United States of America v. LaPant et al
Filing
104
ORDER signed by District Judge Kimberly J. Mueller on 5/2/19 DENYING 59 Motion for Judgment. (Coll, A)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11
12
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff,
13
14
15
No. 2:16-CV-01498-KJM-DB
ORDER
v.
ROGER J. LAPANT, JR., et al.,
Defendants.
16
17
The United States of America, at the request of the Secretary of the Army acting
18
through the United States Army Corps of Engineers, sues Roger J. LaPant, Jr., J&J Farms, Goose
19
Pond AG, Inc. and Farmland Management Services for alleged violations of the Clean Water Act
20
(“CWA”). LaPant and J&J Farms (“LaPant”) move for judgment on the pleadings, arguing the
21
court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. As explained below, the court DENIES the motion.
22
I.
BACKGROUND
23
Congress enacted the CWA to “restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and
24
biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.” Rapanos v. United States, 547 U.S. 715, 722–23 (2006)
25
(plurality opinion) (quoting 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a)). To that end, the CWA prohibits “the discharge
26
of any pollutant by any person.” Id. at 723 (quoting 33 U.S.C. §§ 1311(a)). Both “[t]he discharge
27
of any pollutant” and “pollutant” are “defined broadly,” with the former including “any addition of
28
any pollutant to navigable waters from any point source,” and the latter including both “traditional
1
1
contaminants but also solids such as ‘dredged spoil, . . . rock, sand, [and] cellar dirt.’” Id. (quoting
2
33 U.S.C. § 1362(12), (6)) (alterations in original).
3
The CWA authorizes the Secretary of the Army, acting through the Chief of
4
Engineers (“Secretary” or “Corps”), to “issue permits . . . for the discharge of dredged or fill
5
material1 into the navigable waters at specified disposal sites.” 33 U.S.C. § 1344(a), (d); see Borden
6
Ranch Partnership v. U.S. Corps of Engineers, 261 F.3d 810, 814 (9th Cir. 2001) (“It is unlawful
7
to discharge pollutants into wetlands without a permit from the Army Corps of Engineers.”). These
8
permits, referred to as Section 404 permits, are “governed simultaneously by Corps Regulations,
9
33 C.F.R. Parts 320–29, and by EPA guidelines, 40 C.F.R. Part 230.” Friends of the Earth v. Hintz,
10
800 F.2d 822, 830 (9th Cir. 1986).
11
12
The CWA also contains provisions authorizing agencies to bring suits in federal
district courts. The provisions at issue here include § 1344(s)(3), under which:
13
The Secretary [of the Army] is authorized to commence a civil action
for appropriate relief, including a permanent or temporary injunction
for any violation for which he is authorized to issue a compliance
order under paragraph (1) of this subsection. Any action under this
paragraph may be brought in the district court of the United States
for the district in which the defendant is located or resides or is doing
business, and such court shall have jurisdiction to restrain such
violation and to require compliance. Notice of the commencement
of such acton [sic] shall be given immediately to the appropriate
State.
14
15
16
17
18
19
33 U.S.C. § 1344(s)(3) (footnote omitted). The “paragraph (1),” referred to in § 1344(s)(3),
20
provides:
Whenever on the basis of any information available to him the
Secretary finds that any person is in violation of any condition or
limitation set forth in a permit issued by the Secretary under this
section, the Secretary shall issue an order requiring such person to
comply with such condition or limitation, or the Secretary shall bring
a civil action in accordance with paragraph (3) of this subsection.
21
22
23
24
Id. § 1344(s)(1). Further, and separately, under § 1319(b):
25
The Administrator [of the EPA] is authorized to commence a civil
action for appropriate relief, including a permanent or temporary
26
27
28
1
“‘[D]redged or fill material’ . . . unlike traditional water pollutants, are solids that do not readily
wash downstream . . . .” Rapanos, 547 U.S. at 723.
