G.P.P., Inc. v. Guardian Protection Products, Inc.
Filing
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ORDER DENYING GIS' MOTION FOR CLARIFICATION AND ALTERNATIVE REQUEST FOR CERTIFICATION OF INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL 32 . Order signed by Magistrate Judge Sheila K. Oberto on 8/14/2015. (Timken, A)
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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G.P.P., INC. dba GUARDIAN
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS,
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Case No. 1:15-cv-00321-SKO
Plaintiff,
ORDER DENYING GIS' MOTION FOR
CLARIFICATION AND ALTERNATIVE
REQUEST FOR CERTIFICATOIN OF
INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL
v.
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GUARDIAN PROTECTION
PRODUCTS, INC.,
(Doc. 32)
Defendant.
_____________________________________/
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I.
INTRODUCTION
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On April 23, 2015, Defendant Guardian Protection Products, Inc. ("Guardian") filed a
20 motion to dismiss Plaintiff G.P.P. Inc., dba Guardian Innovative Solutions' ("GIS") complaint,
21 which was opposed by GIS. In granting in part and denying in part Guardian's motion, the Court
22 dismissed with prejudice GIS' claim under the North Carolina Unfair and Deceptive Trade
23 Practices Act, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 75-1.1 ("UDTPA"), finding that the California choice-of-law
24 provision in Distributor Agreements governed, rendering the UDTPA claim not viable.
In
25 conjunction with filing a First Amended Complaint, GIS filed a motion for clarification as to
26 whether the Court's dismissal with prejudice of the UDTPA claim extended to alleged violations
27 of the statute with regard to the 2015 Form Agreement, which does not contain the California
28 choice-of-law provision. If its UDTPA claim is precluded as to the 2015 Form Agreement, GIS
1 alternatively requests certification for interlocutory appeal on this issue. On July 31, 2015,
2 Guardian filed an opposition brief.
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Upon consideration of the parties' papers, GIS' motion for clarification and its alternative
4 motion for certification of this issue for interlocutory appeal are DENIED for the reasons set forth
5 below.
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II.
DISCUSSION1
7 A.
GIS' Motion for Clarification is DENIED
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GIS' Motion for Clarification will be construed as a motion for reconsideration of the
9 Court's June 30, 2015, order on Guardian's motion to dismiss as it relates to GIS' UDTPA claim.
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1.
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"[A]s a rule courts should be loath" to revisit prior decisions unless extraordinary
Legal Standard
12 circumstances show that a prior decision was clearly erroneous or would work a manifest
13 injustice. Christian v. Colt Indus. Operating Corp., 489 U.S. 800, 817 (1988). This principle is
14 embodied in the law of the case doctrine, under which "a court is generally precluded from
15 reconsidering an issue that has already been decided by the same court, or a higher court in the
16 identical case." United States v. Alexander, 106 F.3d 874, 876 (9th Cir. 1987). Reconsideration is
17 an "extraordinary remedy, to be used sparingly in the interests of finality and conservation of
18 judicial resources." Kona Enter., Inc. v. Estate of Bishop, 229 F.3d 877, 890 (9th Cir. 2000)
19 (quoting 12 James Wm. Moore et al., § 59.30[4]). Indeed, a district court should not grant a
20 motion for reconsideration "absent highly unusual circumstances, unless the district court is
21 presented with newly discovered evidence, committed clear error, or if there is an intervening
22 change in the controlling law." 389 Orange St. Partners v. Arnold, 179 F.3d 656, 665 (9th Cir.
23 1999). Mere dissatisfaction with the court's order, or belief that the court is wrong in its decision,
24 is not grounds for relief. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. v. Dunnahoo, 637 F.2d 1338, 1341
25 (9th Cir. 1981).
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The underlying facts of this case are well-known to the parties and were set forth in the Court's June 30, 2015, order.
(See Doc. 30.) As such, the factual background will not be restated in this order.
