Stevenson v. Holland, et al.

Filing 101

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT, (Doc. No. 77 ) signed by District Judge Anthony W. Ishii on 1/17/2020. (Gonzales, V)

1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

2

EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

3
4

DOUGLAS J. STEVENSON,

5

Plaintiff,

6

CASE NO. 1:16-CV-01831-AWI-JLT
ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND
DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’
MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

v.

7

K. HOLLAND et al.,
(Doc. No. 77)

8

Defendants.

9

I. Introduction

10
11

This lawsuit is about a prisoner, Plaintiff Douglas Stevenson (“Plaintiff”), who alleges that

12 he was physically abused by multiple prison officers on November 11, 2012, and December 7,
13 2012, while incarcerated at the California Correctional Institution in Tehachapi, California. After
14 Plaintiff was released from prison, Plaintiff sued the prison officers for battery, assault,
15 negligence, California Bane Act violations, and Eighth Amendment violations for excessive force,
16 failure to intervene, and supervisory liability. The defendants include Officer Dunnahoe, Officer
17 Valverde, Officer Crotty, Officer Gonzales, Officer Cantu, and Officer Foster1 (collectively
18 “Defendants”). Now before the Court is Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, brought
19 pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. For the reasons discussed infra, the
20 motion will be granted in part and denied in part.

II. Summary Judgment Standard

21
22

Summary judgment under Rule 56 is proper when it is demonstrated that there exists no

23 genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
24 of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56; Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157 (1970); Fortyune v.
25 American Multi-Cinema, Inc., 364 F.3d 1075, 1080 (9th Cir. 2004). The party seeking summary
26 judgment bears the initial burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion and of
27
28

Technically Foster’s position was a “sergeant,” but for simplicity’s sake the Court will refer to all Defendants as
“officers.”
1

1 identifying the portions of the declarations, pleadings, and discovery that demonstrate an absence
2 of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986);
3 Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir. 2007). A fact is “material” if it
4 might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,
5 Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248-49 (1986); United States v. Kapp, 564 F.3d 1103, 1114 (9th Cir. 2009). A
6 dispute is “genuine” as to a material fact if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to
7 return a verdict for the non-moving party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248; Freecycle Sunnyvale v.
8 Freecycle Network, 626 F.3d 509, 514 (9th Cir. 2010).
9

Where the moving party will have the burden of proof on an issue at trial, the movant must

10 affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the movant.
11 Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984. Where the non-moving party will have the burden of proof on an
12 issue at trial, the movant may prevail by presenting evidence that negates an essential element of
13 the non-moving party’s claim or by merely pointing out that there is an absence of evidence to
14 support an essential element of the non-moving party’s claim. See James River Ins. Co. v. Herbert
15 Schenk, P.C., 523 F.3d 915, 923 (9th Cir. 2008); Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984. If a moving party
16 fails to carry its burden of production, then “the non-moving party has no obligation to produce
17 anything, even if the non-moving party would have the ultimate burden of persuasion.” Nissan
18 Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., 210 F.3d 1099, 1105-06 (9th Cir. 2000). If the moving party
19 meets its initial burden, the burden then shifts to the opposing party to establish that a genuine
20 issue as to any material fact actually exists. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio
21 Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986); Nissan Fire, 210 F.3d at 1103. The opposing party cannot “‘rest
22 upon the mere allegations or denials of [its] pleading’ but must instead produce evidence that ‘sets
23 forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Estate of Tucker v. Interscope
24 Records, 515 F.3d 1019, 1030 (9th Cir. 2008).
25

The opposing party’s evidence is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences that may be

26 drawn from the facts placed before the court must be drawn in favor of the opposing party. See
27 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255; Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587; Narayan v. EGL, Inc., 616 F.3d 895, 899
28 (9th Cir. 2010). While a “justifiable inference” need not be the most likely or the most persuasive
2

1 inference, a “justifiable inference” must still be rational or reasonable. See Narayan, 616 F.3d at
2 899. Summary judgment may not be granted “where divergent ultimate inferences may
3 reasonably be drawn from the undisputed facts.” Fresno Motors, LLC v. Mercedes Benz USA,
4 LLC, 771 F.3d 1119, 1125 (9th Cir. 2015); see also Holly D. v. Cal. Inst. of Tech., 339 F.3d 1158,
5 1175 (9th Cir. 2003). Inferences are not drawn out of the air, and it is the opposing party’s
6 obligation to produce a factual predicate from which the inference may be drawn. See Fitzgerald
7 v. El Dorado Cnty., 94 F.Supp.3d 1155, 1163 (E.D. Cal. 2015); Sanders v. City of Fresno, 551
8 F.Supp.2d 1149, 1163 (E.D. Cal. 2008). “A genuine issue of material fact does not spring into
9 being simply because a litigant claims that one exists or promises to produce admissible evidence
10 at trial.” Del Carmen Guadalupe v. Agosto, 299 F.3d 15, 23 (1st Cir. 2002); see Bryant v.
11 Adventist Health System/West, 289 F.3d 1162, 1167 (9th Cir. 2002). The parties have the
12 obligation to particularly identify material facts, and the court is not required to scour the record in
13 search of a genuine disputed material fact. Simmons v. Navajo Cnty., 609 F.3d 1011, 1017 (9th
14 Cir. 2010). Further, a “motion for summary judgment may not be defeated . . . by evidence that is
15 ‘merely colorable’ or ‘is not significantly probative.’” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50; Hardage v.
16 CBS Broad. Inc., 427 F.3d 1177, 1183 (9th Cir. 2006). If the nonmoving party fails to produce
17 evidence sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact, the moving party is entitled to
18 summary judgment. Nissan Fire, 210 F.3d at 1103.

III. Facts

19
20

Pursuant to the summary judgment standard identified supra, which requires all facts and

21 justifiable inferences to be drawn in favor of Plaintiff, and pursuant to the “Heck-bar,” which will
22 be discussed infra, the facts for purposes of Defendants’ summary judgment motion are as
23 follows.
24 A.

Plaintiff was incarcerated at the California Correctional Institution.

25

Plaintiff was a prisoner at the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation

26 between October 25, 2012, and April 7, 2016.
27
28
3

1

B.

2

On November 11, 2012, Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde pepper-sprayed
Plaintiff.
On November 11, 2012, Plaintiff was in his cell with his cellmate. Plaintiff was at the

3 sink, and Plaintiff’s cellmate was on the top bunk. Doc. No. 80-3 (Pl.’s Dep. Tr. at 48:23).
4 Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde approached Plaintiff’s cell. Officer Dunnahoe gave
5 Plaintiff a verbal order to back up to the cuff port and cuff up. See Doc. No. 77-3 at 37-38 (Rules
6 Violation Report); Heck-bar discussion infra. Plaintiff did not comply with those orders. Id.
7 Officer Dunnahoe gave Plaintiff a verbal order to get down in a prone position. Id. Plaintiff did
8 not comply with that order. Id. Officer Dunnahoe sprayed Plaintiff with one can of pepper spray.
9 Doc. No. 80-3 at 49 (Pl.’s Dep. Tr. at 49:9-10); Doc. No. 77-5 (Officer Dunnahoe’s Decl.).
10 Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde both gave Plaintiff a verbal order to get down. See Doc.
11 No. 77-3 at 37-38 (Rules Violation Report); Heck-bar discussion infra. Plaintiff did not comply
12 with those orders. Id. Officer Valverde sprayed Plaintiff with one can of pepper spray. Doc. No.
13 80-3 at 49 (Pl.’s Dep. Tr. at 49:9-10); Doc. No. 77-6 (Officer Valverde’s Decl.).
14

After the pepper-spray incident, Officer Foster, who was a supervisor, became aware of the

15 incident and investigated the incident. Doc. No. 77-10 (Officer Foster’s Decl.).
16
17

C.

18

On November 11, 2012, Officer Crotty pushed Plaintiff’s hands up Plaintiff’s back
and ran Plaintiff into a gate.
On November 11, 2012, immediately after the pepper spray incident, Officer Crotty

19 escorted Plaintiff to a holding cell. Doc. No. 80-3 (Pl.’s Dep. Tr. at 49:2-4; 58). Officer Crotty
20 took Plaintiff’s hands, which were handcuffed behind Plaintiff’s back, and pushed them up
21 Plaintiff’s back. Id. Upon arriving at the holding cell, Officer Crotty “ran” Plaintiff’s face into the
22 gate in the back of the cell. Id.
After the incident, Plaintiff complained to Officer Foster about the incident. Id. (Pl.’s Dep.

23

24 Tr. at 184:5-10).
25
26
27

D.

A “day or so after” November 11, 2012, Plaintiff submitted to the prison an
appeal about the pepper spray incident and holding cell incident.
A “day or so after” the pepper spray incident and holding cell incident, Plaintiff submitted

28 to the prison a written appeal about the incidents. Id. (Pl.’s Dep. Tr. at 82:22-25; 83: 1-6; 90:104

1 12; 91:17-21). The prison never responded to Plaintiff about the appeal. See Doc. No. 77-3 at 34
2 (Pl.’s January 22, 2013, Form 602, stating, “[m]y final copy was sent to you with my first appeal
3 paper but it is not in my reture [sic] paperwork so you most [sic] have it”).2
4
5

E.

6

On December 7, 2012, Officer Crotty and multiple other officers beat Plaintiff for at
least three or four minutes.
On December 7, 2012, Officer Crotty escorted Plaintiff from the shower. Plaintiff’s hands

7 were handcuffed. Doc. No. 80-3 (Pl.’s Dep. Tr. at 140:6; 144:23-24). Plaintiff suddenly lunged
8 towards Officer Crotty, striking Officer Crotty in the left shoulder with Plaintiff’s right shoulder,
9 thereby causing Officer Crotty to lose his grip on Plaintiff’s arm. Doc. No. 77-11 at 8-9 (Rules
10 Violation Report); Heck-bar discussion infra. Officer Crotty grabbed Plaintiff’s arm and slammed
11 Plaintiff into a wall, and Plaintiff fell to the ground. Doc. No. 80-3 (Pl.’s Dep. Tr. at 123:20).
12 Plaintiff kicked at Officer Crotty. Doc. No. 77-11 at 8-9 (Rules Violation Report); Heck-bar
13 discussion infra. Officer Crotty hit and stabbed Plaintiff with a baton, including in Plaintiff’s ribs.
14 Doc. No. 80-3 (Pl.’s Dep. Tr. at 134-149). Officer Crotty hit Plaintiff’s injured leg, which Officer
15 Crotty knew was injured (from a prior unrelated incident), and ankle with a baton seven or eight
16 times. Id. Officer Gonzales was nearby watching the incident. At least two other prison officers
17 arrived at the scene of the incident, and they along with Officer Gonzales and Officer Crotty
18 continued beating Plaintiff and “did a pile” on Plaintiff. Id. One of the officers was “sticking”
19 Plaintiff with a baton, and that officer hit Officer Crotty’s hand with the baton. Id. The beating
20 lasted at least three or four minutes. Id. Plaintiff suffered injuries from the beating, including an
21 abrasion, scratch, bruise, discoloring, and swelling in the left thigh. See Doc. No. 80-3 at 255 (Tr.
22 of post-incident interview between Officer Foster and Pl.). From the moment Plaintiff fell to the
23 ground throughout the entire duration of the beating, the prison officers did not give any orders to
24 Plaintiff. Doc. No. 80-3 (Pl.’s Dep. Tr. at 134-149). Plaintiff’s force or violence fractured bone/s
25 in Crotty’s hand. Doc. No. 77-11 at 8-9 (Rules Violation Report); Heck-bar discussion infra.
26
27
28

Defendants may contend that Plaintiff’s reference to the “first appeal” is a reference to Plaintiff’s appeal submitted
on January 7, 2013, not the alleged “day or so after” appeal. Nonetheless, based on the evidence before the Court, a
reasonable factfinder could justifiably infer that Plaintiff’s reference to the “first appeal” is a reference to the “day or
so after” appeal. Consequently, there is a genuine issue as to this fact.
2

5

1

During the foregoing incident, Officer Cantu was stationed in a nearby patrol tower.

2 Officer Cantu saw Officer Crotty escort Plaintiff. Doc. No. 77-9 (Officer Cantu’s Decl.). Officer
3 Cantu saw a “commotion” during the escort. Id. Officer Cantu saw Officer Crotty force Plaintiff
4 to the ground. Id. Officer Cantu saw Plaintiff kick while he was on the ground. Id. After the
5 beating ended, Officer Cantu sounded an alarm. Doc. No. 80-3 (Pl.’s Dep. Tr. at 138). Plaintiff
6 heard the alarm. Id.
7

Officer Foster arrived at the scene of the incident after the beating ended. Id. (Pl.’s Dep.

8 Tr. at 147). Officer Foster became aware of the beating incident and investigated the incident,
9 including by interviewing Plaintiff about the incident and recording the interview. Doc. No. 77-10
10 (Officer Foster’s Decl.); Doc. No. 80-3 (Pl.’s Dep. Tr. at 190:4-6).
11 F.
12

On January 4, 2013, the prison notified Plaintiff that the prison found Plaintiff guilty
of violating California Code of Regulations, Title 15, § 3005(b) during the pepperspray incident.

