Arthur Ray Jones v. D.K. Sisto, Warden

Filing 25

ORDER DENYING 1 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, Directing Clerk of Court to Enter Judgment in Favor of Respondent, and DECLINING to Issue a Certificate of Appealability, signed by Magistrate Judge Dennis L. Beck on 10/13/2009. CASE CLOSED. (Sondheim, M)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8 9 10 11 12 D.K. SISTO, Warden 13 Respondent. 14 15 Petitioner is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a petition for writ of habeas corpus 16 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1), the parties have consented to 17 the jurisdiction of the United States Magistrate Judge. 18 BACKGROUND 19 On March 13, 2006, the Stanislaus County District Attorney filed a first amended 20 information charging Petitioner, in count one, with possession of heroin (California Health & 21 Saf. Code § 11350) and in count two with misdemeanor driving under the influence in violation 22 of California Vehicle Code section 23152, subdivision (a). It was further alleged that Petitioner 23 had suffered three prior "strike" serious felony convictions pursuant to California Penal Code 24 section 667, subdivision (d) and five prior prison terms pursuant to California Penal Code section 25 667.5, subdivision (b). (CT 15-16.) 26 Petitioner waived a jury trial and a bench trial was conducted on May 9, 2006, on both 27 counts. (CT 56.) The following day, the trial court found Petitioner guilty of both counts and 28 1 / [Doc. 1] v. ARTHUR RAY JONES, Petitioner, 1:08-cv-01714 DLB (HC) ORDER DENYING PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS, DIRECTING CLERK OF COURT TO ENTER JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF RESPONDENT, AND DECLINING TO ISSUE CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

found true the allegations pursuant to California Penal Code sections 667 and 667.5. (CT 57.) Petitioner filed a timely notice of appeal. The California Court of Appeal, Fifth Appellate District affirmed the judgment on July 30, 2007. (Lodged Doc. No. 4.) On October 17, 2007, the California Supreme Court denied review without comment. (Lodged Doc. No. 10.) Petitioner filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the California Supreme Court in Case No. S167199 on October 1, 2008. (Lodged Doc. No. 11.) The petition was denied on March 25, 2009. (Lodged Doc. No. 12.) Petitioner filed the instant federal petition for writ of habeas corpus in this Court on November 10, 2008. (Court Doc. 1.) On May 19, 2009, the Court directed Respondent to file a response to the petition. (Court Doc. 13.) Respondent filed an answer to the petition on August 17, 2009. (Court Doc. 21.) Petitioner did not file a traverse. STATEMENT OF FACTS On October 24, 2005, California Highway Patrolman Vincent Villegas pulled Petitioner's vehicle over because he was not wearing a seat belt. (RT 59.) Officer Villegas followed Petitioner for two blocks prior to stopping him and noticed he was weaving. (RT 61.) As Officer Villegas approached the vehicle, he noticed a hypodermic syringe lying on Petitioner's right leg. Villegas asked for Petitioner's driver's license and registration and Petitioner indicated he not have a license. Petitioner's speech was slurred. (RT 62.) Believing that Petitioner was intoxicated, Villegas asked him to step out of the vehicle and performed a series of field sobriety tests. Villegas concluded that Petitioner was under the influence of a narcotic and Petitioner was placed under arrest. (RT 68.) Petitioner was transported to the CHP office and was given his Miranda rights which he waived. (RT 14-16.) Officer Chris Reeves, a certified drug evaluation expert, interviewed Petitioner who told him that over the course of the day he had taken heroin, Vicodin, and Valium. (RT 16.) The heroin was ingested around noon or 1:00 p.m. (RT 17.) Petitioner mumbled and slurred his words during the interview. (RT 35.) Petitioner admitted that he had been using heroin on and off for approximately 35 years. determined that Petitioner was under the influence of a narcotic. (RT 9, 11-14, 18-31, 69.) Reeves noticed that Petitioner had fresh needle injection marks on his arms and legs. (RT 192