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Additionally, Local Rule 230(j)(3) requires a party filing a motion for reconsideration to
2 show the new or different facts or circumstances claimed to exist which did not exist or were not
3 shown upon such prior motion, or what other grounds exist for the motion.
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2.
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California Law Governs Claims Related to Distributor Agreements and
Guardian's 2015 Form Agreement Offer
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In its original complaint, GIS alleged the existence of nine Distributor Agreements
7 between the parties, which GIS maintains constitute franchises under the FTC Franchise Rule
8 whereby Guardian is a franchisor and GIS is a franchisee. These Distributor Agreements were
9 entered into many years ago, but were automatically and annually renewed since they were first
10 executed. In an effort to coerce GIS into a new Distributor Agreement far less beneficial to GIS,
11 Guardian threatened to terminate the existing Distributor Agreements and, in December 2014,
12 offered GIS a new 2015 Form Agreement to supplant the existing Distributor Agreements. In
13 setting forth its North Carolina UDTPA claim, GIS alleged Guardian never provided GIS with the
14 necessary disclosures under the FTC Franchise Rule either at the outset of their contractual
15 relationship in the 1980s, upon automatic annual renewal of any of those agreements, or in
16 connection with Guardian's December 2014 offer of the 2015 Form Agreement. GIS alleged this
17 failure to provide the required disclosures was an unfair and deceptive trade practice under the
18 UDTPA. According to GIS, each time Guardian offered a "franchise" to GIS over the course of
19 their contractual relationship, Guardian violated the UDTPA.
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Among other arguments to dismiss GIS' UDTPA claim, Guardian asserted California law
21 governed the claim undercutting the viability of the UDTPA claim.
Upon consideration of
22 Guardian's Motion to Dismiss ("MTD"), the Court discussed at length whether the choice-of-law
23 provision in the existing Distributor Agreements between the parties governed GIS' North
24 Carolina UDTPA claim.
The Court explained that California choice-of-law rules applied,
25 Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Super. Ct., 3 Cal. 4th 459 (1992) provided the applicable analysis,
26 California law governs all claims related to the parties' Distributor Agreements, and thus GIS'
27 UDTPA claim under North Carolina law was not viable.
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GIS notes the MTD Order "does not expressly address whether Guardian's offer of the
2 2015 Form Agreement – an offer of a 'franchise' with a North Carolina choice-of-law provision
3 made from Guardian's headquarters in North Carolina – is actionable under the North Carolina
4 statute." While the UDTPA itself does not contain an anti-waiver provision, GIS maintains
5 authorities such as ITCO Corp. v. Michelin Tire Corp. ("ITCO"), 722 F.2d 42 (4th Cir. 1983)
6 indicate that the California choice-of-law provision in the Distributor Agreement does not bar GIS'
7 UDTPA claim.
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Guardian asserts GIS' argument relies on cases applying North Carolina choice-of-law
9 rules, which provide that contractual choice-of-law provisions apply only to the parties' contract
10 claims.
California choice-of-law rules are much broader; under California law, the parties'
11 contractual agreement to a particular forum governs not only contract claims, but claims that arise
12 out of and relate to the contract, which includes even tort claims. Even if the UDTPA claim were
13 limited to disclosure failures related only to the 2015 Form Agreement, the claim would still be
14 related to the underlying Distributor Agreements. Moreover, even if the alleged disclosure failure
15 regarding the 2015 Form Agreement does not "relate to" the existing Distributor Agreements,
16 California law still controls under the "governmental interests" test.
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ITCO and United Dominion Industries, Inc. v. Overhead Door Corporation ("United
18 Dominion"), 762 F. Supp. 126 (1991) cited by GIS are both federal diversity cases filed in North
19 Carolina where the courts applied North Carolina choice-of-law rules to select the applicable law.
20 The footnote GIS cites in ITCO was the Fourth Circuit's recognition that under North Carolina
21 choice-of-law rules, the parties' contractual agreement to a particular jurisdiction's laws only
22 governs contract claims arising out of the parties' agreement. As a UDTPA is not a contract
23 claim, the Court noted the choice-of-law selection did not govern which law applied to that claim.