13

Due to the pepper spray incident, the prison charged Plaintiff with “Resisting and/or

14 Obstructing a Peace Officer,” a violation of California Code of Regulations, Title 15, § 3005(b),
15 see Doc. No. 77-3 at 37-38 (Rules Violation Report), which reads:
16
17
18

Obeying Orders. Inmates and parolees must promptly and courteously obey
written and verbal orders and instructions from department staff, and from
employees of other agencies with authorized responsibility for the custody and
supervision of inmates and parolees.

19 Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, § 3005(b).
20

After conducting a prison disciplinary hearing, the prison found Plaintiff guilty of violating

21 § 3005(b). See Doc. No. 77-3 at 37-38 (Rules Violation Report). The prison documented the
22 guilty finding and factual basis for the guilty finding in a written “Rules Violation Report.” See
23 id. The prison’s guilty finding was based on the following material facts, which are documented
24 in the Rules Violation Report: (1) Officer Dunnahoe gave Plaintiff a verbal order to back up to the
25 cuff port and cuff up; (2) Plaintiff did not obey that order; (3) Officer Dunnahoe gave Plaintiff a
26 verbal order to get down in a prone position; (4) Plaintiff did not obey that order; (5) Officer
27 Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde both gave Plaintiff a verbal order to get down; (6) Plaintiff did not
28 obey those orders. See id.; cf. Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, § 3005(b) (providing elements of violation).
6

1

Because Plaintiff was found guilty of violating § 3005(d), the prison deducted behavioral /

2 work credits from Plaintiff, which affected the duration of his incarceration. The prison notified
3 Plaintiff of the guilty finding and deduction of credits on January 4, 2013.
4
5

G.

6

On January 7, 2013, Plaintiff submitted an appeal to the prison about the pepperspray incident and holding cell incident.
On January 7, 2013, Plaintiff submitted to the prison a written appeal on a “Form 602.”

7 See Doc. No. 77-3 at 9-12 (Form 602). In the appeal, Plaintiff wrote that the prison officers
8 pepper-sprayed Plaintiff in his cell because the prison officers were retaliating for Plaintiff asking
9 the officers for his property. Id. Plaintiff also wrote that he was not guilty of resisting the prison
10 officers or fighting his cellmate during the pepper-spray incident. Id. Plaintiff also wrote that he
11 had “been beat up and hurt very bad” by Officer Crotty, and in making that statement Plaintiff
12 referenced the date of December 7, 2012, the date of the beating incident. Id.
13

The prison canceled Plaintiff’s appeal on January 15, 2013, because, according to the

14 prison, Plaintiff had not submitted the appeal within thirty days of the pepper spray incident, as is
15 required by California Code of Regulations, Title 15, § 3084.8(b), see Doc. No. 77-3 at 8 (prison’s
16 cancelation letter), which requires the prisoner to submit an appeal within thirty days of either
17 “[t]he occurrence of the event or decision being appealed.” Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, §
18 3084.8(b)(1). The prison’s cancelation letter to Plaintiff stated,
19
20

Your appeal includes issues related to an alleged staff complaint/misconduct and to
a disciplinary issue. . . . You have violated time constraints in filing your appeal
dated 1/7/13 as it relates to the alleged staff complaint from 11/11/12.

21 Doc. No. 77-3 at 8.
22 H.
23

On January 17, 2013, the prison notified Plaintiff that the prison found Plaintiff
guilty of violating California Code of Regulations, Title 15, § 3005(d)(1) during the
beating incident.

24

Due to the beating incident, the prison charged Plaintiff with “Battery on a Peace Officer

25 with Serious Injury,” a violation of California Code of Regulations, Title 15, § 3005(d)(1), see
26 Doc. No. 77-11 at 6-12 (Rules Violation Report), which reads:
27
28

Inmates shall not willfully commit or assist another person in the commission of an
assault or battery to any person or persons, nor attempt or threaten the use of force
or violence upon another person.
7

1 Cal. Code of Regs. tit. 15, § 3005(d)(1). “Battery,” as was recognized by the prison, is defined by
2 California Penal Code § 242 as “any willful and unlawful use of force or violence upon the person
3 of another.” “Serious injury,” as was recognized by the prison, is defined by California Penal
4 Code 243(f)(4) as “a serious impairment of physical condition, including, but not limited to, the
5 following: loss of consciousness; concussion; bone fracture; protracted loss or impairment of
6 function of any bodily member or organ; a wound requiring extensive suturing; and serious
7 disfigurement.”
8

After conducting a prison disciplinary hearing, the prison found Plaintiff guilty of, first,

9 violating § 3005(d)(1) by battering Officer Crotty and, second, causing serious injury to Officer
10 Crotty by fracturing his hand. See Doc. No. 77-11 at 6-12 (Rules Violation Report). The prison
11 documented the guilty finding and factual basis for the guilty finding in a written Rules Violation
12 Report. See id. at 8-9. The prison’s guilty finding was based on the following material facts,
13 which are documented in the Rules Violation Report: (1) Plaintiff lunged towards Officer Crotty
14 and struck Officer Crotty’s left shoulder with Plaintiff’s right shoulder; (2) Plaintiff kicked at
15 Officer Crotty; (3) Plaintiff’s force or violence fractured bone/s in Officer Crotty’s hand. See id.
16 (Rules Violation Report); cf. Cal. Code of Regs. tit. 15, § 3005(d)(1) (providing elements of
17 violation); Cal. Penal Code § 242 (same); Cal. Penal Code 243(f)(4) (same).
18

Because Plaintiff was found guilty of violating § 3005(d)(1) and causing serious injury to

19 Officer Crotty, the prison deducted behavioral / work credits from Plaintiff, which affected the
20 duration of his incarceration. The prison notified Plaintiff of the guilty finding and deduction of
21 credits on January 17, 2013. See Doc. No. 77-11 at 6-12 (Rules Violation Report).
22
23
24

I.

On January 22, 2013, Plaintiff submitted an appeal to the prison about Plaintiff
having been falsely accused of obstructing a peace officer.
On January 22, 2013, Plaintiff submitted to the prison a written appeal on a Form 602. See

25 Doc. No. 77-3 at 34-35 (Form 602). In the appeal Plaintiff complained that the prison had falsely
26 accused him of obstructing a peace officer during the pepper spray incident. Plaintiff wrote in the
27 appeal that he never disobeyed the prison officers’ orders during the pepper spray incident, and
28 Plaintiff had been merely “bird bathing” at the sink in his cell when Officer Dunnahoe and Officer
8

1 Valverde pepper-sprayed him. Plaintiff wrote in the appeal that he wanted his behavioral / work
2 credits restored.
3

The prison denied Plaintiff’s appeal on March 12, 2013, because, according to the prison,

4 Plaintiff “provided no credible evidence or testimony that would justify” (1) dismissing Plaintiff’s
5 guilty finding of violating § 3005(d) during the pepper spray incident or (2) restoring Plaintiff’s
6 behavioral / work credits. Doc. No. 77-3 at 32-33 (prison’s denial letter).
7 J.
8

On February 19, 2013, Plaintiff submitted an appeal to the prison about Plaintiff
being pepper-sprayed by Officer Valverde and Officer Dunnahoe on November 11,
2012, and beaten by Officer Crotty on December 7, 2012.

9

On February 25, 2013, Plaintiff submitted to the prison a written appeal on a Form 602.

10 See Doc. No. 77-3 at 25-28 (Form 602). In the appeal Plaintiff complained that Officer Crotty
11 attacked Plaintiff during the beating incident on December 7, 2012. Plaintiff complained that
12 Officer Crotty beat Plaintiff because Officer Crotty was “crooked” and “did not get a chance to do
13 anything to [Plaintiff] on” November 11, 2012. Id. at 27. Plaintiff complained that Officer Crotty
14 beat Plaintiff “for know [sic] reason at all” while Plaintiff was handcuffed. Id. Plaintiff
15 complained that he never “put [his] hands or [his] feet on” Officer Crotty. Id. Plaintiff requested
16 that the prison restore his behavioral / work credits. Id.
17

The prison cancelled Plaintiff’s appeal on February 26, 2013, because, according to the

18 prison, Plaintiff did not submit the appeal within the thirty-day time restraint imposed by
19 California Code of Regulations, Title 15, § 3084.8(b)(1), quoted supra. See Doc. No. 77-3 at 24
20 (prison’s cancelation letter). The prison’s cancellation letter to Plaintiff states, “You claim the
21 incident occurred on 12/7/12 and you have submitted your appeeal [sic] on 2/19/13, which is a not
22 [sic] within the prescribed time frame.” Id.
23 K.

On July 11, 2016, Plaintiff was released from prison.

24

On July 11, 2016, Plaintiff was released from prison on parole.

25 L.
26

On December 3, 2016, Plaintiff submitted a government claim to California’s
Government Claims Program pursuant to the California Torts Claim Act. The
Government Claims Program denied the claim.

27

On December 3, 2016, Plaintiff submitted a claim to the California Government Claims

28 Program for the incidents that occurred on November 12, 2012, and December 7, 2012. See Doc.
9

1 No. 77-13 at 6-8 (Pl.’s government claim). Plaintiff’s claim acknowledged that a “claim is only
2 barred by the Cal. Government Claims Act if not presented to the Government Claims Program
3 within 6 months of ‘accrual of claim.’” Id. at 8. Plaintiff’s claim asserted that the claim was
4 timely because Plaintiff submitted the claim on December 3, 2016, which was within six months
5 of the date that Plaintiff was released from prison, July 11, 2016. Id.
6

In a letter to Plaintiff dated December 13, 2016, the Government Claims Program stated

7 that a timely claim must be submitted no later than six months after the accrual of the cause of
8 action. See Doc. No. 77-13 at 5 (government’s letter). The Government Claims Program also
9 notified Plaintiff that Plaintiff’s “application for leave to present a late claim was received.” Doc.
10 No. 77-2 (JSUF No. 33).
11

In a letter to Plaintiff dated January 24, 2017, the Government Claims Program stated that

12 Plaintiff’s application for leave to present a late claim was denied for failure to meet the
13 requirements of California Government Code § 911.6. See Doc. No. 77-13 at 10 (government’s
14 letter). The Government Claims Program stated:
15
16
17

Your recourse, should you wish to pursue the matter further, is to file a petition in
court for relief from the requirements of Government Code Section 945.4. You
will have six months from the date of this notice to file a petition. If the courts
grant the petition, you will have 30 days from the date the petition is granted to file
suit on the cause of action to which this claim relates.

18 Doc. No. 77-13 at 10.
19 M.

On December 6, 2016, Plaintiff filed this lawsuit.

20

On December 6, 2016, Plaintiff filed this lawsuit against the multiple prison officers

21 involved in the incidents that occurred on November 11, 2012, and December 7, 2012. The Court
22 adjudicated two motions to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), by which the Court dismissed some
23 of Plaintiff’s claims. See Doc. No. 21; Doc. No. 31. Ultimately Plaintiff filed a first amended
24 complaint, see Doc. No. 22, which is currently the operative complaint.
25 / / /
26
27
28
10

1 N.

Plaintiff’s pending claims.

2

At this summary judgment phase, Plaintiff’s pending claims are as follows:3

3

•

First claim: Eighth Amendment violations during the pepper-spray incident by:
o Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde for excessive force.

4
•

5

Second claim: Eighth Amendment violations during the holding cell incident by:
o Officer Crotty for excessive force.

6
•

7

Third claim: Eighth Amendment violations during the beating incident by:

8

o Officer Crotty for excessive force;

9

o Officer Gonzales and Officer Cantu for failure to intervene.
•

10

Seventh claim: Eighth Amendment violations during all incidents by:
o Officer Foster for supervisory liability.

11
•

12

Ninth claim: assault and battery during the pepper-spray incident by:
o Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde.

13
•

14

Tenth claim: assault and battery during the holding cell incident by:
o Officer Crotty.

15
•

16

Eleventh claim: assault and battery for the beating incident by:

17

o Officer Crotty for assault and battery;

18

o Officer Gonzales and Officer Cantu for failure to intervene.
•

19

Twelfth claim: California Bane Act violations for all incidents by:
o Officer Valverde, Officer Dunnahoe, Officer Crotty, Officer Gonzales, and

20
21

Officer Cantu.
•

22

Thirteenth claim: negligence for all incidents by:
o Officer Foster.

23
24
25
26
27
28

In response to Defendants’ summary judgment motion, Plaintiff voluntarily abandoned the following claims: all
claims premised on the Fourteenth Amendment (first, second, and third claims); the Eighth Amendment claim against
Officer Crotty for the pepper-spray incident (first claim); and all claims against Officer White (first and ninth claims).
Pursuant to Plaintiff’s abandonment, these claims will be dismissed with prejudice.
3

11

IV. Defendants’ Motion

1
A.

Statute of limitations.

2
1.