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

20.) After performing various tests, Officer Reeves concluded Petitioner was under the influence of narcotics. A urine sample was taken from Petitioner, and he was then transported to the Stanislaus County jail. (RT 69.) As Petitioner was being booked into the jail, the officer removed Petitioner's shoes and asked him to remove his socks. (RT 70.) Officer Villegas saw Petitioner "flick" his sock off and a small object wrapped in plastic flew over Villegas' shoulder and landed next to him. The substance was a "small plastic wrapped bundle of a brown sticky substance." Officer Villegas asked Petitioner what it was and he said, "looks like heroin." (RT 71.) Jesse Tovar of the Stanislaus Drug Enforcement Agency testified as an expert witness on the issue of what constitutes a usable amount of a illegal narcotic. (RT 42-43.) Tovar stated that as little as .01 grams of heroin could constitute a usable amount, and .11 grams of actual heroin would obviously be a usable amount. (RT 44-45.) Nancy Seger a criminalist for the Department of Justice performs drug testing and had conducted thousands of tests in over 1,000 drug cases. (RT 55.) She testified that she was given a substance from Officer Villegas regarding Petitioner for an offense that occurred on October 24, 2005. She was provided with Petitioner's driver license number of CAP06556358. (RT 4849.) The substance was determined to be .11 grams of heroin. (RT 49-50.) Petitioner did not present any evidence in support of his defense and only challenged the sufficiency of the prosecution's evidence. DISCUSSION A. Jurisdiction Relief by way of a petition for writ of habeas corpus extends to a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a state court if the custody is in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a); 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 375, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 1504, n.7 (2000). Petitioner asserts that he suffered violations of his rights as guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. The challenged conviction arises out of the Stanislaus County Superior Court, which is located within the jurisdiction of this Court. 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(a); 2241(d). 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

On April 24, 1996, Congress enacted the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"), which applies to all petitions for writ of habeas corpus filed after its enactment. Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 2063 (1997; Jeffries v. Wood, 114 F.3d 1484, 1499 (9th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1008, 118 S.Ct. 586 (1997) (quoting Drinkard v. Johnson, 97 F.3d 751, 769 (5th Cir.1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1107, 117 S.Ct. 1114 (1997), overruled on other grounds by Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 117 S.Ct. 2059 (1997) (holding AEDPA only applicable to cases filed after statute's enactment). The instant petition was filed after the enactment of the AEDPA and is therefore governed by its provisions. B. Standard of Review Where a petitioner files his federal habeas petition after the effective date of the AntiTerrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act ("AEDPA"), he can prevail only if he can show that the state court's adjudication of his claim: (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A state court decision is "contrary to" federal law if it "applies a rule that contradicts governing law set forth in [Supreme Court] cases" or "confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from" a Supreme Court case, yet reaches a different result." Brown v. Payton, 544 U.S. 133, 141 (2005) citing Williams (Terry) v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405-06 (2000). A state court decision will involve an "unreasonable application of" federal law only if it is "objectively unreasonable." Id., quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 409-10; Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24-25 (2002) (per curiam). "A federal habeas court may not issue the writ simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly." Lockyer, at 1175 (citations omitted). "Rather, that application must be objectively unreasonable." Id. (citations omitted). "Factual determinations by state courts are presumed correct absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary, § 2254(e)(1), and a decision adjudicated on the merits in a state court 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