24 Similarly, in United Dominion, a North Carolina district court examined North Carolina law to
25 determine whether the parties' contract specifying Texas law precluded the plaintiff's North
26 Carolina UDTPA claim. 762 F. Supp. at 127 ("this Court will apply the North Carolina choice of
27 law rules in determining which law applies to the allegedly unfair and deceptive acts"). Citing
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1 ITCO, the court concluded the plaintiff's UDTPA claim was not contractual in nature, and the
2 parties' agreement to Texas law did not govern that claim.
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In contrast to ITCO and United Dominion, this Court sits in California and looks to
4 California's choice-of-law rules, not that of North Carolina. Moreover, the scope of the claims
5 encompassed by a choice-of-law agreement "is a matter that ordinarily should be determined
6 under the law designated therein," which, in this case, is also California. Washington Mut. Bank
7 FA v. Superior Court, 24 Cal. 4th 906, 916 n.3 (2001). The scope of claims encompassed by
8 parties' contractual choice-of-law provisions is broader under California law than that of North
9 Carolina. In California, parties' contractual choice-of-law clauses designating a particular law to
10 govern the contract will encompass any claims related to or arising out of the contract, no matter
11 how they are characterized. Nedlloyd, 3 Cal. 4th at 470. To the extent GIS alleged violations of
12 the UDTPA directly pertaining to the existing Distributor Agreements, the claim is governed by
13 California law under the parties' choice-of-law provision. Even if the scope of GIS' UDTPA claim
14 were limited solely to those disclosures GIS alleges were required in conjunction with Guardian's
15 2015 Form Agreement offer, California law would still apply and extinguish the UDTPA claim.
16 As Guardian notes, GIS' alleges the 2015 Form Agreement was a material and substantial change
17 to the existing Distributor Agreements, purportedly triggering Guardian's duty to provide new
18 franchise-related disclosures under the FTC Franchise Rule. (See Doc. 1, ¶¶ 36, 39; Doc. 20,
19 2:14-23; Doc. 20, Exh. A.)
The FTC disclosure requirements as to the 2015 Form Agreement
20 relate to the existing Distributor Agreements, particularly as the 2015 Form Agreement pertains to
21 geographic areas already covered by the existing Distributor Agreements. Under California's
22 broad interpretation of the scope of claims encompassed by a contractual choice-of-law
23 agreement, even disclosures pertaining to the 2015 Form Agreement are related to the existing
24 Distributor Agreements and are governed by the choice-of-law provision in the existing
25 Distributor Agreements.
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Moreover, even if the alleged disclosure failures in offering the 2015 Form Agreement
27 neither relate to nor arise out of the existing Distributor Agreements, California law would
28 nonetheless govern.
In the absence of an agreement to a particular jurisdiction's law, the
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1 governmental interest analysis applies and, in this case, dictates the application of California law.
2 Washington Mutual Bank, FA, 24 Cal. 4th at 915.2 The California governmental interest analysis
3 involves the following:
(1) the court examines the substantive law of each jurisdiction to
4 determine whether the laws differ as applied to the relevant transaction; (2) if the laws differ, the
5 court determines whether a true conflict exists in that each of the jurisdictions has an interest in
6 having its law applied; and (3) if more than one jurisdiction has a legitimate interest, the court
7 must identify and apply the law of the jurisdiction whose interest would be more impaired if the
8 laws were not applied. Downing v. Abercrombie & Fitch, 265 F.3d 994, 1005 (9th Cir. 2001)
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Here, GIS has not established how California law and North Carolina law differ. In its
10 First Amended Complaint, GIS alleges a claim under California Business and Professions Code
11 § 17200 et seq. predicated on the same theory of unfair or deceptive trade practices through
12 failures by Guardian to provide the required disclosures under the FTC Franchise Rule in
13 connection with the existing Distributor Agreements and the offering of the 2015 Form
14 Agreement. Although it notes in its motion for clarification that treble damages are not available
15 under California law for this claim, GIS has not specified any authority for this proposition.