2
1
injunction, for any violation for which he is authorized to issue a
compliance order under subsection (a) of this section. Any action
under this subsection may be brought in the district court of the
United States for the district in which the defendant is located or
resides or is doing business, and such court shall have jurisdiction to
restrain such violation and to require compliance. Notice of the
commencement of such action shall be given immediately to the
appropriate State.
2
3
4
5
6
Id. § 1319(b). The “subsection (a)” referred to in § 1319(b) includes, as relevant here, § 1319(a)(3),
7
which authorizes the Administrator of the EPA (“Administrator” or “EPA”) to issue compliance
8
orders for violations of multiple CWA provisions. Id. § 1319(a)(3). One such provision, § 1311,
9
provides in pertinent part: “Except as in compliance with this section and section[] . . . 1344 of this
10
title, the discharge of any pollutant by any person shall be unlawful.” Id. § 1311(a)(1).
11
The United States alleges that beginning in July 2011, LaPant discharged pollutants
12
into “potentially 100 or more acres of waters of the United States” in Tehama County, California,
13
without a permit. Compl., ECF No. 1, ¶¶ 30, 96–107. The alleged discharge resulted from tractor
14
tilling on or near wetlands that are contiguous to Coyote Creek, which flows into a “traditional
15
navigable water,” the Sacramento River. Id. ¶¶ 79, 84–85. Corps staff observed the disturbed
16
ground in March of 2012, investigated, conferred with the EPA and then referred the matter to the
17
United States Department of Justice. Opp’n, ECF No. 61, at 4.2 The Assistant Attorney General
18
for the Environment and Natural Resources Division then authorized this enforcement action, id.,
19
and the United States sued, alleging LaPant and other defendants “discharge[ed] pollutants into
20
waters of the United States . . . without authorization, in violation of CWA section 301(a), 33 U.S.C.
21
§ 1311.” Compl. ¶ 1. The United States sues “by the authority of the Attorney General, and at the
22
request of the Secretary of the Army acting through the United States Army Corps of Engineers,”
23
bringing “[t]his . . . civil enforcement action [] under sections 309 and 404 of the [CWA], 33 U.S.C.
24
§§ 1319 and 1344,” and alleging this court’s jurisdiction under “section 309(b) of the CWA, 33
25
U.S.C § 1319(b), and 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1345.” Id. at 1 & ¶¶ 1, 4.
26
27
28
2
All citations to the parties’ briefs refer to CM/ECF page numbers, not the briefs’ internal
pagination.
3
1
LaPant moves for judgment on the pleadings, arguing the CWA authorizes only the
2
EPA Administrator to commence this suit and the court therefore lacks subject matter jurisdiction.
3
Mot., ECF No. 59-1. The United States opposes, and LaPant filed a reply. Opp’n; Reply, ECF No.
4
63. As explained below, the court DENIES the motion.
5
II.
LEGAL STANDARD
6
“After the pleadings are closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party may
7
move for judgment on the pleadings.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). A motion under this Rule may argue
8
the complaint does not state a claim on which relief can be granted or that the court lacks
9
jurisdiction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(2)(B), (h)(3). The same legal standard applies to motions
10
under Rule 12(b)(6) and 12(c), and much of the process described by the Supreme Court in Ashcroft
11
v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), and Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), applies to
12
Rule 12(c) motions; the Ninth Circuit describes the legal standards applicable to these motions as
13
“substantially identical.” 1121 Pit River Tribe v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 793 F.3d 1147, 1155 (9th
14
Cir. 2015) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); Cafasso, U.S. ex rel. v. Gen. Dynamics
15
C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1054 n.4 (9th Cir. 2011). In short, the court must consider whether
16
the plaintiffs’ factual allegations state a plausible claim for relief when allowed the benefit of
17
reasonable inferences. Cafasso, 637 F.3d at 1054; Fang Lin Ai v. United States, 809 F.3d 503, 506
18
(9th Cir. 2015).
