~

~?'r.~+_I,Ll~ 371 ma y' .

~1G1~~1E

~~llclitl[?l~/

Ot

liL1CCL' ~81I1 Lti`

Ltl i L

Ii~c1L•_

tl~~~ ie~idua]_ c1~~~s~ ur~constitut
ion~l, and ~,~hich na1.e~
the ab~tLac.t anpLoach to tl~e
inh~rentl~ da~~~eLous
,
~- elon}% doct~ inc c~~luall_y ut~con
sritutiut~~1. U~in
l~DS~L~tC~
~

tau=ed

c~T_~~='Y:Oc"lCl1

~O

1f11`~1t~E

Lc?C~

~(1u~

<7~t~

an

t~.1i~Il_

i

oz ~o~.i;e thtesnold of risk
amount; to an

abs~racti_on or al~stracti_on. It
i~ not n~~re1v to a~!:
~
,c'nar Har. L~L ~.~:ou1d l,a~e 1oo'~:ed 1_i_1~:~
i= Shal:e~p`ur ~~a_d
~b_.P'~,~

Ci~:~Ll~.

~O

517~1L:. CL0~~~1~~_tti

-

ltl

~'j -

~I:LS~i ~~i_1~7.

lt

l_~

i~l~icll

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 125 of 146 Page ID #:125

L!:~

_'.5~..

I ta~- c'

..cl,~ l=i;

~_1L_:~L'

D ~17= ~~~'

C[l.L

~
~1=U~ILICE
LG

1L

~tlC

CG11 ~Lr~C~i11(~rr'~1-~ ~
i~Ot•:C`" I
,

l:l_,l~i

tlZclt

_L1C~

1P

LC12

i;OU~_Q

L'C

lil ~Vlil_

1~2"E~CL1Cc"11~1]_l ~~'

~iOCESS

currcntly stand,
in

?U11

L

O~ [l~'p~ i"- 1[ll t~ll
,
lc`iL1V

I111111[lldl

5~1L.1S1)' C~~1~

11~i_1=ciL~V

FJ

~L

CGL[:L<":l'~_

'~\~Li:1~C: CclilrlO
L

ctllCl

110 `L1_CF

C~_'lfillllal

Z3;•:

T1E'CESj2i=~!

~S

L~R1I1~5

tl-~e second-degree
Le]_on,% «urdei- Lute

Calif_oLnia is ul~~~:
onsLitutionally va~u~.
(2) ~"~PPY.O.'~CIIING TO THZ
"ACTUAL FACTS"
P ~~.ti~ioneL has

Or

~O~T: r- ~;ind. II-~

_ l„-

~':iiiG'iiiia

~monstrated to

t~7~=o7 ;~ ~
-

i~e";'~1S1~.LU

need to;- action

L11~tt 3CL"iOC1 COL1C1
E'

lll(=

LP`lS1?1,=1 1

'L ~

Co;1;e f~o[[1
COL~Ci

p ~-o~.ct4re.15~ am. -nd its ~,o
nicide statut? to cod
i~ry the
S ECUIICl - ~I~~i'i:C_

~-1011\' fi;UT_~~~L

1~L'`.JlL~l
1(
-

~lil

~ ~%~;~t_u-:i f.e_ct~" approac'~_i
to det~rr:~i,~il-~ ;

~r~~1.1C1t

~-:-high ~rloni~ s

al-e dan~~ero~~:- enou~l~ to
qualify. That ~.;~c~ulcl
be
con~t tui_i.o~;~ l. . i~~ ;_i~ c.~~uL ~~ ~i<n iicit.l~.~ ~~~Li o=~a
i:~ tl-~`
_
r
~ ec~nd-de~rrF~~ ~. ~ _o n~~ muL
~r ru7_e .
P ol_itica]_ action in Lh=
ab~~nc~. of judicial
u C~1UL~

1S

1iu`~:'CVc`L ~

C\~L`~lc~_~

ll Il1Z_i~El~'

~,il~.'

L~Sl~pilSll~li L~.
J

o L rcir~~dj;~,.~ 1~1~~ c.urreni.
co~~~ti~ut:io_~a1 ini=;rr;~
ity o+- th;=
~ econci-~1e~r~e
~1on~' ~~urdr rule ~;
- i11 atrnost ccri~a~_r~1~
;
,
1a11 0~~ tfl~ court -- ult
imately, tl-~e Ca.Liforn
ia
~ upr~-~n~ Gourt . T_~~c H i ~h
Cou, t does not f1a~~~
L1_-~e
O E~tlO?l

iii

CL~=1~1:1~

^11l
,

L\'l1c`1L1S'L1VE

11St

Ot

Lc~1Gi11~S

L~1d~

q ualif~~ <<s pr_~di_c~tes 1_or
i;he operation of the
sccol~dC
l~=?L"F'~_

O I1

LE~~!1l~%

~_ ~ ~ 1 ~ _1_ « L i ~- ~

or,C~ or~,~

f!111LC1rr

llllc

~l~"la~

~i i~ c_ 1_' O ~; c, f= 1 S- :.

