Wyndham Resort Development Corporation et al v. Bingham

Filing 18

TENTATIVE RULING signed by Judge Garland E. Burrell, Jr. on 07/08/10 ORDERING that plf's Motion for Preliminary Injunction is GRANTED. Robert Bingham, his agents, servants, employees and attorneys, and all those in active concert orparticipatin g with him, is hereby PROHIBITED from disclosing or using any and all trade secret, proprietary or confidential information belonging to plfs Wyndham Resort Development Corporation dba WorldMark by Wyndham and Wyndham Vacation Resorts, Inc. or known to him by virtue of his employment with Wyndham, including by not limited to all lists of, and information pertaining to, Wyndhams customers, owners or members. (Benson, A.)

Wyndham Resort Development Corporation et al v. Bingham

Doc. 18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 The following is a tentative ruling on Plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction prepared in anticipation of the hearing scheduled to commence at 1:30 p.m. on July 8, 2010. Plaintiffs Wyndham Resort Development Corporation ("WRDC") and Wyndham Vacation Resorts, Inc. ("WVR") (collectively, "Wyndham") filed a motion for a temporary restraining order ("TRO") on June 22, 2010, seeking to enjoin Defendant Robert Bingham from "disclosing or using any and all trade secret, proprietary or confidential information belonging to Wyndham[,] . . . including but not limited to all lists, of, and information pertaining to, Wyndham's customers, owners or members." (Not. of Mot. for TRO 1:25-2:2.) On June 22, v. ROBERT BINGHAM, Defendant. WYNDHAM RESORT DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION and WYNDHAM VACATION RESORTS, INC., Plaintiffs, ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

2:10-cv-01556-GEB-KJM TENTATIVE RULING GRANTING PLAINTIFFS' MOTION FOR A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION

2010, a briefing schedule issued and a hearing was set for June 28, 2010 at 1:30 p.m. However, after Bingham failed to file any response,

the hearing was vacated, Plaintiffs' motion for a TRO was granted, and 1
Dockets.Justia.com

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a hearing and briefing schedule on Plaintiffs' request for a preliminary injunction issued.1 Defendant was required to file an However,

opposition no later than June 30, 2010 at 4:30 p.m. Defendant again did not file any response. held on July 8, 2010.

Nonetheless, a hearing was

For the reasons stated below, Plaintiffs'

motion for a preliminary injunction is GRANTED. I. LEGAL STANDARD

The purpose of a preliminary injunction is to preserve the relative positions of the parties - the status quo - until a trial on the merits can be conducted. LGS Architects, Inc. v. Concordia Homes

of Nev., 434 F.3d 1150, 1158 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Univ. of Tex. v. Camenisch, 451 U.S. 390, 395 (1981)). A plaintiff seeking a

preliminary injunction must establish that he is (1) "likely to succeed on the merits"; (2) "likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief"; (3) "the balance of equities tips in his favor"; and (4) "a preliminary injunction is in the public interest." Sierra Forest Legacy v. Rey, 577 F.3d 1015, 1021 (9th Cir.

2009) (citing Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., --- U.S. ---, ----, 129 S. Ct. 365, 374, 172 L.Ed 2.d 249 (2008)); see also Am. Trucking Ass'ns, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, 559 F.3d 1046, 1052 (9th Cir. 2009) (adopting the preliminary injunction standard articulated in Winter). A preliminary injunction is "an extraordinary remedy that

may only be awarded upon a clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief."
1

Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 376.

"If a plaintiff

Plaintiffs' motion appears to seek only a TRO. However, the proposed order filed by Plaintiffs requested that a hearing be set to hear their motion for a preliminary injunction yet did not provide that Plaintiffs would file an additional brief. Accordingly, Plaintiffs' motion for a TRO is construed as also seeking preliminary injunctive relief. 2

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fails to meet its burden on any of the four requirements for injunctive relief, its request must be denied." v. Rey, --- F. Supp. 2d Sierra Forest Legacy

----, 2010 WL 715846, at *1 (E.D. Cal. 2010) "In each case, courts must

(citing Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 376).

balance the competing claims of injury and must consider the effect on each party of the granting or withholding of the requested relief." Indep. Living Ctr. of S. Cal. Inc. v. Maxwell-Jolly, 572 F.3d 644, 651 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Winter 129 S. Ct. at 376). II. A. BACKGROUND

Factual Background

Plaintiff WVR develops, finances, manages and sells timeshare properties. (Compl. ¶ 7.) WVR's sister company, Plaintiff

WRDC, is the exclusive developer, marketer and management company of WorldMark The Club ("WorldMark"). (Fry Decl. ¶ 3.) Peggy Fry, the

