Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al

Filing 34

MINUTES (IN CHAMBERS) ORDER DENYING Plaintiff's Motion to Remand 12 and GRANTING in Part and DENYING in Part Defendant's Motion to Dismiss 10 by Judge Fred W. Slaughter: The court DENIES the Motion to Remand. The court GRANTS IN PART AN D DENIES IN PART the Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff's fraud claims, including Plaintiff's claims for fraudulent misrepresentation, fraudulent concealment, and violation of the fraudulent prong of the UCL, are DISMISSED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. The court ORDERS Plaintiff to file an amended pleading consistent with this Order no later than 2/19/2024. (jp)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

Present: HONORABLE FRED W. SLAUGHTER, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Melissa H. Kunig
Deputy Clerk
Attorneys Present for Plaintiffs:
Not Present

N/A
Court Reporter
Attorneys Present for Defendants:
Not Present

PROCEEDINGS: (IN CHAMBERS) ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO
REMAND [10] AND GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN
PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS [12]
Before the court are two matters: (1) Defendant General Motors LLC’s (“Defendant”)
Motion to Dismiss Case, (Dkt. 10 (“Motion to Dismiss” or “MTD”); and (2) Plaintiff Roumen
B. Antonov’s Motion to Remand Case to Orange Superior Court, (Dkt. 12 (“Motion to
Remand” or “MTR”)). Both the Motion to Dismiss and Motion to Remand are fully briefed.
(Dkts. 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21.) The court found this matter appropriate for resolution without
oral argument. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 78(b) (“By rule or order, the court may provide for
submitting and determining motions on briefs, without oral hearings.”); L.R. 7-15 (authorizing
courts to “dispense with oral argument on any motion except where an oral hearing is required
by statute”). Based on the record, as applied to the applicable law, the Motion to Remand is
DENIED and the Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.
I.

Background
A.

Procedural Background

Plaintiff initiated this suit in Orange County Superior Court on July 21, 2023, alleging
three violations of the Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act, California Civil Code §§ 1790 et.
seq., as well as a fraud claim and violations of California Business and Professions Code
§ 17200 et seq. (Dkt. 1-1 (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 35-120.) Plaintiff served Defendant on July 26, 2023.
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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
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__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

(Dkt. 1 ¶ 3.) On August 24, 2023, Defendant removed to federal court. (Dkt. 1.) On
September 8, 2023, Defendant filed the Motion to Dismiss. (Dkt. 10.) On September 12, 2023,
Plaintiff filed the Motion to Remand. (Dkt. 12.)
B.

Summary of the Complaint’s Allegations1

On December 26, 2019, Plaintiff purchased a 2020 Chevrolet Bolt (“Vehicle”) for
personal, family, and/or household purposes from an authorized dealer in California. (Compl.
¶¶ 7, 9.) Plaintiff purchased the Vehicle subject to several express warranties, which stated that
the Vehicle would be free from defects in materials, nonconformities, or workmanship during
the applicable warranty period and that Defendant would repair any existing defects. (Id. ¶ 11.)
The Complaint asserts Defendant impliedly warranted that the Vehicle would be of the same
quality as similar vehicles sold in the industry and fit for the ordinary purposes for which
similar vehicles are used. (Id. ¶ 12.)
When the Vehicle exhibited “defects, non-conformities, misadjustments, or
malfunctions,” Plaintiff notified Defendant through one of its authorized service and repair
facilities within a reasonable time of discovering the defect and invoked the applicable
warranties to demand that the facilities repair the nonconformities. (Id. ¶ 13.) On each
occasion, Defendant and its facilities represented that they would make the Vehicle conform to
the applicable warranty and/or that they had successfully repaired the vehicle; however,
Defendants failed to make the Vehicle conform to the applicable warranties in a reasonable
number of attempts. (Id. ¶ 14.)
Per the Complaint, Defendant represented that the Vehicle was safe and functional for
normal use, but the Vehicle is not safe for normal use because its batteries may ignite if the
battery is fully charged or if the battery mileage falls below seventy miles and the Vehicle may
not be parked inside. (Id. ¶¶ 16-17.) As a result of the battery defect, Defendant issued a recall
notice for the Vehicle in 2021 that warned customers that the Vehicle’s charge should not
1

For purposes of the Motion, the court “accept[s] factual allegations in the Complaint as true
and construes the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Manzarek v.
St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008).
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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
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__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

exceed 90%, the battery mileage should not fall below seventy miles remaining, and the Vehicle
should not be parked indoors overnight. (Id. ¶ 18.) Plaintiff’s use and enjoyment of the Vehicle
has been severely limited by this defect, and Plaintiff would not have bought the Vehicle if he
had known it was not safe and did not function as advertised. (Id. ¶¶ 31, 34.)
II.

Legal Standard
A.

Motion to Remand

Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction with subject matter jurisdiction over only
those suits authorized by the Constitution or Congress. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co.,
511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). When a suit originates in state court, a defendant may remove to
federal court only when the suit could have been filed in federal court originally. 28 U.S.C.
§ 1441(a). “In civil cases, subject matter jurisdiction is generally conferred upon federal district
courts either through diversity jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1332, or federal question jurisdiction,
28 U.S.C. § 1331.” Peralta v. Hisp. Bus., Inc., 419 F.3d 1064, 1069 (9th Cir. 2005). Diversity
jurisdiction requires both complete diversity between the parties and an amount in controversy
greater than $75,000. See Strawbridge v. Curtiss, 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 267, 267 (1806); 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332(a); Matheson v. Progressive Specialty Ins. Co., 319 F.3d 1089, 1090 (9th Cir. 2003)
(“Jurisdiction founded on 28 U.S.C. § 1332 requires that the parties be in complete diversity
and the amount in controversy exceed $75,000.”).
“If at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter
jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). “The removal statute is strictly
construed against removal jurisdiction,” California ex rel. Lockyer v. Dynegy, Inc., 375 F.3d
831, 838 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing Ethridge v. Harbor House Rest., 861 F.2d 1389, 1393 (9th Cir.
1988)), and “[f]ederal jurisdiction must be rejected if there is any doubt as to the right of
removal in the first instance,” Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 980 F.2d 564, 566 (9th Cir. 1992) (citing
Libhart v. Santa Monica Dairy Co., 592 F.2d 1062, 1064 (9th Cir. 1979)). “A defendant
seeking removal has the burden of establishing that removal is proper.” Luther v. Countrywide
Home Loans Servicing LP, 533 F.3d 1031, 1034 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). A
defendant’s notice of removal must contain “a short and plain statement of the grounds for
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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
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__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