Defendants’ arguments:

3
Plaintiff’s claims that are premised on the incidents that occurred on November 11, 2012,
4
are barred by the statute of limitations, which is two years. Pursuant to California Code of Civil
5
Procedure § 352.1, the statute of limitations may be statutorily tolled for two years because
6
Plaintiff was incarcerated at the time of the incidents and the subsequent two years.
7
Plaintiff filed his complaint on December 6, 2016. Consequently, even with the
8
application of statutory tolling under § 352.1, Plaintiff filed his complaint twenty-four days after
9
the running of the statute of limitations, which ran on November 12, 2016. But for the application
10
of equitable tolling, the statute of limitations bars all claims premised on the pepper spray incident
11
and holding cell incident.
12
Equitable tolling is not warranted because Plaintiff did not timely pursue his administrative
13
remedies. To wit, Plaintiff did not submit his first prison appeal until January 7, 2013. That
14
appeal was untimely because it was not submitted to the prison within thirty days of November 12,
15
2012, as is required by California Code of Regulations, Title 15, § 3084.8(b)(1). Further, in the
16
appeal, Plaintiff only complained that the prison erroneously found Plaintiff guilty of violating
17
California Code of Regulations, Title 15, § 3005(b), but Plaintiff did not complain of being
18
pepper-sprayed by Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde or physically abused by Officer Crotty
19
in the holding cell. In other words, Plaintiff’s appeal on January 7, 2013, did not put Defendants
20
on notice of the alleged misconduct that occurred on November 12, 2012.
21
Moreover, assuming arguendo that Plaintiff’s appeal on January 7, 2013, was timely, the
22
prison canceled the appeal eight days later on January 15, 2013, meaning the appeal would afford
23
Plaintiff only eight days of equitable tolling. Eight days of equitable tolling is insufficient to
24
overcome the statute of limitations bar because Plaintiff filed his complaint twenty-four days after
25
the running of the statute of limitations.
26
Finally, while it is true that Plaintiff testified in his deposition that he submitted to the
27

prison an appeal a “day or so after” November 11, 2012, the Court should disregard Plaintiff’s

28
12

1 testimony because, first, it is self-serving and, second, neither party has produced a written record
2 of the alleged “day or so after” appeal, such as a copy of the appeal. The absence of a written
3 record proves that the alleged appeal is a fiction.
4

2.

5

The statute of limitations for the claims arising from the incidents on November 11, 2012,

Plaintiff’s arguments:

6 should be tolled for at least thirty days. This is because Plaintiff submitted to the prison an appeal
7 a “day or so after” November 11, 2012. Pursuant to California Code of Regulations, Title 15, §
8 3084.8(c)(1), the prison was required to respond to Plaintiff’s appeal within thirty days. Plaintiff
9 waited thirty days for the prison to respond, but the prison never responded. Therefore, the thirty
10 days that Plaintiff waited for the prison’s response should be grounds for thirty days of equitable
11 tolling.
12

Although neither party has produced a written record of the “day or so after” appeal,

13 Plaintiff testified in his deposition that he submitted the written appeal to the prison. Therefore,
14 assuming the prison is telling the truth that it currently does not have a written copy of the appeal,
15 the prison either intentionally destroyed the written appeal or lost the written appeal. In other
16 words, just because neither party has produced a written record of the appeal does not mean that
17 the appeal is a fiction, nor does it mean that Plaintiff is lying about submitting the appeal.
18

Next, on January 4, 2013, the prison notified Plaintiff that the prison found him guilty of

19 violating § 3005(b) during the pepper spray incident and, as a result, the prison deducted
20 behavioral / work credits. On January 7, 2013, Plaintiff submitted to the prison a written appeal,
21 complaining about the officers’ misconduct during the incidents on November 11, 2012. The
22 appeal on January 7, 2013, was a timely appeal about the prison officers’ misconduct during the
23 incidents on November 11, 2012, and this is because California Code of Regulations, Title 15, §
24 3084.8(b)(1) states that an appeal must be submitted within thirty days of either “[t]he occurrence
25 of the event or decision being appealed.” (Emphasis added). Since Plaintiff was notified on
26 January 4, 2013, of the prison’s “decision” concerning the incidents on November 11, 2012,
27 Plaintiff’s appeal on January 7, 2013, was filed within the thirty-day deadline imposed by §
28 3084.8(b)(1).
13

1

Next, the prison canceled Plaintiff’s January 7, 2013, appeal on January 15, 2013, on

2 grounds that the appeal was untimely. The prison’s cancelation of the appeal was improper
3 because, as discussed supra, the appeal was timely. Further, assuming arguendo that the
4 cancelation was proper, the prison notified Plaintiff of the cancelation eight days after Plaintiff
5 filed his appeal on January 7, 2013. Therefore, the eight days that Plaintiff waited for the prison’s
6 cancelation decision should be grounds for eight days of equitable tolling.
7

Next, on January 22, 2013, Plaintiff submitted a written appeal to the prison about the

8 incidents on November 11, 2012. On February 25, 2013, Plaintiff submitted another written
9 appeal to the prison about the incidents on November 11, 2012. On March 12, 2013, the prison
10 denied the appeal that was submitted on January 22, 2013. Therefore, Plaintiff’s written appeals
11 (i.e., the written appeals of which there are written records, which excludes the “day or so after”
12 appeal) prove that Plaintiff diligently pursued his administrative remedies concerning the incidents
13 on November 11, 2012, for a total of sixty-five days: from January 7, 2013, through March 12,
14 2013. Those sixty-five days should be grounds for sixty-five days of equitable tolling.
15

3.

16

All of Plaintiff’s claims are governed by a two-year statute of limitations. See Cal. Civ.

Legal standard:

17 Proc. Code § 335.1; Douglas v. Noelle, 567 F.3d 1103, 1109 (9th Cir. 2009); Rasmussen v. City of
18 Los Angeles, 2012 WL 5522738, at *5 (Cal. Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2012). The two-year statute of
19 limitations for Plaintiff’s claims may be statutorily tolled for two years. See Cal. Code Civ. Proc.
20 § 352.1. See also Hardin v. Straub, 490 U.S. 536, 543-44 (1989) (stating that state tolling statutes
21 apply to § 1983 claims); Elliott v. City of Union City, 25 F.3d 800, 803 (9th Cir. 1994).
22

The federal Prison Litigation Reform Act requires a prisoner to exhaust administrative

23 remedies within the prison grievance system, such as filing a prison appeal, before filing a related §
24 1983 action. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). The running of the limitations period “must be tolled” during
25 the pendency of the PLRA’s mandatory exhaustion process. Brown v. Valoff, 422 F.3d 926, 943 (9th
26 Cir. 2005).
27

In addition to applying the foregoing PLRA mandatory tolling rule for § 1983 claims, federal

28 courts also apply “the forum state’s law regarding tolling, including equitable tolling, except to the
14

1 extent any of these laws is inconsistent with federal law.” Canatella v. Van De Kamp, 486 F.3d
2 1128, 1132 (9th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted). California recognizes equitable tolling, which “is a
3 judicially created doctrine that operates to suspend or extend a statute of limitations in order to
4 ensure that a limitations period is not used to bar a claim unfairly.” Hatfield v. Halifax PLC, 564
5 F.3d 1177, 1185 (9th Cir. 2009).
6

Under California’s equitable tolling doctrine, the statute of limitations may be tolled when the

7 claimant sought alternative relief prior to filing suit, subject to showing the following: (1) “timely
8 notice” of the first claim for relief to the defendants; (2) “lack of prejudice[ ] to the defendant[s]”; and
9 (3) “reasonable and good faith conduct on the part of the plaintiff.” McDonald v. Antelope Valley
10 Comm. College Dist., 45 Cal. 4th 88, 102 (2008); accord Cervantes v. City of San Diego, 5 F.3d 1273,
11 1275 (9th Cir. 1993); Thomas v. Gilliand, 95 Cal. App. 4th 427, 434 (2002).
12

California Code of Regulations, Title 15, § 3084.1(a) allows for prisoner appeals. To exhaust

13 claims related to a prisoner appeal, the prisoner must first submit the appeal on a written “Form 602”
14 to the appeals coordinator’s office for receipt and processing. Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, §§ 3084.2(a),
15 (c), 3084.7(a). As previously stated, section § 3084.8(b)(1) imposes a thirty-day deadline for filing a
16 prisoner appeal. It states, “[e]xcept as described in subsection 3084.8(b)(4), an inmate or parolee
17 must submit the appeal within 30 calendar days of: (1) The occurrence of the event or decision
18 being appealed . . . .” Id. at § 3084.8(b)(1). If the prisoner submits the appeal after the thirty-day
19 deadline, then the prison may cancel the appeal. Id. at § 3084.6(c)(4).
20

4.

21

The parties do not dispute that the statute of limitations for Plaintiff’s claims arising from

Discussion:

22 the incidents on November 11, 2012, ran on November 12, 2016. The parties do not dispute that
23 those claims are barred by the statute of limitations but for the application of equitable tolling of at
24 least twenty-four days.4
25

Under both the PLRA mandatory tolling rule for § 1983 claims and California’s equitable

26 tolling doctrine, Plaintiff is not entitled to equitable tolling for his claims arising from the
27
28

The Court previously ruled that the two-year statute of limitations for Plaintiff’s claims may be tolled consecutively
using both statutory tolling under California Civil Procedure Code § 352.1 and California’s equitable tolling doctrine.
See Doc. No. 21 (Court’s order citing cases).
4

15

1 incidents on November 11, 2012, if Plaintiff did not submit to the prison a written appeal on a
2 Form 602 by December 12, 2012. First, with respect to the PLRA mandatory tolling rule,
3 mandatory tolling is required only if the prisoner proceeds through the mandatory exhaustion
4 process. See Brown v. Valoff, 422 F.3d 926, 943 (9th Cir. 2005) (“[T]he applicable statute of
5 limitations must be tolled while a prisoner completes the mandatory exhaustion process.”)
6 (emphasis added). Plaintiff cannot be said to have proceeded through the exhaustion process, let
7 alone completed the exhaustion process, if Plaintiff failed to timely initiate the exhaustion process.
8

Second, with respect to California’s equitable tolling doctrine, Plaintiff cannot satisfy any

9 of the three elements outlined in McDonald v. Antelope Valley Comm. College Dist., 45 Cal. 4th 88,
10 102 (2008), if Plaintiff did not timely initiate the exhaustion process. For the first element, if
11 Plaintiff failed to timely initiate the exhaustion process, then Plaintiff did not provide Defendants
12 with “timely notice” of the claims. “The timely notice requirement essentially means that the first
13 claim must have been filed within the statutory period. Furthermore, the filing of the first claim
14 must alert the defendant in the second claim of the need to begin investigating the facts which
15 form the basis for the second claim.” Id. at 102 n.2. If Plaintiff filed an untimely appeal, then the
16 prison would be authorized to cancel the appeal; and if the prison canceled the untimely appeal,
17 then Defendants would likely not be placed on notice “of the need to begin investigating the facts
18 which form the basis for the second claim.” Id. For the second element, if Plaintiff failed to
19 timely initiate the exhaustion process, then Defendants would be prejudiced because, as previously
20 stated, they would not be placed on notice of the need to begin investigating and documenting the
21 facts which form the basis of Plaintiff’s second claim. Without the benefit of having notice of the
22 need to begin investigating and documenting the facts which form the basis of Plaintiff’s second
23 claim, the Defendants would be prejudiced if equitable tolling were applied because, in part,
24 “[f]airness to the defendant requires that a case be brought when memories have not been affected
25 by time . . . .” Jones v. Blanas, 393 F.3d 918, 928 (9th Cir. 2004) (analyzing California’s
26 equitable tolling doctrine). This is particularly true here where the two-year statute of limitations,
27 to say nothing of being equitably tolled, is being statutorily tolled for two years. Third, if Plaintiff
28 failed to timely initiate the exhaustion process, then it cannot be said that Plaintiff acted
16

1 reasonably and in good faith. Plaintiff does not even attempt to argue that he was incapable of
2 timely initiating the exhaustion process, nor does Plaintiff attempt to argue that he was unaware of
3 the filing deadline. In fact, by testifying that he submitted the appeal a “day or so after” the
4 incidents on November 11, 2012, Plaintiff implicitly conceded that he was capable of timely
5 initiating the exhaustion process. Therefore, for all these reasons, if Plaintiff did not submit to the
6 prison a written appeal on a Form 602 by December 12, 2012, then Plaintiff is not entitled to
7 equitable tolling for his claims arising from the incidents on November 11, 2012.
8

At this summary judgment phase, Plaintiff provided the Court with his deposition

9 testimony wherein he testified that a “day or so after” November 11, 2012, Plaintiff submitted to
10 the prison a written appeal about the pepper spray incident and holding cell incident. Further,
11 Plaintiff presented evidence that the prison never responded to Plaintiff about the appeal within the
12 thirty days required under § 3084.8(c)(1). If that evidence is true, then Plaintiff’s appeal was
13 timely and, consequently, thirty days of equitable tolling is warranted.
14

Defendants contend that the Court should disbelieve Plaintiff’s testimony because it is self-

15 serving and false. According to Defendants, the fact that neither party found or produced a written
16 record of the alleged “day or so after” appeal proves that the appeal is a fiction. The Court rejects
17 Defendants’ contention. At this summary judgment phase, justifiable inferences are drawn in
18 Plaintiff’s favor. The fact that neither party produced a written record of the “day or so after”
19 appeal does not indisputably prove that Plaintiff did not submit the appeal.
20

Because there is a disputed issue of material fact as to whether Plaintiff submitted an

21 appeal by December 12, 2012, and because that issue ultimately determines whether equitable
22 tolling is warranted and whether Plaintiff’s claims arising from the incidents on November 11,
23 2012, are barred by the statute of limitations, the Court will present the question to the jury. See
24 Katz v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 737 F.2d 238, 242 at n.2 (2d Cir. 1984) (“Where there are
25 disputed factual questions regarding an affirmative defense such as a statute of limitations defense,
26 the Second Circuit has stated that issues of fact as to the application of that defense must be
27 submitted to a jury.”) (citations omitted); Anisko v. Eldorado Dev. Corp., 2018 WL 4409354, at
28 *4 (D. Nev. Sept. 17, 2018) (refusing to grant summary judgment because there was a genuine
17