19
III.
20
DISCUSSION
A.
28 U.S.C. § 1345
21
The United States contends “[28 U.S.C. §] 1345 alone is a sufficient basis to deny
22
LaPant’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.” Opp’n at 6. The court agrees.
23
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1345, “Except as otherwise provided by Act of Congress, the
24
district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions, suits or proceedings commenced
25
by the United States, or by any agency or officer thereof expressly authorized to sue by Act of
26
Congress.” 28 U.S.C. § 1345. Accordingly, “28 U.S.C. § 1345 provides an independent basis for
27
jurisdiction where the United States is the plaintiff.” United States v. Yakima Tribal Court, 806
28
F.2d 853, 858 (9th Cir. 1986) (citation omitted). “Section 1345 . . . can only be limited, as the
4
1
initial proviso provides, by (1) an explicit repeal of the statute by an Act of Congress or (2) an
2
implicit repeal by total irreconcilability of the two acts.” United States v. Lahey Clinic Hosp., Inc.,
3
399 F.3d 1, 9 (1st Cir. 2005) (citing Colorado River Water Conservation Dist. v. United States, 424
4
U.S. 800, 808 (1976)). Thus, in addressing a jurisdictional challenge, the court asks, “whether
5
Congress intended [the provisions at issue] to act as a substitute for the jurisdictional provisions of
6
the Judiciary Code (especially 28 U.S.C. § 1345); or in the alternative, whether an unbridgeable
7
schism exists between [those provisions] and 28 U.S.C. § 1345.” United States v. Com. of Puerto
8
Rico, 721 F.2d 832, 836 (1st Cir. 1983).
9
Here, because the United States is the plaintiff, this court has jurisdiction under 28
10
U.S.C. § 1345 unless LaPant establishes either that the CWA expressly repealed the grant of
11
jurisdiction provided by 28 U.S.C. § 1345 or is so irreconcilable with that grant of jurisdiction as
12
to have impliedly repealed it. Reading § 1319(b) as authorizing the EPA, not the Corps, to
13
commence suit for violations of § 1311(a), LaPant argues the United States may commence suit for
14
violations of § 1311(a) only if authorized by the EPA. See Mot. at 10 (“Absent the Administrator’s
15
commencement of the action, either directly or by request to the Attorney General, section 1319(b)
16
does not confer jurisdiction over this suit in this Court.”); Reply at 5 (“[W]hen serving as the
17
plaintiff for a section 1319(b) or section 1344(s)(3) claim, the United States must be acting at the
18
request of the proper agency.”). The court finds LaPant has not met his burden in establishing a
19
repeal of jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1345.
20
1.
21
LaPant argues that § 1319(b) and §1344(s)(3) contain “specific and mutually
22
exclusive jurisdictional grants [that] post-date the enactment of section 1345 and limit district court
23
jurisdiction over federal enforcement suits to those brought by or at the request of the proper
24
agency” and “clearly modify the grant of jurisdiction in 28 U.S.C. § 1345.” Mot. at 21. To the
25
extent LaPant contends either CWA provision constitutes an express repeal of § 1345 jurisdiction,
26
that argument is unavailing. Neither § 1319(b) nor § 1344(s) refer to 28 U.S.C. § 1345 or the
27
United States, much less expressly purport to repeal 28 U.S.C. § 1345’s broad grant of jurisdiction
28
/////
Express Repeal
5
1
for suits brought by the United States. See, e.g., Lahey, 399 F.3d at 12 (finding no express repeal
2
where cited provision did not “mention § 1345”); Colorado River, 424 U.S. at 807 (“The McCarran
3
Amendment does not by its terms, at least, indicate any repeal of jurisdiction under § 1345.”). Cf.
