Vassel v. Carson Helicopters, Inc., et al.
Filing
30
ORDER signed by Judge Kimberly J. Mueller on 5/13/14 ORDERING that defendants 12 , 13 motions to dismiss are DENIED. (Kastilahn, A)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11
MATTHEW JOHN VASSEL,
12
Plaintiff,
13
14
No. 2:13-cv-02520-KJM-CMK
v.
ORDER
CARSON HELICOPTERS, INC., et al.,
15
Defendants.
16
The separate motions to dismiss filed by defendants Levi Phillips and Carson
17
18
Helicopters, Inc. (collectively “defendants”) are currently pending before the court. The motions
19
were submitted without argument and the court now DENIES the motions.
20
I.
BACKGROUND
On December 5, 2013, plaintiff Matthew John Vassel (“plaintiff”) initiated this
21
22
action alleging fraud against defendants Carson Helicopters, Inc. (“Carson”), Carson Helicopter
23
Services, Inc., Steve Metheny and Levi Phillips (“Phillips”). ECF No. 1.
Carson was served on January 17, 2014. ECF No. 5. Phillips was served on
24
25
March 5, 2014. ECF No. 9. On March 26, 2014, the court granted plaintiff an extension of time
26
/////
27
/////
28
/////
1
1
to serve process on defendant Steve Metheny.1 ECF Nos. 11 & 15. Defendant Steve Metheny
2
was served on April 9, 2014. ECF No. 16. Metheny’s answer was due on April 30, 2014. Id.
3
On March 25, 2014, Phillips filed a motion to dismiss. ECF No. 12. Plaintiff
4
opposed the motion on April 10, 2014 (ECF Nos. 22-24); and Phillips responded thereto on April
5
18, 2014 (ECF No. 26).
6
On March 26, 2014, Carson filed a motion to dismiss. ECF No. 13. Plaintiff
7
opposed the motion on April 10, 2014 (ECF Nos. 18-20); and Carson responded thereto on
8
April 18, 2014 (ECF No. 27).
9
II.
ALLEGATIONS OF THE COMPLAINT
10
Plaintiff is a resident of Weaverville, California and was employed by the United
11
States Forest Service (“USFS”) for twenty years. Compl. ¶ 3, ECF No. 1. At the time the event
12
giving rise to this action occurred, plaintiff was employed with USFS as a Forestry Technician
13
GS-5. Id. Carson is a Pennsylvania corporation in the business of providing customers with
14
helicopters, including those used to transport firefighting personnel within California. Id. ¶ 4.
15
Defendant Phillips was employed by Carson as the director of maintenance. Id. ¶ 7.
16
Prior to August 2008, defendants bid for and were awarded a contract with USFS
17
for the sale of helicopters to be used for the transportation of firefighters and their equipment. Id.
18
¶¶ 10 & 15. “The terms and conditions of the contract entered into between the defendants and
19
the USFS contained precise specifications set forth by the USFS.” Id. ¶ 16. Defendants
20
provided, inter alia, “altered/forged specifications” that included the helicopters’ empty weight.
21
Id. ¶ 17. Defendants “knowingly and intentionally” submitted the data falsified by defendants so
22
the helicopters would have the appearance of meeting USFS’s required specifications. Id. ¶ 18.
23
“[I]t was foreseeable to the defendants that the USFS and its employees would justifiably rely
24
upon” the false specifications “to calculate critical load and lift capacities of the helicopters”
25
“rendering the defendants liable for the subject helicopter crash and the resultant injuries and
26
damages suffered by plaintiff.” Id.
27
28
1
Defendant Carson Helicopters Services, Inc. was served on January 17, 2014, but has not
appeared in the action. ECF No. 5. According to Carson, this entity no longer exists because it
merged into Carson. ECF No. 13-1 at 2.
2
1
On August 5, 2008, a helicopter purchased by USFS from defendants was
2
involved in a crash resulting in the death of nine firefighters and injuring several others. Id. ¶ 11.