removal.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(a). Because “§ 1446(a) tracks the general pleading requirement
stated in Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,” the defendant’s “statement ‘short
and plain’ need not contain evidentiary submissions.” Dart Cherokee Basin Operating Co.,
LLC v. Owens, 574 U.S. 81, 84, 87 (2014).
A plaintiff’s motion to remand may raise either a facial attack or a factual attack on the
defendant’s jurisdictional allegations. Leite v. Crane Co., 749 F.3d 1117, 1121 (9th Cir. 2014).
A facial attack challenges “the form, not the substance” of the defendant's removal allegations
by asserting the facts are “insufficient on their face to invoke federal jurisdiction.” Id. Thus,
the defendant need not respond to a facial attack with “competent proof” under a summary
judgment-type standard. Harris v. KM Indus., Inc., 980 F.3d 694, 700 (9th Cir. 2020). By
contrast, a factual attack “contests the truth of the [defendant’s] factual allegations, usually by
introducing evidence outside the pleadings.” Salter v. Quality Carriers, Inc., 974 F.3d 959, 964
(9th Cir. 2020). If the plaintiff mounts a factual attack, the defendant bears the burden of
establishing the basis for removal jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. Harris, 980
F.3d at 699. The plaintiff may rely solely on “a reasoned argument as to why any assumptions
on which [defendant’s numbers] are based are not supported by evidence.” Id. at 700.
B.

Motion to Dismiss

Rule 12(b)(6) permits a defendant to move to dismiss a complaint for “failure to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “[C]ourts must consider the
complaint in its entirety, as well as other sources courts ordinarily examine when ruling on Rule
12(b)(6) motions to dismiss, in particular, documents incorporated into the complaint by
reference, and matters of which a court may take judicial notice.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues
& Rts., Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007). To withstand a motion to dismiss brought under Rule
12(b)(6), a complaint must allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). While “a complaint attacked by a
Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations,” a plaintiff must
provide “more than labels and conclusions” and “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a
cause of action” such that the factual allegations “raise a right to relief above the speculative
level.” Id. at 555 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
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__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (reiterating that “recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice”). “A Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal ‘can be
based on the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a
cognizable legal theory.’” Godecke v. Kinetic Concepts, Inc., 937 F.3d 1201, 1208 (9th Cir.
2019) (quoting Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990)).
“Establishing the plausibility of a complaint’s allegations is a two-step process that is
‘context-specific’ and ‘requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and
common sense.’” Eclectic Props. E., LLC v. Marcus & Millichap Co., 751 F.3d 990, 995-96
(9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679). “First, to be entitled to the presumption of
truth, allegations in a complaint . . . must contain sufficient allegations of underlying facts to
give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself effectively.” Id. at 996
(quoting Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011)). “Second, the factual allegations
that are taken as true must plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief, such that it is not unfair to
require the opposing party to be subjected to the expense of discovery and continued litigation.”
Id. (quoting Starr, 652 F.3d at 1216); see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 681.
Plausibility “is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer
possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly,
550 U.S. at 556). On one hand, “[g]enerally, when a plaintiff alleges facts consistent with both
the plaintiff’s and the defendant’s explanation, and both explanations are plausible, the plaintiff
survives a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).” In re Dynamic Random Access Memory
(DRAM) Indirect Purchaser Antitrust Litig., 28 F.4th 42, 47 (9th Cir. 2022) (citing Starr, 652
F.3d at 1216). But, on the other, “[w]here a complaint pleads facts that are merely consistent
with a defendant’s liability, it stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of
entitlement to relief.” Eclectic Props. E., 751 F.3d at 996 (quoting Iqbal, 556 at U.S. 678).
Ultimately, a claim is facially plausible where “the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows
the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 at 556); accord Wilson v. HewlettPackard Co., 668 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2012).

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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

In Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, the Ninth Circuit described legal standards for
motions to dismiss made pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6):
Review is limited to the contents of the complaint. All allegations
of material fact are taken as true and construed in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party. The court need not, however,
accept as true allegations that contradict matters properly subject to
judicial notice or by exhibit. Nor is the court required to accept as
true allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions
of fact, or unreasonable inferences.
266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001) (citations omitted).
III.

Analysis

Because the Motion to Remand challenges the court’s subject-matter jurisdiction, the
court resolves the Motion to Remand prior to the Motion to Dismiss. See, e.g., Lambert v.
CalPortland Co., 2020 WL 6802028, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 19, 2020) (“Plaintiff’s Motion to
Remand must be assessed first—if the Court remands, the Motion to Dismiss is moot.”).
A.

Motion to Remand

In the Motion to Remand, Plaintiff argues the court should remand this action because
Defendant has not met its burden of proving, “by a preponderance of the evidence, that the
allegations contained in its Notice of Removal are true,” including by providing “competent
evidence.” (MTR at 6-7.) Plaintiff does not identify any specific procedural or substantive
defects in Defendant’s Notice of Removal. (See id. at 6-12.)
Defendant counters that Plaintiff has not contested any of Defendant’s factual allegations
and thus has not triggered an evidentiary challenge. (Dkt. 18 at 6.) Defendant also argues it has
sufficiently alleged that the basis for the court’s subject matter jurisdiction and that even if
Plaintiff’s Motion to Remand triggered an evidentiary challenge, Defendant has met its burden
of proving the diversity jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. (Id. at 6-13.)