Vice President of Owner Services for WRDC, describes WorldMark as follows: WorldMark is a credit-based timeshare product that allows the owner to vacation within the WorldMark system of resorts. WRDC does not sell deeded interests in property at a specific resort. Instead, WorldMark owners own points called "vacation credits" that they can use at 70 WorldMark resorts in the United States, Hawaii, Canada, Mexico and Fiji. The timeshare owners purchase an initial quantity of credits and in return they obtain a WorldMark The Club membership. Each year the WorldMark owners receive their annual allocation of credits. WorldMark owners have the opportunity to upgrade their memberships by purchasing additional credits. By upgrading their memberships, WorldMark owners increase their annual allotment of credits which provides them with more access to the WorldMark resorts. (Fry Decl. ¶ 3.) WRDC has two sales forces. (Peterson Decl. ¶ 3.) "The

`frontline' sales force sells WorldMark memberships to prospects that 3

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are not current WorldMark members.

The `upgrade' sales force sells (Id.) "The upgrades sales

upgrades to existing WorldMark members."

force directly competes with third-party brokers for upgrade sales. Third-party brokers seek to sell discounted upgrades to current WorldMark members." (Id. ¶ 5.) The majority of WRDC's sales revenue (Id. ¶ 4.) In 2009, WorldMark

is generated from upgrade sales.

members purchased 13,257 upgrades from WRDC, accounting for approximately 61 percent of WRDC's total sales for that year. 9.) Bingham was employed by WRDC on four occasions from 1994 to 2009 and held various positions including sales representative, sales manager, and director of site sales. (Haskew Decl. ¶ 3.) Most (Id. ¶

recently, Bingham was employed from February 2009 until August 14, 2009 as a sales representative. (Id.) In this capacity, Bingham was (Id.

responsible for selling upgrades to existing WorldMark members. ¶ 4.)

Bingham's employment with Wyndham, however, was terminated on (Id. ¶ 9.)

August 16, 2009.

On April 15, 2010, Peggy Fry received an email from Dan Murphy, the President of Timeshare Liquidation Service, LLC, in which he wrote that "`a past Wyndham sales executive' tried to sell him 40,000 names of WorldMark owners." (Fry Decl. ¶ 6.) Fry requested

that Murphy tell her the name of the former sales executive; initially, Murphy declined to reveal the former sales executive's identity. (Id. ¶ 7.) Fry contacted Murphy on June 1, 2010, again

requesting that he disclose the name of the former sales executive. (Id. ¶ 8.) Murphy responded in an email, writing that he: was offered 40,000 [WorldMark] owners['] names, prequalified for Travel Share, from the N. CA office, by [WorldMark] Owner Robert Bingham, 4

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formerly owner of WM 00023005104. He claimed to have worked for Trendwest/Wyndham for 17 years. I declined, stating that [those] names belonged to Wyndham, not Bingham. He concurred, and didn't press me. I have no idea if he was successful selling them elsewhere, or if he even has them to begin with. (Fry Decl. ¶ 6, Ex. A.)

6 Prior to commencing his employment with Wyndham, Bingham 7 agreed in writing to abide by the Business Principles of WRDC's parent 8 Company, Wyndham Worldwide Corporation. 9 Worldwide Corporation's Business Principles identify "client lists, 10 (including phone numbers and postal and e-mail addresses) and/or 11 client or customer contact information" as "confidential and 12 proprietary information" that is the "sole property of Wyndham 13 Worldwide." 14 further provide that "[i]information relating to the company and its 15 subsidiaries and affiliates must be kept secure, used solely as 16 authorized by the Company and must not be given to unauthorized 17 outsiders or used for personal interest or profit." 18 Prior to beginning his employment with WRDC, Plaintiff also 19 signed a Salesperson Agreement on February 11, 2009 which states the 20 following: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION. Salesperson agrees and acknowledges that, as an employee of WRDC, Salesperson may be given or be privy to certain valuable, proprietary or confidential information, including but not limited to . . . prospect or purchaser lists. Except in the normal course of Salesperson's duties hereunder, Salesperson shall not, while employed by WRDC or at anytime thereafter, copy or disclose any such information to any person or entity for any reason or purpose, nor shall Salesperson utilize such information. Salesperson agrees that all such information, including any copies thereof, is the property of WRDC and that immediately upon termination of 5 (Id. at 13.) (Haskew Decl. ¶ 8, Ex. C at 12.) The Business Principles (Haskew Decl. ¶ 8.) Wyndham