~,;~.tc.l.~i~_Z~ Cv ~:~~

I I

l 11 ~1 t

'..~OUZL~

Iii'

1_ ~' ~i l%;= ~

tU

CTi~~L"OciCl
-1

L i~: n

L ~ 111;31 Cl 1 1_~i

~
acl~t~a1 1.act~ I . ~ipr~ru~:cn
o_

- 96 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 126 of 146 Page ID #:126

~ ~D0~.15~_ll~l~

'~~i~~~

~cCO_~C~ -~~~~i~,
~

'
I
•~
~~L1COL1l~SS

cll ~0'~Lt.121

iCl_OIl~' .~:l1

Cj~L'

~=U1_~

'~ - • '- ~1GI1Crc~1
L

i eC~UliC_S
-

t0

1~?CnTlO~;I~C1';~2

t hat, unlike 11is ur~un~ent about t1.~e
consritutional_i_L~~
of abscr_~ct approach Co c~eterr~ining
dangerous zelonie~,
he has no claim tl~ai 10 is requires
an~~ choice '~e~•:teen
these t~~:o remedial options. ivothin

r~ore than lo ic.

i~ r~quil_~e1 to d~mor~str~~e tl
-~e fatal i~;consistency of
`E1(=
L

d~D~ l~L"c,C~

%!~~~~LO~iC

LO

~t~`'.il~(L01i:j

f~1011lE'S

li IlC1EL

To'lnso~~ ; :~~i~ich is 1e~a11~~ hinding ol1
=
Ca1ii ornia.
Ho~,accer, 1o~ic requires oily that
so;~~2Lhing be done
a bout_

t_l~~ carte„t_ r~_il~--it noes not
d; crai_e ~~;ha1_

th~Zt so,net.l~lind is . l~,'itl~ that disc]_aimei
, P~:tii:ior~er
n ow uroceed~ ~o offer ~ fe,~ brief
,
Li,ou~hts aboui t~~i
~ ~dC~~1di. f~C~S~ ~
j~~L

ll~

~ t110L:~,il

U lltll

~~i ,_x]_11

tLlc

'~17~

O'r

~~dCtL1~1

S~ilL~C1

CL"1'11021

L~~1_SJ_c ~L_'e

CUUi LJ

~iCt ~

COI1C'1L1 ~~1~ ~

1S

3P~~LpaC~1.

O~~Si=L~%c? ~10i1

UR11~~1\~' ~G

~'i1` L,r'~1S1dtU1"

C1G

~J11~

Li"1~i 1=

8L]~~ LI11L1

~1W3~`

hatr~ the last say on ~vheL,
t~er or slot to have a secondc~csrce f_~1on~,- ~~ ~_irde~ - i~ it ~~ant~ to
:
ha~~-e th~~t spy.
Ir

tli~ California SupL~il~~ Cour'c stril;cs
the cuLienC
r ule doz,,n a.s ~ ~ ~iod for ~aouencss ~ ~ and
does not reF~l~ce
i t ; Le~i~l~ ~~u=~ could react ~y ad~ii r~~
a s~cLion to
~ ~1

~i0iTl7_C.1Q~

~ ~-

LLl~

~XE~~ 101~.~_~`

COC111~%111

d egree ? ~]_on~d murder r_u1e and li~tin
-

Lt7~

SrCOIl~

all the

Tunic

that supports it, or, n~oi=e likely,
e~plicitl}' rec~tiirin
~~
~~
G
'lTl
c;Ct~lcLl 1c1C~S
,
c1~~1~10~1.~1 tb C~~~~'L11111~1II~
'.~'111CC7

L t=1.O?'i:Lc~
-

it ~~;cCL

~i:C:=

~_O

~lii L1C1~ I~LLV

i: =;`.1cCi~:'

L~~1~=J

C011

_

Cl~'ltl`~~tOU~

~

C1 7

11E=EC~

_

11CL

lilll~ ~

~Jc=

t:1tR

COiICF~L"?l eCl

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 127 of 146 Page ID #:127

i i~~OU~

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:GL

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t

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~i=c

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L,'~:;151_c:t':1rc

1i ;

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~ a t ter ~~:l~ich o~~Lion Lh~~ Ca1i_
,
oL n~_a Suprcr~~e Cout_ L
C
.1100SE'_j~

1L

~.i1~_1

1lOC

C~:r'SLL`O'~J

t~ZE

L~e~1S]_c1L~1L'c~ S

c~D111tV

L o ila~re the 7_as C ~,t ord . 'I'hc High
Court should Lherefo e
e ~:erci_~e its Lest ind~pencle~~t
jud7n~ent abou'c •;hat
_erncclial c.our-se Ln ta1;e.
r
~ ~]_1tOLill<Z
:

d `u SLL"~aCt

SLZL1CiS

n~~T-0307

~G

a~_Ot1;-:

~.11~

CI

11'~

7_L~

~\r~_u51-\'~~-j'

1l~FTGll~

IL10~~`
' ZlIi;1L~~t10T1
r

o n felon~~-rzufdei_ . `Most slates
have a felony-mu_rdc~.
_ ~.I
_i

_~`'.~

...v ~. ~

,. +-

_i~~~c

,~ ..d Ll~'~

11 _. '.i ~~

C

1. `~~L1~~~.;,: X111.
1

{
~<ic ~

ttze underlying felony tie dan~
~erous to hu7~an li1c.
\n~~on~ thce sLa_Le~, C„LiLo~.nia
al_un~ ta~~.~ s u p~~rel_~,
~
i~~ti"aC~
1~~. 1~T~:~2L

2,r~~~tO~iC~~l

L"~IlP_. L~10~_~~

J~11~L
~l 1d~
-

.=~cl~E~

~'L1~.

ttidL

L~'~~~11~

~ ~fOrESf~i=c!~D~F~'

c

i2~0lly'-

C~~.il'~rLOLl

o ~- `cl~` ~ ,r~~der!-_'ink i ___1_nr<<,- i.s to L
_ r.,ca=,u~~_ ~~1 1:~;

ll~5

~1~~

ci~cu~~.~~ ~s ta_t~ces o7. the .case ai=
,
ba'r .
T o s~ ~ this , c.oi~~id~r ~ornE cicc
ision~
'
~ '~~_~c

`i'~~~~5.

