USA v. Approximately $38,885.00 in U.S. Currency
Filing
23
FINDINGS and RECOMMENDATIONS Regarding Plaintiff's 21 Ex Parte Application for Default Judgment signed by Magistrate Judge Gary S. Austin on 12/15/2011. Objections to F&R's due within fourteen (14) days of service.(Bradley, A)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9
EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
11
12
13
14
15
)
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
v.
)
)
APPROXIMATELY $38,885.00 IN U.S.
)
CURRENCY,
)
)
Defendant.
)
_____________________________________ )
1:11-cv-00143 LJO GSA
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REGARDING PLAINTIFF’S EX PARTE
APPLICATION FOR DEFAULT
JUDGMENT
(Document 21)
16
17
18
INTRODUCTION
19
In this civil forfeiture action, Plaintiff United States of America (“Government”) seeks:
20
1.
Default judgment against the interests of Valentin Rojas Ortega and Adolfo Rojas
21
in approximately $38,885.00 in United States currency (“Defendant Property”);
22
and
23
24
25
26
2.
Entry of a final forfeiture judgment to vest in the Government all right, title and
interest in the Defendant Property.
This Court considered the Government’s application for default and final forfeiture
judgment motion on the record and without oral argument on the now vacated December 16,
27
28
1
1
2011, hearing, pursuant to this Court’s Local Rules 230(g) and 540(d). For the reasons discussed
2
below, this Court RECOMMENDS to:
3
1.
GRANT the Government default judgment and to ENTER final forfeiture
4
judgment to vest in the Government all right, title and interest in the Defendant
5
Property; and
6
2.
ORDER the Government, within ten (10) days of service of an order adopting
7
these findings and recommendations, to submit a proposed default and final
8
forfeiture judgment consistent with these findings and recommendations.
9
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
10
Seizure of Defendant Property1
11
This is a civil forfeiture action against approximately $38,885.00 in U.S.
Currency (hereafter “defendant currency”). The defendant currency was seized on
May 4, 2010, at Highway 99 at Jensen Avenue in Fresno, California. (See
Verified Complaint for Forfeiture In Rem filed January 26, 2011, hereafter
"Complaint," or Court Docket (“CD”) #1 at ¶¶ 1 and 2.)
The facts giving rise to this action are set out in detail in the Complaint.
As stated, on May 4, 2010, Sergeant Eric Broughton with the Fresno County
Sheriff’s Department conducted a vehicle stop on a 2001 GMC Yukon and
identified the passenger as Valentin Ortega (hereafter “Ortega”) and the
unlicensed driver of the vehicle was later identified as Adolfo Rojas (hereafter
“Rojas”), who was wanted in Los Angeles County for an outstanding arrest
warrant. CD#1 at ¶ 5. While contacting the occupants of the vehicle, Sergeant
Broughton noticed an overwhelming odor of air fresheners and observed
numerous air fresheners within the vehicle, a common ploy that drug traffickers
use to mask the odor of illegal narcotics. Id.
Sergeant Broughton asked Rojas and Ortega if there were any guns, drugs,
or large amounts of cash in the vehicle, and both Rojas and Ortega said there were
not. CD#1 at ¶ 6. During a subsequent consent search of the vehicle, Sergeant
Broughton located three prepaid cellular telephones. Id. Furthermore, in the
natural void behind the front console, Sergeant Broughton located a plastic bag
containing two large envelopes stuffed with U.S. currency, the majority of which
were $100 bills. Id. At this point, Sergeant Broughton requested the assistance of
additional law enforcement, which included a narcotics unit, and detained Rojas
and Ortega in separate patrol cars. Id.
Upon arrival of the narcotics unit, officers used a drug-detection dog,
“Rock,” to conduct a sniff search of the vehicle. CD#1 at ¶ 7. “Rock” gave a
positive alert in the area beneath the middle row passenger seats, and a positive
alert on the U.S. currency, which was then laying on the right front seat. Id.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
1
The facts are quoted directly from the Government’s application at pages 2 through 3 and include specific
references to the allegations as more fully set forth in the verified complaint.
2
1
14
Sergeant Broughton then continued to search the vehicle. CD# 1 at ¶ 8.