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Salesperson's employment with WRDC all such property and data, including any copies, recordations (whether in written or electronic form) or abstracts thereof, shall be returned to WRDC. Because WRDC's damages from any violation of this paragraph would be impracticable and extremely difficult to determine, the liquidated amount of damages presumed to be sustained from any such breach will be $15,000. That sum is agreed on as compensation for the injury suffered by WRDC, and not as a penalty. In addition, WRDC shall be entitled to injunctive relief as well as any remedy available at law, including reasonable attorney's fees incurred in obtaining such relief. (Haskew Decl. ¶¶ 7-8, Ex. A. ¶ 6.) Further, upon his termination, Bingham was provided with a severance agreement entitled "Agreement and General Release." 11.) Paragraph 13 of the Agreement and General Release states: BINGHAM acknowledges that in connection with his/her employment, BINGHAM has had access to information of a nature not generally disclosed to the public. BINGHAM agrees to keep confidential and not disclose to anyone, unless legally compelled to do so, Confidential and Proprietary Information. "Confidential and Proprietary Information" includes but is not limited to all Company or any Released Party's . . . current and prospective client and supplier lists . . . . Such confidential information may or may not be designated as confidential or proprietary and may be oral, written or electronic media. BINGHAM understands that such information is owned and shall continue to be owned by the Released Parties. BINGHAM agrees that he/she has not and will not disclose, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, any of the Confidential and Proprietary information. BINGHAM acknowledges that he/she has complied and will continue to comply with this commitment, both as an employee and after the termination of his/her employment. BINGHAM also acknowledges his/her continuing obligations under the Company Business Principles. (Haskew Decl. ¶ 12, Ex. D.) Plaintiff executed the Agreement and (Id. ¶

General Release on April 16, 2010, approximately eight months after his termination. 6

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Dana Peterson, the Vice President of Upgrade Sales for Wyndham Vacation Ownership, Inc. declares that "[t]he names and contact information of WorldMark members is not publicly-available because a WorldMark membership is not a deeded interest in a timeshare." (Peterson Decl. ¶ 5.) Peterson further avers that "WRDC

spends a significant amount of time and resources developing and maintaining its membership base" and that "WRDC's member lists are trade secret and confidential and proprietary information [since they] . . . provide WRDC with competitive advantages, or the opportunity to gain competitive advantages, over those who do not have access to this information." (Id. ¶¶ 6-7.) B. Procedural History

Plaintiffs filed a complaint against Bingham in this federal court on June 21, 2010, alleging claims of trade secret misappropriation, unfair competition under California Business and Professions Code section 17200, breach of contract and intentional interference with prospective economic advantage. for a TRO on June 22, 2010. III. A. DISCUSSION Plaintiffs moved

Likelihood of Success on the Merits

Plaintiffs argue they are likely to succeed on the merits of each of their four claims alleged against Bingham. i) Trade Secret Misappropriation Claim Plaintiffs argue "Bingham's actions . . . constitute misappropriation of Wyndham's trade secrets, specifically its list of 40,000 WorldMark owners." Plaintiffs further argue that "[d]espite

having agreed on three separate occasions to maintain the confidentiality of Wyndham's member information, Bingham offered to 7

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provide the list to a competitor, Timeshare Liquidation Service, LLC, which could have used that information to directly compete against Wyndham in marketing upgrades to Wyndham's members." in Supp. of Mot. for TRO 7:25-8:4.) California has adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act ("UTSA"). MAI Sys. Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc., 991 F.2d 511, 520 To prevail on (Mem. in P. & A.

(9th Cir. 1993) cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1033 (1993).

their trade secret misappropriation claim, Plaintiffs must satisfy "two primary elements": "(1) the existence of a trade secret, and (2) misappropriation of the trade secret." AccuImage Diagnostics Corp. v.

Terarecon, Inc., 260 F. Supp. 2d 941, 950 (N.D. Cal. 2003) (citing Cal. Civ. Code § 3426.1(b)). a. Trade Secret The UTSA defines a "trade secret" as "information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique, or process, that . . . [d]erives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to the public or to other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use; and . . . [i]s the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy." Cal. Civ. Code § 3426.1(d).

"It is well-established that a customer list may constitute a protectable trade secret." Gable-Leigh, Inc. v. N. Am. Miss, No. CV

01-01019 MMM (SHX), 2001 WL 521695, at *15 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2001) (citations omitted); see also Robert Half Int'l, Inc. v. Murray, No. CV F 07-0799 LJO SMS, 2008 WL 2625857, at *4 (E.D. Cal. June 25, 2008) (stating "[a] customer list acquired by lengthy and expensive efforts deserves protection as a trade secret") (citing MAI Systems, 991 F.2d at 521 & Courtesy Temporary Serv., Inc. v. Camacho, 222 Cal. App. 3d 8

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1278, 1288 (1990)).