4
United States v. Alisal Water Corp., 431 F.3d 643, 650 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing statutory language
5
providing, “The Administrator’s decision whether or not to select an unregulated contaminant for
6
a list under this clause shall not be subject to judicial review,” 42 U.S.C. § 300g-1(b)(1)(B)(i)(III),
7
as an example of statutory language that “creates [an] . . . exception[] to the district court’s
8
jurisdiction”).
9
2.
Implied Repeal
10
“[T]o show an implicit repeal of § 1345, [a party] must show that (1) the provisions
11
of § 1345 are in irreconcilable conflict with the [provision at issue] or (2) the [provision at issue],
12
by clear and manifest intent, covers the whole subject matter area and was meant as a substitute.”
13
Lahey, 399 F.3d at 10; Colorado River, 424 U.S. at 808 (“In the absence of some affirmative
14
showing of an intention to repeal, the only permissible justification for a repeal by implication is
15
when the earlier and later statutes are irreconcilable.”); see also Lahey, 399 F.3d at 9 n.9 (expressing
16
doubt regarding whether jurisdictional statute may be impliedly repealed through latter substitution
17
approach). “There is a strong presumption against implied repeals of federal statutes, and this
18
presumption is perhaps an even stronger one when the repeal is a grant of jurisdiction to the federal
19
courts.” Lahey, 399 F.3d at 9 (internal citations omitted) (citing Kremer v. Chemical Constr. Corp.,
20
456 U.S. 461, 468 (1982); Com. of Puerto Rico, 721 F.2d at 836). LaPant, as the proponent of the
21
repeal argument, bears the burden of showing that his “disfavored” argument should prevail. See
22
id.
23
24
25
26
27
28
LaPant has not shown that 28 U.S.C. § 1345’s grant of jurisdiction is irreconcilable
with the CWA provisions at issue here. He argues:
Sections 1319(b) and 1344(s)(3) are [] clearly irreconcilable with
jurisdiction under section 1345 . . . . [because] Section 1345 would
grant jurisdiction merely by the United States filing the lawsuit. But
section 1319(b) limits jurisdiction to those suits where the United
States is acting at the request of the Administrator, as section
1344(s)(3) limits jurisdiction to suits to enforce Army-issued
permits. Section 1345, and the Clean Water Act’s sections 1319(b)
6
1
2
and 1344(s)(3), cannot both be applied without one of them being
nullified.
3
Mot. at 21. But neither § 1319(b) nor § 1344(s)(3) mention the United States’ authority to sue,
4
much less “limit jurisdiction to those suits where the United States is acting at the request of the
5
Administrator” or the Secretary, as LaPant argues. See id.
6
Ultimately, LaPant asks the court to find that by granting authority to the EPA and
7
the Corps to pursue enforcement actions under specific circumstances, Congress also limited the
8
United States’ authority to pursue enforcement actions under those circumstances, permitting the
9
United States to sue only upon the authorized agency’s request. As the United States notes, this
10
argument requires the court to treat the fact that the United States, not the Corps, is the plaintiff in
11
this suit as a distinction without a difference. See Opp’n at 2, 4−5, 11−15. LaPant counters that
12
because “[t]he United States uniformly serves as the plaintiff in federal government Clean Water
13
Act enforcement actions,” § 1319(b) and § 1344(s)(3) “would be rendered meaningless if the
14
government can evade the statute merely by the United States bringing actions on behalf of the
15
agencies.” Reply at 4. Essentially, then, LaPant argues that the court must find it lacks jurisdiction
16
under § 1345 in order “to give effect” to § 1319(b) and § 1344(s)(3). See id.