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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
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__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

The court agrees that Plaintiff misconstrues the burdens of proof relevant to removal.2
As the Ninth Circuit has explained, “the fact that the party removing a case to a federal district
court has the burden of proving that the district court has jurisdiction does not mean that the
notice of removal must in and of itself meet this burden.” Academy of Country Music v. Cont’l
Cas. Co., 991 F.3d 1059, 1068 (9th Cir. 2021). Thus, “a notice of removal ‘need not contain
evidentiary submissions’ but only plausible allegations of the jurisdictional elements.” Id.
(quoting Arias v. Residence Inn by Marriot, 936 F.3d 920, 922 (9th Cir. 2019)); see also Dart
Cherokee, 574 U.S. at 89 (“[A] defendant’s notice of removal need include only a plausible
allegation that the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional threshold.”).
The preponderance of the evidence standard Plaintiff cites “applies only after ‘the
plaintiff contests, or the court questions, the defendant’s allegations’ and ‘both sides submit
proof.’” Schneider v. Ford Motor Co., 756 F. App’x 699, 700-01 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Dart
Cherokee, 574 U.S. at 88). Here, Plaintiff has not triggered the preponderance of the evidence
standard because the Motion to Remand does not contest the truth of the Notice of Removal’s
allegations, including by introducing evidence outside the pleadings or presenting “reasoned
argument[s] as to why [the] assumptions on which [defendant’s numbers] are based are not
supported by evidence.” Harris, 980 F.3d at 700; see also Pulyankote v. Gen. Motors, LLC,
2023 WL 7104939, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 26, 2023) (finding that similar motion from plaintiff’s
2

Plaintiff also argues that cases interpreting the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (“CAFA”),
28 U.S.C. § 1332(d), do not apply to this action. (MTR at 11.) Although CAFA’s anti-removal
presumption does not apply to this case, district courts consistently apply Dart Cherokee’s
reasoning in non-CAFA actions. See, e.g., De Villing v. Sabert Corp., 2018 WL 6570868, at *2
(C.D. Cal. Dec. 11, 2018) (stating “Dart Cherokee interpreted 28 U.S.C. § 1446, which outlines
the requirements for removing ‘any’ civil action” and collecting cases applying Dart Cherokee
to non-CAFA actions); Johnson v. Wal-Mart Assocs., Inc., 2023 WL 2713988, at *4 (C.D. Cal.
Mar. 30, 2023) (“[B]ecause Dart’s holding was premised on an interpretation of § 1446(a) (the
general provision allowing defendants to file notices of removal) and § 1446(c)(2)(A)-(B) (the
provisions providing the requirements for removal based on diversity of citizenship conferred
by § 1332), there is no reason to believe that the burdens set forth in Dart and the cases that
have followed are limited to CAFA removals.”).
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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
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__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

counsel did not present an evidentiary challenge where plaintiff argued only that the defendant
had not met its burden of proof on removal); Wieg v. Gen. Motors, LLC, 2023 WL 7104942, at
*2 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 26, 2023) (same); Swearingen v. Gen. Motors, LLC, 2023 WL 7089936, at
*2 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 25, 2023) (same).
Because Plaintiff has not triggered an evidentiary challenge, the court considers only
whether the Notice of Removal plausibly alleges diversity jurisdiction. See DeFiore v. SOC
LLC, 85 F.4th 546, 552 (9th Cir. 2023) (“[W]here the moving party does not contest the
removal notice’s factual allegations but instead asserts that those allegations are facially
insufficient to invoke federal jurisdiction, [the court] accept[s] the notice’s factual allegations as
true and draw[s] all reasonable inferences in favor of the remover.”) (citing Leite, 749 F.3d at
1121-22).
The court finds the Notice of Removal plausibly alleges both the complete diversity and
amount-in-controversy requirements.3 Specifically, the Notice of Removal alleges Plaintiff is a
3

In the Reply, Plaintiff appears to object to the declaration of Timothy Kuhn, (Dkt. 18-3
(“Kuhn Declaration”)), as lacking personal knowledge, containing improper hearsay, and
violating Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 43(c) and Local Rules 7-6 and 7-7. (Dkt. 20 at 4-5.)
The court finds Plaintiff’s objections lack merit for three reasons. First, Plaintiff does not
adequately specify the portions of the Kuhn Declaration to which his objections pertain. (See
generally Dkt. 20.) Second, the court finds Mr. Kuhn demonstrated adequate personal
knowledge of the facts in the Kuhn Declaration by asserting he is employed as counsel by
Defendant and has been responsible for managing Defendant’s breach of warranty litigation in
California since 2018. (Kuhn Decl. ¶ 1); see also, e.g., Pulyankote v. Gen. Motors, LLC, 2023
WL 7104939, at *2 n.5 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 26, 2023) (overruling plaintiff’s objections to
comparable declaration from Mr. Kuhn based on lack of personal knowledge); Silva v.
AvalonBay Cmtys., Inc., 2015 WL 11422302, at *4 n.1 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 8, 2015) (“Personal
knowledge may be inferred from declarations that concern areas within the declarant’s job
responsibilities.”); United States v. Maher, 454 F.3d 13, 24 (1st Cir. 2006) (“Rule 701 . . . is
meant to admit testimony based on the lay expertise a witness personally acquires through
experience, often on the job.”). Third, the court finds the Kuhn Declaration does not violate
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 43(c) or Local Rules 7-6 and 7-7. Accordingly, the court
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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
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__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