and based on a factual determination will not be overturned on factual grounds unless objectively unreasonable in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceedings, § 2254(d)(2)." Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 340 (2003). Both subsections (d)(2) and (e)(1) of § 2254 apply to findings of historical or pure fact, not mixed questions of fact and law. See Lambert v. Blodgett, 393 F.3d 943, 976-77 (2004). Courts further review the last reasoned state court opinion. See Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 979, 803 (1991). However, where the state court decided an issue on the merits but provided no reasoned decision, courts conduct "an independent review of the record . . . to determine whether the state court [was objectively unreasonable] in its application of controlling federal law." Delgado v. Lewis, 223 F.3d 976, 982 (9th Cir. 2000). "[A]lthough we independently review the record, we still defer to the state court's ultimate decisions." Pirtle v. Morgan, 313 F.3d 1160, 1167 (9th Cir. 2002). C. Insufficient Evidence to Support Heroin Possession Conviction Petitioner contends that there was insufficient evidence to establish that heroin tested by the California Department of Justice crime lab was the same substance found on the floor of the booking room after it was flicked from Petitioner's sock. Petition, at 6. The law on insufficiency of the evidence claim is clearly established. The United States Supreme Court has held that when reviewing an insufficiency of the evidence claim on habeas, a federal court must determine whether, viewing the evidence and the inferences to be drawn from it in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could find the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). Sufficiency claims are judged by the elements defined by state law. Id. at 324, n. 16. Because the California Supreme Court denied the claim without comment, this Court must look through to the last reasoned state court decision rejecting the claim. Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 803 (1991). Here, the last reasoned decision was issued by the California Court of Appeal, Fifth Appellate District. In rejecting Petitioner's claim, the Court of Appeal held as follows: [D]efendant argues there was insufficient evidence to allow the trial court 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

to conclude the substance tested by the criminalist was the same as was seized from defendant by Officer Villegas. We disagree "To determine the sufficient of the evidence to support a conviction, an appellate court reviews the entire record in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether it contains evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value from which a rational trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." (People v. Bolden (2002) 29 Cal.4th 515, 553.) While defendant couches his argument in terms of federal due process, the standard of review is to the same effect. (People v. Rodriguez (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1, 11.) Under principles of federal due process, the reviewing court asks, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, whether "any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." (Jackson v. Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 307, 319, italics omitted.) According to defendant, the chain of custody evidence was insufficient to support the conviction because Officer Villegas never explained what he did with the "item" he seized from the floor during the booking search. We conclude that although the officer did not explicitly state the process he followed concerning this item, other testimony adequately supplied what was lacking. First, we note that the so-called item is what Officer Villegas described as "a small plastic wrapped bundle of a brown sticky substance." The bundle was discovered during the pre-booking search when defendant flung it out of his sock. Defendant was asked "what's this?" and he responded, "looks like heroin." Second, Department of Justice criminalist Seger testified that she had an opportunity to test a substance that was "given to [her] from the California Highway Patrol from an Officer Villegas regarding a subject named Arthur R. Jones," specifically regarding "an offense date of October 24th, 2005." She also indicated a specific California driver's license number was provided. The trial judge concluded that "[b]ased upon the way the questions [were] asked the criminalist, I find that the drugs that were seized were taken by Officer Villegas and given to the DOJ for analysis." In light of the above testimony, including the criminalist's very specific affirmations at trial that when Officer Villegas gave her the substance, certain identifying indicia were provided such as the subject's name, date of the offense, and driver's license, we conclude there was sufficient evidence for the trial court to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the item seized from defendant was the same heroin that criminalist Seger tested. This ground for appeal fails. (Lodged Doc. No 4, Opinion, at 8-9.)

23 Petitioner's claim is contrary to the record in this case. Although Officer Villegas did not 24 provide detailed testimony outlining the exact process utilized in this instance, there was other 25 sufficient evidence to establish the chain of custody of the seized heroin. Officer Villegas 26 testified that as Petitioner was being booked into jail and removing his socks, he flicked his right 27 sock and a small item wrapped in plastic flew over his left shoulder and landed on the ground 28 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