~~i~T- i=iiit=

LC~u' ~~~

T

COi~L ~~

-,~1~ ';

i` roe,:, o ~h r
-

1[I

r,.

~i1

l~0ii~il01~~•i~21~i1 V
~F~~~

t'[1c'

i'I~ CC~"iaLt ~

~'i%~~SdCIILScL. t~~

S u~r~:me J~,di_c~_a1 CourC reversed a
secol~ci-d~Lee
~ e1o~~v molder cont~i_ction l~asEd on
e;ctoL lion. ~ ~ ~,~:
..
iio1C'i to~'~~v LIZa~ ~:',12n a death LeS
ult~ iLo;~1 the
l~erp-~Lration or ai.'~~~:;ptc=d pe~ p`tr
a~._ion oi= Lh~~ ~tatu~or~,
r ~1ot~~~ of ~~:~or~ion, Lherc can
be no cony%icCio~~ of
j-iJ~_Ol~~.' - mULC~i_L

1Ti

~11~

~~=COiIC~

Cl `'~rC` LI112~:~

t ~!l~
~

~UL;,

t i_t~d tl~:~t the esto,_ticn in~ol~,e
d cir_c~:~..~:~; L~~~t~c.es
r
c
ltmo:~SLr~ tin, the d`,_~nclan~ i s
conc`iou~ disL~~` 'i of
~~~;_c

- >~ ;5 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 128 of 146 Page ID #:128

~

C -~.r_

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1 1:1

t~:~

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~

~~~

~

r~

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L:~

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~1~9

`,~:'[Z`7=~

'L t1

p.-ecli_catc ice:1_on}' ~,
%as ;.ourLh-d:~ ree bui_
~1ary~ , Lt~e
D ~1~.~,~~r~ Su?~i=ems Court hel
d, "T_~. is Cite opinion
of file
Court
tL-~~ t tt~e ~=e1_ony-second
de~;~~ee ~~,urder rt~l_~
of L'~u_s State sliou]_d be ]_in
vited to homicides
pro>~ir:,i~y caused b~;~ the peg
-p~trati_on oz. aL~e:npttci
7:=tL"~~c='L121~1011

-

r_

Ji

~_c' _0111C_S

~

t.t111C[1

~i~=' ~

~~%

I1 _1f~L11C

O]-

circu;~:stanc~~~, L orese~abl}~
dan~er_ou~ to hur~~an 1iie,
1-~
1
'
.~l1L L,l

~f_

ju~. ~1
'

L uL~_ ~ <<7~V

1'Cl

{
LE~UP ZI::J

tLZ=

l~
L~~:

f0117_ l.tl

LJnliil CJ l~

C~_F~r'rF~

~_C~~.~

+
{
vI.~LU L~.)~~j~ •

~L

fr,~~; _

ni
-

r~;~v

i~n~ ~

~~

lj:_

tore~ee~b]_y dan~erou~ to ~nu~r
r_
i~n life, depcndin~ upo
n
h ~_~thr-r so~,~aon~ r~:ay b r~a
so~;aL1,, ~t:pcted to L~~ p_~.sent
in Lh~ b~~,i_ldin~, at~ci upon
othe~~ circu;~.stances oz
Lhe
c.:, _„ , h~ 1_d she Cou.t . (1d
.
1 Lam
:

~ }1E

J1~ril:ci~'~~'

fT1LlY:Clrt

an

1_I %.7 L L

_

I'~ l V - ~~
l._~

TliC~1C171

C.OiI"~~"]_CL1C?~

l ~,.i _

,
~ ~iLl7: t

1~9S~i1

011

~L ~ /~ _ ~

O~

~'~~!111

SOCIOCPV

,J J ~

;~~

Uj~L
-1~ 1C~

LJ

7~

cl

1~:1011~~'-

GO<<I:ll~CcCl

d'~c'~11~5~,

i ht-~ti~e~r-old bo}% . l~l~le Court
h~1d:
[ T]hc ~elonv-murdei rule
in ~~iaine L~quires in
3CiCi1_~J_011 LC
! i:aL'5~11

1-~c1.2.~1.Ot1Sll1?~

Gei~

?tE~i~ Lhc
i ~1on1 being co~':miLLed ; or
`~~~te~~?pL`d, and Lhe
1~~at} , Prooi beyond ~i reasor
-~
~ubl_e doubt
Lhati,he
r~~unner
or ~r~etlzo~d of i'c~ co~~~~nu
_ssiol~ , cr
~,i
~ ~tempted
co~~ , ~ission, pr~se~~t
~A
seriousChrr~'c
Lo 11um~~n
1_i~e o -r. is 1i1_`el_~; to
cause
S CL lOLIS

i~ T C~_

~~0~].ly

~

,~

cL

'J 1

«'~I'fTl .

Tn~ Cour_t conceded tl-~~t
consensual adult sodo~:.y
1_ 'o

I~,Ot

1=0L'Cc

iii=C~~S~~~L11_~:

a1lCi

1Ci~_cliCc

G~11'I~'

<iL'c

l:~011~

LO

11 L1[i13i1

l~Q~ 'iC_C2~Sc L11.`.'