citizen of the state of California4 and Defendant is a citizen of Michigan and Delaware. (Dkt. 1
¶¶ 10-15.) The Notice of Removal further alleges the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000
because: (1) Plaintiff seeks replacement of the Vehicle or restitution of the amount actually paid
and the Vehicle retails for $38,371.00; (2) Plaintiff requests a civil penalty of “two times” the
actual damages; (3) Plaintiff seeks attorney’s fees under the Song-Beverly Act and claims for
attorney’s fees in these cases regularly exceed $50,000; and (4) Plaintiff has also asserted
claims for fraud and violations of California Business and Professions Code § 17200 et seq.,
accompanied by a request for punitive damages. (Id. ¶¶ 16-24.) Based on these allegations, the
court concludes that the Notice of Removal plausibly alleges diversity jurisdiction.
Accordingly, as with the numerous other cases in which Plaintiff’s counsel filed rote
motions to remand that failed to identify any deficiencies in the notice of removal or perform
any substantive analysis, the court DENIES the Motion to Remand. See, e.g., Salvestrini v.
Gen. Motors, LLC, 2023 WL 8255125, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 29, 2023) (denying similar motion
to remand from plaintiff’s counsel which argued only that defendant failed to meet its burden of
proof upon removal); Epperson v. Gen. Motors, LLC, 2023 WL 8234646, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Nov.
28, 2023) (same); Kubler v. Gen. Motors, LLC, 2023 WL 7104940, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 26,
2023) (same); Pulyankote, 2023 WL 7104939, at *2 (same); Wieg, 2023 WL 7104942, at *2
(same); Swearingen, 2023 WL 7089936, at *2 (same). As another district court stated, “[t]his
lackluster effort is plainly insufficient, and the filing of a such a motion leads to a waste of the
OVERRULES Plaintiff’s objections. To the extent the court does not rely on evidence to
which an evidentiary objection was raised, the court DENIES AS MOOT the objections.
4
Plaintiff also argues in his reply brief that Defendant has failed to prove either Plaintiff’s
citizenship at the time of removal or that removal was procedurally proper. (Dkt. 20 at 3-5.)
“[D]istrict court[s] need not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief.”
Zamani v. Carnes, 491 F.3d 990, 997 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted); see also FT Travel-New York, LLC v. Your Travel Ctr., Inc., 112 F. Supp. 3d 1063, 1079 (C.D. Cal. 2015) (“Courts
decline to consider arguments that are raised for the first time in reply.”) (collecting cases). The
court finds no reason to depart from this general principle and does not consider Plaintiff’s
arguments first submitted in reply.
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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
9

__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

court’s limited resources.” Mamchits v. Ford Motor Co., 2023 WL 6460888, at *2 (S.D. Cal.
Oct. 4, 2023).
B.

Motion to Dismiss

In the Motion to Dismiss, Defendant seeks to dismiss Plaintiff’s fraud claim, inclusive of
both the fraudulent misrepresentation and fraudulent concealment theories, and Plaintiff’s claim
for a violation of the “fraudulent prong” of California Business and Professions Code § 17200
et seq. (MTD. at 7.) Defendant argues the Complaint failed to allege any fraud theory with the
particularity required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), including by alleging facts
demonstrating that Defendant knew of and intentionally misrepresented or concealed material
facts or that Defendant and Plaintiff had a transactional relationship triggering a duty to
disclose. (Id.) Plaintiff does not address the majority of Defendant’s arguments in his opposing
brief and argues only that a transactional relationship exists between Plaintiff and Defendant
and that Plaintiff should be given leave to amend his fraud claims. (Dkt. 17 at 4-6.)
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard applies to Plaintiff’s
claims for fraudulent misrepresentation, fraudulent omission, and the violation of the
“fraudulent prong” of the UCL. See Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, (9th Cir. 2009)
(affirming dismissal of plaintiff’s fraudulent omission claim for failure to satisfy the heightened
pleading requirements of Rule 9(b)); Shah v. Gen. Motors, LLC, 2023 WL 8852491, at *5-6
(N.D. Cal. Dec. 21, 2023) (applying Rule (9)b to plaintiff’s claims for fraudulent
misrepresentation and fraudulent concealment, as well as the “fraudulent prong” of plaintiff’s
UCL claim).
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), allegations of “fraud or mistake must state
with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).
Therefore, “the circumstances constituting the alleged fraud [must] be specific enough to give
defendants notice of the particular misconduct . . . so that they can defend against the charge
and not just deny that they have done anything wrong.” Sanford v. MemberWorks, Inc., 625
F.3d 550, 558 (9th Cir. 2010) (alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). “Averments of fraud must be accompanied by the who, what, when, where, and how”
of the alleged fraudulent activity. Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th
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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
10

__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

Cir. 2003) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Allegations subject to Rule 9(b)’s
heightened pleading requirement must also “set forth what is false or misleading about a
statement, and why it is false.” Id. (quoting In re GlenFed, Inc. Sec. Litig., 42 F.3d 1541, 1548
(9th Cir. 1994)). However, “[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s
mind may be alleged generally.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). The court assesses the sufficiency of
each claim in turn.
1.

Fraudulent Misrepresentation

Defendant argues Plaintiff has not alleged a fraudulent misrepresentation with
particularity because the Complaint fails to allege, inter alia, the identity of Defendant’s
employee that made the representation, the employee’s authority to speak on Defendant’s
behalf, Defendant’s knowledge of the alleged defects in the Vehicle at the time of Plaintiff’s
purchase, the specific marketing materials Plaintiff reviewed and relied upon when purchasing
the Vehicle, and whether those marketing materials were produced by Defendant or an alternate
entity. (MTD at 12-13.) In addition, Defendant argues Plaintiff’s fraudulent misrepresentation
claim fails because it is premised upon unactionable Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”)
mileage estimates.5 Plaintiff does not oppose Defendant’s arguments regarding the sufficiency
of the fraudulent misrepresentation claim or the EPA mileage estimates. (See generally Dkt.
17.)
The elements of fraudulent misrepresentation are: “(1) a misrepresentation (false
representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (2) knowledge of falsity (or scienter); (3) intent
5

