Edison v. United States of America et al

Filing 139

ORDER ON DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT, signed by District Judge Anthony W. Ishii on 7/19/2018. (Kusamura, W)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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GREGORY EDISON,
Plaintiff

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ORDER ON DEFENDANTS’
MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

v.

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CASE NO. 1:12-CV-2026 AWI-JLT

(Doc. No. 128)
MANAGEMENT & TRAINING
CORPORATION, UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA, AND JOHN DOES 1-9,
Defendants

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Plaintiff Gregory Edison has alleged claims of negligence and premises liability against

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Defendant MTC.1 While housed at Taft Correctional Institution (“TCI”), Edison contracted

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Valley Fever, a disease caused by an airborne spore commonly known as Cocci. Edison contends

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that MTC, who manages TCI’s day-to-day operations, negligently failed to operate and maintain

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the prison, and failed to ensure it was safe and habitable, causing his infection.

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At the close of discovery, MTC filed for summary judgment, contending: (I) Edison cannot

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establish a causal link between his infection and MTC’s alleged failure to warn or failure to

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implement dust-mitigation measures; and (II) Edison has not presented clear and convincing

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evidence to support his punitive damages claim.

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For the reasons that follow, the Court will: (I) grant in part and deny in part MTC’s

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summary judgment motion on the proximate-cause issue, and (II) grant summary judgment in

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favor of MTC on the issue of punitive damages.

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At the time of the Order, Edison and Defendant U.S.A. were moving towards settlement of all claims. See Doc. No.
134.

Background2

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Valley Fever is caused when naturally occurring spores of the soil fungi Coccidioides

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immitis and Coccidioides posadasii (“Cocci”) are inhaled by susceptible individuals. Doc. No.

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128-1, at ¶ 1 (Joint Stmt. of Facts). Cocci grows in sandy, alkaline soils in locations with low

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rainfall, and a single spore of the fungi can cause Valley Fever. Id. at ¶ 2, 5. However, most

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people who are exposed to Cocci do not become notably ill.3 Id. at ¶ 6. In the United States,

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approximately 75% of Cocci cases occur from exposures in Arizona, 25% in California. Id. at ¶ 3.

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In California, the southern San Joaquin Valley has the highest rate of Valley Fever infections (the

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“Hyper-Endemic Area”). Id. at ¶ 4; Doc. No. 132-3 at ¶ 4 (Decl. Johnson). TCI is located in the

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Hyper-Endemic Area—in Kern County, California—and the facility’s day-to-day operations have

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been managed by MTC since 2007. Doc. No 128-1, at ¶ 7, 9.

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In 2004, an outbreak of Valley Fever hit the prisoners housed at TCI. Id. at ¶ 30. Upon

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Edison’s conviction and sentence in 2005, he was imprisoned at TCI. Doc No. 128-3, at p. 70:16-

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18 (Ex. E. Pl. Depo). Edison was medically screened when he arrived at TCI. Doc. No 128-1 at

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¶ 26. Based on the then-current policy of protecting prisoners with compromised immune systems

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only (as recommended by the Bureau of Prisons and set forth in MTC’s Standard Operating

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Procedures Manual), MTC accepted Edison at TCI, as he did not register as a member of a

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susceptible population. Id. at ¶ 28-29. Edison learned of the existence of Valley Fever three

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months after arriving at TCI, as it was “all over the news,” and was warned by TCI staff to avoid

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digging in the dirt or go outside when windy. Doc. No. 132-2 at ¶ 24-28.

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The facts are presented in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party—Edison. Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless,
Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir. 2007).

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For further background on Valley Fever, see Edison v. U.S., 822 F.3d 510, 514-515 (9th Cir. 2016):
“Symptomatic [Cocci], which occurs in approximately 40% of all infections, has a wide clinical
spectrum, including mild influenza-like illness, severe pneumonia, and disseminated disease.”
The disseminated form of the disease—that is, when the fungus spreads from the lungs to the
body's other organs—is the most serious. Disseminated Cocci may cause miliary tuberculosis,
bone and joint infections (including osteomyelitis), skin disease, soft tissue abscesses, and
meningitis. In some cases, surgery may be the only available treatment. The antifungal
Fluconazole is effective against most Cocci infections, but it is a daily treatment that must be
continued for the rest of the patient's life. Individuals of certain races, especially African–
Americans and Filipinos, are at significantly higher risk of contracting disseminated Cocci than
the rest of the population. If left untreated and allowed to progress to meningitis, the disseminated
form of the disease is uniformly fatal.

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In the summer of 2010, TCI experienced another surge in infections that persisted for the

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next two years. See Doc. No. 133-4, pp. 29-64 (Ex. 10, TCI Infectious Disease Reports 2010-

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2012). In the fall of 2010, at three separate MTC staff meetings, MTC staff speculated as to

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whether this surge was due to the lack of watering the grounds, or merely coincided with an

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increase in Valley Fever infections in Kern County. See Doc. No. 133-5 (Ex’s. 11-13, MTC

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Meeting Minutes for Oct., Nov. and Dec. 2010). TCI is surrounded by large oil-development

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tracks with unpaved roads and work yards, a kitty litter plant, and cultivated agricultural lands.