1 issue of material fact as to whether equitable tolling was warranted); Huss v. City of Huntington
2 Beach, 317 F. Supp. 2d 1151, 1162 (C.D. Cal. 2000) (“Accordingly, the propriety of equitable
3 tolling in this case hinges upon disputed questions of fact and upon credibility judgments that the
4 Court is not free to make on a motion for summary adjudication.”); FNB Mortg. Corp. v. Pac.
5 Gen. Grp., 76 Cal. App. 4th 1116, 1126 (1999) (“Resolution of a statute of limitations defense
6 normally is a factual question for the trier of fact. Summary judgment is proper, however, if the
7 court can draw only one legitimate inference from uncontradicted evidence regarding the
8 limitations question.”) (citations omitted). In order for the Court to conclude that equitable tolling
9 is not warranted at this summary judgment phase, the Court would have to make a credibility
10 determination: namely, Plaintiff’s testimony about the “day or so after” appeal is false. That
11 credibility determination is better left to the jury. See, e.g., Aronsen v. Crown Zellerbach, 662
12 F.2d 584, 595 (9th Cir. 1981).
13

Finally, the Court rejects Plaintiff’s argument that the appeal submitted on January 7,

14 2013, was timely. California Code of Regulations, Title 15, § 3084.8(b)(1) states that “an inmate or
15 parolee must submit the appeal within 30 calendar days of . . . [t]he occurrence of the event or
16 decision being appealed . . . .” (Emphasis added). Plaintiff’s claims are premised on “events”
17 under § 3087.8(b)(1), namely, the pepper spray incident and holding cell incident. Those events
18 occurred on November 11, 2012. Plaintiff’s claims are not premised on a prison decision, such as
19 the January 4, 2013, prison decision finding Plaintiff guilty of violating § 3005(b). Therefore,
20 Plaintiff’s thirty-day deadline under § 3084.8(b)(1) ran from November 11, 2012, not January 4,
21 2013.
22
23 B.

Favorable termination doctrine.

24

1.

25

Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims arising from the pepper spray incident and beating incident are

Defendants’ arguments:

26 barred by the favorable termination doctrine from Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 483-87
27 (1994). For the pepper spray incident, the prison found Plaintiff guilty of “Resisting/Obstructing a
28 Peace Officer,” a violation of California Code of Regulations, Title 15, § 3005(b). As a result, the
18

1 prison deducted behavioral / work credits from Plaintiff, which affected the duration of his
2 incarceration. The prison’s guilty finding and deduction of credits were based on the facts that
3 Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde gave Plaintiff orders to back up, cuff up, and get in a
4 prone position, but Plaintiff disobeyed those orders. Officer Dunnahoe’s and Officer Valverde’s
5 use of force, i.e., pepper spray, can only be considered excessive and unnecessary under the Eighth
6 Amendment if Plaintiff was not disobeying orders. Therefore, if judgment were entered in
7 Plaintiff’s favor on the § 1983 claims arising from the pepper spray incident, then the judgment
8 would necessarily imply the invalidity of the prison’s guilty finding and deduction of credits. The
9 possibility of that result cannot be allowed under the favorable termination doctrine. Therefore,
10 Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims arising from the pepper spray incident cannot proceed.
11

For the beating incident, the prison found Plaintiff guilty of “Battery on a Peace Officer

12 with Serious Injury,” a violation of California Code of Regulations, Title 15, § 3005(d)(1). As a
13 result, the prison deducted behavioral / work credits from Plaintiff, which affected the duration of
14 his incarceration. The prison’s guilty finding and deduction of credits were based on the
15 following facts: (1) Plaintiff suddenly lunged towards Officer Crotty, striking Officer Crotty in the
16 left shoulder with Plaintiff’s right shoulder, thereby causing Officer Crotty to lose his grip on
17 Plaintiff’s arm; (2) Officer Crotty ordered Plaintiff to assume a prone position, and Plaintiff
18 refused to comply with that order; (3) Officer Crotty struck Plaintiff twice in the upper right thigh
19 with his baton, but Plaintiff refused to comply with the order to get down, resulting in (4) Officer
20 Crotty grabbing Plaintiff’s arm and forcing Plaintiff to the ground; and (5) while Plaintiff was on
21 the ground, Plaintiff kicked at Officer Gonzales and Officer Crotty.
22

Yet, when Plaintiff was questioned in his deposition about the beating incident, Plaintiff

23 testified that: (1) he did not lunge at or strike Officer Crotty’s shoulder; (2) he did not refuse to
24 assume a prone position; (3) it is not true that he refused to comply with an order to get down
25 when struck with a baton; (4) he was not struck with a baton while standing; (5) he did not ignore
26 orders to assume a prone position; (6) he did not kick at Officer Crotty and Officer Gonzales while
27 on the ground; (7) he did not continue kicking at Officer Crotty and Officer Gonzales while or
28 after he was batoned. Therefore, because Plaintiff’s testimony contradicts the factual basis of the
19

1 prison’s guilty finding and deduction of credits for the beating incident, the success of Plaintiff’s §
2 1983 claims arising from the beating incident would necessarily imply the invalidity of the
3 prison’s guilty finding and deduction of credits. The possibility of that result cannot be allowed
4 under the favorable termination doctrine. Therefore, Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims arising from the
5 beating incident cannot proceed.
6

2.

7

Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims are not Heck-barred because even if the prison’s factual basis for

Plaintiff’s arguments:

8 the guilty findings and credit deductions is presumed to be true, the use of force during the pepper
9 spray incident and beating incident can still be considered excessive and unnecessary under the
10 Eighth Amendment. This means that Plaintiff can prevail on his § 1983 claims without
11 necessarily implying the invalidity of the prison’s guilty findings and deduction of credits.
12

3.

13

Where a § 1983 claim seeking damages alleges constitutional violations that would

Legal standard:

14 necessarily imply the invalidity of the prisoner’s conviction or sentence, the prisoner must first
15 establish that the underlying sentence or conviction has been invalidated on appeal, by a habeas
16 petition, or through some similar proceeding. See Heck, 512 U.S. at 483-87. Consequently,
17 where a § 1983 claim would necessarily imply the invalidity of the conviction or sentence, the §
18 1983 claim may not proceed. See Edwards v. Balisok, 520 U.S. 641, 646-48 (1997). This
19 principle is referred to as the “Heck-bar” or “favorable termination” doctrine. However, the
20 inverse of the Heck-bar is true: where the § 1983 claim would not necessarily imply the invalidity
21 of the conviction or sentence, the § 1983 claim may proceed. See Heck, 512 U.S. at 482-83. See
22 also Reese v. Cty. of Sacramento, 888 F.3d 1030, 1045-46 (9th Cir. 2018); Hooper v. Cty. of San
23 Diego, 629 F.3d 1127, 1132-33 (9th Cir. 2011); Weilburg v. Shapiro, 488 F.3d 1202, 1206-07 (9th
24 Cir. 2007).
25

4.

26

The Court previously addressed the Heck-bar when it ruled on Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6)

Discussion:

27 motion. See Doc. No. 31. In essence, the Court previously held that Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims are
28 Heck-barred only insofar as the legal theories underlying the claims would necessarily invalidate
20

1 the prison’s guilty findings and credit deductions if Plaintiff were to prevail on the claims. Stated
2 the Court,
3

8

Plaintiff’s first cause of action alleges that, on November 11, 2012, Defendants
Dunnahoe and Valverde sprayed two full canisters of pepper spray at Plaintiff
through the cell’s port door. . . . A reasonable reading of Plaintiff’s complaint is
that the amount of forced used was beyond the force necessary to bring Plaintiff
into compliance. To that extent, Plaintiff’s claim survives Heck. However, insofar
as Plaintiff suggests that no force was warranted because he did not defy the
Defendant correctional officers’ orders, his claim is barred by Heck. . . . And
again, his claim may only succeed if it is established that the force used was more
than necessary. Plaintiff could not recover based on a finding that the application
of any force was unwarranted because Plaintiff did nothing to warrant application
of such force. Plaintiff’s first claim is curbed, but not barred, by Heck.

9

....

4
5
6
7

10

15

Plaintiff’s second cause of action alleges that on November 11, 2012, after the
pepper spray incident, Defendant Crotty raised up Plaintiff’s hand-cuffed hands and
threw Plaintiff into a holding cell, causing Plaintiff’s face to be slammed into the
cell’s back fence, injuring his left cheekbone and eye in the form of bruising.
Plaintiff contends that this act constituted excessive force. Heck does not preclude
that claim because it is not necessarily inconsistent with the [prison’s] RVR.
Indeed, the RVR issued in relation to the November 11, 2012 incident gives no
indication that the allegations of the second cause of action ever took place or that
any force was required in that situation. Plaintiff’s success on such a claim would
not tend to undermine, in any way, the RVR. This claim is not impacted by Heck.
Dismissal is not warranted as to this claim.

16

....

17

Plaintiff’s third cause of action alleges that on December 7, 2012, Defendant Crotty
escorted Plaintiff, whose hands were handcuffed behind his back, to a spot out of
view and threw Plaintiff into a wall and then onto the ground where he struck
Plaintiff multiple times in his infirm leg. Two Doe Defendant correctional officers
joined in the attack, inflicting baton blows and stomping on Plaintiff. Plaintiff
contends that the beating he received constituted force beyond that which was
necessary to restore order.

11
12
13
14

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

A RVR was issued in relation to this incident wherein Plaintiff was assessed a 360day credit loss for battery upon a peace officer resulting in serious injury. At the
rules violation hearing, the hearing official considered the statements of the
correctional officers and Plaintiff’s oral statement. Defendant Crotty testified that
Plaintiff thrust his shoulder into Crotty, causing Defendant Crotty to lose his grip
on Plaintiff’s arm. Defendant Crotty ordered Plaintiff to assume a prone position
and Plaintiff refused. Defendant Crotty then used his baton, and then physical
force to force Plaintiff to the ground. Additional force was utilized and Plaintiff
became compliant. Defendants Gonzales and Cantu agreed with Defendant
Crotty’s recitation of the events and added that Plaintiff kicked at Defendants
Gonzales and Crotty after having been forced to the ground.
In this context, even if Defendants acted unlawfully by using excessive force,
Plaintiff could still have been guilty of battery. Assuming, as the Court must, that
Plaintiff did thrust his shoulder at Defendant Crotty, Plaintiff contends that
21

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Defendant Crotty’s response was excessive; further assuming that Plaintiff kicked
at Defendants Crotty and Gonzales, Plaintiff contends that the beating he received
was beyond that necessary to achieve compliance with their orders. The fact that
the RVR recited the situation as relayed by Defendants Crotty, Gonzales, and
Cantu — that the force used to bring Plaintiff to the ground was necessary and that
Defendants only applied baton strikes until Plaintiff stopped kicking — does not
preclude litigation of excessive force allegations. The findings regarding how
much force Defendants applied and when they ceased to apply force were not
necessary to sustain the RVR for battery on a peace officer causing serious injury.
As this Court has previously noted, the fact that Plaintiff battered a correctional
officer and refused orders from a correctional officer does not offer a blank check
for use of force by correctional officers. A finding that the Defendants applied
excessive force would not tend to invalidate the RVR resulting from the December
7, 2012 incident. Plaintiff’s third cause of action survives Heck. Dismissal is not
appropriate as to this claim.
....
Each of Plaintiff’s first three causes of action allege a failure-to-intervene by
surrounding correctional officers. Defendants move to dismiss all of the failure-tointervene allegations as barred by Heck for largely the same reasons addressed with
respect to the direct violation allegations. . . . [W]ith respect to the third cause of
action, relating to the December 7, 2012 incident involving Defendant Crotty
forcing Plaintiff to the ground and Defendant Crotty and Doe Defendants 1 and 2
applying baton strikes and kicks to Plaintiff while he was on the ground, Plaintiff
contends that Defendants Gonzales, Cantu, and Doe Defendants 11-20 failed to
intervene to prevent the alleged misconduct. Plaintiff contends that Defendant
Gonzales was present and did nothing to intervene and Defendant Cantu operated
the control tower and also watched and did nothing to intervene. To the same
extent that Plaintiff’s third cause of action survives against Defendant Crotty, i.e.
insofar as it alleges that the force applied was malicious and sadistic and not taken
in a good-faith effort to restore discipline, the derivative claim against Defendants
Gonzales and Cantu survive Heck.
Doc. No. 31 (citations and quotations omitted).

18
The Court’s foregoing ruling and analysis still stand. If judgment on one of the § 1983
19
claims were issued in Plaintiff’s favor, then the favorable termination doctrine would be violated
20
only if the judgment would necessarily invalidate the prison’s guilty finding and/or credit
21
deduction. To explicate this issue, the Court must discuss the prison’s two guilty findings, which
22
the prison documented in written Rules Violation Reports.
23
a.
24

Pepper spray incident:

For the pepper spray incident, the prison found Plaintiff guilty of “Resisting and/or

25
Obstructing a Peace Officer,” which was a violation of California Code of Regulations, Title 15,
26
Section 3005(b). Section 3005(b) states,
27
28

Obeying Orders. Inmates and parolees must promptly and courteously obey written
and verbal orders and instructions from department staff, and from employees of
22

1

other agencies with authorized responsibility for the custody and supervision of
inmates and parolees.