Defendant also requests that the court take judicial notice of the United States EPA mileage
estimates for 2020-2022 model-year Chevrolet Bolts. (Dkt. 11 at 2.) The court GRANTS
Defendant’s request for judicial notice because the EPA mileage estimates constitute records of
administrative bodies that are publicly available on the EPA’s website and not subject to
reasonable dispute. See United States v. 14.02 Acres of Land More or Less in Fresno Cnty., 547
F.3d 943, 955 (9th Cir. 2008) (“Judicial notice is appropriate for records and reports of
administrative bodies.”) (cleaned up); Shah v. Gen. Motors LLC, 2023 WL 8852491, at *4 n.6
(N.D. Cal Dec. 21, 2023) (granting request for judicial notice of EPA mileage estimate); Jarose
v. Cnty. of Humboldt, 2020 WL 999791, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2020) (same).
_____________________________________________________________________________
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
11

__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

to defraud, i.e., to induce reliance; (4) justifiable reliance; and (5) resulting damages.”
Robinson Helicopter Co., Inc. v. Dana Corp., 34 Cal. 4th 979, 990 (2004) (citing Lazar v.
Superior Ct., 12 Cal. 4th 631, 638 (1996)). In addition, the plaintiff must allege that the
defendant was aware of the purported defect at the time of sale. See Wilson v. Hewlett-Packard
Co., 668 F.3d 1136, 1146, 1148 (9th Cir. 2012) (“Plaintiffs must allege [the defendant’s]
knowledge of a defect to succeed on their claims of deceptive practices and fraud.”).
In this case, the Complaint alleges that Defendant “willfully, falsely, and knowingly
marketed the [Vehicle] as having the range capability to reach 259-miles on a full charge,” this
representation was material because “mileage range is essential to the reasonable consumer’s
decision-making process,” and this representation was false because the Vehicle “contains a
lithium-ion battery that causes the [V]ehicle to overheat during prolonged use, resulting in a
substantial reduction in the [Vehicle’s] range capability.” (Compl. ¶¶ 69-70.) The Complaint
further alleges Defendant “knew the representations were false,” “intended Plaintiff to rely on
them,” and Plaintiff “decided to buy the [V]ehicle based in part on the false and misleading
representations.” (Id. ¶¶ 71-72.)
The court finds Plaintiff has not adequately alleged fraudulent misrepresentation for two
reasons. First, to the extent Plaintiff relies on Defendant’s use of EPA mileage estimates in its
advertising as a purported affirmative misrepresentation, these allegations fail as a matter of
law. See Gray v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 554 F. App’x 608, 609 (9th Cir. 2014)
(“[N]o misrepresentation occurs when a manufacturer merely advertises EPA estimates.”);
Paduano v. Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc., 169 Cal. App. 4th 1453, 1470 (2009) (“As a matter of
law, there is nothing false or misleading about Honda’s advertising with regard to its statements
that identify the EPA fuel economy estimates for the two Civic Hybrid models.”); Kuehl v. Gen.
Motors, LLC, 2023 WL 8353784, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 17, 2023) (“GM’s marketing of the
Bolt’s 259-mile range is thus not a misrepresentation as a matter of law.”).
Second, Plaintiff’s allegations regarding other fraudulent misrepresentations by
Defendant, including that the Vehicle was “safe and functional for normal use,” (see, e.g.,
Compl. ¶¶ 16-17), fail to meet the applicable pleading standards. Critically, the Complaint does
not adequately allege the identity of the person who made the alleged misrepresentations, the
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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
12

__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

dates the alleged misrepresentations were made, the nature of the advertising materials
containing the alleged misrepresentations, the particular advertising materials Plaintiff
personally reviewed and relied on, or the content of the affirmative misrepresentations with the
specificity required by Rule 9(b). See, e.g., Swearingen v. Gen. Motors, LLC, 2023 WL
7348309, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 6, 2023) (finding plaintiffs failed to state a claim for fraudulent
misrepresentation where plaintiffs did not allege “the specific content of the allegedly false
representations,” “the identity of the GM employee(s) who made the allegedly false
statements,” and whether “GM had knowledge of the battery defect at the time of sale”); Kuehl,
2023 WL 8353784, at *2 (finding plaintiff failed to state a claim for fraudulent
misrepresentation when she did not “identify what, specifically, GM represented, where, how,
and to whom it did so, or how this is materially different from advertising the EPA-estimated
range”).
Similarly, the Complaint fails to “generally” allege Defendant’s knowledge of the
purported battery defect at the time Plaintiff purchased the Vehicle, as opposed to when the
recall was issued two years later. See, e.g., Epperson, 2023 WL 8628327, at *4 (finding
plaintiff failed to allege defendant’s knowledge of falsity by alleging only that defendant “knew
of the defects at the time of the Vehicle’s sale” and that defendant issued a recall “after
[plaintiff] had already purchased the Vehicle”); Shah, 2023 WL 8852491, at *6 (finding
plaintiff failed to allege defendant’s pre-sale knowledge of battery defect purportedly impacting
safety and mileage range by alleging defendant was “aware of issues with the battery of the
Bolt”). Accordingly, the court concludes Plaintiff failed to state a claim for fraudulent
misrepresentation and GRANTS the Motion to Dismiss with respect to that claim.
2.

