Ryoo Dental, Inc. v. Thomas D. Han DMD

Filing 29

MINUTES (IN CHAMBERS) by Judge Josephine L. Staton: Order Granting Defendant's MOTION to Dismiss Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint 19 (mt)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. SACV 15-308-JLS (RNBx)
Title: Ryoo Dental, Inc. v. Thomas D. Han DMD et al.

Date: July 9, 2015

Present: Honorable JOSEPHINE L. STATON, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Terry Guerrero
Deputy Clerk

N/A
Court Reporter

ATTORNEYS PRESENT FOR PLAINTIFF:
Not Present
PROCEEDINGS:

ATTORNEYS PRESENT FOR DEFENDANT:
Not Present

(IN CHAMBERS) ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION
TO DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT (Doc.
19)

Before the Court is Defendant Thomas D. Han, DMD’s Motion to Dismiss
Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint. (Mot., Doc. 19.) Plaintiff Ryoo Dental, Inc.
opposed, and Han replied. (Opp., Doc. 22; Reply, Doc. 24.) Having read and considered
the papers and taken the matter under submission, the Court GRANTS the Motion.
I.

INTRODUCTION

The First Amended Complaint alleges the following facts:
Plaintiff Ryoo Dental, Inc. comprises the dental practice of Victor Ryoo. (FAC,
Doc. 17, ¶¶ 5, 10.) Ryoo’s services include “general dentistry, dental implant therapy,
teeth whitening, veneer application, and Invisalign treatment.” (Id. ¶10.)
Ryoo created a website to market, promote, advertise, exploit, and solicit its dental
services and products to consumers. (Id. ¶¶ 12-13.) To promote the website, Ryoo spent
considerable sums on “search engine optimization fees, photographing, editing, and
updating content and maintaining its webpage.” (Id. ¶ 14.)
Around May 2012, Ryoo learned its website had lost its first page search ranking
on Google. (FAC ¶ 20.) Ryoo hired a search engine optimization firm to remedy this.
(Id. ¶ 22.) The firm informed Ryoo that Defendant Thomas D. Han, DMD, an Anaheim
dentist, had copied content from Ryoo’s website and placed it on his own website. (Id. ¶¶
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____________________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. SACV 15-308-JLS (RNBx)
Title: Ryoo Dental, Inc. v. Thomas D. Han DMD et al.

Date: July 9, 2015

7, 23.) The firm further informed Ryoo that Google’s algorithm was designed to
“penalize” plagiarized websites and had lowered Ryoo’s search ranking because of Han’s
copying. (Id. ¶ 23.) In addition, Ryoo alleges Han received “direct and indirect profits
that [he] would not have realized but for” copying Ryoo’s website. (Id. ¶ 36.)
On February 24, 2015, Ryoo filed a Complaint against Han in this Court.
(Compl., Doc. 1.)
On May 8, 2015, Ryoo filed the operative First Amended Complaint, asserting
claims against Han for (1) copyright infringement in violation of 17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq.,
(2) conversion, (3) negligent interference with prospective economic advantage, (4) false
advertising in violation of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17500 et seq., (5) unfair competition
in violation of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 et seq., (6) unjust enrichment, and (7)
accounting. (FAC ¶¶ 41-84.)
Han now moves to dismiss Ryoo’s state-law claims on the grounds that they are
preempted by the federal Copyright Act. (Mot.) Han also moves to dismiss Ryoo’s
request for attorneys’ fees and punitive damages. (Id.)
II.

LEGAL STANDARD

When evaluating a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6), the Court must accept as true all allegations of material facts that are in the
complaint and must construe all inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving
party. Moyo v. Gomez, 40 F.3d 982, 984 (9th Cir. 1994). Dismissal of a complaint for
failure to state a claim is not proper where a plaintiff has alleged “enough facts to state a
claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
570 (2007). A complaint must (1) “contain sufficient allegations of underlying facts to
give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself effectively,” and (2)
“plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief, such that it is not unfair to require the
opposing party to be subjected to the expense of discovery and continued litigation.”
Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011). “Although for the purposes of a
motion to dismiss [the Court] must take all of the factual allegations in the complaint as
true, [it] ‘[is] not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual
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____________________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. SACV 15-308-JLS (RNBx)
Title: Ryoo Dental, Inc. v. Thomas D. Han DMD et al.

Date: July 9, 2015

allegation.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at
555).
In considering a motion to dismiss, the Court is limited to the allegations on the
face of the complaint (including documents attached thereto), matters which are properly
judicially noticeable, and “documents whose contents are alleged in a complaint and
whose authenticity no party questions, but which are not physically attached to the
pleading.” Branch v. Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 453-54 (9th Cir. 1994), overruled on other
grounds in Galbraith v. Cnty. of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 2002).
III.

DISCUSSION
A.