3
Plaintiff’s duties at the time of the accident required him to manage the site where the helicopter
4
took off, “to perform preflight safety briefings with the helicopter’s passengers[,] . . . oversee the
5
security of [the site,] . . . [and] oversee the manifesting[.]” Id. ¶ 23. “[T]he helicopter’s flight
6
crew and the USFS ground crew personnel, including plaintiff, responsible for calculating the
7
safe payload weight of the helicopter did not know that the helicopter’s written data provided by
8
the defendants were false” and therefore relied on the specifications during the helicopter loading
9
process. Id. ¶¶ 17 & 20. As a result of the false specifications, the crews miscalculated the
10
carrying weight of the helicopter, and it exceeded its maximum weight capacity, causing it to
11
crash after lifting off. Id. ¶¶ 17 & 21.
12
Plaintiff was within 150 yards of the crash and witnessed the “resultant deaths of
13
the firefighters who were killed in the crash.” Id. ¶ 13(a).2 Witnessing the crash “caused plaintiff
14
to sustain severe injuries and damages, including, but not limited to, extreme physical and
15
emotional distress and pain and mental anxiety, including, but not limited to, post-traumatic stress
16
syndrome; loss of working capacity; and the loss of his twenty-year career with the USFS and
17
corresponding wages.” Id. ¶ 13(b).
18
On December 7, 2010, the National Transportation Safety Board announced the
19
helicopter crash “occurred as a result of fraud and deceit that had been perpetrated by the
20
defendants in order to obtain a contract with the USFS.” Id. ¶ 12. Prior to this determination,
21
however, plaintiff “fell under scrutiny and was made to feel that his job performance had fallen
22
below acceptable levels and may have contributed to the cause of the accident.” Id. ¶ 23. As a
23
result of the “fraudulent and deceitful conduct” of defendants, plaintiff sustained “severe
24
emotional distress,” “was forced to undergo medical treatment and expenses,” “suffered loss of
25
employment and corresponding loss of wages and loss of working capacity,” “has been held up to
26
ridicule and disdain . . . which has caused him to suffer damage to his personal and professional
27
2
28
Plaintiff’s complaint contains two paragraphs identified with the number “13.” The
court designates the first paragraph “13(a)” and the second paragraph “13(b).”
3
1
reputations and diminished his social standing in his community and in his professional
2
standing.” Id. ¶¶ 24-27. Finally, defendants’ “fraudulent and deceitful conduct” “subjected
3
plaintiff to cruel and extreme emotional distress upon witnessing the crash of the helicopter and
4
the deaths of the firefighters who were aboard.” Id. ¶ 28.
5
III.
6
LEGAL STANDARDS FOR A MOTION TO DISMISS
“[F]ederal courts sitting in diversity jurisdiction apply state substantive law and
7
federal procedural law.” Zamani v. Carnes, 491 F.3d 990, 995 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Freund v.
8
Nycomed Amersham, 347 F.3d 752, 761 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Gasperini v. Ctr. for
9
Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427 (1996))). Because jurisdiction in this case is based on
10
diversity of citizenship, California substantive law applies to plaintiff’s state-law claim and
11
federal procedural law governs the procedural aspects of defendants’ motions to dismiss. Freund,
12
347 F.3d at 761.
13
Under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a party may move to
14
dismiss a complaint for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” A court may
15
dismiss “based on the lack of cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged
16
under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir.
17
1990).
18
Although a complaint need contain only “a short and plain statement of the claim
19
showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,” FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2), in order to survive a motion
20
to dismiss this short and plain statement “must contain sufficient factual matter . . . to ‘state a
21
claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting
22
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A complaint must include something
23
more than “an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation” or “‘labels and
24
conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.’” Id. (quoting
25
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). Determining whether a complaint will survive a motion to dismiss
26
for failure to state a claim is a “context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on
27
its judicial experience and common sense.” Id. at 679. Ultimately, the inquiry focuses on the
28
/////
4
1
interplay between the factual allegations of the complaint and the dispositive issues of law in the
2
action. See Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73 (1984).