Fraudulent Concealment

Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s fraudulent concealment theory is barred by the
economic loss rule and fails to comply with Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading requirements.
(MTD at 14-18.) Plaintiff does not address the economic loss rule but argues that “a
transactional relationship” exists between Plaintiff and Defendant sufficient to sustain a claim
for fraudulent concealment. (Dkt. 17 at 4-5.)
_____________________________________________________________________________
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
13

__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.
a.

Date: January 19, 2024

The Economic Loss Rule

Under California law, the economic loss provides that “[w]here a purchaser’s
expectations in a sale are frustrated because the product he bought is not working properly his
remedy is said to be in contract alone, for he has suffered only ‘economic’ losses.’” Robinson
Helicopter, 34 Cal. 4th at 988 (quoting Neibarger v. Universal Coops., Inc., 486 N.W.2d 612,
615 (Mich. 1992)). Economic loss consists of “damages for inadequate value, costs of repair
and replacement of the defective product or consequent loss of profits—without any claim of
personal injury or damages to other property.” Id. (quoting Jimenez v. Superior Ct., 29 Cal. 4th
473, 482 (2002)); see also Sheen v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 12 Cal. 5th 905, 922 (2022) (“In
general, there is no recovery in tort for negligently inflicted ‘purely economic losses,’ meaning
financial harm unaccompanied by physical or property damages.”).
The California Supreme Court has set forth a narrow exception to the economic loss rule,
where “the duty that gives rise to tort liability is either completely independent of the contract
or arises from conduct which is both intentional and intended to harm.” Robinson Helicopter,
34 Cal. 4th at 990 (quoting Erlich v. Menezes, 21 Cal. 4th 543, 551-52 (1999)). In Robinson,
this exception was expressly limited to instances where a plaintiff relied on a defendant’s
affirmative misrepresentations and was thereby exposed to liability “for personal damages
independent of the plaintiff’s economic loss.” Id. at 993. The California Supreme Court
declined to address whether “intentional concealment constitutes an independent tort” falling
outside the scope of the economic loss rule, id. at 991, and, to date, “[t]here is no controlling
state precedent” indicating “whether fraudulent concealment claims are exempted from the
economic loss rule.” See Rattagan v. Uber Technologies, Inc., 19 F.4th 1188, 1192 (9th Cir.
2021).
In December 2021, the Ninth Circuit certified the question of whether “claims for
fraudulent concealment [are] exempted from the economic loss rule” to the California Supreme
Court. Id. at 1193. The California Supreme Court granted the Ninth Circuit’s request for
certification, and the case remains pending. See Rattagan v. Uber Technologies, Inc., No.
S272113, 2022 Cal. LEXIS 490 (Feb. 9, 2022). In the absence of a decision from the California
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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
14

__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

Supreme Court, “a federal court must predict how the highest state court would decide the issue
using intermediate appellate court decisions, decisions from other jurisdictions, statutes,
treatises, and restatements as guidance.” PSM Holding Corp. v. Nat’l Farm Fin. Corp., 884
F.3d 812, 820 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Sec. Pac. Nat’l Bank v. Kirkland (In re Kirkland), 915
F.2d 1236, 1239 (9th Cir. 1990)).
In this instance, the court finds the California Court of Appeal’s decision in Dhital v.
Nissan N. Am., Inc., 84 Cal. App. 5th 828, 844 (2022), review granted, 523 P.3d 392 (2023), to
be persuasive authority6 indicative of how the California Supreme Court may decide this issue.
In Dhital, the California Court of Appeal stated:
Robinson left undecided whether concealment-based claims for
fraudulent inducement are not barred by the economic loss rule. The
reasoning in Robinson affirmatively places fraudulent inducement by
concealment outside the coverage of the economic loss rule. We now
hold that the economic loss rule does not cover such claims.
84 Cal. App. 5th at 840-41.
The court also notes that a number of district courts within the Ninth Circuit have found
the reasoning in Dhital similarly persuasive. See, e.g., Zurba v. FCA USA LLC, 2022 WL
17363073, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 10, 2022) (“Dhital held, in an automotive defect suit similar to
this one, that California’s economic loss rule does not bar claims for fraudulent inducement by
concealment such as Plaintiff's here. Dhital’s reasoning is sound.”); Flier v. FCA US LLC,
2022 WL 16823042, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 8, 2022) (“Recently, a California Court of Appeal
held that the economic loss rule does not bar fraudulent omission claims . . . . The Court finds
this reasoning persuasive.”); Lewis v. Ford Motor Co., 655 F. Supp. 3d 996, 1002 (E.D. Cal.
2023) (finding that the economic loss rule does not bar plaintiff’s fraudulent concealment claim
based on Dhital and district court decisions adopting the same reasoning); Olguin v. FCA US
6

In the usual case, when the California Supreme Court grants review of “a published opinion of
a Court of Appeal,” the decision “has no binding or precedential effect, and may be cited for
potentially persuasive value only.” Cal. R. Ct. 8.1115(e)(1).
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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
15

__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

LLC, 2023 WL 1972223, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 13, 2023) (“Based upon the recent holdings of
the Fifth District Court of Appeal in Dhital and district court cases . . . the Court finds the
economic loss rule does not bar [the plaintiff’s] claim for fraudulent inducement.”); Fortune v.
Nissan N. Am., 2023 WL 2065043, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2023) (finding the economic loss
rule does not bar plaintiff’s fraudulent concealment claim based on Dhital); de Lozano v. Nissan
N. Am., Inc., 2023 WL 3432240, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 20, 2023) (stating Dhital was “wellreasoned” and finding the economic loss rule did not bar the plaintiff’s fraudulent concealment
claim based on that reasoning).
Accordingly, based on the existing persuasive authority, including the California Court of
Appeal’s decision in Dhital and the district court decisions adopting its reasoning, the court
concludes Plaintiff’s fraudulent concealment claim is not barred by the economic loss rule as a
matter of law.7 Therefore, the court DENIES the Motion to Dismiss as to the economic loss
rule and proceeds to assess the merits of Plaintiff’s fraudulent concealment claim.
b.