-

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-

111 ~~
-

l~ll~~

~:i3il;~PLOLI~

~ ~~'fI111C

~O

rl~i-I~.~RI

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 129 of 146 Page ID #:129

-

i~

_=1~%

.C]ll~t~_~_`~

.. .=1~_

a
~
~~`Z~~l`

j~OL211 i~1_ .~_~_~`

U~~

CU~~.~f11~~~~C7

_- ni_C2. ~~
1

~
\J.~

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~~L

L~~1c

~1~,=

Oi=

~ _~

1 t1 ,~t~~~ v

F-r_, rrL~nL1, (L~I . i~l .
19i7) ~6~4 P. L'd 1. 21,
s uper-seded b,✓ lafo~~a_~Baca, ( , .~~1 . 19b~)
%0? P. 2d
.001
1
the Supre,~~ Court or \~e,
,; ~le:;ico held tll`t
fats
r
imp- ison~er~L m. a.~~ quality
as a p~_edicaL ~ i~l
onv for
r
.
p urposes o~ tlic f_e ot~v-m
ucder ru]_e ii the n~an
n~ ;= of
i s co~_~.i~~ission i_s d~+.n`cru
,
us . In i e,~~ i[~;~_ico ,
the
~_~~1SZc1=L'Ll' lla~
C~C-'`i"i=c.

__

.J_

~cii1

~.

~

C~ir110~111i13~EC~i

O~C1L'L"5

C~.i ii,_~

aLc: Ot

iGi~

Gi

SOii1=~

~E~O~'.1e5

~_P_SS~.r

~l

dS

i7`'y;i=2r

.~_

ill"St - CiG'. YE'~

L11S~
~[.1~_11T1

1- CLGLlI~

1~

a uio~~l~zical_ly felony°-mur
der ~, ~ithout regard
,
i~ ~:-h~th~r
~ li~'

C7_LC~1;118~..~i.P,CES

l Q it ~~'

l"il 11 L Cj c L"

1 ~~L~

C,3 (~ S

~~3T1~~LOL'S

~•] ~1 !~ L G'

i=1"L C

~I_C~

L E' ~_ G Cl `~;

~~

j :~

c

~ i~~'-

~~ ~Til

f 1 i- ~ C - ~_ ~ '~ ~ c= C

1=elony such a pr~~umpt~on
is a.ppLopriate, but
not
., ~_^rte L}
,~
r1o1~ ~ 1_s o{- ~1 1e~~~L'
C'i~,r~_"~ . ~ 1t~ ~ ,L_
-1~1 _.— ,
aoi~
_
h o~~:~v~~
tl-i~ Cou:-t l- el_d that
.
the same ru]_= should
noi~
a pply Lo ki]_1ir~~ caused by
the conl~~ission of Les
ser_ t
~~~~LCe L~Lonies. "~~_~t~ a
fe.]_ony murder charge,
involvin,^
a collat~i~~1 1~ss~r-cis `i=
ee zclonv, Lh~ L
e]_or~;- n~u~t
b
inhe,et~tly d~n~~rous, r i
the Court ~:plain~,-_l .
Cot~t~asti_n~ its holding
~, ith the CaliCcr~~ia
;
rule, thN
_ar risolz Cote ~ e~~plicated:
Toda}'
the
courts ~pp]_v
this test in t~~ o
d ii.r~7-inQ manners : (]_) tt~~_, r
~_elonv is ~xan~,ilied
in
t11~ abst~ac'c
Lo determine ~:~heL't
1~r iL i
inhercnt]_y
dan~ei=our
to hu~~~an life [ci
t~_n~
~ atci~e7.1] of (2) both
Lhe
natL~Le
of t}1e
i ~~lOi1~~'

ciCl:~

C Oilii',11~SlOt!
'- Il
.~.

L[1cL

1.~

ti1c:

C7_LClii 7SLc~IlC~S

!n~ti•
~~1c1

lac`'_

~Ui. LOl~ll.11ll~
-

COIl~1Ci21CC~

~.O

1~1~~E'_Lt litl}' Q~.
11'~2LOU~

1~. i e. j,?~~ ac'~o:~t ~_~1

latter ccsL .

_i ~j~ _

]_ '~S

C~:C-tC"~rllll~
~O

1lUil]=?ll -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 130 of 146 Page ID #:130

1. -L i1

~,~1 L~'; 1.1011

OI:11_ i:~EQ~

~

i
~u~th~~, in ~;1
- ;~.~~._~Tt~~~ ~~,~, (i~ .~.
,
,~
1~i2) 1~~5 S.I'.
2d 6~~6 , the ~'~'oi_tlz Caro~~ ina
Su~rer~e Lour ~ considered
,heLh~r a 1~:i11ing caused b;~
~
the comr~u_ssi on or a
F elonious Lrcab:in,~ and entering
could st~ppori~ a ~~etdict
o f ri~sL-de7ree felony murder
. i~IortE~ CarolLnu's ii_;
=stI~~L c~j
C

Ci~llLC~L

S ~<71~L~E

tna L

j`Lc~t~~

c T1V

iIiULC1E-L

CO;~1:~ 7_t LCCC

~~
111

r1lc

c] ?"SOiI

r1:~:L~~2t1"~a~1011
L ~!l~~ ~

OL

'~ 0~=~~JcL~' ~

sl, ~.l.l 'o~ de~,~ed Lo

OL

Or

~ittE;il~~

vU1 ~1~3-1 j'

~O
01_

i~ci'I~~L1=c.~:c
O~~ZL1_

d11\'

L GZGilI%

,c rzui_der in the first
d -,~ ~e . ~ i

~ ~i .C. r~,i~: . STET. ~ iT~_y~ ~~,i`
5
~,~ '~
~`
_01~; ) In urde~_ ~_or
- _
<<n u~;cnume~i~~t~~d Felony Lo se,_
~rc ~s ~: p~- edic<itc i=or
'L 11"~1= - C~1c,=1~'C
C~ "_1~iZcL

;IlllLiiflL"

C~c~1~~cLUllS

11l

111

~iOrtll

1~llZ

Cc"iL011i1~i ~

~11~~~Lc:Ct

'l'il2,L

OL

'I t.~_Otlj~
_

lil'_l.~`L

LOLG~Ecc"'U~_y'

d ~~.n Brous ~_inde~ the circur:~~t
,
ances:
T 11

OL1L

~~]_F_~~i ~

c"til~

?'7C

SO

~1GZd,

C~L~~~

UT1S

~F~~1r1.EC~~
f elon}' i~~ ~ait1-~il~ the pui_~-~ie~,
; oL G.S. 5
1!-"17
it
'~lZe com~ai~sioll
cr
attempted coT_r,~issio~n
Lh~reo
creates an~~ substanl~ial_
oLeseea.ble
h uman
~_isk and actua]_1y results
in the loss
o f_ lire . 7. hip includes ; b,_• ~
~ s ~,c~~ ~
_
' i ~c~~
L~.~a' ~_ _' tv
f elonies ~,ohich are inherency
- dan,~~rous
to
li e. Under= this rule, any
u~~~p~ci ieci ~ el_unv
~~~~ich is inherent)}' dan~zious
,
to lzum~ln
li e,
UL
1`.OL'~~~:2«
~Dl~~