Sergeant Broughton searched the area of the middle row seats where the
dog-detection canine had given a positive alert. Id. He raised the seat bottoms on
the hinges and found that both had been altered to allow access to the natural void
of the seat between the seat springs and the bottom cloth cover, the cloth appeared
to be stretched out from the weight of objects placed inside the natural void. Id.
Sergeant Broughton then searched the center console and found a third
package of U.S. currency in the bottom of the center console. CD#1 at ¶ 9. The
currency was wrapped in a “CAT” weigh station receipt dated 05/03/10, and on
the rear of the receipt were several numerical calculations in pencil showing a
total of $41,000. Id.
Rojas initially told Sergeant Broughton that he and Ortega had traveled to
Reno, Nevada to sell a car and were returning to Los Angeles. CD# 1 at ¶ 10.
During a later interview with officers when asked about the currency located in
the vehicle, Rojas stated that he had won the currency gambling at a casino in
Reno, Nevada. Id. Rojas then changed his explanation and stated that the currency
was the profits from a shoe store in Sparks, Nevada and that he was transporting
the currency to Los Angeles. Id. Rojas signed a disclaimer of ownership for the
located currency and said that the money belonged to an individual by the name of
Jacobi Ortega. Id. Rojas was unable to provide any contact information for Jacobi
Ortega. Id.
During an interview with officers Ortega stated that Rojas had dropped
him off at a casino and that Rojas was gone for some time before returning to pick
up Ortega for the return trip. CD# 1 at ¶ 11. Ortega stated that he had no
knowledge of any currency until Rojas gave him a large roll of cash to hide in his
pants. Id. Ortega signed a disclaimer for the currency located in the console of the
vehicle and stated that the $5,000.00 in his pocket belonged to Rojas. Id.
15
The Government’s Claims
16
On January 26, 2011, the Government filed its Complaint for forfeiture in rem to claim:
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
17
(1) that the Defendant Property is subject to forfeiture to the Government under Title 21 of the
18
United States Code section 881(a)(6) in that the currency constitutes moneys or other things of
19
value furnished or intended to be furnished in exchange for a controlled substance, all proceeds
20
traceable to such an exchange and/or were used or intended to be used to facilitate one or more
21
violations of Title 21 of the United States Code section 841, et seq. (Doc. 1.)
22
On February 1, 2011, based upon the allegations set forth in the Complaint, the Clerk of
23
the Court issued a Warrant for Arrest of Articles In Rem for the Defendant Property. (Doc. 7.)
24
The warrant was executed on February 18, 2011. (See Doc. 9.)
25
//
26
//
27
28
3
1
Notice of Forfeiture Action
2
On January 28, 2011, this Court authorized publication of the forfeiture action via the
3
internet forfeiture website at www.forfeiture.gov for at least thirty (30) days. (Doc. 5.) On May
4
19, 2011, the Government filed its Declaration of Publication. (Doc. 11.)
5
6
1.
Valentin Rojas Ortega
On or about February 16, 2011, copies of the complaint, arrest warrant, publication order
7
and other related papers were served via first class and certified United States Mail to Valentin
8
Rojas Ortega at his last known address located at 117 S. Sunol Drive in Los Angeles, California
9
90063. On or about April 25, 2011, the certified mail documents were returned unsigned and
10
marked “Attempted, Not known.” (Doc. 21 at 4; see also Doc. 18-1 at ¶ 5.)
11
On March 8, 2011, the Government attempted unsuccessfully to personally serve
12
Valentin Rojas Ortega with copies of the complaint, arrest warrant, publication order and other
13
papers related to this action, at the aforementioned address. Lucia Morales, the resident at 117 S.
14
Sunol Drive in Los Angeles on that date, advised the Government representative that she had
15
lived there for about one year and had previously received correspondence for Valentin Rojas
16
Ortega and returned it believing him to be the previous resident. (Doc. 21 at 5; see also Doc. 18-
17
1 at ¶ 8.)
18
On or about July 11, 2011, the Government was provided with an additional last-known
19
address for Valentin Rojas Ortega. Therefore, copies of the aforementioned documents were sent
20
via first class and certified mail to Valentin Rojas Ortega at 8255 Summerfield Avenue in
21
Whittier, California 90606. (Doc. 21 at 5-6; see also Doc. 18-1 at ¶ 10.)