2 Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, § 3005(b). Therefore, for purposes of this lawsuit, the elements
3 considered by the prison for a § 3005(b) violation, as documented in the Rules Violation Report,
4 were: (1) a prison officer gives an order or instruction to a prisoner and (2) the prisoner does not
5 promptly or courteously obey the order.
6

Because of those elements, the prison’s guilty finding was based on the following facts,

7 which are documented in the Rules Violation Report: (1) Officer Dunnahoe gave Plaintiff a verbal
8 order to back up to the cuff port and cuff up; (2) Plaintiff did not obey that order; (3) Officer
9 Dunnahoe gave Plaintiff a verbal order to get down in a prone position; (4) Plaintiff did not obey
10 that order; (5) Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde both gave Plaintiff a verbal order to get
11 down; (6) Plaintiff did not obey those orders. Consequently, pursuant to the Heck-bar, Plaintiff’s
12 § 1983 claims may not advance any legal theory that, if successful, would necessarily invalidate or
13 contradict any of the foregoing facts. In other words, none of the foregoing facts can be presumed
14 to be false by the factfinder for purposes of adjudicating Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims.
15

With that factual groundwork in mind, Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims arising from the pepper-

16 spray incident are not necessarily Heck-barred. This is because even if Plaintiff disobeyed the
17 foregoing orders of Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde, Plaintiff can advance the cognizable
18 theory that the force applied by the prison officers, i.e., two cans of pepper spray, was excessive
19 and unnecessary and applied maliciously and sadistically for the purpose of causing harm to
20 Plaintiff. If Plaintiff prevailed on that legal theory, then the judgment would not necessarily
21 invalidate the prison’s finding that Plaintiff was guilty of “Resisting and/or Obstructing a Peace
22 Officer.” See Cunningham v. Gates, 312 F.3d 1148, 1153-54 (9th Cir. 2002), as amended on
23 denial of reh’g (Jan. 14, 2003) (“In evaluating whether claims are barred by Heck, an important
24 touchstone is whether a § 1983 plaintiff could prevail only by negating ‘an element of the offense
25 of which he has been convicted.’”) (quoting Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486 n.6 (1994)).
26 Cf. Beets v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 669 F.3d 1038, 1045 (9th Cir. 2012) (ruling that because the
27 elements of the plaintiff’s underlying criminal conviction were that the officer was “lawfully
28 performing his duties as a peace officer” and not “using unreasonable or excessive force in his or
23

1 her duties,” the plaintiff’s subsequent § 1983 claim for excessive force against the officer was
2 Heck-barred because success on the claim would “be contrary to” the underlying criminal
3 conviction, i.e., success on the § 1983 claim would mean that the officer was acting unlawfully
4 and using excessive force while performing his duties).
5
6

b.

Beating incident:

For the beating incident, the prison found Plaintiff guilty of “Battery on a Peace Officer

7 with Serious Injury,” which was a violation of California Code of Regulations, Title 15, §
8 3005(d)(1). Section 3005(d)(1) states,
9
10

Inmates shall not willfully commit or assist another person in the commission of an
assault or battery to any person or persons, nor attempt or threaten the use of force
or violence upon another person.

11 Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, § 3005(d)(1). “Battery,” as was recognized in the Rules Violation Report,
12 is defined by California Penal Code § 242 as “any willful and unlawful use of force or violence
13 upon the person of another.” “Serious injury,” as was recognized in the Rules Violation Report, is
14 defined by California Penal Code 243(f)(4) as “a serious impairment of physical condition,
15 including, but not limited to . . . bone fracture.” Therefore, for purposes of this lawsuit, the
16 elements considered by the prison for “Battery on a Peace Officer with Serious Injury,” as
17 documented in the Rules Violation Report, were: (1) a prisoner (2) willfully and (3) unlawfully (4)
18 using force or violence (5) upon a peace officer, (6) causing a bone fracture.
19

Because of those elements, the prison’s guilty finding was based on the following facts,

20 which are documented in the Rules Violation Report: (1) Plaintiff lunged towards Officer Crotty
21 and struck Officer Crotty’s left shoulder with Plaintiff’s right shoulder; (2) Plaintiff kicked at
22 Officer Crotty; (3) Plaintiff’s force or violence fractured bone/s in Crotty’s hand. Consequently,
23 pursuant to the Heck-bar, Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims may not advance any legal theory that, if
24 successful, would necessarily invalidate or contradict any of the foregoing facts. In other words,
25 none of the foregoing facts can be presumed to be false by the factfinder for purposes of
26 adjudicating Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims.
27

With that factual groundwork clarified, Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims arising from the beating

28 incident are not necessarily Heck-barred. This is because even if Plaintiff battered Officer Crotty
24

1 by shouldering and kicking him and fractured Officer Crotty’s hand, Plaintiff can advance the
2 cognizable legal theory that the force applied by the prison officers in response was excessive and
3 unnecessary and applied maliciously and sadistically for the purpose of causing harm to Plaintiff.
4 If Plaintiff prevailed on that legal theory, then the judgment would not necessarily invalidate the
5 prison’s finding that Plaintiff was guilty of “Battery on a Peace Officer with Serious Injury.”
6

c.

7

Plaintiff’s deposition testimony:

Defendants invoke the Heck-bar because, in part, Plaintiff testified in his deposition that he

8 disputed the prison’s factual findings underlying the guilty findings. For example, regarding the
9 beating incident, Plaintiff denied lunging or kicking at Officer Crotty. Plaintiff’s deposition
10 testimony, however, does not necessarily trigger the Heck-bar, and this is because a party’s factual
11 testimony during discovery does not necessarily dictate the party’s legal theory at the summary
12 judgment phase or trial phase. But to be clear, as previously stated, Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims may
13 not advance at trial any legal theory that would invalidate or contradict any of the material,
14 elemental facts premising the guilty findings, which were discussed supra. See Smith v. City of
15 Hemet, 394 F.3d 689, 695 (9th Cir. 2005) (stating in an explanatory parenthetical about
16 Cunningham v. Gates, 312 F.3d 1148, 1153-54 (9th Cir. 2003) that “Heck bars suits based on
17 theories that necessarily imply the invalidity of the plaintiff’s convictions or sentences”)
18 (emphasis added).
19

d.

20

Non-material findings from the prison adjudications:

Defendants cite to multiple factual findings documented by the prison in the Rules

21 Violation Reports. For example, for the beating incident for which Plaintiff was found guilty of
22 battery, Defendants cite to the prison’s factual finding that Officer Crotty struck Plaintiff twice in
23 the upper right thigh with his baton before Plaintiff went to the ground. Also, Defendants cite to
24 the prison’s factual finding that Plaintiff refused to comply with Officer Crotty’s orders to get
25 down and assume a prone position. Those factual findings were not material to the battery guilty
26 finding, and that is because those factual findings were not elements of the battery violation.5
27
28

5

The prison, presumably, was not limited as to the charges that it could bring against Plaintiff. For example, for the
beating incident, the prison arguably could have also charged Plaintiff with resisting a peace officer. The prison did

25

1 Non-material factual findings that the prison documented in the Rules Violation Reports are not
2 sanctified by the Heck-bar. See Venson v. Jackson, 2019 WL 3072308, at *4-5 (S.D. Cal. July 15,
3 2019), report and recommendation adopted, 2019 WL 3798704 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 13, 2019) (taking
4 judicial notice of only the following facts documented in a Rules Violation Report: (1) the charge
5 brought against the plaintiff (i.e., battery on a peace officer); (2) the fact that the plaintiff was
6 found guilty; (3) the identity of the victim; and (4) the resulting punishment (i.e., a 150-day good7 time credit deduction)); Daniels v. Valencia, 2018 WL 3640321, at *3-*4 (E.D. Cal. July 30,
8 2018), report and recommendation adopted, 2018 WL 4636186 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 26, 2018) (taking
9 judicial notice of the charge, victim, and punishment that were documented in the Rules Violation
10 Report, but not taking judicial notice of the other factual findings in the Rules Violation Report).
11
12 C.

Failure to intervene by Officer Cantu during the beating incident.

13

1.

14

Summary judgment is warranted in Officer Cantu’s favor on the § 1983 failure-to-

Defendants’ arguments:

15 intervene claim. This is because a prison officer can violate a prisoner’s Eighth Amendment rights
16 by failing to intervene, but only if the prison officer had a realistic opportunity to intervene and
17 prevent or curtail the violation but failed to do so. Plaintiff’s failure-to-intervene theory is that
18 Officer Cantu, upon seeing the beating, should have sounded the alarm sooner. But this theory
19 fails because Officer Cantu declared that after he noticed the commotion, and before Plaintiff went
20 to the ground, Officer Cantu immediately sounded the alarm. While Plaintiff argues that Officer
21 Cantu should have sounded the alarm sooner, Plaintiff has not provided any evidence that Officer
22 Cantu could have acted sooner. Consequently, Plaintiff cannot establish a genuine issue of
23 material fact as to Officer Cantu’s ability to intervene sooner.
24

2.

25

The beating lasted at least three or four minutes. The alarm was not sounded until after the

Plaintiff’s argument:

26 beating ended. Therefore, summary judgment in Officer Cantu’s favor is not warranted because,
27
28 not do so. Consequently, the factual findings in the Rules Violation Report about Plaintiff resisting a peace officer are
not encompassed within the Heck-bar.

26

1 first, Officer Cantu could and should have sounded the alarm before the beating ended and,
2 second, if Plaintiff was truly threatening or battering Officer Crotty, then Officer Cantu should and
3 would have sounded the alarm before the beating ended.
4

3.

5

Prison officers have a duty under the Eighth Amendment to take reasonable steps to

Legal standard:

6 protect inmates from physical abuse from other prisoners and prison officers. Farmer v. Brennan,
7 511 U.S. 825, 832-33 (1994) (quotations omitted); Hearns v. Terhune, 413 F.3d 1036, 1040 (9th
8 Cir. 2005); Cunningham v. Gates, 229 F.3d 1271, 1289 (9th Cir. 2000). “[O]fficers have a duty to
9 intercede when their fellow officers violate the constitutional rights of a suspect or other citizen.
10 In these cases, the constitutional right violated by the passive defendant is analytically the same as
11 the right violated by the person who strikes the blows.” United States v. Koon, 34 F.3d 1416,
12 1447 (9th Cir. 1994), rev’d in part on other grounds, Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81 (1996);
13 Stevenson v. Holland, 2017 WL 2958731, at *13 (E.D. Cal. July 11, 2017) (Ishii, J.) (citations
14 omitted). See also Smith v. Mensinger, 293 F.3d 641, 651 (3d Cir. 2002) (“The approving silence
15 emanating from the officer who stands by and watches as others unleash an unjustified assault
16 contributes to the actual use of excessive force, and we cannot ignore the tacit support such silence
17 lends to those who are actually striking the blows. Such silence is an endorsement of the
18 constitutional violation resulting from the illegal use of force.”) (emphasis added).
19

Accordingly, as the Court previously indicated in this lawsuit, “the deliberate indifference

20 standard is inappropriate” for purposes of evaluating the Eighth Amendment violation of the
21 prison officer who failed to intervene while his fellow prison officers used excessive force on a
22 prisoner. Stevenson, 2017 WL 2958731, at *13. “[T]he core judicial inquiry” is whether the
23 prison officer maliciously and sadistically failed to intervene to cause harm. Id. (quoting Hudson
24 v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 6-7 (1992) and citing Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 320 (1986)).
25 See also Tabron v. Grace, 6 F.3d 147, 153 (3d Cir. 1993) (“[Plaintiff] had offered no evidence to
26 show that her failure to intervene was done maliciously or sadistically with the very purpose of
27 causing harm, as must be established to prevail in an Eighth Amendment challenge to the actions
28 of a prison official in an emergency situation.”) (emphasis added) (citing Whitley v. Albers, 475
27

1 U.S. 312, 320 (1986)).
2

Importantly, prison officers “can be held liable for failing to intercede only if they had an

3 opportunity to intercede.” Cunningham v. Gates, 229 F.3d 1271, 1289 (9th Cir. 2000).
4

4.

5

Summary judgment is not warranted in Officer Cantu’s favor because there are genuine

Discussion:

6 issues of material fact as to, first, whether Officer Cantu’s failure to intervene was done
7 maliciously and sadistically for the purpose of causing harm to Plaintiff and, second, whether
8 Officer Cantu had an opportunity to intervene sooner.
9

With the evidence and justifiable inferences drawn in Plaintiff’s favor, the facts are as

10 follows: (1) Officer Cantu became aware of the incident before Officer Crotty took Plaintiff to the
11 ground; (2) the beating lasted at least three or four minutes; (3) the beating collectively consisted
12 of at least four prison officers (a) slamming Plaintiff into a wall, (b) taking Plaintiff to the ground,
13 (c) hitting Plaintiff with a baton in the ribs, injured leg, and ankle at least seven or eight times, (d)
14 sticking Plaintiff with a baton, and (e) doing a “pile” on Plaintiff; (4) from the moment Plaintiff
15 fell to the ground throughout the entire duration of the beating, the prison officers did not give any
16 orders to Plaintiff; and (5) Officer Cantu sounded the alarm only after the beating ended.
17

Based on these facts, a reasonable factfinder could find that Officer Cantu could have

18 sounded the alarm sooner, such as at some point during the three- to four-minute beating. Further,
19 a reasonable factfinder applying the five Hudson factors could find that Officer Cantu maliciously
20 and sadistically failed to intervene in order to cause harm to Plaintiff. See Furnace v. Sullivan,
21 705 F.3d 1021, 1028 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1 (1992)).
22 Accordingly, because there are genuine issues of material fact as to the failure-to-intervene claim
23 against Officer Cantu, summary judgment in Officer Cantu’s favor will be denied.
24
25 D.