next to him. (RT 71.) The item was described by Villegas as "a small plastic wrapped bundle of a brown sticky substance." (Id.) When Petitioner was asked what it was, he stated "[l]ooks like heroin." (Id.) Criminalist Seger testified that, on the same day of the commitment offense, Officer Villegas gave her a "substance" regarding a subject named Arthur R. Jones for an offense dated October 24, 2005-the date of the commitment offense. (RT 49.) Seger also confirmed that the substance was identified by Petitioner's California license number CAP0656358. (Id.) Based upon Seger's analysis, she concluded that the seized item was heroin constituting a usable amount-0.11 grams. (RT 49-50.) Petitioner was able to and took advantage of cross-examining both Officer Villegas and Criminalist Seger regarding the chain of custody, and the issue was properly resolved by the trial court and affirmed by the appellate court. Accordingly, there was sufficient evidence to convince a rational trier of fact beyond a reasonable doubt that Petitioner violated California Health and Safety Code section 11350 by possessing a usable amount of heroin, and his claim must be denied. D. Twenty-Five Years to Life Sentence - Cruel and Unusual Punishment Petitioner contends that his 25 years to life sentence is cruel and unusual punishment, given his age and the fact the serious felonies were committed in 1968 "when he was a very young man." Petition, at 8. In the last reasoned decision of the California Court of Appeal, the Court found initially the claim was procedurally defaulted because it was not raised in the trial court, and, in the alternative, it was without merit under both the state and federal constitutional standard. With regard to the applicable federal standard, the state appellate court held the following: Similarly, the prohibition under the federal constitutional against cruel and unusual punishment is applicable to noncapital cases only in exceedingly rare or extreme cases involving sentences that are grossly disproportionate to the offense - - which is described as a "narrow proportionality principle." (Ewing v. California (2003) 538 U.S. 11, 20, 30 [lead opn. of O'Connor, J.]; Lockyer v. Andrade (2003) 538 U.S. 63, 73.) In Ewing, the Supreme Court upheld a Three Strikes sentence, even when applied concerning a nonviolent third strike. The defendant had stolen three golf clubs worth $1, 2000 as his third strike offense, and was sentenced to 25 years to life. (Ewing v. California, supra, 538 U.S. at 20.) The Supreme Court explained 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