Copyright Preemption of State-law Claims

Han argues Ryoo’s state-law claims must be dismissed because they are
preempted by the Copyright Act. The Ninth Circuit uses a two-part test to determine
whether a state-law claim is preempted by the Copyright Act. Laws v. Sony Music
Entm't, Inc., 448 F.3d 1134, 1137-38 (9th Cir. 2006). The court “must first determine
whether the ‘subject matter’ of the state law claim falls within the subject matter of
copyright . . . .” Id. at 1137. Second, the court “must determine whether the rights
asserted under state law are equivalent to the rights” granted by the Copyright Act. Id. at
1138. Both prongs must be met for preemption to occur.
Here, the subject matter of the state-law claims clearly falls within the subject
matter of copyright. The Copyright Act protects “original works of authorship fixed in
any tangible medium of expression . . . .” Laws, 448 F.3d at 1139; 17 U.S.C. § 102(a).
“A website may constitute a work of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression
. . . . Copyright protection for a website may extend to both the screen displays and the
computer code for the website.” Ticketmaster L.L.C. v. RMG Technologies, Inc., 507 F.
Supp. 2d 1096, 1104 (C.D. Cal. 2007) (citing Integrative Nutrition, Inc. v. Academy of
Healing Nutrition, 476 F. Supp. 2d 291, 296 (S.D.N.Y. 2007)). Han allegedly copied
elements from Ryoo’s website including “text, photograph[s] . . . and artwork.” (FAC ¶

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____________________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. SACV 15-308-JLS (RNBx)
Title: Ryoo Dental, Inc. v. Thomas D. Han DMD et al.

Date: July 9, 2015

17.) Thus, the subject matter of Ryoo’s state-law claims clearly falls within the subject
matter of copyright.1
The Court must next determine whether Ryoo’s state-law claims assert rights
equivalent to those protected by the Copyright Act. Laws, 448 F.3d at 113. To avoid
preemption, a state-law claim must include an “extra element that changes the nature of
the action so that it is qualitatively different from a copyright infringement claim.” Xerox
Corp. v. Apple Computer, Inc., 734 F. Supp. 1542, 1550 (N.D. Cal. 1990) (quotation
marks and citation omitted; emphasis in original). The Court addresses each claim as to
this prong of the preemption test.
1.

Conversion

The Court first considers Ryoo’s conversion claim.
Conversion requires (1) the plaintiff’s ownership or right to possession of a certain
piece of property, (2) the defendant’s conversion of the property by a wrongful act, and
(3) damages. Firoozye v. Earthlink Network, 153 F. Supp. 2d 1115, 1129 (N.D. Cal.
2001). In determining whether conversion claims are preempted by the Copyright Act,
courts distinguish conversion of intangible property from conversion of tangible property.
“Conversion of tangible property involves actions different from those proscribed by the
copyright laws, and thus is not preempted.” Oddo v. Ries, 743 F.2d 630, 635 (9th Cir.
1984). By contrast, “where a plaintiff is only seeking damages from a defendant’s
reproduction of a work – and not the actual return of a physical piece of property – the
claim is preempted.” Firoozye, 153 F. Supp. 2d at 1130.
Here, Ryoo alleges that Han copied various website content including text and
photographs. (FAC ¶ 17.) These are indisputably intangible property. Because Ryoo
seeks damages arising from this intangible property’s reproduction, this claim is
preempted. See Firoozye, 153 F. Supp. 2d at 1130. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the
Motion as to Ryoo’s claim for conversion.

1

For this reason, the Court is not persuaded by Ryoo’s argument that this prong “cannot
and should not be assumed at the pleading stage.” (Opp. at 14.)
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____________________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. SACV 15-308-JLS (RNBx)
Title: Ryoo Dental, Inc. v. Thomas D. Han DMD et al.

2.

Date: July 9, 2015

Negligent Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage

The Court next considers Ryoo’s claim for negligent interference with prospective
economic advantage.
The elements of this tort are: (1) an economic relationship between the plaintiff
and a third party, (2) the defendant’s knowledge of the relationship, (3) the defendant’s
negligence, and (4) that negligence interfering with or disrupting the relationship between
the plaintiff and the third party. N. Am. Chem. Co. v. Super. Ct., 59 Cal. App. 4th 764,
786 (1997).
Han argues this claim is preempted because the alleged disruption consists of his
alleged copying of Ryoo’s website. (Mot. at 6-7.) The Court agrees. Economic
interference claims are preempted by the Copyright Act where the alleged “interference
[is] based on the misappropriation or improper use of one’s exclusive right to exploit a
protected work” because “such a claim essentially restates [an] infringement claim.”
Wild v. NBC Universal, 788 F. Supp. 2d 1083, 1110 (C.D. Cal. 2011). Here, Ryoo’s
interference claim is based on Han’s alleged copying of Ryoo’s website. (FAC ¶¶ 6063.) Thus, it is preempted.2
Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the Motion as to Ryoo’s claim for negligent
interference with prospective economic advantage.
3.

False Advertising and Unfair Competition

The Court next considers Ryoo’s false advertising and unfair competition claims.
As with the previous claims, Han argues preemption attains here because these
claims essentially turn on Han’s alleged copying of Ryoo’s website. (Mot. at 7.)
In opposition, Ryoo argues these claims are qualitatively different from its
copyright infringement claim because they are “based on [the] conversion and
2

Ryoo additionally argues an “extra element” test is met here because Han had a
“special relationship” with Ryoo that was disrupted by Han’s copying. (Opp. at 9.) Ryoo,
however, provides no factual or legal support for this contention. Accordingly, the Court does
not find that the claim is saved from preemption on this basis.
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____________________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. SACV 15-308-JLS (RNBx)
Title: Ryoo Dental, Inc. v. Thomas D. Han DMD et al.