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Doc. No. 128-1, at ¶ 11. MTC staff concluded the best course of action to combat the outbreak

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was to continue transferring medically-eligible prisoners out of TCI, continue to recommend

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prisoners wear face masks while working outside, and continue emphasizing to supervisory staff

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that prisoners wear “personal protective equipment.” See Doc. No. 133-5, at Ex. 13.

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On October 30, 2010, Edison was diagnosed with Valley Fever. Doc. No. 133-2 at 43:1

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(Ex. 1, Pl.’s Dep.). Edison disputes that MTC’s medical staff informed him the Cocci spore could

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be found in the dirt, and contends he did not request a respirator/mask because he believed the

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spores would penetrate the filters. Doc. No. 132, at ¶¶ 26, 30. Edison’s Valley Fever resolved in

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2012 after he received treatment at TCI, but a chronic form of the disease has been known to

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develop up to twenty-years after the initial infection. Doc. No. 128-3, at p. 165 (Ex. J, SOP-4002).

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Legal Standard for Summary Judgment

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Summary judgment is proper when no genuine issue as to any material fact exists, entitling

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the moving party to judgment as a matter of law. Rule 56.4 A dispute is “genuine” if there is

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sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the non-moving party. Freecycle

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Sunnyvale v. Freecycle Network, 626 F.3d 509, 514 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Anderson v. Liberty

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Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)). A fact is “material” if it might affect the outcome of the

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suit under the governing law. United States v. Kapp, 564 F.3d 1103, 1114 (9th Cir. 2009).

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The party seeking summary judgment bears the initial burden of informing the court of the

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legal basis for its motion and of identifying the portions of the declarations, pleadings, and

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discovery that demonstrate an absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Soremekun v. Thrifty

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Citations to the “Rules” is to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, unless otherwise noted.

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Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323

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(1986)). Where the moving party will bear the burden of proof on an issue at trial, the movant

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must affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the

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movant. Id. Where the moving party will not bear the burden of proof on an issue at trial, the

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movant may prevail by “merely by pointing out that there is an absence of evidence to support the

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nonmoving party's case.” Id. If a moving party fails to carry its burden of production, then “the

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non-moving party has no obligation to produce anything, even if the non-moving party would

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have the ultimate burden of persuasion.” Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., 210 F.3d

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1099, 1102-03 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 160 (1970)).

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If the moving party meets its initial burden, the opposing party must then establish that a

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genuine issue as to any material fact exists. Id. at 1103. The opposing party cannot rest upon the

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mere allegations or denials of its pleading, but must instead produce evidence that sets forth

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specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial still exists. Estate of Tucker v. Interscope Records,

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515 F.3d 1019, 1030 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248). The opposing party’s

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evidence is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences that may be drawn from the facts placed

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before the court must be drawn in the opposing-party’s favor. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255;

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Narayan v. EGL, Inc., 616 F.3d 895, 899 (9th Cir. 2010). While a “justifiable inference” need not

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be the most likely or the most persuasive inference, it must still be rational or reasonable. Id. The

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parties have the obligation to identify material facts; the court is not required to scour the record in

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search of a genuine disputed material fact. Simmons v. Navajo Cnty., 609 F.3d 1011, 1017 (9th

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Cir. 2010). A party’s “conclusory statement that there is a genuine issue of material fact, without

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evidentiary support, is insufficient to withstand summary judgment.” Bryant v. Adventist Health

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Sys./W., 289 F.3d 1162, 1167 (9th Cir. 2002). Further, a “motion for summary judgment may not

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be defeated . . . by evidence that is ‘merely colorable’ or ‘is not significantly probative.’”

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Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50; Addisu v. Fred Meyer, Inc., 198 F.3d 1130, 1134 (9th Cir. 2000).

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Fundamentally, summary judgment may not be granted “where divergent ultimate

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inferences may reasonably be drawn from the undisputed facts.” Fresno Motors, LLC v.

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Mercedes Benz USA, LLC, 771 F.3d 1119, 1125 (9th Cir. 2015).
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I.

MTC’s proximate-cause challenge is partially, but not fully, meritorious
Edison has raised two claims against MTC—negligence and premises liability—connected

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to his contracting of Valley Fever while housed at TCI. Under California law, the elements of

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negligence are: “(1) defendant's obligation to conform to a certain standard of conduct for the

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protection of others against unreasonable risks (duty); (2) failure to conform to that standard

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(breach of the duty); (3) a reasonably close connection between the defendant's conduct and

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resulting injuries (proximate cause); and (4) actual loss (damages).” Corales v. Bennett, 567 F.3d

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554, 572 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting McGarry v. Sax, 158 Cal.App.4th 983, 994 (2008)). The

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elements of a premises-liability claim are the same: “a legal duty of care, breach of that duty, and

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proximate cause resulting in injury.” Lemberg v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 2018 WL

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1046886, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 26, 2018) (quoting Kesner v. Superior Court, 1 Cal.5th 1132, 1158

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(2016)); see also May v. Northrop Grumman Sys. Corp., 680 F. App'x 556, 559 (9th Cir. 2017).