that the sentence did not constitute cruel and unusual punishment: "When the California Legislature enacted the three strikes law, it made a judgment that protecting the public safety requires incapacitating criminals who have already been convicted of at least one serious or violent crime. Nothing in the Eighth Amendment prohibits California from making that choice." (Id. at 25.) Further, the Supreme Court explained that the legislative goal of punishing recidivist offenders more harshly is justified: "In weighing the gravity of [the defendant's] offense, we must place on the scales not only his current felony, but also his long history of felony recidivism. Any other approach would fail to accord proper deference to the policy judgments that find expression in the legislature's choice of sanctions. In imposing a three strikes sentence, the State's interest is not merely punishing the offense of conviction, or the `triggering' offense: `[I]t is in addition the interest in dealing in a harsher manner with those who by repeated criminal acts have shown that they are simply incapable of conforming to the norms of society as established by its criminal law.' [Citation.] To give full effect to the State's choice of this legitimate penological goal, our proportionality review of [the defendant's] sentence must take that goal into account." (Id. at p.29.) The court concluded the defendant's sentence in that case, "is justified by the State's public-safety interest in incapacitating and deterring recidivist felons, and amply supported by his own long, serious criminal record." (Id. at 29-30.) Based on the above summary of the applicable constitutional standards, we conclude that even had defendant preserved this issue on appeal, he could not prevail because of his extensive criminal record and recidivism. Defendant's criminal conduct as an adult began in 1966 and continued unabated, except in periods of incarceration, to the time of his present conviction, and includes at least 28 separate incidents of criminal behavior. He has spent most of his adult life in prison, and is clearly a habitual, recidivist offender who has not been deterred by his periods of incarceration and has refused to learn any lesson from prior punishment. Since the time of his violent sexual attacks perpetrated in 1968, he has demonstrated again and again that he is unwilling to refrain from criminal conduct that is dangerous to society, including thefts, batteries, driving under the influence, multiple drug offenses and multiple violations of parole. And although defendant downplays the seriousness of his current heroin possession conviction, we cannot ignore that such offenders often revert to serious crimes to support their addiction and pose a further danger to others by driving under the influence. Defendant's sentence of 25 years to life, when considered in light of his criminal history and recidivism, was not so grossly disproportionate as to violate the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment under either state or federal standards. n.8 n.8 In appellate review on grounds of cruel and/or unusual punishment, as long as a punishment is proportionate to the defendant's individual culpability, there is no requirement that it be proportionate to the punishments imposed in other similar cases. (People v. Stanley (2006) 39 Cal.4th 913, 966-967.) Accordingly, the determination in this case may be based solely on consideration of the offense and the offender. (See, e.g. People v. Ayon (1996) 46 Cal.App.4th 385, 399, disapproved on other grounds in People v. Deloza (1998) 18 Cal.4th 585, 600, fn. 10; People v. Meeks (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 695, 707 (only necessary to consider secondary criteria in rare case that comparison leads to inference of gross disproportionality].) In any event, defendant has not shown his sentence is disproportionate to other recidivist offenders with similar criminal records. (See People v. Goodwin (1997) 59 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Cal.App.4th 1084, 1094.) In conclusion, defendant waived his claim that the sentence imposed was cruel and/or unusual in violation of the state and federal constitutions. His appeal therefore fails due to this failure to preserve the issue on appeal. But even if he had preserved the claim, he would not prevail for the reasons explained herein above. (Lodged Doc. No. 4, Opinion, at 15-19.) A criminal sentence that is not proportionate to the crime for which a defendant is convicted may indeed violate the Eighth Amendment. In Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263, 100 S.Ct. 1133 (1980), the Court upheld a life sentence imposed under a Texas recidivist statute for a defendant convicted of obtaining $120.75 by false pretenses, an offense normally punishable by imprisonment for two to ten years. Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263, 266, 100 S.Ct. 1133, 1135 (1980). However, because he had two prior felony convictions (for fraudulent use of a credit card and passing a forged check), and had served two prior prison terms, the prosecution chose to proceed under the state's recidivist statute, which carried a life sentence. Id. The Supreme Court held that Rummel's sentence of life imprisonment with the possibility of parole did not violate the Eighth Amendment. Id. at 365-266, 100 S.Ct. at 1135. (emphasis added). The Court noted that Rummel had suffered two separate convictions and terms of imprisonment for each prior, that he would be eligible for parole in twelve years, and that under the Texas recidivist statute, prosecutors retained the discretion not to invoke the statute for "petty" offenders. 445 U.S. at 278-81, 100 S.Ct. at 1141. Three years later, the U.S. Supreme Court set forth the criteria for finding a sentence to be cruel and unusual punishment under the federal Constitution and affirmed a decision of the Eighth Circuit holding unconstitutional a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for a seven-time nonviolent felony recidivist. Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 103 S.Ct. 3001 (1983). Applying the proportionality criteria, the Court concluded that Solem's sentence was grossly disproportionate to his crime of uttering a "no account" check for $100.00, even in light of his prior six nonviolent felony convictions: three for third degree burglary, one for obtaining money under false pretenses, one for grand larceny, and one for driving while intoxicated. Id. at 279-81, 103 S.Ct. at 3004-5. The Court emphasized that Solem's life sentence 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

was far more severe than the sentence it had considered in Rummel, because Rummel was likely to be eligible for parole in twelve years, while Solem was given no possibility of parole at all. Id. In Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 111 S.Ct. 2680 (1991), the defendant received a mandatory sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole for possession of more than 650 grams of cocaine, his first felony offense. Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 111 S.Ct. 2680 (1991) (emphasis added). The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the sentence, with five justices agreeing, for varying reasons, that the sentence did not violate the Eighth Amendment. Although the Court did not produce a majority opinion, seven justices favored some manner of proportionality review. Justice Kennedy, joined by Justices O'Connor and Souter, stated that a noncapital sentence could violate the Eighth Amendment if it was "grossly disproportionate" to the crime, but concluded that courts need not examine the second and third factors of intrajurisdictional and interjurisdictional reviews discussed in Solem, unless "a threshold comparison of the crime committed and the sentence imposed leads to an inference of gross disproportionality." Id. at 1005. The Ninth Circuit, adopting Justice Kennedy's concurring opinion in Harmelin, now refers to the test articulated as "the rule of Harmelin." Andrade v. Attorney General of the State of California, 270 F.3d 743, 756 (9th Cir. 2001). The majority of the justices in the Harmelin court agreed that outside capital punishment, deeming a sentence cruel and unusual punishment is "exceedingly rare" due to the lack of objective guidelines for terms of imprisonment. Harmelin, 501 U.S. 957, 964, 111 S.Ct. 2680 (1991). The threshold for such an inference of disproportionality is high. Id. at 1001, 111 S.Ct. at 2707 (Kennedy, J. concurring). Generally, so long as the sentence imposed by the state court does not exceed statutory maximums, the sentence will not be considered cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. United States v. McDougherty, 920 F.2d 569, 576 (9th Cir. 1990). The Harmelin Court concluded that the defendant's sentence did not meet the threshold factor of "gross disproportionality." Justice Kennedy stressed the serious nature of Harmelin's offense, stating that the offense "threatened to cause grave harm to society" unlike "the relatively minor, nonviolent crime at issue in Solem." Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 1002, 111 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