The Sufficiency of the Fraudulent Concealment Claim

Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s purchase of the Vehicle from a third-party dealership
cannot give rise to the transactional relationship required to sustain a fraudulent concealment
claim. (MTD at 16-18.) Plaintiff argues he has alleged a “transactional relationship” between
Plaintiff and Defendant because “Plaintiff[] purchased the vehicle from a General Motors
dealership, General Motors backed the purchase with an express warranty[,] and General
Motors’ authorized dealerships are its agents for purposes of the sale of General Motors
vehicles to customers.” (Dkt. 17 at 4-5.)
To state a claim for fraudulent concealment, a plaintiff must allege:
(1) concealment or suppression of a material fact; (2) by a defendant
with a duty to disclose the fact to the plaintiff; (3) the defendant
intended to defraud the plaintiff by intentionally concealing or
suppressing the fact; (4) the plaintiff was unaware of the fact and would
7

In the event that the California Supreme Court reaches the opposite conclusion in Rattagen
during the pendency of this action, Defendant may raise its economic loss rule argument again.
_____________________________________________________________________________
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
16

__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

not have acted as he or she did if he or she had known of the concealed
or suppressed fact; and (5) plaintiff sustained damage as a result of the
concealment or suppression of the fact.
Graham v. Bank of Am., N.A., 226 Cal. App. 4th 594, 606 (2014).
Under California law, a duty to disclose may arise where: (1) “the defendant is the
plaintiff’s fiduciary;” (2) “the defendant has exclusive knowledge of material facts not known
or reasonably accessible to the plaintiff;” (3) “the defendant actively conceals a material fact
from the plaintiff;” or (4) “the defendant makes partial representations that are misleading
because some other material fact has not been disclosed.” Collins v. eMachines, Inc., 202 Cal.
App. 4th 249, 255-56 (2011) (citing LiMandri v. Judkins, 52 Cal. App. 4th 326, 336 (1997);
Falk v. Gen. Motors Corp., 496 F. Supp. 2d 1088, 1094-95 (N.D. Cal. 2007)).
Where no fiduciary relationship exists between the parties, a duty to disclose “arises only
when the parties are in a relationship that gives rise to the duty, such as ‘seller and buyer,
employer and prospective employee, doctor and patient, or parties entering into any kind of
contractual arrangement.’” Bigler-Engler v. Breg, Inc., 7 Cal. App. 5th 276, 311 (2017)
(quoting Shin v. Kong, 80 Cal. App. 4th 498, 509 (2000)). Generally, a relationship giving rise
to a duty to disclose requires “a transaction between the plaintiff and defendant,” which
“necessarily arise[s] from direct dealings between the plaintiff and the defendant,” rather than
“the defendant and the public at large.” Id. at 311-12; see also Hoffman v. 162 N. Wolfe LLC,
228 Cal. App. 4th 1178, 1187 (2014) (“A relationship between the parties is present if there is
some sort of transaction between the parties.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The court finds Plaintiff has failed to allege a transactional relationship giving rise to a
duty to disclose. Plaintiff alleges Defendant had a duty to disclose that the Vehicle’s battery
was unsafe because Defendant: (1) “had exclusive knowledge of the material;” (2) “took
affirmative actions to conceal the material facts;” and (3) “made partial representations about
the mileage range, battery safety, and performance of the vehicle that were misleading without
disclosure of the fact that the vehicle contained unsafe batteries that caused the vehicle to
overheat and pose a risk of fire.” (Compl. ¶ 78.) The court finds the first two allegations are
_____________________________________________________________________________
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
17

__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

merely “[t]hreadbare recitals” of circumstances in which the duty to disclose can arise under
California law that are otherwise unsupported by specific facts and thus insufficient to
demonstrate a duty to disclose. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; see also Shah, 2023 WL 8852491, at *8
(finding identical allegations were “rote recitations of when the duty to disclose can arise under
California law,” “conclusory,” and “lacking in specific substantiating facts”). In addition,
Plaintiff cannot rely on the “partial misrepresentations” referenced in allegation three to
demonstrate a duty to disclose because Plaintiff has not adequately alleged any affirmative
misrepresentations under Rule 9(b). See section III.B.1, supra.
The court further finds Plaintiff has not adequately alleged that the dealership where he
purchased the Vehicle operated as Defendant’s agent. Plaintiff alleges that only that he
acquired the Vehicle “from an authorized dealer and agent” of Defendant and the dealership
was “authorized by [Defendant] to do business in the State of California on behalf of
[Defendant].” (Compl. ¶ 9.) This “[c]onclusory allegation[] of agency,” without additional
supporting facts, is “insufficient to establish an agency relationship for pleading purposes.”
Kuehl, 2023 WL 8353784, at *3 (citations omitted); see also Epperson, 2023 WL 8234646, at
*9 (finding the plaintiff failed to “allege facts establishing an agency relationship between [the
defendant] and the dealership” by making “the conclusory assertion that [the plaintiff] acquired
the [Vehicle] . . . from an authorized dealer and agent of [the defendant]”) (cleaned up);
Friedman v. Mercedes Benz, 2013 WL 8336127, at *6 (C.D. Cal. June 12, 2013) (finding
plaintiff failed to allege an agency relationship by stating only that the dealer “as an authorized
Mercedes dealership, served as Mercedes’ agent and representative” without any supporting
facts); Keegan v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 838 F. Supp. 2d 929, 953 (C.D. Cal. 2012) (finding
plaintiffs failed to allege an agency relationship by stating that “Honda’s dealers . . . are its
agents for vehicle repairs” because this was “essentially a legal conclusion framed as a factual
allegation, unsupported by factual allegations concerning the relationship between defendants
and the dealers”).
Moreover, Plaintiff’s argument that he sufficiently alleged an agency relationship
pursuant to the California Court of Appeal’s in Dhital does not alter the court’s conclusion.
(Dkt. 17 at 4-5.) The court notes that in Dhital the California Court of Appeal conducted
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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
18