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MTC has moved for summary judgment, contending that even if it had breached a duty to

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Edison, he has not demonstrated these failures are reasonably connected to his illness. To

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demonstrate proximate cause in California, a defendant’s act or omission must have been a

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substantial factor in bringing about the injury. Padilla v. Rodas, 160 Cal.App.4th 742, 752 (2008).

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Ordinarily, the causation element is a question of fact for the jury's determination. McGarry, 158

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Cal.App.4th at 994. Further, it is well settled that causation in a personal-injury action “must be

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proven within a reasonable medical probability based upon competent expert testimony[;] [m]ere

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possibility alone is insufficient to establish a prima facie case.” Miranda v. Bomel Const. Co.,

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Inc., 187 Cal.App.4th 1326, 1336 (2010). As the Miranda Court elaborated:

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There can be many possible ‘causes,’ indeed, an infinite number of circumstances
which can produce an injury or disease. A possible cause only becomes
‘probable’ when, in the absence of other reasonable causal explanations, it
becomes more likely than not that the injury was a result of its action. This is the
outer limit of inference upon which an issue may be submitted to the jury.
Id. (citing Jones v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 163 Cal.App.3d 396, 402–403 (1985).
Edison alleges three theories of liability, each under his two causes of action; the Court
must examine the element of proximate cause for each theory.
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A.

No genuine issues of material fact exist on Edison’s failure-to-warn theory
Parties’ Arguments

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Edison’s first theory of liability under his negligence and premises-liability claims asserts

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MTC failed to adequately warn him that the prison was located in the Hyper-Endemic Area, failed

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to warn that he was at a heightened risk of contracting the severe form of the disease, and failed to

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warn him about steps he could have taken to reduce his exposure to the spore.
On summary judgment, MTC argues Edison’s “failure-to-warn” theory fails simply

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because the danger was not hidden to Edison. MTC points to Edison’s deposition testimony,

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where he stated he was aware of the dangers of Valley Fever at TCI well before his infection in

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2010, as it was “all over the news,” and knew to stay indoors when it was windy and to otherwise

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not dig in the dirt.

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Edison counters that other evidence shows he did not receive adequate warnings from

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MTC, and therefore was unaware that he needed to protect himself from the disease. For support,

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Edison relies on the expertise of Dr. Johnson, who in deposition stated his understanding that

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Edison would not have known to protect himself in the absence of any warnings.

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MTC replies that Dr. Johnson’s testimony is directly contradicted by Edison’s admission

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of his knowledge, and so it is disingenuous for Dr. Johnson to assert Edison did not know about

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the dangers of Valley Fever. Therefore, Defendant maintains Dr. Johnson’s testimony would not

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create a genuine issue of material fact.

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Analysis

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Generally, California courts have held a landowner does not necessarily have to eliminate a

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dangerous condition; he can choose to discharge his duty by giving adequate warning of the

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danger. Rowland v. Christian, 69 Cal.2d 108, 119 (1968). However, liability may attach where

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“(1) defendant [landowners] knew or reasonably should have known of a concealed, preexisting

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hazardous condition on their premises; (2) plaintiff [] did not know and could not reasonably

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ascertain the condition; and (3) defendants failed to warn plaintiff.” Gravelin v. Satterfield, 200

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Cal.App.4th 1209, 1216 (2011) (citing Kinsman v. Unocal Corp., 123 P.3d 931, 940).

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As discussed in a prior Ninth Circuit holding in this case, “Cocci is a classic example of a

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hidden danger, and [Defendant] had a duty to warn [Plaintiff] about it.” Edison 822 F.3d 510, 520

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(9th Cir. 2016). However, as MTC points out, Edison admitted that he had knew about the

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dangers of Cocci. Edison learned of the existence of Valley Fever three months after arriving at

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TCI, as it was “all over the news,” and was warned by TCI staff to avoid digging in the dirt or go

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outside when windy. Doc. No. 132-2 at ¶ 24-28. This knowledge negates the second element of

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the Gravelin test. 200 Cal.App.4th at 1216; see also Buck v. Standard Oil Co. of Cal., 157

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Cal.App.2d 230, 236 (1958) (“Where one had actual knowledge of the existence of a dangerous

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condition, the question of warning becomes immaterial and can have no causal connection with

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the injury sustained.”). Further, in the face of this evidence, the deposition testimony of Dr.

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Johnson—that Edison would not have known about the possibility of infection—appears highly

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speculative, and therefore does not create a genuine issue of material fact on the issue of

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proximate cause. Scottrade, Inc. v. Gibbons, 590 F. App'x 657, 659 (9th Cir. 2014) (speculative

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assertions by plaintiff did not create genuine issues of material fact) (citing Cal. Architectural

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Bldg. Prods., Inc. v. Franciscan Ceramics, Inc., 818 F.2d 1466, 1468 (9th Cir. 1987) (“[W]here the

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factual context of a case makes the non-moving party's claim implausible, that party must come

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forward with more persuasive evidence than would otherwise be necessary to defeat summary

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judgment.”)). Therefore, summary judgment on Edison’s “failure to warn” theory, for both the

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negligence and premises-liability claim, is warranted. Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984.