C~c3TlVf_'L"011S

~O

'LOLL?lei 11

~_1i;_

UUc
to
Llle circunsLances of its
co r. ~,~i~~io~~ , i.s
s~~i thin t1~.~ pu~~-'ict~- of G . S . ~
1!~ -1 % .

i tZc

_I ilOiT_i~c~t~

L"U~_P

l~

LSSEiIt~~l~_1`' 111~t~~1
~1C~1~

r ule iti ~~_~~c-_~~=~.-~~, ~-n the sense
that a

~O

LL1~

elon~~ gt~alifi~-~

i
if it is eitner i_nherent]_y ` ~ ~~
~,
~,l~sLr~.cL ~ ~ ~ d«nerotls or
i~
7_~

~~~CZc

]_~

T:OL~'S~E.c'L~l~~~

C~t~~c

1l11j

~~~.11'y' ~~LO~15

~Lll)i=1 ~1C1~ill'~
-

U11(1~L

L~I~.i=

~lt)L~22,I_ ~

- 10]_ -

~]_LCU['1~LclllCc~.

f~n

tJc

2.

Oi~

~ ~[~ ~,'Cii_ ~ ~i ~ ~

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 131 of 146 Page ID #:131

,
.u1~

I I.

il:~

-

~

~~~_-t ~i '~~oth .:oil.;_.._
-

I I

i~ec~~us~ iL incl.u:_~e~

bo~_.h thF ab~i:r~ct and actual fact approaches.
But any
~-~vbricl qualit~~ is c1_Z_~_ir~~rical_ . ~~he ~ ~ aadition ~ ~ of
~1~~
a bs Cract uppi=oaclz 1~o the oi-clinary commission
approach
~ctual_1;~ adds noi~hind ai X11. In any case ~~:here,
under
t1~e circumstances , the underlying felony ~•:as
nod
F

ores~eabl~;~ dan ,~rous to nu~<<an life, the felony
~~;~i]_1
i

n ot ~~~ da»~erous i_n the abs Lract either . Under
t1~e
m_ini~~~um conduct aTpraoch to ~b~traction, a
felony is
o ~~1y in~zerent]_y dan~~erous ~_t gi ver}; iii~aginab.le
instance
\:n~lri

l
~~r

~~~~

~gi,v~ ~~r- n~i~
,

~iL"tScll~S

[
I',]_I11RURl

c_

n

COTICllG~

;j~' ~Fi il~i_L"101"1

T1O1Z- QaTla~'Y_OL1S

~2SL

1S

T10~

1f

i~~lF

Cc!~2 ZL

ii
Sltll2.ti0it ~

~~iE~:

j1 Ti C1(_L

LC7=il

Ll~~

GL"C'i7_i1c'lL y%
-

c oi~r~~liss~_on apl,roach to abstraction, ,~ i:elony is
only
11~~i7

i2I1~1`.'