Supervisory liability for Officer Foster’s deliberate indifference.

26

1.

27

Summary judgment is warranted in Officer Foster’s favor on Plaintiff’s supervisory

Defendants’ arguments:

28 liability claim. First, the actions that Officer Foster took after the use of force incidents — such as
28

1 investigating the incidents, interviewing Plaintiff, and submitting inaccurate reports — cannot
2 create supervisory liability because those actions did not cause or contribute to the use of force.
3 Second, a prisoner does not have a constitutional right to an adequate post-incident investigation.
4 Third, there is no evidence that Officer Foster’s inadequate supervision or failure to train caused
5 the use of force incidents. Fourth, Officer Foster did not have prior notice of any information —
6 such as relevant excessive force lawsuits filed by other prisoners against prison officers — that put
7 or should have put Officer Foster on notice his subordinates’ propensity to use excessive force on
8 Plaintiff.
9
10

2.

Plaintiff’s arguments:

Summary judgment is not warranted in favor of Officer Foster, who was the supervising

11 lieutenant. First, Officer Foster failed to prevent Officer Crotty from abusing Plaintiff, even
12 though Officer Foster was on notice of Officer Crotty’s propensity for using excessive force.
13 Officer Foster was on notice because other prisoners had filed excessive force lawsuits against
14 prison officers at California Correctional Institution before November 11, 2012. Second, in an
15 attempt to shield his subordinates from liability, Officer Foster deliberately conducted inadequate
16 investigations of the incidents involving Plaintiff, such as by actively concealing material evidence
17 that incriminated his subordinates. Officer Foster’s conduct during the investigations is evidence
18 that he knew of his subordinates’ propensity for using excessive force.
19

3.

20

“Liability under [§] 1983 arises only upon a showing of personal participation by the

Legal standard:

21 defendant.” Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989) (citations omitted). Therefore,
22 respondeat superior liability may not be imposed upon supervisors for the acts of their subordinates in
23 § 1983 claims. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677 (2009); Taylor, 880 F.2d at 1045. “A supervisory
24 official is liable under § 1983 so long as there exists either (1) his or her personal involvement in the
25 constitutional deprivation, or (2) a sufficient causal connection between the supervisor’s wrongful
26 conduct and the constitutional violation.” Rodriguez v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 891 F.3d 776, 798 (9th
27 Cir. 2018) (citations omitted). “The requisite causal connection can be established by setting in
28 motion a series of acts by others or by knowingly refusing to terminate a series of acts by others,
29

1 which the supervisor knew or reasonably should have known would cause others to inflict a
2 constitutional injury.” Id. (citations omitted). “Thus, a supervisor may be liable in his individual
3 capacity for [1] his own culpable action or inaction in the training, supervision, or control of his
4 subordinates; [2] for his acquiescence in the constitutional deprivation; or [3] for conduct that showed
5 a reckless or callous indifference to the rights of others.” Id. (citations omitted).
6

4.

7

Summary judgment is warranted in Officer Foster’s favor on the claim that Officer Foster

Discussion:

8 acquiesced in or was deliberately indifferent to the constitutional deprivations committed by his
9 subordinates. Plaintiff premises the claim on the deliberate indifference theory recognized in Starr v.
10 Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1208 (9th Cir. 2011). See Doc. No. 80 at 54 (Plaintiff citing Starr v. Baca). In
11 Starr the prisoner alleged that the supervisor knew of, and was specifically given notice of, a
12 voluminous history of culpable uses of force by the supervisor’s subordinates prior to the alleged use
13 of force towards the prisoner, but the supervisor took no preventative action despite his ability to do
14 so. Starr, 652 F.3d at 1208-1209. Based on those facts, the Ninth Circuit recognized a cognizable
15 deliberate indifference claim against the supervisor. The Ninth Circuit in Starr detailed at length the
16 voluminous reports received by the supervisor of past injuries to other prisoners, reports which were
17 sufficient to put the supervisor on notice that similar injuries could occur to prisoners in the future. Id.
18 at 1209-1213.
19

Here Plaintiff contends that Officer Foster was or should have been on notice of his

20 subordinates’ propensity for using excessive force. Plaintiff’s primary evidence for this contention is
21 copies of court filings, mostly complaints, from multiple excessive force lawsuits filed against prison
22 officers at California Correctional Institution. This evidence, however, standing alone, fails to show
23 that Officer Foster knew of or should have known of Officer Dunnahoe’s, Officer Valverde’s, and
24 Officer Crotty’s propensity for using excessive force and Officer Cantu’s and Officer Gonzales’s
25 propensity for failing to intervene. First, Plaintiff provided no evidence showing that any of the
26 allegations in any of the lawsuits were meritorious. There is a meaningful distinction between, on one
27 hand, a prison supervisor knowing that a prisoner alleged in a court filing that a subordinate used
28 excessive force or failed to intervene and, on the other hand, a prison supervisor knowing that a
30

1 subordinate used excessive force or failed to intervene. Plaintiff’s failure to recognize or even address
2 this distinction is problematic. Consider, for example, that in several of Plaintiff’s cited lawsuits the
3 court screened and dismissed the claims because, in part, the plaintiff had previously filed multiple
4 malicious and/or frivolous lawsuits. Or consider, for example, that (according to the evidence before
5 the Court) none of the plaintiff’s in those lawsuits prevailed on their claims. Second, Plaintiff
6 provided no evidence demonstrating that Officer Foster knew or should have known of the lawsuits.
7 According to Plaintiff’s logic, if a lawsuit was filed against a prison officer at California
8 Correctional Institution, then Officer Crotty should have known of the lawsuit. But Plaintiff
9 provided no legal support for this position, which the Court finds to be unsound. Consider, for
10 example, that several of the lawsuits were filed before Officer Foster was a supervisor. See Jacobs
11 v. Sullivan, Case No. 1:05-cv-01625 (E.D. Cal.) (filed in 2005); Palmer v. Crotty, Case No. 1:0712 cv-00148 (E.D. Cal.) (filed in 2007); Johnson v. Dovey, Case No. 1:08-cv-00640 (E.D. Cal.) (filed
13 in 2008); Holt v. Nicholas, Case No. 1:09-cv-00800 (E.D. Cal.) (filed in 2009). Or consider, for
14 example, that of the lawsuits that were filed while Plaintiff was a supervisor, all appear to have
15 been dismissed by the court prior to the defendants filing a response, and the dismissals were
16 based, in part, on the fact that the plaintiffs had previously filed multiple malicious and/or
17 frivolous lawsuits. See, e.g., Gonzales v. Francisco, Case No. 1:12-cv-01786 (E.D. Cal.); Young
18 v. Peterson, Case No. 1:12-cv-00864 (E.D. Cal.); Young v. Curliss, Case No. 1:12-cv-01871 (E.D.
19 Cal.). Or consider, for example, that one of the lawsuits arose from an alleged incident that occurred
20 in 2013, which was after the incidents involving Plaintiff, with the complaint being filed in 2014. See
21 Byerley v. Holland, Case No. 1:14-cv-00489 (E.D. Cal.) (filed in 2014). See also Doc. No. 80-3
22 (Officer Foster testifying in his deposition that he was not aware of the allegations and lawsuits filed
23 by Jacobs, Palmer, Johnson, and Young). For all these reasons, the court filings presented by Plaintiff
24 fail to show that Officer Foster was or should have been on notice of the excessive force and failure to
25 intervene that occurred towards Plaintiff on November 11, 2012, and December 7, 2012. See Hydrick
26 v. Hunter, 669 F.3d 937 (9th Cir. 2012) (“Even under a ‘deliberate indifference’ theory of individual
27 liability, the Plaintiffs must still allege sufficient facts to plausibly establish the defendant’s knowledge
28 of . . . the unconstitutional conduct of his subordinates.”) (emphasis added) (citations omitted); Henry
31

1 A. v. Willden, 678 F.3d 991, 1004 (9th Cir. 2012) (finding allegation of supervisory liability
2 insufficient where complaint “does not allege . . . any personal knowledge of the specific constitutional
3 violations that led to Plaintiffs’ injuries”).
4

Plaintiff also argues that the pepper spray incident and holding cell incident on November 11,

5 2012, put Officer Foster on notice of the excessive force that later occurred on December 7, 2012.
6 Specifically, Plaintiff contends that Officer Foster was on notice because Plaintiff complained to
7 Officer Foster after the holding cell incident about “Officer Crotty’s conduct of slamming his face into
8 the fence.” Doc. No. 80 at 13. However, for purposes of proving a supervisory liability claim under a
9 deliberate indifference theory, those facts do not demonstrate that Officer Foster knew or should have
10 known of Officer Crotty’s propensity to use excessive force towards Plaintiff on December 7, 2012,
11 nor do those facts demonstrate that Officer Foster acquiesced in the constitutional deprivation that
12 occurred on December 7, 2012. Unlike in Starr, where the supervisor allegedly knew or should have
13 known of a voluminous “series of acts” by his subordinates that would ultimately cause the
14 constitutional violation to the plaintiff, Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1207 (9th Cir. 2011), here the
15 fact that Plaintiff told Officer Foster about the holding cell incident does not amount to a sufficient
16 “series of acts” for purposes of a deliberate indifference theory. Id. See also Stevenson v. Holland,
17 2018 WL 1109707, at *11 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 1, 2018) (Ishii, J.) (“To be clear, a supervisory defendant
18 that is aware of regular use of excessive force by his or her subordinates yet does nothing to prevent
19 such abuses even though he or she is in a position to do so, is responsible for his or her own
20 inaction.”).
21

Plaintiff also argues that if Officer Foster had interviewed Plaintiff not within earshot of his

22 cellmate after the pepper spray incident — as Officer Foster should have done pursuant to the prison’s
23 regulations — then Plaintiff’s cellmate potentially would have given the prison exculpatory evidence
24 during the administrative investigation that would have resulted in the prison finding Plaintiff innocent
25 of disobeying orders during the pepper-spray incident. If that had happened, Plaintiff contends, then
26 the pepper-spray incident would have put Officer Foster on notice of Officer Dunnahoe’s and Officer
27 Valverde’s propensity for using excessive force. Plaintiff’s argument fails because, aside from being
28
32

1 premised on heavy speculation, Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde were not involved in the
2 beating incident on December 7, 2012.
3

Plaintiff also asks the Court to draw the inference that because Officer Foster conducted

4 inadequate and improper investigations after the incidents on November 7, 2012, and December 7,
5 2012, Officer Foster must have known that his subordinates had a propensity for using excessive force
6 prior to those dates. Without Plaintiff providing any additional support to strengthen this tenuous
7 inference, the Court finds the inference unjustifiable and insufficient to create a genuine issue of
8 material fact as to whether Officer Crotty was deliberately indifferent to his subordinates’
9 constitutional violations that occurred on November 11, 2012, and December 7, 2012.
10

Accordingly, because there are no genuine issues of material fact as to whether Officer Foster

11 knowingly refused to terminate a series of acts by others that he knew or reasonably should have
12 known would cause others to inflict a constitutional injury, the Court will grant summary judgment in
13 Officer Foster’s favor on the § 1983 claim for supervisory liability.
14
15 E.

Qualified immunity.

16

1.

17

For the pepper spray incident, Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde are entitled to

Defendants’ arguments:

18 qualified immunity. First, they used the pepper spray to quell a disturbance by Plaintiff, and such
19 conduct does not violate Plaintiff’s rights under the Eighth Amendment. Second, even if the
20 pepper-spraying violated Plaintiff’s rights under the Eighth Amendment, those rights were not
21 clearly established at the time of the alleged incident. Further, the prison officers were operating
22 within the “hazy” area between proper force and excessive force, and they believed that their
23 conduct complied with the prison’s policies. Doc. No. 83 at 28.
24

For the beating incident, Officer Crotty, Officer Gonzales, Officer Cantu, and Officer

25 Foster are entitled to qualified immunity. First, Officer Crotty used force to effect custody of
26 Plaintiff, and the force was limited to batoning and striking Plaintiff’s legs while Plaintiff was
27 resisting the prison officers’ lawful attempts to effect custody. Officer Crotty’s conduct does not
28 violate Plaintiff’s rights under the Eighth Amendment, nor does Officer Cantu’s and Officer
33

1 Gonzales’s conduct of responding to the incident, nor does Officer Foster’s conduct of
2 investigating the incident. Second, even if the prison officers’ conduct violated Plaintiff’s rights
3 under the Eighth Amendment, those rights were not clearly established at the time of the alleged
4 incident. Further, the prison officers were acting within the hazy area between proper force and
5 excessive force, and they believed that their conduct complied with the prison’s policies.
6

2.