__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

limited substantive analysis of the plaintiffs’ transactional relationship allegations due to the
defendant’s failure to fully brief the argument. 84 Cal. App. 5th at 844 (holding plaintiffs’
allegations regarding buyer-seller relationship were sufficient at the pleading stage “in the
absence of a more developed argument by Nissan on this point”). The court finds Dhital’s
cursory analysis of the parties’ alleged transactional relationship, without citation to BiglerEngler or other California precedent governing transactional relationships, unconvincing. See,
e.g., Epperson, 2023 WL 8234646, at *9 (finding “the reasoning [in] Dhital unpersuasive” with
respect to the transactional relationship because “it fails to discuss Bigler-Engler; any of the
numerous cases holding automobile dealerships to not be agents of manufacturers; or engage in
a substantive analysis regarding what factual allegations are required to successfully plead an
agency relationship”); Kuehl, 2023 WL 8353784, at *3 (rejecting Dhital because the California
Court of Appeal accepted the transactional relationship “allegation without analysis based on
the applicable state pleading standard” and the case “is currently under review by the California
Supreme Court”). In sum, the court concludes Plaintiff has failed to allege a transactional
relationship giving rise to a duty to disclose for purposes of his fraudulent concealment claim.
Therefore, the court GRANTS the Motion to Dismiss and DISMISSES Plaintiff’s fraudulent
concealment claim.
3.

The “Fraudulent Prong” of the UCL Claim

Defendant does not specifically address Plaintiff’s fifth claim, alleging a violation of the
“fraudulent prong” of the UCL, but argues generally that Plaintiff failed to plead all of his fraud
claims with particularity. (MTD at 10-13.) Plaintiff also does not offer any arguments
regarding the sufficiency of his UCL claim. (See generally Dkt. 17.)
The UCL “prohibits, and provides civil remedies for, unfair competition, which it defines
as ‘any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice.’” Kwikset Corp. v. Super. Ct., 51
51 Cal. 4th 310, 320 (2011) (quoting Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200). Each prong of the UCL
provides a separate and distinct theory of liability. S. Bay Chevrolet v. Gen. Motors Acceptance
Corp., 72 Cal. App. 4th 861, 878 (1999). “To state a claim under the UCL based on its
“fraudulent” prong, “it is necessary only to show that members of the public are likely to be
deceived.” In re Tobacco II Cases, 46 Cal. 4th 298, 312 (2009). This means that, “unlike
_____________________________________________________________________________
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
19

__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

common law fraud, [a violation] can be shown even if no one was actually deceived, relied
upon the fraudulent practice, or sustained any damage.” S. Bay Chevrolet, 72 Cal. App. 4th at
888 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). For example, “[f]alse advertising is
included in the ‘fraudulent’ category of prohibited practices.” Zhang v. Super. Ct., 57 Cal. 4th
364, 370 (2013) (citation omitted).
With respect to the “fraudulent prong” of Plaintiff’s UCL claim, the court finds Plaintiff
merely reiterates the same allegations of fraud he alleged for his fraudulent misrepresentation
and fraudulent concealment claims, namely that Defendant used a defective battery without
notifying prospective customers that the battery was unsafe. (See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 83-86, 10109.) Because Plaintiff’s claim for a violation of the UCL’s “fraudulent prong” relies on the
same theories of fraudulent misrepresentation and fraudulent concealment that the court found
to be insufficient above, the court concludes Plaintiff has also failed to allege a violation of the
“fraudulent prong” of the UCL. Accordingly, the court GRANTS the Motion to Dismiss and
DISMISSES Plaintiff’s claim alleging violations of the “fraudulent prong” of the UCL.
C.

Leave to Amend

The court next considers whether Plaintiff’s fraud claims should be dismissed with leave
to amend. “When justice requires, a district court should ‘freely give leave’ to amend a
complaint.” Ctr. for Bio. Diversity v. United States Forest Serv., 80 F.4th 943, 955-56 (9th Cir.
2023) (quoting Ariz. Students’ Ass’n v. Ariz. Bd. of Regents, 824 F.3d 858, 871 (9th Cir. 2016)).
“Leave to amend should be granted ‘if it appears at all possible that the plaintiff can correct the
defect.’” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Balistreri v. Pacifica
Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 701 (9th Cir. 1990)). Nonetheless, a district court may deny leave
to amend due to “‘countervailing considerations’ such as ‘undue delay, prejudice, bad faith, or
futility.’” Ctr. for Bio. Diversity, 80 F.4th at 956 (quoting Benko v. Quality Loan Serv. Corp.,
789 F.3d 1111, 1117 (9th Cir. 2015)). “Amendment is futile when ‘it is clear . . . that the
complaint could not be saved by any amendment.’” Id. (quoting Armstrong v. Reynolds, 22
F.4th 1058, 1071 (9th Cir. 2022)). Additionally, a “district court’s discretion in denying
amendment is ‘particularly broad’ when it has previously given leave to amend.” Gonzalez v.
_____________________________________________________________________________
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
20

__________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
Case No. 8:23-cv-01593-FWS-MJR
Title: Roumen B. Antonov v. General Motors LLC et al.

Date: January 19, 2024

Planned Parenthood of Los Angeles, 759 F.3d 1112, 1116 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Miller v.
Yokohama Tire Corp., 358 F.3d 616, 622 (9th Cir. 2004)).
The court finds granting Plaintiff leave to amend his fraud claims would not be futile and
thus DISMISSES Plaintiff’s fourth claim, encompassing his fraudulent misrepresentation and
fraudulent concealment theories, and his fifth claim, to the extent it alleges a violation of the
“fraudulent prong” of the UCL, WITH LEAVE TO AMEND.
IV.

Disposition

For the reasons stated above, the court DENIES the Motion to Remand. The court
GRANTS IN PART AND DENIES IN PART the Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff’s fraud
claims, including Plaintiff’s claims for fraudulent misrepresentation, fraudulent concealment,
and violation of the fraudulent prong of the UCL, are DISMISSED WITH LEAVE TO
AMEND. The court ORDERS Plaintiff to file an amended pleading consistent with this Order
no later than February 19, 2024.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Initials of Deputy Clerk: mku

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CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL
21