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B.

(1) No genuine issues of material fact exist on Edison’s “ground disruption”
theory, but (2) genuine issues do exist on his “airborne-dust protection” theory
Parties’ Arguments

Edison’s other theory of liability asserts that MTC failed to make TCI safe in two ways:
(1) by deciding to cease watering the grass and to continue with digging and other grounddisruption activities, thereby increasing the amount of dust in the air at TCI;
(2) by not instituting airborne-dust protective measures, including curtailing inmates’
activities during windy conditions, installing HEPA air filters in TCI, covering external
walkways, and providing breathing masks to inmates.
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MTC asserts Edison’s “failure-to-mitigate” theories fail because he lacks evidentiary

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support—either through documentary evidence, his own testimony, or from his experts—

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demonstrating a causal link between his injury and MTC’s acts and omissions. MTC argues:

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(1) Edison has no evidence demonstrating the soil at TCI contained the Cocci spore, and

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argues it could have originated from soil outside of TCI. Therefore, Edison’s theory—

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that his injury arose from MTC’s choice to stop watering the grounds and its choice to

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dig in the yard—fails because it is speculative at best;

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(2) Edison must demonstrate more than a mere possibility that dust mitigation measures—
curtailing inmates’ activities during windy conditions, installing HEPA air filters,

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covering external walkways, and providing breathing masks—would have reduced his

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likelihood of contracting the disease. MTC claims Edison’s experts lack sufficient

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facts or data to make these causal connection, and cannot merely state that mitigation

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efforts would result in a higher-percentage chance of remaining uninfected.

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MTC concludes that, absent admissible expert testimony, the jury would be required to

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impermissibly speculate as to the efficacy of any proposed mitigation efforts.

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Edison counters that sufficient evidence exists demonstrating the requisite causal
connection. He argues:

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(1) MTC’s choices to dig around the building, tear up the grass, and cease watering the soil

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coincides with a period where Cocci infections spiked, between 2010 and 2012—the

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same period when Edison was infected; and MTC had concerns as to the rising rates of

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infection, knowing TCI sits in the Hyper-Endemic Area;

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(2) Given the airborne nature of the disease, and given his expert’s testimony that many of

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the airborne-mitigation techniques could have prevented him from inhaling the spore, it

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is for the jury to determine causation. Edison maintains the expert testimony he

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intends to offer will not speak to “specific percentages” of the likelihood of mitigation,

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as MTC claims, but will merely aid the jury in determining the existence of a causal

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connection to MTC’s failure to institute airborne-mitigation procedures.

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Edison thus concludes that genuine issues exist, foreclosing summary judgment.
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Analysis
The California Court of Appeal, 4th District, dealt with a substantially-similar issue in

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Miranda v. Bomel Const. Co., Inc., 187 Cal.App.4th 1326 (2010). That court’s holding instructs

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that summary judgment should be granted on Edison’s “ground-disruption” theory, but does not

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otherwise control his “airborne-dust prevention” theory. Understanding this rationale requires a

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deep-dive into Miranda and similar California cases on proximate cause.

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In Miranda, defendant Bomel, a construction company, excavated approximately 1,600

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cubic yards of dirt from an area in Southern California, and deposited it in a vacant lot 10-15 feet

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from Miranda’s locksmith shop. Id. at 1328. Three months later, Miranda began exhibiting

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symptoms of Valley Fever. Id. at 1329. After Miranda died, his wife brought an action for

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negligence, alleging Bomel failed to water, cover, or otherwise control for dust in the dirt pile, and

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this breach of their duty caused her husband’s death. Id. The plaintiff had no evidence to indicate

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the dirt pile actually contained the Cocci spore. Id. Instead, she intended to submit the testimony

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of two medical-doctor experts, each of whom relied on probabilities to conclude there was a

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reasonable medical probability that Miranda contracted Valley Fever from a spore originating

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from the dirt pile. Id. at 1331-32. Upon Bomel’s objections, the trial court excluded these

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experts’ testimony, reasoning that the foundation for each experts’ opinion was lacking, thereby

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rendering their ultimate conclusions speculative at best. Id. at 1334. Thus, since plaintiff

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presented no direct evidence demonstrating proximate cause, since the conclusions from plaintiff’s

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experts as to probable cause were excluded, and since Bomel’s contrary expert testimony—that

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the Cocci spore can be transported great distances by strong winds—further broke the causal link,

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summary judgment for the defendant construction company was warranted. Id.

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On appeal, the 4th District affirmed—specifically on the issue of causation. Id. at 1336.