7

For the pepper spray incident, Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde are not entitled to

Plaintiff’s arguments:

8 qualified immunity. Plaintiff’s cellmate stated during the prison’s post-incident investigation that
9 Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde used the pepper spray without first warning Plaintiff.
10 Therefore, the pepper-spraying was an excessive and unnecessary use of force.
11

For the beating incident, Officer Crotty struck Plaintiff with a baton seven to eight times

12 while Plaintiff was handcuffed with his hands behind his back. Additionally, while Plaintiff was
13 on the ground, other prison officers struck and kicked Plaintiff.6 Officer Crotty’s force was
14 unnecessary and excessive. Officer Gonzales “failed to sound the alarm to stop any alleged
15 assault.” Doc. No. 80 at 56. Officer Cantu failed to sound the alarm sooner to stop the beating.
16 Officer Foster actively concealed his subordinates’ wrongdoing after the beating incident.
17

3.

18

Qualified immunity “is a defense available . . . to government officials sued in their

Legal standard:

19 individual capacities.” Cmty. House, Inc. v. City of Boise, Idaho, 623 F.3d 945, 965 (9th Cir.
20 2010). The Supreme Court has set forth a two-part test for resolving government officials’
21 qualified immunity claims. See Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001), overruled in part on
22 other grounds, Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009). First, the court must consider
23 whether the facts “[t]aken in the light most favorable to the party asserting the injury . . . show
24 [that] the [defendant’s] conduct violated a constitutional right[.]” Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201. “If
25 there is no constitutional violation, the inquiry ends and the officer is entitled to qualified
26
27
28

6

Plaintiff suggests that Officer Gonzales is a defendant to an excessive force claim arising from the beating incident.
See Doc. No. 80 at 56 (“Gonzales admitted he used –– four baton strikes –– [which] was unnecessary and excessive . .
. .”). Based on the Court’s review of Plaintiff’s first amended complaint, Officer Gonzales is a defendant to a failure
to intervene claim arising from the beating incident, but not an excessive force claim. See Doc. No. 22.

34

1 immunity.” Ioane v. Hodges, 903 F.3d 929, 933 (9th Cir.), opinion amended and superseded, 939
2 F.3d 945 (9th Cir. 2018). “[W]hether a constitutional right was violated . . . is a question of fact.”
3 Tortu v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t, 556 F.3d 1075, 1085 (9th Cir. 2009).
4

Second, the court must determine whether the right was clearly established at the time of

5 the alleged violation. Saucier, 533 U.S. at 201. Once a court determines that “the law was clearly
6 established, the immunity defense ordinarily should fail, since a reasonably competent public
7 official should know the law governing [the official’s] conduct.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S.
8 800, 818-19 (1982). However, even if the defendant violated a clearly established right, the
9 government official is entitled to qualified immunity if he or she made a reasonable mistake as to
10 what the law requires. See Saucier, 533 U.S. at 205; Kennedy v. City of Ridgefield, 439 F.3d
11 1055, 1061 (9th Cir. 2006); Wilkins v. City of Oakland, 350 F.3d 949, 955 (9th Cir. 2003); Newell
12 v. Sauser, 79 F.3d 115, 118 (9th Cir. 1996); Schroeder v. McDonald, 55 F.3d 454, 461-62 (9th Cir.
13 1995). The reasonableness inquiry is objective: “the question is whether the officers’ actions are
14 ‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them, without regard to
15 their underlying intent or motivation.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397 (1989). The
16 plaintiff bears the burden of proving that the right allegedly violated was clearly established at the
17 time of the violation; and if the plaintiff meets this burden, then the defendant bears the burden of
18 establishing that the defendant reasonably believed the alleged conduct was lawful. See Sorrels v.
19 McKee, 290 F.3d 965, 969 (9th Cir. 2002). “[T]he ‘clearly established’ inquiry is a question of
20 law that only a judge can decide.” Morales v. Fry, 873 F.3d 817, 821 (9th Cir. 2017).
21

The “judges of the district courts and the courts of appeals should be permitted to exercise

22 their sound discretion in deciding which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis
23 should be addressed first in light of the circumstances in the particular case at hand.” Pearson v.
24 Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009) (explaining the sequence, while “often appropriate,” “should
25 no longer be regarded as mandatory”). When the two-part Saucier test “is properly applied, it
26 protects ‘all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’” Hernandez v.
27 City of San Jose, 897 F.3d 1125, 1132-33 (9th Cir. 2018) (citations omitted).
28
35

1

At the summary judgment phase, although both the “clearly established right” and

2 “reasonableness” inquiries are questions of law, where there are factual disputes as to the parties’
3 conduct or motives, the case cannot be resolved at summary judgment on qualified immunity
4 grounds. See Torres v. City of Madera, 648 F.3d 1119, 1123 (9th Cir. 2011) (“Where the
5 objective reasonableness of an officer’s conduct turns on disputed issues of material fact, it is a
6 question of fact best resolved by a jury, [and] only in the absence of material disputes is it a pure
7 question of law.”) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
8
9
10

4.

Discussion:
a.

Excessive force

Under the Eighth Amendment, a convicted prisoner has the right to be free from excessive

11 force. In order to prove an excessive force claim, the plaintiff must prove the following elements:
12 (1) the defendant used excessive and unnecessary force under all of the circumstances; (2) the
13 defendant acted maliciously and sadistically for the purpose of causing harm, and not in a good
14 faith effort to maintain or restore discipline; and (3) the acts of the defendant caused harm to the
15 plaintiff. Hoard v. Hartman, 904 F.3d 780, 788 & n.9 (9th Cir. 2018).
16

In determining whether these three elements have been met, the factfinder should consider

17 the following Hudson factors: (1) the extent of the injury suffered; (2) the need to use force; (3)
18 the relationship between the need to use force and the amount of force used; (4) any threat
19 reasonably perceived by the defendant; and (5) any efforts made to temper the severity of a
20 forceful response, such as, if feasible, providing a prior warning or giving an order to comply.
21 Furnace v. Sullivan, 705 F.3d 1021, 1028 (9th Cir. 2013). Further, “[i]t is well established that
22 judges and juries must defer to prison officials’ expert judgments.” Norwood v. Vance, 591 F.3d
23 1062, 1066 (9th Cir. 2010). Therefore, the factfinder should also “give deference to prison
24 officials in the adoption and execution of policies and practices that in their judgment are needed
25 to preserve discipline and to maintain internal security in a prison.” Id. at 1067.
26

“[S]ubjective intent is critical in an Eighth Amendment analysis. More than de minimis

27 force applied for no good faith law enforcement purpose violates the Eighth Amendment.”
28 Rodriguez v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 891 F.3d 776, 797 (9th Cir. 2018). However, “[o]bjective
36

1 reasonableness may inform the Eighth Amendment inquiry, providing evidence of good faith or of
2 malice.” Id.
3

i.

4

Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde for pepper-spray incident:

Under the first prong of the Saucier test, the Court concludes that there are no genuine

5 issues of material fact as to whether Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde used excessive force.
6 With all evidence and justifiable inferences drawn in Plaintiff’s favor, but with the evidence and
7 inferences curbed by the Heck-bar, the material facts are as follows. On November 11, 2012,
8 Plaintiff was in his cell with his cellmate. Plaintiff was at the sink, and Plaintiff’s cellmate was on
9 the top bunk. Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde approached Plaintiff’s cell. Officer
10 Dunnahoe gave Plaintiff a verbal order to back up to the cuff port and cuff up. Plaintiff did not
11 comply with those orders. Officer Dunnahoe gave Plaintiff a verbal order to get down in a prone
12 position. Plaintiff did not comply with that order. Officer Dunnahoe sprayed Plaintiff with one
13 can of pepper spray. Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde both gave Plaintiff a verbal order to
14 get down. Plaintiff did not comply with those orders. Officer Valverde sprayed Plaintiff with one
15 can of pepper spray.
16

Applying the Hudson factors to these facts, a reasonable factfinder could not find that

17 Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde used excessive and unnecessary force. First, the extent of
18 the injury to Plaintiff was relatively minimal: burning from the pepper-spray. See Doc. No. 80-3
19 (Plaintiff’s deposition testifying about burning). Plaintiff has not cited to any evidence suggesting
20 that the injury from the pepper-spray was anything more than a burning feeling. Second, there
21 was a need for the officers to use force towards Plaintiff: Plaintiff refused to obey multiple verbal
22 orders from the prison officers. Third, the amount of force was related to the need for the force:
23 both officers gave verbal orders to Plaintiff, all of which Plaintiff disobeyed, and both officers
24 sprayed Plaintiff with one can of pepper spray. Plaintiff even continued to disobey orders after
25 being pepper-sprayed. Fourth, there is no evidence that Defendants perceived a threat to
26 themselves, and, in fact, they were located outside Plaintiff’s cell during the incident.7 Fifth, the
27
28

Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s cellmate was threatened by Plaintiff, but because Plaintiff denied that fact, the
Court does not accept that fact as true at this summary judgment phase.
7

37

1 prison officers attempted to temper the severity of the force by giving prior orders to Plaintiff, all
2 of which Plaintiff failed to obey.8 Hence, the first, second, third, and fifth Hudson factors weigh
3 in favor of finding no excessive and unnecessary force and no maliciousness and sadism. As for
4 the fourth Hudson factor, it does not weigh in favor of finding excessive and unnecessary force,
5 and this is because the force applied was, again, relatively minimal. Plaintiff failed to identify or
6 present any evidence of a less-severe form of force that the officers could have applied, other than
7 giving verbal orders, which obviously were ineffective on Plaintiff, or doing nothing.
8 Additionally, as for the prison officers’ execution of prison policies and practices, Officer
9 Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde both declared that they believed they were acting in accordance
10 with California Code of Regulations, Title 15, § 3268, see Doc. No. 77-5 (Officer Dunnahoe’s
11 Decl.), Doc. No. 77-6 (Officer Valverde’s Decl.), which provides that “verbal persuasion or orders
12 shall be issued prior to resorting to force and are required to be provided before controlled force is
13 used,” and “[e]mployees may use reasonable force as required in the performance of their duties,”
14 with force options including “chemical agents.” Cal. Code. Regs. tit. 15, § 3268(b)(c); see also id.
15 at § 3268(c) (identifying “chemical agents” as arguably the least severe use of force option, with
16 the other options being batons, physical strength and holds, and non-lethal and lethal weapons,
17 such as launchers and firearms).
18

Assuming arguendo that Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment rights were violated by Officer

19 Dunnahoe’s and Officer Valverde’s use of force, the Court concludes that Plaintiff failed to carry
20 his burden under the second prong of the Saucier test. The inquiry under the second prong must
21 be “undertaken in light of the specific context of the case, not as a broad general proposition.”
22 Mullenix v. Luna, 136 S. Ct. 305, 308 (2015) (per curiam) (citations omitted). “[T]he right
23 allegedly violated must be defined at the appropriate level of specificity before a court can
24 determine if it was clearly established.” Dunn v. Castro, 621 F.3d 1196, 1201 (9th Cir. 2010).
25
26
27
28

8

Plaintiff contends that the prison officers did not warn Plaintiff about the pepper-spray, and Plaintiff cites to his
expert’s report, which paraphrases a statement made by Plaintiff’s cellmate during the post-incident investigation.
The expert’s paraphrased statement of the cellmate’s statement (which appears to have been documented in a written
prison record) is arguably hearsay, and Plaintiff failed to cite to direct evidence of the cellmate’s statement.
Moreover, even if it is true that the prison officers did not warn Plaintiff about the pepper-spray, the officers
nonetheless issued multiple verbal orders to Plaintiff prior to using the pepper spray.

38

1 Once the right is appropriately defined, then for the right to be clearly established, “[t]he contours
2 of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what [the
3 official] is doing violates that right.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987);
4 Rodriguez v. Swartz, 899 F.3d 719, 728 (9th Cir. 2018) (“A constitutional right is clearly
5 established if every reasonable official would have understood that what he is doing violates that
6 right.”) (citations omitted). Here Plaintiff failed to sufficiently define the “specific” constitutional
7 right that he contends was violated by Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde, other than his right
8 to be free from excessive and unnecessary force under the Eighth Amendment, which is too
9 general here. See Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 1148, 1152 (2018) (stating that the court may not
10 “define clearly established law at a high level of generality”). In light of the facts here, the Court
11 concludes that the specific constitutional right at issue here would be a prisoner’s Eighth
12 Amendment right to not be pepper-sprayed by a prison officer after disobeying the prison officer’s
13 orders. Plaintiff failed to show, let alone even attempt to show, that this right was clearly
14 established at the time of the incident. Plaintiff did not cite to a single precedent.9
15

Accordingly, Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde are entitled to qualified immunity on

16 the § 1983 excessive force claim.
17

ii.