17
LaPant’s argument turns the requisite jurisdictional analysis on its head. The court
18
cannot properly presume that Congress impliedly repealed jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1345 to
19
ensure that the EPA, and only the EPA, may refer unpermitted discharges to the United States for
20
enforcement actions. The presumption, as noted above, is against implied repeal. The reading of
21
§ 1319(b) and §1344(s)(3) that comports with this presumption is that Congress granted the EPA
22
the authority to sue for particular CWA violations and granted the Corps authority to sue for other
23
CWA violations. See 28 U.S.C. § 1345 (conferring original jurisdiction “[e]xcept as otherwise
24
provided by Act of Congress . . . of all civil actions, suits or proceedings commenced by the United
25
States,” but providing jurisdiction for actions commenced “by any agency or officer thereof [when]
26
expressly authorized to sue by Act of Congress”); see also Fed. Sav. & Loan Ins. Corp. v. Ticktin,
27
490 U.S. 82, 85 (1989) (holding availability of § 1345 jurisdiction for cases commenced by federal
28
agencies “require[s] that the agency be ‘expressly authorized to sue’”); Marshall v. Gibson’s Prod.,
7
1
Inc. of Plano, 584 F.2d 668, 676 (5th Cir. 1978) (“Section 1345 grants the district courts jurisdiction
2
over cases brought by agencies only when those agencies are ‘expressly authorized to sue by Act
3
of Congress.’”) (citing Reed v. County Commissioners, 277 U.S. 376, 389 (1928) (footnote
4
omitted)).
5
Under this reading, while the court might lack jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1345
6
to hear this suit if it were it brought directly by the Corps, the court need not and does not reach
7
this question. The court has jurisdiction because this suit is brought by the United States. See 28
8
U.S.C. § 1345; see also 14 Fed. Prac. & Proc. Juris. § 3651 (4th ed.) (“No difficulties of subject
9
matter jurisdiction are presented when the United States is the plaintiff in an action in the federal
10
courts.”);; U.S. on Behalf of F.T.C. v. Larkin, Hoffman, Daly & Lindgren, Ltd., 841 F. Supp. 899,
11
903−06 (D. Minn. 1993) (“[b]ecause this action is brought by the United States, the court declines
12
to consider the defendant’s arguments regarding the power of this court to hear actions brought by
13
the [Federal Trade Commission],” confirming district court jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331
14
and 1345 and finding United States had standing to bring suit on agency’s behalf to enforce
15
judgment obtained by agency where agency was “arguably barred” from bringing suit
16
independently). Thus, as the United States argues, the CWA provisions at issue here may be read
17
as “complementary to 28 U.S.C. § 1345,” granting agency authority without displacing the United
18
States’ authority. See Opp’n at 8−9. As the United States also notes, “under LaPant’s view,
19
Congress authorized EPA, states, and any member of the public to enforce the Clean Water Act,
20
but not the United States (even at the request of the agency that regulates discharges of dredged or
21
fill material).” Opp’n at 10. This reading at the very least requires more support than LaPant offers
22
here.
23
Moreover, LaPant has not identified any portion of the CWA’s legislative history
24
suggesting Congress intended to limit 28 U.S.C. § 1345 jurisdiction by authorizing either the EPA
25
or the Corps to sue. See Colorado River, 424 U.S. at 807 (looking to legislative history for any
26
indication “[of Congress’s] clear purpose to terminate any portion of § 1345 jurisdiction.”). LaPant
27
directs the court to legislative history indicating the 1972 CWA’s sponsor was initially concerned
28
the Corps would not be sufficiently “vigilant” in enforcing the CWA, though five years later
8
1
Congress would amend the CWA to add § 1344(s) and grant the Corps authority to initiate suits in
2
federal district courts. See Mot. at 17 (citing United States v. Kelcourse, 721 F. Supp. 1472, 1475
3
(D. Mass. 1989)). The sponsor’s skepticism pre-dating enactment of § 1344(s) does not suggest,
4
as LaPant argues here, that the CWA or its amendments embody Congress’s intent to limit district
5
court jurisdiction to hear suits brought by the United States under 28 U.S.C. § 1345. To the extent
6
the sponsor’s skepticism should shape the court’s analysis, that skepticism was directed at the
7
Corps, not the United States.