Date: July 9, 2015

interference claims[,] which implicate rights beyond those protected by the Copyright
Act.” (Opp. at 12.) For the reasons already noted, however, this argument is not
persuasive.
Ryoo alternatively argues that dismissal of these claims is not warranted because
they are in essence claims for “passing off,” which are ordinarily not preempted. (Opp. at
8.) “Passing off” occurs when a producer misrepresents his own goods or services as
someone else’s. “Reverse passing off” occurs when a producer misrepresents someone
else’s goods or services as his own. See Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film
Corp., 539 U.S. 23, 27-28 (2003); 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a). Here, Han allegedly took Ryoo’s
website content and used it for his own website as if it were his own; this is a “reverse
passing off” claim rather than a “passing off” claim. “Reverse passing off” claims are
preempted unless the plaintiff alleges bodily appropriation and seeks more than mere
monetary damages. Aagard v. Palomar Builders, Inc., 344 F. Supp. 2d 1211, 1217 (E.D.
Cal. 2004). Ryoo alleges neither, and could not seek anything more than monetary
damages, as he admits Han has ceased the alleged infringement. (FAC ¶ 33.) Thus, these
claims cannot escape preemption on this basis.
Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the Motion as to Ryoo’s state-law claims for
false advertising and unfair competition.
4.

Unjust Enrichment and Accounting

The Court finally considers Ryoo’s claims for unjust enrichment and accounting.
Under California law, “[t]here is no cause of action for unjust enrichment. Rather,
unjust enrichment is a basis for obtaining restitution based on quasi-contract or
imposition of a constructive trust.” McKell v. Washington. Mut., Inc., 142 Cal. App. 4th
1457, 1490 (2006). Thus, dismissal is proper on this basis. Moreover, where an unjust
enrichment claim rests on the same facts and asserts the same rights as a copyright claim,
it is preempted. See Firoozye, 153 F. Supp. 2d at 1128 (dismissing unjust enrichment
claim that “at its core alleges that defendants unfairly benefitted from their unauthorized
use of WebStash,” which is “equivalent to the rights protected in . . . the Copyright Act”);
Zito v. Steeplechase Films, Inc., 267 F. Supp. 2d 1022, 1027 (N.D. Cal. 2003) (“While a
claim for unjust enrichment may require proof that a benefit was conferred on the
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____________________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. SACV 15-308-JLS (RNBx)
Title: Ryoo Dental, Inc. v. Thomas D. Han DMD et al.

Date: July 9, 2015

defendant, where the unjust enrichment arises from defendants’ unauthorized use of a
copyrighted work, such an extra element does not qualitatively change the rights at issue,
the rights the plaintiff holds in the copyrighted work, and does not avoid preemption.”).
Accordingly, dismissal of this claim is proper.
The Court finally considers Ryoo’s claim for accounting. Ryoo argues an
accounting is necessary to determine the precise amount of damages arising from Han’s
copying. (Opp. at 12.) To the extent the accounting relates to the copyright claim,
however, it is preempted. See Young Money Entm’t, LLC v. Digerati Holdings, LLC, No.
2:12-CV-07663-ODW, 2012 WL 5571209, at *9 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 15, 2012) (rejecting
plaintiff’s argument that an accounting was necessary where damages were unknown
because “the Copyright Act already affords [plaintiff] an adequate means by which to
calculate damages”). Moreover, because Ryoo’s state-law claims have been dismissed,
there can be no accounting arising from them. Accordingly, dismissal of this claim is
proper.
Thus, the Court GRANTS the Motion as to Ryoo’s unjust enrichment and
accounting claims.
B.

Request for Attorneys’ Fees and Punitive Damages

Han finally moves to dismiss Ryoo’s requests for attorneys’ fees and punitive
damages.
In opposition, Ryoo agrees dismissal of these requests is proper as to its copyright
infringement claim, “subject to their reintroduction if [Ryoo] discover[s] that Defendant’s
infringing conduct extends past Plaintiff’s copyright registration date.” (Opp. at 13.)
While Ryoo argues that the attorneys’ fees request remains viable based on its Unfair
Competition Law claim, that claim has been dismissed. Thus, there is presently no basis
for Ryoo to recover attorneys’ fees.
Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the Motion as to Ryoo’s request for attorneys’
fees and punitive damages.

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____________________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. SACV 15-308-JLS (RNBx)
Title: Ryoo Dental, Inc. v. Thomas D. Han DMD et al.

IV.

Date: July 9, 2015

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS the Motion. Ryoo’s state-law
claims are preempted by the Copyright Act and are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
See Eminence Capital, LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding
that dismissal with prejudice is appropriate where a claim cannot be saved by
amendment). Ryoo’s requests for attorneys’ fees and punitive damages are DISMISSED
WITHOUT PREJUDICE.

Initials of Preparer: tg

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