C12`1`,~<:LOL~

,J

, ll L

-

1i=

~11c

C12LE1 t~1c_1lt
-

S

C011C~UC~

iii Lh~ c~i~ ~~ ae L~at is not ~' orc.s~ ab1_~~ d2ii`er
ou : co
,~
h unan life, ~heli ~=;airy , ~iL'cuall_,,~ l~~y ci~tinition,
tine
o ~ di~ ~Ly co~~~.nu_ssion of that felotzy is riot da~~~e
rous.
lh~ t~ri ~~ or~sc able" is largely pass -tic
,
on
r
the no Lion of or~ii~arlt~ess or typicality. ran pct i~
O i1~_4'

OL'c

t =~'::~_L~%

Ca ~:1lVELOliS
i

~O

IlL1iTl~il

~]_~_

1L

~1~711~i~-

~cL~ lead Lo d~~~.Lh on at_ 1e~st a seni-rep=~u1~r_ ~~~asis.
'
h~_is, LhG hybrid a~~proach tollo;oed i~~ Harrison
and
'
I'llompson (and a1-~pare,~L1~~ ;~1 n~:~ny otl.~~_ ju - is~lict
,
icl~s)
r e~11~,~ G:~~o~~int~~ to t~othin~ moi_e than the actual
fact
a ~;~pro~'.ci~ . ~ jems. ~rl'Lt'HE~`
L1~,. . G.'~.S;J

~ . SAL1'Z~UtiG , E7: -''~.L . , CP.7=c1T_ `i.~,L

_~_ 'vD _~;.`_TLP.IaLS 74? (3d c•d.

~i ll ~ i10 1= 1 ~ 1 C ti)

- 7.U2 -

00`x) ~ coll~ctin --

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 132 of 146 Page ID #:132

~..,"i1;5' _

1 1 ~ ~ 1.~. `IOL~

1!` I.`i 1~~

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~7~".~1 `.dGr~_~~

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1101

11~

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tp ~i=O~tC'l7 ~

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Oiler

UL

~~IO~ZC~~

Ui1C011S1~1t.tl~10I1~1.

(3) THE. R~'SOLUT:CON TO THE "T_ivH~RL~~~TL~'
D A`~GEi?OUS l0 HUt~1AT1 LIFE" OF SECOND
DEG_L~, F~ LLO~1~ ~1UP~DL~~:
1t

i
:~ii~.

~E1;=

~,~1111'.OLillc

-1}JtiCT:c~CL

~~L17"L"cRP_

OLL

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31~

f0i

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c~.Pr>f_i~~:Ch~

,
i t ~.: ou"I d solyr• the cr~nst; t ,
srio~l,~1 P,obl gi n, lout :.-b e7_iev~ Li~at ~:~ou]_d be ~ <<:istal,:e. The octual conduct
~ ~_~ t.

15

~ 11 LZ1.1C_C'i ll ~i lip.'

S UC1c ~ ji ~ ~

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C11511GilCS ~

1_lilC~~~~St d1lCtlTlj

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GI'

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ll
i:i1~- lrillai~

L?c]-ii!1L5

v 2~Sc:~_

E3n'=f~i1.121}' L(=C~:l~JS

O?~ iIGL~i11L1~

'~L1tC~21' 1S
~

O'L

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L11~

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Llii:L a 11;~i1: L~_

i1ll~i CIE1` 85

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,

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L01 . 11li L~c~"

11Co1.1~C1lCc.

~~r'10L1S

GOilC~~llild~lOLi

~ vailal~l~ to the crimit~~11 1a~,r . Caliior~~i~? has ir~~:ny
~ L~~( :~~

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that the

P
;oarci of Prison Ter~as (all poltica7_ appoint~
c~) ,:ill
grant parole at some po,_7t a _ Ler cne n~inir;u ~~ Lem
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In fact, less tllat~ L ~~ent~~
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c~ei- va, o1cd. i sec li ~~I~'LRS?1`~ OL' SOU1~~Ri~; C<~:Li
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C~;LI~O~:i~'I: _ P_~ROLE PRO~I~S~, httn://u~cpcjp.co~~/1e`~<
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•(oreo~,rer ; tL'~e ot~1_,~ nt'~~er ~a;_,-✓S i.o_r_

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t h~.L coll~cious di_sre_ard of sor~:~e ? i~~! of
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killing i_s noL
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 134 of 146 Page ID #:134

~ I~ c O l) L c _~'

.

~`: l_,`• ~ ~~~I l_ it '~_ ~L. O _I ~
~_

o- -rri-~~]_~d b~ , i_c~_
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__.Sup~~io~_ Court, (~tli~il) 27 C~~]_ .

%;-th i0=~6 (althou~-,l~ ":Holler stairs
the i=u1e 10?= consc~.ous
d isre~ar_c~. r~u rdcr t.•:ithouL s~ecii
yin~ a ~hresnold of
r ill: ("[~..-~~ col~clude LhaL a conv
ict.ton fo;_ second
d egree <<~urd~~r, based on a ~heo,_y
of inplied malice,
f r?C~L1Lc:S
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po~sibl_y l~~e,~re rn e~~.ni that a conscious
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r
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s tandard. Such a .~~r~ta1 sgate cou
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cia~si.c ca~c oz in~'olti~~tar~~~ i,ia
nslauohtei= is a

cir~inally r~:~1i~~n'c 1 i11_ing. (Ca1.
P`nal Cody section
~? ~
1_~~(~~) (,[~~~t 2C%15
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~~:hich d~ t roes non-•~~e~iculat
mans Laultei ,
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act, not a~,~out~tin~ to a felonj~~ ; or
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a 7_~ ~.afu1 act ~~ ~zic~~~ ~_~~i~ht produce
'
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fi
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Thy C~lizorni_~ SupL~~r~~. Court: hay
ton` h~~1d that thi_
d ei-initi_on _,gin=call;; =q ,~~~:te~ to ~.
cri~; ~~;,~~11_y ne 1i~~~nt
~;i]_1_;~_n_~