3
In making this context-specific evaluation, this court must construe the complaint
4
in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and accept as true the factual allegations of the
5
complaint. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93–94 (2007). This rule does not apply to “‘a legal
6
conclusion couched as a factual allegation,’” Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986) quoted
7
in Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, nor to “allegations that contradict matters properly subject to
8
judicial notice” or to material attached to or incorporated by reference into the complaint.
9
Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988–89 (9th Cir. 2001). A court’s
10
consideration of documents attached to a complaint or incorporated by reference or matter of
11
judicial notice will not convert a motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. United
12
States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 907–08 (9th Cir. 2003); Parks Sch. of Bus. v. Symington, 51 F.3d
13
1480, 1484 (9th Cir. 1995); compare Van Buskirk v. Cable News Network, Inc., 284 F.3d 977,
14
980 (9th Cir. 2002) (noting that even though court may look beyond pleadings on motion to
15
dismiss, generally court is limited to face of the complaint on 12(b)(6) motion).
16
IV.
17
ANALYSIS
A.
18
Consideration of Matters Outside the Complaint
As an initial matter the court must address whether it may properly consider facts
19
surrounding criminal proceedings against defendants Phillips and Metheny, related to the
20
helicopter crash. In support of plaintiff’s oppositions to Phillips’ and Carson’s motions to
21
dismiss, plaintiff includes the declaration of one of his attorneys, Troy Douglas Mudford, and
22
attaches thereto the following exhibits: (1) plaintiff’s complaint; (2) a press release regarding the
23
indictment of defendants Phillips and Metheny; (3) excerpts from the Federal Grand Jury
24
Indictment of defendants Phillips and Metheny; and (4) excerpts from defendant Phillips’ petition
25
to enter a plea of guilty in the criminal matter of defendant Phillips in the District of Oregon.
26
ECF Nos. 21 & 24. Plaintiff also includes his own declaration summarizing his responsibilities
27
with regard to the helicopter involved in the crash. ECF Nos. 19 & 23. Plaintiff did not file a
28
/////
5
1
request for judicial notice, nor did he set forth any legal argument supporting the court’s ability to
2
consider these matters.
3
Phillips opposes consideration of the declarations and exhibits, arguing it is
4
improper to review extrinsic evidence in deciding a 12(b)(6) motion and the documents
5
“contribute nothing to the analysis of the subject of duty or to the propriety of Plaintiff’s
6
emotional distress claims.” ECF No. 26 at 5-6. Carson does not address the extrinsic evidence
7
question.
8
Under Rule 201 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, a court may, sua sponte, take
9
judicial notice of an adjudicative fact, which “must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in
10
that it is either (1) generally known . . . (2) or capable of accurate and ready determination by
11
resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” FED. R. EVID. 201 (b), (c)(1).
12
While matters of public record are generally subject to judicial notice, Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d
13
1202, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012); Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir. 2001), it
14
ultimately is a proponent’s burden to show facts contained in documents are proper subjects of
15
judicial notice. Hurd v. Garcia, 454 F. Supp. 2d 1032, 1054–55 (S.D. Cal. 2006).
16
Here, plaintiff provides no argument or legal authority to show the facts contained
17
in a press release and mere excerpts of public records are proper subjects of judicial notice. The
18
court declines to consider the declarations of Mudford and plaintiff.
19
20
B.
Construction of Plaintiff’s Complaint
Defendants argue the emotional distress damages plaintiff seeks support a claim
21
for negligent infliction of emotional distress and the court should therefore construe plaintiff’s
22
complaint as asserting a claim under this theory rather than fraud and deceit.
23
Phillips argues, “California law does not authorize recovery of the types of
24
damages plaintiff seeks under the circumstances described in his complaint.” ECF No. 12-1 at 2.
25
He says plaintiff fails to identify the specific legal duty owed to him by Phillips, instead relying
26
on plaintiff’s “status as an eyewitness to the crash as the basis upon which he claims the right to
27
sue,” which is not supported by California law. Id. at 4-5. Phillips argues he “had no duty under
28
California law to avoid causing emotional distress to witnesses” of the helicopter crash. Id. at 5
6
1
(citing Lawson v. Management Activities, 69 Cal. App. 4th 652 (1999) (analyzing under what
2
circumstances a plaintiff can recover for emotional distress as part of a claim of negligence)).