22
23
2.
Adolfo Rojas
On or about February 16, 2011, copies of the complaint, arrest warrant, publication order
24
and other related papers were served via first class and certified United States Mail to Adolfo
25
Rojas at his last known address located at 533 S. Rowan Avenue in Los Angeles, California
26
27
28
4
1
90063. On or about April 25, 2011, the certified mail and first class mail documents were
2
returned unsigned and marked “unclaimed.” (Doc. 21 at 4-5; see also Doc. 18-1 at ¶ 6.)
3
On or about February 16, 2011, copies of the aforementioned documents were also sent
4
by first class and certified mail to the Law Office of Richard Leonard, an attorney who filed a
5
claim in the administrative forfeiture proceeding on behalf of Adolfo Rojas. (Doc. 21 at 5; see
6
also Doc. 18-1 at ¶ 7.)
7
On March 8, 2011, the Government attempted unsuccessfully to personally serve Adolfo
8
Rojas with copies of the complaint, arrest warrant, publication order and other papers related to
9
this action, at the aforementioned address. Maximino Soto, an individual located at 533 S.
10
Rowan Avenue in Los Angeles on that date, advised the Government representative that the
11
address had served as his business - a meat market - for less than two years. (Doc. 21 at 5; see
12
also Doc. 18-1 at ¶ 9 & Ex. E.)
13
Neither Valentin Rojas Ortega nor Adolfo Rojas have filed a claim or an answer to the
14
complaint in this action.
15
Default Entries
16
At the Government’s request, the Clerk of the Court entered defaults in this action as to
17
Valentin Rojas Ortega and Adolfo Rojas on October 13, 2011. (Docs. 18-19.)
18
Sufficiency of the Complaint
19
The Government contends that the allegations set forth in the Verified Complaint for
20
Forfeiture In Rem and the facts cited "provide ample grounds" for forfeiture of the Defendant
21
Property. (Doc. 21 at 6-7.)
22
A complaint's sufficiency is a factor to consider when deciding whether to grant default
23
judgment. Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471-1472 (9th Cir. 1986). Title 21 of the United
24
States Code section 881(a)(6) provides for the forfeiture of moneys or others things of value that
25
are furnished or intended to be furnished by any person in exchange for a controlled substance,
26
27
28
5
1
that constitutes proceeds traceable to such an exchange, or that is used or intended to be used to
2
facilitate any violation of the laws governing controlled substances.
3
In its Verified Complaint, the Government alleges that the Defendant Property constitutes
4
money or other things of value furnished or intended to be furnished in exchange for a controlled
5
substance, all proceeds traceable to such an exchange and/or were used or intended to be used to
6
facilitate one or more of the laws governing controlled substances, and is therefore subject to
7
forfeiture. (Doc. 1.) As referenced above and set forth in the Verified Complaint, during the
8
search of a 2001 GMC Yukon, law enforcement personnel located and seized the Defendant
9
Property from “natural voids” within the vehicle after the vehicle occupants indicated that the
10
vehicle did not contain guns, drugs, or large amounts of cash. Further, a drug detecting canine
11
gave a positive alert on the Defendant Property. As a result, the approximately $38,885.00 in
12
United States currency at issue here was seized. (Doc. 21 at 6.)
13
The complaint meets the requirements of Supplemental Rule G. It is verified, states the
14
grounds for subject matter jurisdiction, in rem jurisdiction, and venue, describes the property
15
seized and the circumstances surrounding the seizure, and identifies the relevant statutes. (See
16
Doc. 1.) In the absence of assertion of interests in the Defendant Property, this Court is not in a
17
position to question the facts supporting the forfeiture of the currency. The facts as alleged
18
provide a sufficient connection between the Defendant Property and illegal drug activity to
19
support the forfeiture. Case law confirms the Government’s position that circumstantial
20
evidence may support the forfeiture of proceeds of a drug crime and the Government need not
21
show a relationship between the proceeds and a specific drug transaction. See United States v.
22
$30,670.00, 403 F.3d 448, 467-470 (7th Cir. 2005) (totality of circumstances demonstrated that
23
cash hoard of airline passenger was substantially connected to illegal drug trafficking and
24
properly subject to forfeiture); United States v. $242,484.00, 389 F.3d 1149, 1160 (11th Cir.