16 Nonetheless, even if there were a difference in the two states' laws in this respect, there is no
17 indication North Carolina's interests would be more impaired than California's if North Carolina
18 laws are not applied. As Guardian notes, the 2015 Form Agreement constituted a material change
19 to the existing Distributor Agreements, which were all made in California by a California
20 corporation. California has an interest in enforcing contracts made by California companies in
21 California. While North Carolina has an interest in preventing unlawful trade practices, it is not
22 clear that Guardian's offer of the 2015 Form Agreement was made in North Carolina as GIS is
23 located in Pennsylvania.
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GIS did not carry its burden to show how North Carolina law would apply under the
25 governmental interest choice-of-law analysis, and the Court cannot conclude North Carolina law
26 governs claims arising out of Guardian's purported failure to make required disclosures under the
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Any choice-of-law provision in the 2015 Form Agreement is irrelevant because there is no evidence or allegation
that GIS accepted the offer or signed it.
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1 FTC Franchise Rule. The Court's June 30, 2015, order dismissing GIS' UDTPA claim was not
2 "dead wrong," and reconsideration is not warranted. Hopwood v. State of Texas, 236 F.3d 256
3 (5th Cir.2000) (internal quotes omitted); Parts & Elec. Motors v. Sterling Elec., 866 F.2d 228, 233
4 (7th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 847 (1989) ("To be clearly erroneous, a decision must strike
5 us as more than just maybe or probably wrong; it must . . . strike us as wrong with the force of a
6 five-week-old, unrefrigerated dead fish.").
7 B.
GIS' Alternative Motion For Certification for Interlocutory Appeal is DENIED
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Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), an otherwise non-final order may be subject to
9 interlocutory appeal if the district court certifies, in writing, the following: (1) the order involves a
10 "controlling issue of law," (2) the controlling issue of law is one to which there is a "substantial
11 ground for difference of opinion," and (3) "an immediate appeal from the order may materially
12 advance the ultimate termination of the litigation." 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). If permission for
13 interlocutory appeal is required, "the district court may amend its order, either on its own or in
14 response to a party's motion, to include the required permission or statement." Fed. R. App. Proc.
15 5(a)(3). As the Ninth Circuit has noted, "the legislative history of 1292(b) indicates that this
16 section was to be used only in exceptional situations in which allowing an interlocutory appeal
17 would avoid protracted and expensive litigation." In re Cement Antitrust Litig., 673 F.2d 1020,
18 1026 (9th Cir.1982) (emphasis added); see also Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 474
19 (1978) ("[E]ven if the district judge certifies the order under § 1292(b), the appellant still 'has the
20 burden of persuading the court of appeals that exceptional circumstances justify a departure from
21 the basic policy of postponing appellate review until after the entry of a final judgment.'").
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GIS argues that if the Court's decision dismissing the UDTPA claim were affirmed by the
23 Ninth Circuit, it would "result in a different interpretation of North Carolina law than that adopted
24 by the Fourth Circuit in ITCO." (Doc. 32, 4:13-14.) As explained above, however, the Court did
25 not interpret North Carolina law in dismissing the UDTPA claim. Rather, the Court applied
26 California choice-of-law rules to determine California law governs GIS's claims arising out of the
27 existing Distributor Agreements.
Any affirmance of this decision would not involve an
28 interpretation of North Carolina law contrary to that of ITCO. Although GIS asserts it loses its
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1 claim to treble damages under the UDTPA because the California Deceptive Trade Practices Act
2 contains no similar provision for treble damages, this is not an exceptional basis to justify an
3 immediate appeal to the Ninth Circuit.
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III.
CONCLUSION AND ORDER
For the reasons set forth above, GIS' motion for clarification is DENIED, and its
6 alternative request for certification for an interlocutory appeal is DENIED.
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IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated:
August 14, 2015
/s/ Sheila K. Oberto
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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