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The Court first reasoned that Bomel had met its burden to show that it was merely “a possibility,

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not a reasonable medical probability, Mr. Miranda contracted Valley Fever by inhaling an airborne

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Cocci spore that originated from the [dirt pile].” Id. (emphasis in original). The Court agreed that

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the easiest way for the plaintiff to demonstrate the connection would have been to present soil tests

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or other scientific data “confirming the existence of the Cocci fungus in the soil at issue at the time
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of exposure.” Id. In the absence of such data, the Court confirmed that expert testimony could be

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offered to demonstrate proximate cause, under Ortho Pharmaceutical, 163 Cal.App.3d at 402–403,

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but it was the plaintiff’s burden “to create a triable issue of fact on the issue of causation.” Id. at

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1337. The plaintiff had not successfully done so, due mainly to the speculative nature of her

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expert’s conclusions. Id. For example, the logic of one of the medical doctors was as follows:

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The Cocci fungus grows in the soil, and is endemic to Southern California.
Valley Fever is caused by the Cocci fungus, which infects humans by entering
the lungs.
Therefore, exposure to dust from soil is a critical factor in determining the risk
for infection.
Manmade activities, such as the stockpiling of uncovered dirt which creates
dust that is released into the air . . . will significantly increase the risk of
acquiring the disease.
[Therefore], it is my opinion, to a reasonable degree of medical probability,
that . . . Miranda’s exposure to the dust from the stockpile of dirt . . . was a
substantial factor in causing his Valley Fever.

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Despite the experts’ use of the magic phrase “reasonable degree of medical probability,” the 4th

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District reasoned this represented a logical fallacy—“post hoc, ergo propter hoc (after the fact,

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therefore because of the fact).” Id. at 1339. This rendered the expert’s opinion speculative, which

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did not by itself create a genuine issue of material fact. Id. Instead, the Court likened the

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plaintiff’s case to “naturally occurring diseases such as Lyme disease or spider bites.” Id. at 1340

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(citing Butcher v. Gay, 29 Cal.App.4th 388, 404 (1994) (summary judgment granted in action

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against homeowner who permitted his dog carrying a Lyme-disease-carrying tick to sit on

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plaintiff's lap); Brunelle v. Signore, 215 Cal.App.3d 122, 129 (1984) (summary judgment granted

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in favor of vacation-home owner against guest who suffered serious injuries after being bitten by a

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brown recluse spider)). Simply, Miranda could have inhaled the Cocci spore anywhere in

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Southern California, and without more to definitively connect his infection to the nearby dirt pile,

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the construction company could not be held legally liable. Id.; cf. Crim v. International Harvester

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Co., 646 F.2d 161 (5th Cir. 1981) (upholding jury verdict for plaintiff in Valley Fever negligence

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case where plaintiff presented the following circumstantial evidence: an expert testified as to the

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overwhelming prevalence of the Cocci spore in the area, and also presented soil samples from the

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grounds surrounding the defendant’s premises that tested positive for the spore).
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In doing so, the Miranda Court distinguished another seminal California case on proximate

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cause: Sarti v. Salt Creek Ltd. 167 Cal.App.4th 1187 (2008). Therein, the court opined on the

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connection between a plaintiff’s foodborne illness and a restaurant’s sterilization procedures,

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allowing the jury to draw reasonable inferences from the plaintiff’s “strong circumstantial

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evidence” that she contracted her illness from eating raw tuna at the defendant’s establishment. Id.

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at 1207. The plaintiff’s evidence demonstrated the restaurant had particularly unsanitary

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conditions, including multiple health-code violations showing the restaurant allowed raw chicken

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to come into contact with other food, this kind of cross-contamination could result in the spread of

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the offending bacteria, and the probability that a customer would become ill based on the cross-

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contamination was high. Id. Critically, the defendant restaurant offered no evidence of substance

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to indicate the plaintiff could have contracted the illness elsewhere (whereas the defendant in

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Miranda offered competing expert testimony on how Cocci circulates). Id. at 1211.

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Applying these cases to Edison’s facts, the Court finds Miranda controls Edison’s “ground

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disruption” theory, but finds Miranda inapposite to his “airborne-dust protection” theory, which is

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more logically controlled by Sarti.

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(1)

Ground-disruption theory

In some ways, Miranda is distinguishable from Edison’s case. Most prominently, Miranda

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did not spend 24-7 in his locksmith shop, dramatically increasing the number of places he could

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have inhaled the offending Cocci spore. Edison, of course, was confined to the TCI campus

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between 2005 and 2012, and as a prisoner, his movements were often controlled by MTC. Thus,

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there is no question where Edison was when he became ill. Further, MTC is not only located in an

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area that is known to contain the spore, but in fact sits in the Hyper-Endemic Area, where the spore

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is most prevalent.

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However, the differences between these cases appears to end there, leaving their

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similarities too overwhelming to set aside on Edison’s “ground-disruption” theory. Edison has no

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soil samples or other scientific data indicating the Cocci spore originated from the TCI grounds.

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Miranda, 187 Cal.App.4th at 1336. Additionally, Edison’s proffered expert-testimony follows a

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similar logic to those experts in Miranda: that Cocci is endemic to the Valley, can become airborne
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by digging and not watering dirt, and enters the lungs via dust particles. Thus, under Miranda, the

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Court should consider the conclusions of Edison’s expert, Dr. Johnson, as speculative—failing to

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create a genuine issue of material fact on the “ground-disruption” theory. 187 Cal.App.4th at

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1342-43. Further, unlike Sarti, MTC has offered evidence through its own expert—as well as via

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Edison’s own experts—that the particularly-mobile quality of the spore makes it extremely

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difficult to determine the patch of ground that birthed the spore. 167 Cal.App.4th at 1211.