25
2004) (court applied totality of circumstances to determine “more than enough cause” to believe
26
27
28
6
1
that forty pounds of cash carried by airline passenger and alerted to by narcotics-detecting dog
2
was the proceeds of, or traceable to, illegal drug transaction).
3
4
As the Government contends, there are sufficient facts to support the forfeiture of the
Defendant Property.
5
Notice Requirements
6
The Government contends that it provided required notice for the forfeiture of the
7
Defendant Property. The Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause prohibits the Government
8
from deprivation of property without “due process of law.” Individuals whose property interests
9
are at stake are entitled to “notice and an opportunity to be heard.” United States v. James Daniel
10
11
12
Good Real Property, 510 U.S. 43, 48, 114 S. Ct. 492 (1993).
1.
Notice by Publication
Supplemental Rule G(4) sets forth the rules for publication of the notice of action in
13
federal forfeiture proceedings. Rule G(4)(a)(iv)(C) provides that in lieu of newspaper
14
publication, the Government may publish notice “by posting notice on an official internet
15
government forfeiture site for at least 30 consecutive days.” Local Admiralty and In Rem rules
16
further provide that the Court shall designate by order the appropriate newspaper or other vehicle
17
for publication. See Local Rules 171 & 530.
18
Here, pursuant to this Court’s January 28, 2011, Order, the Government accomplished
19
such notice with publication by way of the official internet government forfeiture site
20
www.forfeiture.gov for a period of at least thirty (30) days. (See Doc. 11.)
21
22
2.
Personal Notice
When the Government knows of an owner of defendant property, however, the owner has
23
a constitutional right of due process to require "the Government to make a greater effort to give
24
him notice than otherwise would be mandated by [publication]." United States v. Real Property,
25
135 F.3d 1312, 1315 (9th Cir. 1998). For such persons, the Government must attempt to provide
26
actual notice by means "‘reasonably calculated under all circumstances' to apprise [the person] of
27
28
7
1
the pendency of the cash forfeiture[.]" Dusenberry v. United States, 534 U.S. 161, 168, 122 S.
2
Ct. 694 (2002). The Government must provide such notice "as one desirous of actually
3
informing the absentee might reasonably adopt to accomplish it." Mullane v. Central Hanover
4
Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 315, 70 S. Ct. 652 (1950). "Reasonable notice, however,
5
requires only that the government attempt to provide actual notice; it does not require that the
6
government demonstrate that it was successful in providing actual notice." Mesa Valderrama v.
7
United States, 417 F.3d 1189, 1197 (11th Cir. 2005).
8
9
Supplemental Rule G(4)(b) mirrors this requirement, providing for notice to be "sent by
means reasonably calculated to reach the potential claimant." Additionally, this Court's Local
10
Rule 540 addresses notice to persons known to have an interest in property subject to forfeiture.
11
The rule requires that a party seeking default judgment in an action in rem to show to the Court's
12
satisfaction that due notice and arrest of the property has been given by: (1) publication; (2) by
13
personal service on the person having custody of the property; (3) if the property is in the hands
14
of a law enforcement officer, by personal service on the person having custody prior to its
15
possession by law enforcement agency or officer; and (4) by personal service or certified mail,
16
return receipt requested, to every other person who has not appeared in the action and is known
17
to have an interest in the property; provided that failure to give actual notice to such other person
18
may be excused upon a satisfactory showing of diligent efforts to give such notice without
19
success. Local Rule 540(a).
20
Notwithstanding the Supplemental Rules and Local Rule 540(a), the Government
21
provides sufficient notice if such notice complies with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4
22
requirements. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(n)(1) (when a federal statute authorizes forfeiture, "[n]otice
23
to claimants of the property shall then be sent in the manner provided by statute or by service of a
24
summons under this rule").
25
Here, as noted previously, the Government completed service by publication and
26
attempted personal service of the complaint, arrest warrant, publication order and other papers
27
28
8
1
regarding this action upon both Valentin Rojas Ortega and Adolfo Rojas at their last known
2
addresses. In sum, no notice issues arise as to the Defendant Property’s forfeiture.