3
Similarly, Carson argues, “California law holds that the nature of a cause of action
4
is governed by the kinds of damages allegedly sustained and the relief sought in the complaint,
5
not a plaintiff’s characterization of the claimed cause of action.” ECF No. 13-1 at 5. Carson goes
6
on to argue plaintiff’s “complaint includes a single cause of action for fraud and deceit but seeks
7
damages not based on fraud, but rather for severe emotional distress.” ECF No. 13-1 at 6
8
(citation omitted). In that regard, Carson posits that negligent infliction of emotional distress
9
cases are generally divided into two categories: “direct victim” claims and “bystander” claims;
10
and concludes plaintiff’s complaint fails to state a claim under either category. Id. at 6-10.
11
Plaintiff counters, “[t]his is an action for fraud” and plaintiff “has pled, with
12
particularity, a valid action for the tort of deceit.” ECF Nos. 18 & 22 at 1. Plaintiff further argues
13
“[f]raud is the central issue in this case,” and refutes any suggestion he is misleading the court by
14
stating a claim for fraud. ECF No. 18 at 5.
15
Defendants provide no compelling reason for the court to alter the nature of
16
plaintiff’s complaint and substitute a claim different from the one plaintiff says he intends to
17
bring. In particular, defendants offer no authority, and the court is unaware of any, providing for
18
the recharacterization of a complaint based on the damages alleged. Rather, the cases on which
19
Carson relies provide at best that a complaint fails under California law if it does not properly
20
allege a causal connection between the alleged misrepresentations and the resulting damages. See
21
Small v. Fritz Companies, Inc., 30 Cal. 4th 167, 202 (2003); Goehring v. Chapman University,
22
121 Cal. App. 4th 353, 365 (2004); Gagne v. Bertran, 43 Cal. 2d 481, 491-492 (1954). Cf.
23
Bogovich v. Sandoval, 189 F.3d 999, 1001–02 (9th Cir. 1999) (reciting well-established principle
24
that “party who brings a suit is master to decide what law he will rely upon.”) (alterations and
25
internal quotations omitted) (quoting Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392 n.7 (1987)).
26
The court reads plaintiff’s complaint as plainly alleging a claim under California’s law for fraud
27
and deceit.
28
/////
7
1
The question thus becomes whether plaintiff can sustain a claim under California
2
law for fraud and deceit considering the allegations set forth in his complaint. After first
3
reviewing the applicable law, the court finds he can, as explained below.
4
C.
5
California Law for Fraud and Deceit
In California, “[o]ne who practices a deceit with intent to defraud the public, or a
6
particular class of persons, is deemed to have intended to defraud every individual in that class,
7
who is actually misled by the deceit.” CAL. CIV. CODE § 1711; see also CAL. CIV. CODE § 1709
8
(“One who willfully deceives another with intent to induce him to alter his position to his injury
9
or risk, is liable for any damage which he thereby suffers.”). “The elements of fraud, which give
10
rise to the tort action for deceit, are (a) misrepresentation (false representation, concealment, or
11
nondisclosure); (b) knowledge of falsity (or ‘scienter’); (c) intent to defraud, i.e., to induce
12
reliance; (d) justifiable reliance; and (e) resulting damage.” Lazar v. Superior Court, 12 Cal. 4th
13
631, 638 (1996).
14
While a fraud claim may typically involve the public or a class of persons, see,
15
e.g., Cohen v. Citizens Nat. Trust & Sav. Bank, 143 Cal. App. 2d 480, 486 (1956), it may also
16
apply to cases involving fraudulent misrepresentations made to individuals, see Geernaert v.
17
Mitchell, 31 Cal. App. 4th 601, 605 (1995); Mega Life & Health Ins. Co. v. Superior Court,
18
172 Cal. App. 4th 1522, 1530 (2009). In Geernaert, the court explained, “[i]t has traditionally
19
been the law in this state that to be liable for actionable fraud the defendant must intend his
20
representation (or concealment) be relied upon by a particular person or persons”; but the same
21
court clarified, “it is also recognized that the defendant will not escape liability if he makes a
22
misrepresentation to one person intending that it be repeated and acted upon by the plaintiff.”