18

Officer Crotty for beating incident:10

Under the first prong of the Saucier test, the Court concludes that a reasonable factfinder

19 could find that Officer Crotty’s conduct violated Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment right to be free
20 from unnecessary and wanton pain inflicted by a prison guard. See Furnace v. Sullivan, 705 F.3d
21 1021, 1027 (9th Cir. 2013) (recognizing constitutional right). With all evidence and justifiable
22 inferences drawn in Plaintiff’s favor, but with the evidence and inferences curbed by the Heck-bar,
23
24
25
26
27
28

Plaintiff filed a 61-page opposition brief to Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. See Doc. No. 80. In
conjunction with the opposition brief, Plaintiff filed a 29-page “response” to Defendants’ statement of undisputed
facts, 260 pages of documents that Plaintiff asked the Court to judicially notice, approximately 260 pages of exhibits,
which does not even include the “supplemental” exhibits filed by Plaintiff, and 33 pages of objections to Defendants’
motion for summary judgment. See Doc. No. 80-1; Doc. No. 80-2; Doc. No. 80-3; 80-4. All of this for a grand total
of approximately 640 pages. Yet within that inordinate sum, Plaintiff dedicated a paltry two pages to opposing
Defendants’ claims for qualified immunity, and nowhere in those two pages did Plaintiff squarely address the Saucier
test, and nowhere in those two pages did Plaintiff cite to a single precedent.
10
Defendants did not move for qualified immunity for Officer Crotty with respect to the holding cell incident, which
is the focus of Plaintiff’s second cause of action.
9

39

1 the material facts are as follows. On December 7, 2012, Officer Crotty escorted Plaintiff from the
2 shower. Plaintiff’s hands were handcuffed. Plaintiff suddenly lunged towards Officer Crotty,
3 striking Officer Crotty in the left shoulder with Plaintiff’s right shoulder, thereby causing Officer
4 Crotty to lose his grip on Plaintiff’s arm. Officer Crotty grabbed Plaintiff’s arm and slammed
5 Plaintiff into a wall, and Plaintiff fell to the ground. Plaintiff kicked at Officer Crotty. Officer
6 Crotty hit and stabbed Plaintiff with a baton, including in Plaintiff’s ribs. Officer Crotty hit
7 Plaintiff’s injured leg, which Officer Crotty knew was injured (from a prior unrelated incident),
8 and ankle with a baton seven or eight times. Officer Gonzales was nearby watching the incident.
9 At least two other prison officers arrived at the scene of the incident, and they along with Officer
10 Gonzales and Officer Crotty continued beating Plaintiff and did a pile on Plaintiff. One of the
11 officers was sticking Plaintiff with a baton, and that officer hit Officer Crotty’s hand with the
12 baton. The beating lasted at least three or four minutes. Plaintiff suffered injuries from the
13 beating, including an abrasion, scratch, bruise, discoloring, and swelling in the left thigh. From
14 the moment Plaintiff fell to the ground throughout the entire duration of the beating, the prison
15 officers did not give any orders to Plaintiff. Plaintiff’s force or violence fractured bone/s in
16 Crotty’s hand.
17

Applying the Hudson factors to these facts, first, the extent of the injuries to Plaintiff are

18 notable: an abrasion, scratch, bruise, discoloring, and swelling in the left thigh. Second and third,
19 while the officers needed to use force to respond to Plaintiff’s battery, the undisputed facts do not
20 indicate exactly when Plaintiff’s battery ceased. According to Plaintiff’s non-Heck-barred
21 evidence, Plaintiff did not batter or attempt to batter the officers during a significant portion of the
22 three- to four-minute beating, including the latter portion of the beating. Therefore, with at least
23 four officers at the scene of the incident, and with Plaintiff on the ground in handcuffs, and with
24 Plaintiff not battering or attempting to batter any of the prison officers, the prison officers beat
25 Plaintiff for some time. Fourth, Officer Crotty reasonably perceived a threat from Plaintiff, but
26 that threat did not last during the entire three- to four-minute beating. Fifth, the prison officers did
27 not attempt to temper the severity of a forceful response by giving orders to Plaintiff.
28
40

1

Therefore, in light of the foregoing Hudson factors, a reasonable factfinder could find that

2 (1) Officer Crotty used excessive and unnecessary force under all of the circumstances; (2) Officer
3 Crotty acted maliciously and sadistically for the purpose of causing harm, and not in a good faith
4 effort to maintain or restore discipline; and (3) the acts of Officer Crotty caused harm to Plaintiff.
5 Therefore, it cannot be said at this summary judgment phase that Officer Crotty did not violate
6 Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment right to be free from unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.
7

Under the second prong of the Saucier test, the Court concludes that it was clearly

8 established as of December 7, 2012, that a prisoner has an Eighth Amendment right to be free
9 from the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain from prison officers while the prisoner is on
10 the ground in handcuffs, not responding with force, and not disobeying orders. See Martinez v.
11 Stanford, 323 F.3d 1178, 1184 (9th Cir. 2003). See also Rodriguez v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 891
12 F.3d 776, 796 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing cases); Martinez v. Stanford, 323 F.3d 1178, 1184 (9th Cir.
13 2003); McRorie v. Shimoda, 795 F.3d 780, 784 (9th Cir. 1986); Petrolino v. County of Spokane,
14 678 F. Supp. 2d 1082, 1093 (E.D. Wash. 2009). As for Defendants’ contention that Officer Crotty
15 made a reasonable mistake as to what the law required, this argument fails because Officer
16 Crotty’s conduct was not objectively reasonable when the facts are drawn in Plaintiff’s favor. See
17 Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 205 (2001); Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397 (1989).
18

Accordingly, Officer Crotty is not entitled to qualified immunity on the § 1983 excessive

19 force claim.
20
21

b.

Failure to intervene by Officer Cantu and Officer Gonzales:

As discussed in greater detail supra, prison officials have a duty under the Eighth

22 Amendment to take reasonable steps to protect inmates from physical abuse from other prisoners
23 and prison officers. “[T]he core judicial inquiry” is whether the prison officer either, on one hand,
24 failed to intervene in a good-faith effort to maintain or restore discipline or, on the other hand,
25 maliciously and sadistically failed to intervene to cause harm. Stevenson v. Holland, 2017 WL
26 2958731, at *13 (E.D. Cal. July 11, 2017) (Ishii, J.).
27

Under the first prong of the Saucier test, the Court concludes that there are genuine issues

28 of material fact as to whether Officer Cantu and Officer Gonzales failed to intervene. With all
41

1 evidence and justifiable inferences drawn in Plaintiff’s favor, but with evidence and inferences
2 curbed by the Heck-bar, the facts are that both Officer Cantu and Officer Gonzales witnessed
3 Officer Crotty (and at least two other officers) maliciously and sadistically beat Plaintiff, but
4 neither Officer Cantu nor Officer Gonzales intervened during the beating, despite having the
5 ability to do so. Therefore, pursuant to the foregoing discussion concerning Officer Crotty’s
6 excessive force, see supra, a reasonable factfinder applying the Hudson factors could find that (1)
7 Officer Cantu and Officer Gonzales watched Officer Crotty use excessive and unnecessary force;
8 (2) Officer Cantu and Officer Gonzales maliciously and sadistically failed to intervene in order to
9 cause harm to Plaintiff; and (3) the failure to intervene caused harm to Plaintiff.
10

Under the second prong of the Saucier test, the Court concludes that it was clearly

11 established as of December 7, 2012, that a prisoner has an Eighth Amendment right to intervention
12 from an able prison officer when another prison officer uses excessive force against the prisoner.
13 See Robins v. Meecham, 60 F.3d 1436, 1442 (9th Cir. 1995). As for Defendants’ contention that
14 Officer Cantu and Officer Gonzales made a reasonable mistake as to what the law required, this
15 argument fails because their conduct was not objectively reasonable when the facts are drawn in
16 Plaintiff’s favor. See Saucier, 533 U.S. at 205; Graham, 490 U.S. at 397.
17

Accordingly, Officer Gonzales and Officer Cantu are not entitled to qualified immunity on

18 the § 1983 failure-to-intervene claim.
19
20

c.

Supervisory liability against Officer Foster:

As discussed supra, summary judgment is warranted in Officer Foster’s favor on Plaintiff’s

21 § 1983 supervisory liability claim. Therefore, qualified immunity is inapplicable to Officer
22 Foster: there is no liability from which he can be immunized. Nonetheless, assuming qualified
23 immunity were applicable, the Court concludes that Officer Foster is entitled to qualified
24 immunity. Under the first prong of the Saucier test, the Court concludes that Officer Foster’s
25 supervisory conduct did not violate Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment right to be free from excessive
26 force. This conclusion is based on the same reasoning that the Court applied in concluding that
27 summary judgment is warranted in Officer Foster’s favor on the § 1983 supervisory liability
28 claim. See supra.
42

1 F.

California Tort Claims Act.

2

1.

3

Plaintiff’s California state law claims are barred by California’s Tort Claims Act, which

Defendants’ arguments:

4 states, “A claim relating to a cause of action . . . for injury to person . . . shall be presented [to the
5 State of California] as provided in Article 2 (commencing with Section 915) not later than six
6 months after the accrual of the cause of action.” Cal. Gov’t Code § 911.2(a) (emphasis added).
7 Plaintiff’s state law claims accrued on the dates of the incidents, November 11, 2012, and
8 December 7, 2012. Plaintiff did not submit his government claim to the state until December 3,
9 2016, making his claim untimely. After Plaintiff submitted his untimely government claim, the
10 state rejected the claim as untimely. The state denied Plaintiff’s application to present a late
11 government claim because Plaintiff did not meet any of the requisite criteria in California
12 Government Code § 911.6.
Plaintiff’s argument:

13

2.

14

Plaintiff’s government claim was timely because Plaintiff was in custody until his release

15 from prison on July 11, 2016, and Plaintiff filed his government claim on December 3, 2016,
16 which was within six months of his release.
17

3.

18

State procedural requirements apply to state claims litigated in federal court. See Karim-

Discussion:

19 Panahi v. Los Angeles Police Dep’t, 839 F. 2d 621, 627 (9th Cir. 1988) (“The amended complaint
20 fails to allege compliance with California tort claim procedures. The district court properly
21 dismissed the state law tort claims.”). The California Government Claims Act requires that a tort
22 claim against a public entity or its employees be presented to the state within six months after the
23 cause of action accrues. Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 905.2, 910, 911.2, 945.4, 950-950.2. The claimant’s
24 presentation of the claim and the state’s subsequent action on the claim are prerequisites to suit.
25 Cal. Gov't Code § 945.4; State v. Superior Court of Kings County (Bodde), 32 Cal. 4th 1234, 1239
26 (2004).
27

Plaintiff filed his government claim on December 3, 2016, approximately four years from

28 the accrual of the claims. Further, Plaintiff did not pursue potential judicial relief under California
43

1 Government Code § 946.6, which allows a claimant to file a judicial petition for relief from §
2 945.4. Plaintiff has provided the Court with no authority indicating that his incarceration tolled or
3 extended his government claim filing deadline under the Government Claims Act. Consequently,
4 there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Plaintiff complied with the requirements
5 under the California Government Claims Act. He did not. Consequently, summary judgment is
6 warranted in Defendants’ favor on Plaintiff’s California state law claims.
7 G.

Judicial notice.

8

Pursuant to Defendants’ request, the Court takes judicial notice of “Exhibit 8” and “Exhibit

9 9” in Doc. No. 77-13 and “Exhibit 8” in Doc. No. 83-2, which are California state administrative
10 records. See FRE 201; Disabled Rights Action Comm. v. Las Vegas Events, Inc., 375 F.3d 861,
11 866 (9th Cir. 2004) (“Under Federal Rule of Evidence 201, we may take judicial notice of the
12 records of state agencies and other undisputed matters of public record.”).
13

Pursuant to Plaintiff’s request, the Court takes judicial notice of the exhibits in Doc. No.

14 80-2, which are court filings, including some judicial decisions. FRE 201; United States v. Black,
15 482 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[Courts] may take notice of proceedings in other courts,
16 both within and without the federal judicial system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to
17 matters at issue.”). See also Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir. 2001),
18 overruled on other grounds, Galbraith v. Cty. of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 2002).
19

ORDER

20
21

Accordingly, Defendants’ motion for summary judgment (Doc. No. 77) is GRANTED in

22 part and DENIED in part as follows:
23
24

1. Summary judgment in Defendants’ favor on grounds of the statute of limitations is
DENIED as to all claims arising from the incidents on November 11, 2012;

25

2. Summary judgment in Defendants’ favor on grounds of the Heck-bar is DENIED as to all

26

§ 1983 claims arising from the pepper spray incident on November 11, 2012, and the

27

beating incident on December 7, 2012;

28

3. Summary judgment in Officer Cantu’s favor is DENIED as to the § 1983 failure-to44

1
2
3
4
5
6

intervene claim;
4. Summary judgment in Officer Foster’s favor is GRANTED as to the § 1983 supervisory
liability claim (seventh claim);
5. Summary judgment in Defendants’ favor is GRANTED as to all California law claims
(ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth claim);
6. Qualified immunity is GRANTED to Officer Dunnahoe and Officer Valverde for the §

7

1983 excessive force claims arising from the pepper spray incident on November 11, 2012

8

(first claim);

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

7. Qualified immunity is DENIED to Officer Crotty for the § 1983 excessive force claim
arising from the beating incident on December 7, 2012;
8. Qualified immunity is DENIED to Officer Gonzales and Officer Cantu for the § 1983
failure-to-intervene claim;
9. All claims premised on the Fourteenth Amendment (first, second, and third claims) are
DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE;
10. The § 1983 claim against Officer Crotty arising from the pepper-spray incident on
November 11, 2012, (first claim) is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE;
11. All claims against Officer White (first and ninth claims) are DISMISSED WITH
PREJUDICE.

19
20

IT IS SO ORDERED.

21 Dated: January 17, 2020

SENIOR DISTRICT JUDGE

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45