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Accordingly, Miranda controls here, necessitating summary judgment in favor of MTC on the

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“ground-disruption” theory for both the negligence and premises-liability claims. Miranda, 187

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Cal.App.4th at 1339.

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(2)

Airborne-dust prevention theory

Where Miranda controls on Edison’s first mitigation theory, careful application of the

12

case’s holding cuts in the opposite way on Edison’s second theory—that MTC had a duty to

13

protect the prisoners from dust in the air at TCI, and this failure was a substantial factor in causing

14

Domingo to inhale the Cocci spore and contract Valley Fever. Under this theory, it is immaterial

15

whether the offending dust-particle originated from in- or outside TCI, because the experts on both

16

sides agree the spore enters the lungs via contaminated dust in the air. Doc. No. 128-1, at ¶ 1.

17

Unlike Miranda, it is undisputed where Edison was when he inhaled the spore, because he had

18

been housed at TCI since 2005, did not test positive for Valley Fever at that time, and remained

19

incarcerated there until he became infected in 2010. See Doc No. 128-3, at p. 70:16-18; Doc. No

20

128-1 at ¶ 26. The Miranda court did not have to decide the issue of whether Miranda’s locksmith

21

shop should have done more to protect its employee by, for example, curtailing his need to work

22

outdoor during windy conditions, installing HEPA air filters in the shop, covering external

23

walkways, and providing him with a breathing mask. But this is exactly the claim Edison presents

24

in his third theory—that MTC should have done more to cut down on the amount of dust that

25

prisoners at TCI inhaled through these kinds of methods, and its failure to do so was a substantial

26

factor in his contracting the disease. Edison presents evidence of an outbreak of Valley Fever

27

between 2010-2012, and critically, MTC has offered no evidence of substance to indicate Edison

28

could have inhaled the spore from any source aside from airborne dust. Sarti, 167 Cal.App.4th at
12

1

1211. Edison’s experts opine that more dust-mitigation methods could have reduced the potential

2

for infection in the campus. Conversely, MTC maintains it was following standard procedures

3

based on previous studies and instructions from the Bureau of Prisons, and its staff meeting

4

minutes indicate the company did in fact have a policy in place to protect the prisoner’s lungs.

5

These causation issues are more logically controlled by Sarti than Miranda, as they turn on

6

credibility issues that should be left for the jury. Freecycle, 626 F.3d at 514; see also Ortega v.

7

Kmart Corp. 26 Cal.4th 1200, 1205 (2001) (“Plaintiff's burden is to introduce evidence which

8

affords a reasonable basis for the conclusion that it is more likely than not that the conduct of the

9

defendant was a cause in fact of the result. Where the experts' conclusions were expressed at the

10

very least as being more probable than not, their evidence is not speculative or conjectural, and

11

based on their evidence, the probabilities are not at best evenly balanced.”) (citations omitted);

12

Nola M. v. University of Southern California,16 Cal.App.4th 421, 436–37 (1993) (“We think it

13

comes down to this: When an injury can be prevented by a lock or a fence or a chain across a

14

driveway or some other physical device, a landowner's failure to erect an appropriate barrier can

15

be the legal cause of an injury inflicted by the negligent or criminal act of a third person”).

16

Conclusion to Section I
MTC’s motion for summary judgment is granted on the theories of “failure to warn” and

17
18

“failure to mitigate by controlling the grounds at MTC.” However, Edison’s “airborne dust

19

prevention” theory—that MTC’s failure to control Edison’s exposure to dust particles in the air

20

was a substantial factor in his contracting of Valley Fever—is supported by relevant evidence;

21

thus, Edison may proceed to trial on this theory under both his negligence and premises-liability

22

claims. See, e.g., Marr v. Bank of America Nat. Ass'n 2011 WL 2912878 at *2 (N.D. Cal. July

23

20, 2011) (“Of the three aforementioned claims, each included multiple theories for why plaintiff

24

should recover. In the order on the summary judgment motions, many of the theories were

25

resolved, but none of the claims was fully resolved.”).

26

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27

///

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13

1

II.

Plaintiff lacks “clear and convincing” evidence of malice from MTC’s managing
agents, foreclosing punitive damages

2

Parties’ Arguments

3

Edison has prayed for an award of punitive damages under both the negligence and

4

premises-liability claims, averring MTC’s failure to protect him from airborne dust particles was

5

willful and wanton and in reckless disregard of his health and safety.

6

MTC maintains Edison lacks clear and convincing evidence that would allow for a claim

7

of punitive damages to reach a jury. MTC states that under California law, the evidence must

8

demonstrate an officer, director, or managing agent of the corporation committed the act of

9

oppression, fraud, or malice. MTC then contends Edison’s evidence fails to show MTC’s

10

managing agents engaged in or approved of a wrongful act, consciously disregarded Edison’s

11

safety, or were otherwise guilty of an act “comparable to the commission of a crime.” Therefore,

12

MTC argues summary judgment on the issue of punitive damages is warranted.