~~___ P-_on1,_~_~

rlo~,~-!~, (i~~' ~. ]_) ~o C~,1. 2d
u~_7, 7~J~- 1U~ _~

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 135 of 146 Page ID #:135

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conduct ;~~iht ki11

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,

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s ituation could h~~-e ih~u~hL abou
t ~1~~ risl~: and d=sisCeci
f
_rom~ L he conduct. t,'izen snmeoi~e
1~i11_s in this ~i_tuation,
1=Lic

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,~ ~~1e~1_i_rent ~.; ]_ling
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 136 of 146 Page ID #:136

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t he cony-icLion should b~. for no more than invol
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t l;e co-pie ~,.nn de .ailed ~ orensic ~_,_na7_ys ._
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of ~h~ fatal

1 , ~~-~~ _~_r;~~__ucti;~r. ~;:i:Ll ~_-~_„ ~.='~: ~r~~ jur~~

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t o hu~ ~~n 1_iie. Ho~~.~ li~_e1y is it that ~l jl_iry,
h~vin
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in s„perS ]_G'.; Ii..O L101' ~E Vii"."11
,

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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 137 of 146 Page ID #:137

:~:

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r ule ~,-ith no dangerous ielol~
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irnp]_icit pi=o~i se oi= a d~n
ge~ ous felony 7_i~~i L~
tion i~;
the~t she syst<<~ contai~~s a
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actual t~cts approaci ~~:ould
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o u~c,_~ire ~ror:? th;~ L~~,islat
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l ~ 11inr. In other ~~~.ords,
.
Lh~ judicial ~~doption
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d ue Lo the Court ~ av~~r~ion
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 138 of 146 Page ID #:138

dangerous to hui~~~~l~ life") p- ovisiol~. Petition
r
er ~ir~es
the Cour~ that t-ie has estab]_ished that "inh
erently
d an~ezous to hur~lan life" is value in all of
i_ts
'PP1i.cation, including Lhe real application
~
currently
b efore the Court, the real cases that hate
come before,
end the r~a1 questions that have yet to ve ans~~
~red.
C ertain]_y the Courts po~~~r to declare a stat
ute
unconstitutionally vague is "strong medicine" to
be
u sed sp~~ringly. (See ALA ~%. Fi_.~1P_v, (1998)
724 li.S.
X69, 58Q (noting tri~t facial invalidation of_
a statute
as ul~constitutionally value is "strong medicine
" which
s hould be ~ ~empl.oyed by tt~~~ Court sparingly").
) lhis
Cc1SL~

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'-,lthough the jury Baas i~ot instructed on the
:
1an~liage of "inherently dai~~er_ous to huma
n life" but
ratheL on t~~c standard 1an~ua~e of "natured
al~d probable
coj~s~quences to hu;nan 1ite," the langua; ~ is the
s
equivdlznt to one another. The word "Natural
" is tl~c
f ui;ctiona7_ equi~~a]_ent to "inlzeLr_~ntly"; tt-~us, CAL.J
IC
8 .1:1 is ~ ju- y instruction oL the "inher_ent]_y
r
dangerous
to human 1ifc.'~ (See ~~lerruan-i~Iebster's School
Dictionary
(
"2004") ~. 636. ).

- 1_U9 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 139 of 146 Page ID #:139

IV. THFRE
jaAS
INSUFFICI~N'T EVIDENCE TO
S liPPORT THAT P~TITIONrR ~~7~5 A "`IAJOI~
P AI:TICIP~NT" IN LIGHT 01~ '1'H~ "BANKS"
A NALYSIS; THAT HE AIDED l~ND ABETTED IN
THE COMMISSION Ole SECOND DEGREE FETOIiYr1URDEP
T he Hight Court of the State of Calirorni~
sent s~~ocl: waives with its recent ruling f_or
~ccomr~lices — also l:no~an as "aides and abetters."
Tl-~e R~~;~~~ Court essenti.~lly held that an acco:
~~plice(s)
c annot be held liable (or, better said, convi
cted) of
a cri~~~_; such as the one before t~~is Court,
that is,
o L course, Pe'c~tioner Renteria's con~icLion oL
second
d egLee i=elony~ muscles, if there ~oa~ no evidence
indic~~in~ as a '~majory participant." (See Peopl
e ~r..
B anks, (2015) 61 Cal. 4th 7~8.)
O r, in the alternative, and for a getter c]_ar
ity,
i fi

the evidence divuljes naught that L he ".
-

no ~ the ~ctu~1 ~:i11er , Soho ,

person,

as a < a j oL parti_cipant ,"

aids and abets in the commission of a crime
, the
accused cannot be convicted of a crirn~. (I~,~. , at
p.
%9~ .)
~~s ~ "major participant,~ ~ them hay to be,
d irecl~ or circumstantial, evidence so compe
lling that
an accomplice had intent to commit ~ crime.
(Id. , see
~1so Edmund v. hlorida, (1S'82) 54~ U.S. 782;
Tison v.
<
~rizona, (1937) ~S1 U.S. 13%.) So it there is no
evidence that Petitioner ~•~as a "major par ticip
~l~t,'~
h e is ]_e~a11v innocent. (Jackson v. t%ir?ina,
(1973)
U .~.

.)