3
Failure to File Claim or Answer
4
The Government contends that this Court’s clerk properly entered defaults against
5
Valentin Rojas Ortega and Adolfo Rojas. (Doc. 21 at 9.) Supplemental Rule G(5) addresses
6
responsive pleadings in civil forfeiture actions such as this and requires a person who asserts an
7
interest in or right against the subject property to file a claim in this court within thirty-five (35)
8
days after the date of service of the Government’s complaint or thirty (30) days after final
9
publication of newspaper notice. Supplemental Rules G(4)(b) & G(5). Failure to comply with
10
procedural requirements for opposing the forfeiture precludes a person from establishing
11
standing as a party to a forfeiture action. United States v. Real Property, 135 F.3d at 1317.
12
As outlined above, more than thirty (30) days have passed since final publication
13
occurred, to wit: March 19, 2011. (Doc. 11.) Thus, the Clerk of the Court properly entered
14
defaults upon failure of the potential claimants to respond to the Government’s complaint and
15
notices. (Doc. 19.)
16
Default Judgment
17
The Government seeks judgment against the interests of Valentin Rojas Ortega and
18
Adolfo Rojas, and final forfeiture judgment to vest in the Government all right, title and interest
19
in the Defendant Property. The Supplemental Rules do not provide a procedure to seek default
20
judgment in an action in rem. Supplemental Rule A provides: “The Federal Rules of Civil
21
Procedure also apply to the foregoing proceedings except to the extent that they are inconsistent
22
with these Supplemental Rules.”
23
Pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, default entry is a prerequisite to default
24
judgment. Rule 55(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs entry of default: “When a
25
party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise
26
defend, and that failure is shown by affidavit or otherwise, the clerk must enter the party’s
27
28
9
1
default.” Generally, the default entered by the clerk establishes a defendant’s liability:
2
Rule 55 gives the court considerable leeway as to what it may require
as a prerequisite to the entry of a default judgment. The general rule
of law is that upon default the factual allegations of the complaint,
except those relating to the amount of damages, will be taken as true.
3
4
5
Televideo Systems, Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917-918 (9th Cir. 1987) (internal citations
6
& quotation marks omitted).
7
As noted above, the Government properly obtained default entries against the interests of
8
Valentin Rojas Ortega and Adolfo Rojas. There is no impediment to default judgment sought by
9
the Government as to them. The Government properly seeks judgment against the interests of
10
the entire world, that is, a final forfeiture judgment to vest in the Government all right, title and
11
interest in the Defendant Property or currency. “A judgment in rem affects the interests of all
12
persons in designated property. . .. [T]he plaintiff is seeking to secure a pre-existing claim in the
13
subject property and to extinguish or establish the nonexistence of similar interests of particular
14
persons.” Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 246, n.12, 78 S. Ct. 1228 (1958).
15
In light of the defaults, a final forfeiture judgment is in order for the Government.
16
RECOMMENDATIONS AND ORDER
17
For the reasons discussed above, this Court RECOMMENDS to:
18
1.
19
GRANT plaintiff United States of America default judgment against the interests
of Valentin Rojas Ortega and Adolfo Rojas in the Defendant Property;
20
2.
21
ENTER final forfeiture judgment to vest in Plaintiff United States of America all
right, title and interest in the Defendant Property; and
22
3.
ORDER Plaintiff United States of America, within ten (10) days of service of an
23
order adopting the findings and recommendations, to submit a proposed default
24
and final forfeiture judgment consistent with the findings and recommendations
25
and order adopting them.
26
//
27
28
10
1
These findings and recommendations are submitted to the district judge assigned to this
2
action, pursuant to Title 28 of the United States Code section 636(b)(1)(B) and this Court’s Local
3
Rule 304. Within fourteen (14) days of service of this recommendation, any party may file
4
written objections to these findings and recommendations with the Court and serve a copy on all
5
parties. Such a document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and
6
Recommendations.” The district judge will review the magistrate judge’s findings and
7
recommendations pursuant to Title 28 of the United States Code section 636(b)(1)(C). The
8
parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to
9
appeal the district judge’s order. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991).
10
11
12
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated:
6i0kij
December 15, 2011
/s/ Gary S. Austin
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
11
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?