S.Ct. 2680, 2705 (1991). Justice Kennedy further noted that the "possession, use, and distribution of illegal drugs represent `one of the greatest problems affecting the health and welfare of our population.'" and that the quantity of cocaine possessed by Harmelin had a potential yield of between 32,500, and 65,000 doses. Id. In Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63 (2003), the Supreme Court discussed the current state of Eighth Amendment proportionality review and held that the only clearly established governing legal principle is that a "gross disproportionality" review applies to criminal sentences for a term of years. Id. at 72. Citing extensively to its past cases dealing with criminal sentencing and proportionality under the Eighth Amendment, the Court acknowledged that it has "not established a clear and consistent path for courts to follow." Id. The Supreme Court held that "the only relevant clearly established law amenable to the `contrary to' or `unreasonable application of'frame work is the gross disproportionality principle, the precise contours of which are unclear, applicable only in the `exceedingly rare' and `extreme' case." Id. In Ewing v. California, 123 S. Ct.1179 (2003), the Supreme Court again reviewed the Supreme Court's Eighth Amendment jurisprudence, and chose to adopt Justice Kennedy's view 1 that: [There are] four principles of proportionality review-- the primacy of the legislature; the variety of legitimate penological schemes; the nature of our federal system; and, the requirement that proportionality be guided by objective factors­ that inform the final one: The Eighth Amendment does not require strict proportionality between the crime and the sentence. Rather, it forbids only extreme sentences that are `grossly disproportionate' to the crime. Ewing, at 1186-1187.

21 Here, the California Court of Appeal reasonably rejected Petitioner's claim. While the 22 triggering offense of possession of heroin may not be as serious as Petitioner's prior strike 23 offenses, under California law, any felony can constitute the third strike and result in a term of 25 24 years to life. Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. at 67; see also People v. Cooper, 43 Cal.App.4th 25 815, 829 (1996) (there is no requirement that the current offense be a serious or violent felony 26 27 28
A s expressed in his concurring opinion in Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 1001 (1991), citing Solem v . Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 288 (1983).
1

11

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

because a third strike term is not based solely on the current offense but also on the prior criminal history.) Petitioner's criminal history dates back to 1963 and includes violent sexual assaults against different victims2, repeated thefts, driving under the influence, numerous parole and probation violations, and several prior terms of imprisonment. Indeed, as noted by the Court of Appeal, Petitioner's "criminal conduct as an adult began in 1966 and continued unabated, except in periods of incarceration, to the time of his present conviction, and includes at least 28 separate incidents of criminal behavior." (Lodged Doc. No. 4, Opinion, at 18; see also CT 189-191.) Petitioner's criminal behavior makes him the precise candidate for which California's Three Strikes sentencing law was implemented. Viewed in this context, Petitioner's case is simply not a "rare case in which a threshold comparison of the crime committed and the sentence imposed leads to an inference of gross disproportionality." Harmelin, 501 U.S. at 1005. The appellate court properly considered the current offense of possession of heroin as well as his prior strike offenses and reasonably concluded that his sentence was not unconstitutionally disproportionate. In addition, Petitioner's sentence is less severe than that imposed in Solem because he is eligible for parole. (CT 197-198.) Petitioner's sentence is also less severe than the sentence upheld in Harmelin-life without the possibility of parole for a first-time offense of possession of a large amount of cocaine. Harmelin, 501 U.S. at 996. The appellate court's rejection of this claim was not contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court, nor an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented. 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(d)(1), (2). E. Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel Petitioner acknowledges that he did not raise this claim in his direct appeal in state court "because it was not clear from the record that there was no tactical reason for counsel's failure to adequately raise and preserve the 8th Amendment claim." Petition, at 10. Petitioner raised the claim in his petition for writ of habeas corpus to the California Supreme Court which was denied