- 110 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 140 of 146 Page ID #:140

Mere, ~ rc~ldie So Lo, a ~~~itness to
e~~ents
s ur_i-oul~din~ +she shooting, told poli
ce ~haL he hacl
s een a ~~:hite `Toyota pickup ~~~ith
three "Mexicans" at
the scene of the shooting: that
he had follo~•,ecl the
truck in his car

, hen he sate several ~t~nshots com
;
in~-

o ut from that true directed to
1limse]_t : 1 eddie Soto .
,r
(R.T. p~. ~6~--~70.) `'Ir. Soto a]_s
o to]_d police that when
lie fire_ sa~~ the 'i'oyo~~ pickup truc
k, it Baas follo~.:-ink
a red Hyundai, in it, witct four
men: the red H~~undai
h ad rr;ad

a "U-turn~ ~ to fo11o~~. the tuck
i~seli .

(L .T. pp. 5b3-57U.)
O n another tactual mai~ter, the
girlrriend of
V ictim ~`~nc~y \jelasyuez - ~~~110 ~~,as
also a i.aitncss to
the shooting - told po_l_ice ghat
the victirl had begin
hit b5~ ~ t~nshots coming from a whit
e To,~ota

pickup.

T~oidence had indicted that "~o~
-Necl:~' (Angusti.n
R osas) accom~~aniEd by his associ
ates, of whom ~.~-ire
~~ med with guns, coerced Petitione
r to "tad ~ion,~" t:~ith
them whey they arrived at Petitione
r's business: "Abel's
b ody Slzop.'~ E~lthough Petitioner
had no intention to
assist ~"\o-neck" at~d the others
for the famously k~1o~~~n
"payback:'-' (R.T. pp. 650-b55),
"\~o-Neck" had compelled
PeLitioneL to lead the "dri~~e"
to Harbor pity in his
-r_~d Hy~~dai because "I~o-Neck" ~•r~s
arriad that Petitioner
~i0111C~

~ t'!~c`1Ci<011t~ ~

1~

~1E'~

1T1St~ad,

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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 141 of 146 Page ID #:141

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d

i.c7L"

~.Oi~~

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s o as to 7_ocat~ she i_ndi~~iduals ~:~i~o
~,
~~r~ in~~ol~-~c'i in
the ,,~urder of `fr. Del~adi]_]_o, Petition
er "turned~ ~ his
car ~~round, told "iVo-Neck" that he was
"af,~aid" because
there ~a~ie so many people, and that he
~.~~as ultin~~atcly
~oin~ back, home. (R.T. pp. X59-565.)
Exactly ho~~~ it
~,as said: ie1 i.tioner tul_ned north on Petr
oiiu~ Avenue
a nd the left the scene. (P~.T. pp.
~b7-66S.)
F\C~~~~ "
_PTO-~2Clz r ~

~laC1

LOZZO1deCl PEtltlOil~1

~'.''C1eTl~

From a short distance, spotted what "i~~o
-~~eck" believed
to be t11e van involved il~ the murder
of `1r. Del~adillo:
he stopped following Peti~ioner_ , and
~e~an iollo~aing
t he vari un youth of Petro]_ium avenue.
(R.T. p. ~~b9.)
[~I.1et~ "Tv'o-Nec1:" Baas in the middle
of the block
on Petroliu~~~ near 254th Street, someone
s~~ot 2t the
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Lack: hittin~~ at the end one individu
al, ~'lndy Velasc~uez.
(~.T. pp. 669-b72.)
as

one can see, the evidence at P~titone
r's

trial ~.~;e~~ s1im: (L) there is eviuence
that Pe~ition~r
had no itltent for ~ah~t ~~.ou1d be a "p~y
bacl:," (2) ti~ere
t~-as evidence tha.L' Petitioner ~~~as not
Lhe shoo per, as he
~~~as in a sapa,
-are car - his red Hyndai, (3) there ~,~:as
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better ~a_id, coerced, Petitioner to "lea
d t~~e dri~~e, ~ ~
a nd, L=il~a11_;~ , (%~) there ~,~as

evidence th~~t Pe~itie~le -r

h ad turned away fLom the shootit~=, at the
scene. Peti_tionc,=
: as loot an actti~l "major participant.
,
;
" Pure and siclp7_e.
(People ~- . Bal~~ks, sui~r_a. j
- 1J_2 -

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 142 of 146 Page ID #:142

O N C~ T _ U S I_ O N
=
t~'or Lr~a Loregoing reasons, Peti_~ioner move
s this
Couit to sLricl:, or void to -r vagueness, his
conviction
~f second degree felony murder, the lan cage
of
"inhe-rerltly dangerous to human life"; in
the al ternati~e,
Petitioner moves th=i_s Ccurt to set aside his
conviction
in 1 i_~ht of People v . Parks , su»r~, as he is i actu
ally
innocent: no c~~Tidence indicated that Peti
tioner ~•:~s
a "major participant" in the death of Andy
Velasquez.

- 11.3 -

y. ~ . `~

Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 143 of 146 Page ID #:143
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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 144 of 146 Page ID #:144

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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 145 of 146 Page ID #:145

LUIS RENTERIA, CD CR #E-75707
CALIFORNIA STATE PRISON-LOS ANGELES
COUNTY ("CSP")
P.O. BOX 4610
LANCASTER, CA 93539-4610

t
7

*= LEGAL/CONFIDENTIAL MAIL ~~
*

~k^`°';P

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT CALIFORNIA
OF
FOR THE CENTRAL DISTRICT
WESTERN DIVISION..
North Spring Street, RM #G-8
312
Los Angeles, CA 90012-4793
ATTN: U.S. CLERK

CC'a/~ Fl ~~rfl

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Case 2:16-cv-06874-R-FFM Document 1 Filed 09/13/16 Page 146 of 146 Page ID #:146