13

Edison contends MTC knew of the hidden danger of Valley Fever and knew what

14

mitigation measures could decrease the risks, but chose not to act anyway. Edison states that

15

under California law, malice only requires this knowledge be paired with a conscious disregard for

16

the consequences of failing to act, and he maintains the evidence shows just that. Edison points to

17

MTC’s purported financial motivations for not instituting airborne-dust-mitigation procedures,

18

and avers that a jury can properly infer “conscious disregard” from the managing-agents’ actions.

19

MTC replies that it did act to mitigate dust, pursuant to recommendations from the CDC

20

and the Bureau of Prisons, but merely did not institute all the methods Edison argues for. MTC

21

contends no evidence exists to show its managing agents engaged in or approved a wrongful act,

22

and Edison’s “evidence” of improper financial motivation is purely speculative.

23

Analysis

24

The availability of punitive damages is a question of state law. Central Office Tel. v.

25

AT&T Co., 108 F.3d 981, 993 (9th Cir. 1997), rev'd on other grounds, 524 U.S. 214, 228, 118

26

(1998). To obtain punitive damages under California law, Edison must establish “by clear and

27

convincing evidence that the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice.” Cal. Civ.

28

Code § 3294(a); see also In re Angelia P., 28 Cal.3d 908, 919 (1981) (“’Clear and convincing’
14

1

evidence requires a finding of high probability . . . that the evidence be so clear as to leave no

2

substantial doubt; sufficiently strong to command the unhesitating assent of every reasonable

3

mind.”). “[A]lthough the clear and convincing evidentiary standard is a stringent one, it does not

4

impose on a plaintiff the obligation to prove a case for punitive damages at summary judgment.”

5

Am. Airlines, Inc. v. Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton, 96 Cal.App.4th 1017, 1049 (2002)

6

However, “the higher standard of proof must be taken into account in ruling on a motion for

7

summary judgment[,] since if a plaintiff is to prevail on a claim for punitive damages, it will be

8

necessary that the evidence presented meet the higher evidentiary standard.” Id.; Hoch v. Allied-

9

Signal, Inc., 24 Cal.App.4th 48, 60–61 (1994).
Edison asserts MTC’s conduct was malicious, in that MTC engaged in “despicable conduct

10
11

. . . with a willful and conscious disregard of [his] safety.” Cal. Civ. Code §3294(c)(1).

12

“Conscious disregard” exists where “the defendant was aware of the probable dangerous

13

consequences of [its] conduct, and [it] willfully and deliberately failed to avoid those

14

consequences.” Hilliard v. A.H. Robins Co., 148 Cal.App.3d 374, 395 (1983); see also Willis v.

15

Buffalo Pumps Inc., 34 F.Supp.3d 1117, 1133 (S.D. Cal. 2014). “Whether [a] corporation will be

16

liable for punitive damages depends, not on the nature of the consequences, but rather on whether

17

the malicious employee belongs to the leadership group of officers, directors, and managing

18

agents.” Cruz v. Home Base, 83 Cal.App.4th 160, 168 (2000). Thus, Edison must show the

19

alleged malice occurred at a high level in MTC. As wisely summarized in Willis:

20

While this evidentiary burden is high, it is not insurmountable. Plaintiff need not
produce a smoking memorandum signed by the CEO and Board of Directors.
Rather, California law permits a plaintiff to satisfy the “managing agent”
requirement through evidence showing the information in the possession of the
corporation and the structure of management decision-making that permits an
inference that the information in fact moved upward to a point where corporate
policy was formulated. These inferences cannot be based merely on speculation,
but they may be established by circumstantial evidence, in accordance with
ordinary standards of proof.

21
22
23
24
25
26

34 F. Supp. 3d at 1133 (quoting Romo v. Ford Motor Co., 99 Cal.App.4th 1115, 1141 (2002)).

27

///

28

///
15

Edison has no “smoking memorandum” from any MTC officer, director or managing agent

1
2

manifesting a conscious disregard for the safety of the prisoners at TCI. Instead, Edison presents

3

circumstantial evidence that he maintains supports his claim that MTC acted maliciously in

4

refusing to institute further airborne-dust-mitigation procedures.5

5

First, Edison presents numerous facts demonstrating MTC has long been aware of the

6

dangers of Valley Fever. This includes the monthly “Infectious Disease Reports” generated by

7

MTC, showing the outbreak between 2010 and 2012 (Doc. No. 133-4, pp. 29-64), MTC’s

8

“Performance Meeting Minutes” from late 2010, showing MTC agents’ knowledge of the

9

outbreak (Doc. No. 133-5), and various Cocci-warning pamphlets MTC provided for inmates

10

(Doc. No. 128-3, pp. 171-178, Ex. K). MTC does not dispute its awareness of the dangers of the

11

spore.
Second, Edison argues the same evidence demonstrates MTC’s officers were aware of

12
13

particular dust-mitigation efforts it could have undertaken. For example, at the three Performance

14

Meetings, MTC agents discussed whether its actions could be contributing to the outbreak. See

15

Doc. No. 133-5 at pp. 6-7, 21-22, 31-32. The meeting minutes demonstrate that the agents were

16

grappling with how to implement a water-conservation program, per the Bureau of Prisons, while

17

also dealing with its potential exacerbation of the Valley Fever outbreak. See Id. At the

18

December meeting, MTC’s agents concluded the increase in Valley Fever cases inside TCI

19

coincided with an increase in cases in Kern County, and “may not be due to lack of watering.” Id.