In Morlife, Inc. v. Perry, 56 Cal. App. 4th 1514,

1521-22 (1997), the California Appellate Court explained the circumstances under which a customer list is entitled to trade secret protection under the UTSA: [C]ourts are reluctant to protect customer lists to the extent they embody information which is "readily available" through public sources, such as business directories. On the other hand, where the employer has expended time and effort identifying customers with particular needs or characteristics, courts will prohibit former employees from using this information to capture a share of the market. Such lists are to be distinguished from mere identities and locations of customers where anyone could easily identify th entities as potential customers. As a general principle, the more difficult information is to obtain, and the more time and resources expended by an employer in gathering it, the more likely a court will find such information constitutes a trade secret. The requirement that a customer list must have economic value to qualify as a trade secret has been interpreted to mean that the secrecy of this information provides a business with a "substantial business advantage." In this respect, a customer list can be found to have economic value because its disclosure would allow a competitor to direct its sales efforts to those customers who have already shown a willingness to use a unique type of service or product as opposed to a list of people who only might be interested. Its use enables the former employee to "solicit both more selectively and more effectively." (internal citations omitted). Plaintiffs have provided evidence that the identifies and contact information of WorldMark members is not publicly available and that their customer list has economic value "because its disclosure would allow a competitor to direct its sales efforts to those customers who have already shown a willingness" to purchase upgrades. Morlife, 56 Cal. App. 4th at 1522 (citation omitted); (Peterson Decl. ¶¶ 5-7.) Further, Plaintiffs have shown that they took measures

reasonable under the circumstances to maintain the secrecy of their 9

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customer lists by requiring that sales staff undergo training as well as sign multiple agreements in which they acknowledge that WRDC's client lists and customer contact information are considered confidential and proprietary and the property of WRDC. (Id. ¶ 8.)

Plaintiffs, therefore, have shown that they are likely to succeed in establishing that their customer list constitutes a protectable trade secret under the UTSA. b. Misappropriation The UTSA defines "misappropriation" as: Disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without express or implied consent by a person who: (A) Used improper means to acquire knowledge of the trade secret; or (B) At the time of disclosure or use, knew or had reason to know that his or her knowledge of the trade secret was: (i) Derived from or through a person who had utilized improper means to acquire it; (ii) Acquired under circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain its secrecy or limits its use; or (iii) Derived from or through a person who owed a duty to the person seeking relief to maintain its secrecy or limit its use; or (C) Before a material change of his or her position knew or had reason to know that it was a trade secret and that knowledge of it had been acquired by accident or mistake. Cal. Civ. Code § 3426.1(b). "Actual or threatened misappropriation may be enjoined." Cal. Civ. Code § 3426.2(a); see also Cent. Valley Gen.

Hosp. v. Smith, 162 Cal. App. 4th 501, 524 (2008) (interpreting California Civil Code section 3426.2(a) as providing "that an injunction may be based either on actual misappropriation or on threatened misappropriation").

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Undoubtedly, Bingham's alleged attempt to sell Plaintiffs' customer list to one of Plaintiffs' competitors constitutes threatened misappropriation under the UTSA. Plaintiffs, therefore, have shown

that they are likely to prevail on their claim that Bingham threatened to misappropriate their trade secret. Since Plaintiffs have shown a likelihood of success on their trade secret misappropriation claim, their likelihood of success on their other three claims need not be analyzed. B. Likelihood of Irreparable Harm

Plaintiffs also argue they will suffer irreparable harm if Bingham is not restrained from disclosing their customer list. Specifically, Plaintiffs argue that "Bingham's actions directly threaten Wyndham with the loss of upgrade sales" as well as the "ero[sion] [of] the good will between WRDC and its members." P. & A in Supp. of Mot. for TRO 10:13-14, 22-25.) Peggy Fry declares that "[a] large percentage of WRDC's business is repeat business from WorldMark owners, including existing owners' purchase of updgrade and owner referrals [and,] [t]herefore[,] owner relations and goodwill are vital to WRDC's success." ¶ 5.) (Fry Decl. (Mem. of

Fry further declares that WorldMark members "expect WRDC to

keep [their WorldMark membership] . . . confidential" and "[a]ny disclosure of the names and contact information of WorldMark owners to third-party brokers adversely affects the good will and trust of WorldMark owners and consequently hurts WRDC's sales." (Id.) Lastly,