23
Geernaert, 31 Cal. App. 4th at 605; see also Mirkin v. Wasserman, 5 Cal. 4th 1082, 1098 (1993)
24
(citing Varwig v. Anderson-Behel Porsche/Audi, Inc., 74 Cal. App. 3d 578, 581 (1977)); Shapiro
25
v. Sutherland, 64 Cal. App. 4th 1534, 1548 (1998). Thus, under Geernaert, plaintiff must plead
26
facts demonstrating defendants, as the “maker[s] of the misrepresentation,” had “information that
27
would lead a reasonable man to conclude that there is an especial likelihood that it will reach
28
/////
8
1
[plaintiff] and will influence [his] conduct.” Geernaert, 31 Cal. App. 4th at 607 (quotations and
2
emphasis omitted).
3
With regard to damages, California law provides: “[f]or the breach of an obligation
4
not arising from contract, the measure of damages, except where otherwise expressly provided by
5
this code, is the amount which will compensate for all the detriment proximately caused thereby,
6
whether it could have been anticipated or not.” CAL. CIV. CODE § 3333. In a claim for fraudulent
7
misrepresentation, damages must result from reliance on the misrepresentation. Small, 30 Cal.
8
4th at 202. In other words, “[i]t must be shown in the pleading that the damage claimed was
9
sustained by reason of the fraud and should show the relation between the fraud and the damage
10
alleged.” Woodson v. Winchester, 16 Cal. App. 472, 476–77 (1911).
11
Finally, when an entire complaint is grounded in fraud, its allegations must state
12
“with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud.” FED. R. CIV. P. 9(b); see also Vess v.
13
Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1107 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing Bly–Magee v. California,
14
236 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th Cir. 2001)). Circumstances that must be stated with particularity
15
pursuant to Rule 9(b) include the “time, place, and specific content of the false representations as
16
well as the identities of the parties to the misrepresentations.” Sanford v. MemberWorks, Inc.,
17
625 F.3d 550, 558 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Edwards v. Marin Park, Inc., 356 F.3d 1058, 1066
18
(9th Cir. 2004)). In other words, the pleading must be “‘specific enough to give defendants notice
19
of the particular misconduct . . . so that they can defend against the charge and not just deny they
20
have done anything wrong.’” Id. (quoting Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1124 (9th
21
Cir. 2009)) (alteration original).
22
D.
23
Defendant Levi Phillips’ Motion to Dismiss
Phillips’ argument, that plaintiff’s allegations fail to establish a duty he owed,
24
assumes plaintiff’s claim is construed as one for negligent infliction of emotional distress claim.
25
ECF No. 12-1 at 4-6 (citing Lawson, 69 Cal. App. 4th 652). As explained above, the court rejects
26
this argument.
27
28
Phillips also argues plaintiff fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted
because plaintiff’s emotional distress damages as alleged are insufficient to support a claim for
9
1
fraud in that they do not qualify under either the “bystander” or “direct victim” theories of
2
recovery. ECF No. 12-1 at 7-8. Phillips’ arguments here as well assume a claim for negligence.
3
Phillips cites no authority finding a claim for fraud fails because the damages claimed are for
4
emotional distress, or holding the “bystander” or “direct victim” theories of recovery apply to
5
fraud and deceit claims. While damages in many fraud cases relate to property loss they may also
6
be pecuniary, Mirkin, 5 Cal. 4th at 1095 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 533 (1977)),
7
which is a more general form of damage “that can be estimated and monetarily compensated,”
8
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (9th ed. 2009). The court is unaware of any bar to claiming
9
emotional distress damages in an action for fraud in California. Cf. Serv. by Medallion, Inc. v.
10
Clorox Co., 44 Cal. App. 4th 1807, 1818 (1996) (“Whatever form it takes, the injury or damage
11
must not only be distinctly alleged but its causal connection with the reliance on the
12
representations must be shown.”) (internal quotations and citation omitted)). Plaintiff’s claim
13
does not fail because he alleges emotional distress damages.