20

at p. 31. MTC’s agents stated “TCI will continue to recommend inmates wear face masks while

21

working outside” and stress the importance that supervisory staff “ensure they are wearing proper

22

personal protective equipment.” Id. Conversely, Edison stated in his deposition that he never

23

knew about the efficacy of wearing masks. Doc. No. 132, at ¶ 30. Viewed in a light most

24

favorable to Edison, MTC failed to follow through on its training, education, and implementation

25

procedures regarding breathing masks; resolution of these questions would be best left to a jury.

26

Fresno Motors, 771 F.3d at 1125.

27
28

5

In his opposition brief, Edison points to additional evidence beyond what the Court discusses herein. See Doc. No.
132. However, since these additional pieces of evidence appear tied to theories that have been foreclosed in this Order
(see Section I, supra), the Court will focus on evidence relevant to his remaining theory.

16

1

However, to be able to present the punitive-damages issue to the jury, not only must

2

Edison allude to MTC’s negligence in failing to protect the inmates from potentially-dangerous

3

airborne dust, but must present evidence “leaving no substantial doubt” that the agents

4

“maliciously” failed to provide masks to the inmates and train the staff in protective gear. Am.

5

Airlines, 96 Cal.App.4th at 1049; In re Angelia P., 28 Cal. 3d 908, 919. Edison has no such

6

evidence, and the record appears to indicate exactly the opposite—that MTC’s agents believed it

7

had instituted these techniques. See Doc. No. 133-5 at p. 31 (where MTC’s managing agents at

8

the December Performance Meeting conclude the best way to combat the Valley Fever outbreak

9

was to “continue” to recommend breathing masks and other protective gear). Further, Edison has

10

no evidence demonstrating MTC agents consciously disregarded the installation of HEPA air

11

filters, covered walkways, or any other of his proposed mitigation techniques, for there is no

12

mention of these potential remedies. See Id. A jury may well determine this was negligent

13

behavior, but based on the evidence in the record, no reasonable jury could conclude these choices

14

were done with malice. Am. Airlines, 96 Cal.App.4th at 1049; cf. Stewart v. Truck Ins. Exch., 17

15

Cal.App.4th 468, 483 (1993) (“While we have no trouble concluding that the evidence in this case

16

was sufficient to support the jury's finding of bad faith, it does not follow that it also established a

17

basis for punitive damages . . . While [the] investigation could possibly have been pursued with

18

more vigor, it was nonetheless pursued, not ignored.”); with Willis, 34 F. Supp. 3d at 1133–34

19

(finding summary judgment on punitive damages inappropriate where the plaintiff presented

20

evidence that the defendant’s managing agents had known about the dangers of asbestos for over

21

forty years, but continued to sell materials known to contain the offending fibers without

22

instituting any mitigation procedures).

23

The only other “evidence” Edison points to in support of his “maliciousness” argument is

24

his contention that MTC, as a for-profit company, succumbed to financial motivations, casting

25

aside its duty to protect its susceptible inmate population. Edison presents this purely as

26

argument, however, and so this speculative contention cannot defeat MTC’s summary judgment

27

motion. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50 (“A motion for summary judgment may not be defeated

28

. . . by evidence that is ‘merely colorable’ or ‘is not significantly probative.’”).
17

1

Without “clear and convincing” evidence demonstrating malice on the part of MTC, the

2

Court cannot say that reasonable jurors could conclude punitive damages are warranted. Thus,

3

summary judgment on the prayer for punitive damages, for both the negligence and premises-

4

liability claims, is warranted. Hoch v. Allied-Signal, Inc., 24 Cal.App.4th 48, 60–61 (1994); see

5

also Basich v. Allstate Ins. Co., 87 Cal.App.4th 1112, 1121 (2001) (“On a motion for summary

6

adjudication with respect to a punitive damages claim, the higher evidentiary standard applies.

7

[T]he plaintiff can only prevail by establishing malice, oppression or fraud by clear and

8

convincing evidence.”).

9

ORDER

10

Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:

11

1.

Defendant’s summary judgment motion (Doc. No. 128) is GRANTED IN PART AND

12

DENIED IN PART, as follows:

13

a. Plaintiff may proceed to trial on his negligence and premises-liability claims under
his “airborne dust mitigation” theory;

14

b. Defendant is granted summary judgment on Plaintiff’s “failure to warn” theory and

15

his “ground disruption” theory;

16
17

c. Defendant is also granted summary judgment on Plaintiff’s punitive-damages

18

prayer, for both the negligence claim and the premises liability claim; and

19
20

2.

The remainder of this case is referred back to the magistrate judge for further
proceedings.

21
22
23

IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: July 19, 2018
SENIOR DISTRICT JUDGE

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