Fry declares that "[i]n recent months, the Owner Care department has received an increasing number of complaints from WorldMark owners regarding the owners being solicited by third-party timeshare brokers." (Id.) 11

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Plaintiffs, therefore, have shown that they are likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of injunctive relief. See

Stuhlbarg Int'l Sales Co. v. John D. Brush and Co., Inc., 240 F.3d 832, 841 (9th Cir. 2001) ("Evidence of threatened loss of prospective customers or goodwill . . . supports a finding of the possibility of irreparable harm."); see also Gallagher Benefit Servs., Inc. v. De La Torre, 283 Fed. Appx. 543, 546 (9th Cir. Jun. 24, 2008) (affirming district court's conclusion that injury to goodwill and customers due to trade secret misappropriation constitutes irreparable harm); TMX Funding, Inc. v. Impero Techs., Inc., No. C. 10-00202 JF (PVT), 2010 WL 1028254, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 18, 2010) (stating that "California courts have presumed irreparable harm when proprietary information is misappropriated"); Lillge v. Verity, No. C 07-2748, 2007 WL 2900568, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 2, 2007) (finding that the "risk of losing established customers to defendants' . . . due to defendants' improper use of plaintiff's proprietary information would obviously create a lasting, irreparable harm"). C. Balance of Hardships

Plaintiffs also argue that the balance of equities tips in their favor since they have "a vital interest in protecting [their] trade secret information and preventing competitors from using that information" and "Bingham has no right to use [Plaintiffs'] proprietary information to his own benefit." Supp. of Mot. for TRO 10:27-11:3.) The injunctive relief sought by Plaintiffs would prohibit "Robert Bingham, his agents, servants, employees and attorneys, and all those in active concert or participating with him . . . from disclosing or using any and all trade secret, proprietary or 12 (Mem. of P. & A. in

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confidential information belonging to [Plaintiffs] . . . or known to [Bingham] by virtue of [his] employment with [Plaintiffs], including but not limited to all lists of, and information pertaining to, [Plaintiffs'] customers, owners or members." Pls.' Mot. for TRO ¶ 1.) (Proposed Order Granting

Therefore, "[t]he injunctive relief sought

by [Plaintiffs] is specific to the use of proprietary information belonging to [Plaintiffs] . . . . Accordingly, the balance of TMX, 2010 WL 1028254, at

hardships weighs in favor of [Plaintiffs]."

*8; see also Merrill Lynch, Pierce Fenner & Smith Inc v. Chung, No. CV 01-00659 CBM RCX, 2001 WL 283083, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 2, 2001) (stating that "the balance of hardships tips heavily in favor of granting injunctive relief because an injunction merely prohibits Defendants from misappropriating the trade secrets of [Plaintiff]"). D. The Public Interest

Plaintiffs also argue that injunctive relief "will not adversely affect the public interest" since "[t]here is no legitimate public interest in the unauthorized disclosure of a party's proprietary business information." for TRO 11:5-11.) (Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Mot.

Since "it is in the public interest that trade

secret customer lists be protected," Plaintiffs have shown that the public interest favors injunctive relief in this case. Gable-Leigh,

2001 WL 521695, at *20 (citing Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp., 416 U.S. 470 (1974), which states "[i]t is hard to see how the public would be benefitted by disclosure of customer lists"); see also Chung, 2001 WL 283083, at *6 (holding that injunction that protects "trade secret client lists and other confidential and trade secret information" promotes the public interest). E. Bond 13

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Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(c) ("Rule 65(c)") provides that "[t]he court may issue a preliminary injunction or temporary restraining order only if the movant gives security in an amount that the court considers proper to pay the costs and damages sustained by any party found to have been wrongfully enjoined or restrained." Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(c). The Court's order granting

Plaintiffs' motion for a TRO required that Plaintiffs file a bond in the amount of $10,000; the TRO was not effective until this bond was filed. Plaintiffs filed notice on July 1, 2010 that they had secured Therefore, the requirements of Rule

a bond in the amount of $10,000. 65(c) are satisfied. IV.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, Plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction is GRANTED. Robert Bingham, his agents,

servants, employees and attorneys, and all those in active concert or participating with him, is hereby prohibited from disclosing or using any and all trade secret, proprietary or confidential information belonging to plaintiffs Wyndham Resort Development Corporation dba WorldMark by Wyndham and Wyndham Vacation Resorts, Inc. or known to him by virtue of his employment with Wyndham, including by not limited to all lists of, and information pertaining to, Wyndham's customers, owners or members. Dated: July 8, 2010

GARLAND E. BURRELL, JR. United States District Judge

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