14
To the extent Phillips challenges the causal connection between plaintiff’s alleged
15
reliance on Phillips’ misrepresentation and plaintiff’s claimed damages, this argument fails. In a
16
fraud and deceit claim, as noted, California law requires a plaintiff to plead a sufficient
17
connection between the fraud and the damages alleged. Woodson, 16 Cal. App. at 476–77. Here,
18
plaintiff alleges he relied on Phillips’ fraudulent specifications and miscalculated the weight of
19
the helicopter, Compl. ¶ 21; as a result he witnessed the helicopter crash and suffered “extreme
20
physical and emotional distress and pain and mental anxiety, including, but not limited to, post-
21
traumatic stress syndrome; loss of working capacity; and the loss of his twenty-year career with
22
the USFS and corresponding wages,” id. ¶ 13(b). Viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff,
23
as required, the court finds these allegations sufficiently plead the resulting damage element of a
24
fraud and deceit claim, and therefore survive a motion to dismiss. Whether Phillips’ alleged
25
fraudulent specifications in fact caused plaintiff’s damages is more appropriately examined
26
through discovery and addressed on summary judgment or at trial.
27
28
Accordingly, Phillips’ motion to dismiss is DENIED.
/////
10
1
E.
2
Defendant Carson Helicopters, Inc.’s Motion to Dismiss
To the extent Carson also construes plaintiff’s claims as one for negligent
3
infliction of emotional distress, ECF No. 13-1 at 6-10, the court declines to consider the
4
argument.
5
Carson does contend plaintiff fails to “plead that any of the defendants made a
6
misrepresentation directly to him and he has failed to plead that the defendants had the requisite
7
intent to defraud him personally.” Id. at 11. Carson argues that, while plaintiff alleges
8
defendants intentionally made false statements to USFS that were relied on by ground crew
9
personnel, he fails to allege Carson provided the false information to plaintiff. Id. Carson relies
10
on Walters v. Marler, 83 Cal. App. 3d 1 (1978), a negligent misrepresentation case, for the
11
proposition that “the requisite ‘representation must be made with the intent to induce action by
12
some particular person,’” and there is no liability if others become aware of the statements and act
13
upon them. Id. (quoting Walters, 83 Cal. App. 3d at 19).
14
In reply, plaintiff argues Carson knew USFS employees would rely on its
15
fraudulent specifications and cannot escape liability on the ground plaintiff did not sign the
16
contract for purchase of the helicopter himself. ECF No. 18 at 9. Plaintiff cites to several
17
sections of the complaint in support of his argument that he sufficiently states a claim for fraud.
18
Id. at 4 (citing Compl. ¶¶ 17-27).
19
As noted above, “to be liable for actionable fraud the defendant must intend his
20
representation (or concealment) be relied upon by a particular person or persons.” Geernaert,
21
31 Cal. App. 4th at 605. However, a defendant cannot “escape liability if he makes a
22
misrepresentation to one person intending that it be repeated and acted upon by the plaintiff.” Id.
23
If a defendant makes a fraudulent misrepresentation and “‘has reason to expect that its terms will
24
be repeated or its substance communicated to’” another who acts in justifiable reliance upon the
25
misrepresentation, the defendant is subject to liability for pecuniary loss to that person. Id. at
26
605-06 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 533 (1977)).
27
28
Here, plaintiff alleges defendants provided false specifications to USFS, Compl.
¶ 17, and “it was foreseeable to the defendants that the USFS and its employees would justifiably
11
1
rely upon the aforementioned fraudulent and deceitful specifications to calculate critical load and
2
lift capacities of the helicopter,” id. ¶ 18. Plaintiff alleges the fraudulent misrepresentation was
3
intentionally made by defendants. Id. ¶ 28. These allegations are sufficient to plead the intent to
4
defraud element of a fraud and deceit claim.
5
6
Carson’s motion to dismiss is therefore DENIED.
V.
CONCLUSION
7
For the foregoing reasons, defendants’ motions to dismiss (ECF Nos. 12 & 13) are
8
DENIED.
9
DATED: May 13, 2014.
10
11
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
12
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?