2 More specifically, the "three prior convictions occurred in 1968, consisting of instances of oral copulation b y force (§ 288, subd. (b)) and sodomy by force (former § 286.1) perpetrated while [Petitioner] was in the Fresno C o u n ty Jail, the sordid details of which are recounted in People v. Jones (1970) 10 Cal.App.3d 237, 241-242." (Lodged Doc. No. 4, Opinion, at 11-12.)

12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

without comment on March 25, 2009. Petitioner contends that appellate counsel was incompetent for failing to challenge trial counsel's failure to object to Petitioner's sentence as cruel and unusual under the Eighth Amendment. Effective assistance of appellate counsel is guaranteed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 391-405 (1985). Claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel are reviewed according to Strickland 's two-pronged test. Miller v. Keeney, 882 F.2d 1428, 1433 (9th Cir.1989); United States v. Birtle, 792 F.2d 846, 847 (9th Cir.1986); see also Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75, 109 S.Ct. 346, 353-54 (1988) (holding that where a defendant has been actually or constructively denied the assistance of appellate counsel altogether, the Strickland standard does not apply and prejudice is presumed; the implication is that Strickland does apply where counsel is present but ineffective). To prevail, Petitioner must show two things. First, he must establish that appellate counsel's deficient performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984). Second, Petitioner must establish that he suffered prejudice in that there was a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, she would have prevailed on appeal. Id. at 694. A "reasonable probability" is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Id. The relevant inquiry is not what counsel could have done; rather, it is whether the choices made by counsel were reasonable. Babbitt v. Calderon, 151 F.3d 1170, 1173 (9th Cir.1998). The presumption of reasonableness is even stronger for appellate counsel because he has wider discretion than trial counsel in weeding out weaker issues; doing so is widely recognized as one of the hallmarks of effective appellate assistance. Miller v. Keeney, 882 F.2d 1428, 1434 (9th Cir.1989). Appealing every arguable issue would do disservice to the Petitioner because it would draw an appellate judge's attention away from stronger issues and reduce appellate counsel's credibility before the appellate court. Id. Appellate counsel has no constitutional duty to raise every nonfrivolous issue requested by petitioner. Id at 1434 n10 (citing Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 751-54, 103 S.Ct. 3308 (1983)). 13

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Petitioner's claim is without merit. As discussed above, there is no merit to Petitioner's claim that his sentence of 25 years to life was cruel and unusual punishment, and it logically follows that appellate counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise a meritless argument. Petitioner has failed to demonstrate deficient performance or prejudice under Strickland. Moreover, even had trial counsel raised the claim at sentencing, for the reasons explained by the Court of Appeal, such argument would have been rejected. Accordingly, Petitioner's claim that appellate counsel was ineffective fails on the merits. ORDER Based on the foregoing, it is HEREBY ORDERED that: 1. 2. 3. The instant petition for writ of habeas corpus is DENIED; The Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment in favor of Respondent; and, The court declines to issue a Certificate of Appealability. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c); Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (a COA should be granted where the applicant has made "a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right," i.e., when "reasonable jurists would find the district court's assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong"; Hoffman v. Arave, 455 F.3d 926, 943 (9th Cir. 2006) (same). In the present case, the Court finds that reasonable jurists would not find it debatable that the state courts' decision denying Petitioner's petition for writ of habeas corpus were not "objectively unreasonable."

IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: 3b142a

October 13, 2009

/s/ Dennis L. Beck UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

14