8
In sum, LaPant’s argument works only if the court crosses the boundary between
9
the judicial and legislative branches and supplements § 1319(b)’s and §1344(s)’s text, ignoring the
10
longstanding presumption against implied repeals of jurisdiction. The court declines to venture
11
forth in this way. See Alisal Water Corp., 431 F.3d at 651 (finding, absent any “special provision
12
limiting jurisdiction over federal question claims or suits brought by the United States, . . . the
13
district court had subject matter jurisdiction over th[e] suit . . . .”); United States v. Rivera Torres,
14
656 F. Supp. 251, 255 (D.P.R.), aff'd, 826 F.2d 151 (1st Cir. 1987) (“Congress has expressly granted
15
federal district courts the original jurisdiction to entertain actions brought by the United States
16
against any person who violates the provisions of the Act. It will be a dereliction of our duties to
17
decline jurisdiction.”) (citing 33 U.S.C. § 1319(a)(3) and (b) and § 1344(s)). Cf. United States v.
18
Mellon, 719 F. App’x 74, 79 (2d Cir. 2018) (“Mellon argues that I.R.C. section 7604(a) grants
19
district courts subject-matter jurisdiction over summons enforcement proceedings, but requires
20
proper service to confer jurisdiction. But Mellon does not demonstrate how violating this specific
21
grant of subject-matter jurisdiction would strip the district court of its general grant of subject-
22
matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1340 and 1345.”); Lahey, 399 F.3d at 13 (declining to decide
23
whether “Congress could . . . attempt to expressly provide for repeal of a statute . . . through
24
delegation of [] power [to seek a remedy] to an agency”).3
25
The court has jurisdiction over this case under 28 U.S.C. § 1345.
26
27
28
3
Lahey is otherwise distinguishable in that in that case administrative remedies did not
replace common law remedies available to the United States.
9
1
B.
2
28 U.S.C. § 1331
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, “[t]he district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all
3
civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C.
4
§ 1331. “[S]uits seeking compliance with, or remedies for, violations of federal water quality
5
statutes and regulations present federal questions.” Alisal Water Corp., 431 F.3d at 650 (citation
6
omitted). In addressing a repeal argument, as with district court jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
7
§ 1345, the court considers whether Congress placed “any special limits [on] or exceptions to”
8
federal question jurisdiction. Id.; Colorado River Water Conservation Dist., 424 U.S. at 809 n.15
9
(finding McCarran Amendment did not divest district court of jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331
10
“[f]or the same reasons” it did not divest jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1345).
11
LaPant argues Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit precedent preclude § 1331 “as an
12
alternative basis for subject matter jurisdiction for Clean Water Act enforcement cases” under the
13
facts presented here. Mot. at 12−13, 19 (citing Middlesex County Sewerage Authority v. National
14
Sea Clammers Ass’n, 453 U.S. 1 (1981) and City of Las Vegas, Nevada v. Clark Cty., Nevada, 755
15
F.2d 697 (9th Cir. 1984)). While LaPant cites only authority addressing citizen suits brought under
16
the Clean Water Act, he argues “these cases apply a generally applicable rule about all litigation to
17
enforce the Clean Water Act, not a narrower rule germane only to citizen suits.” Reply at 3. But
18
none of the authorities LaPant relies on support this point. See Middlesex, 453 U.S. at 12−13
19
(addressing “whether [plaintiffs] may raise . . . claims in a private suit for injunctive and monetary
20
relief, where such a suit is not expressly authorized by either of these Acts,” and noting the issue
21
before the court involved “the recurring question whether Congress intended to create a private
22
right of action under a federal statute without saying so explicitly”) (footnotes omitted); City of Las
23
Vegas, Nevada, 755 F.2d at 703 (because “Congress intended to limit access to federal court to
24
enforce the CWA to the express enforcement provisions of the Act,” municipality was precluded
25
from suing under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 or 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and was instead “limited to a cause of
26
action brought under, and conforming to the requirements of, [the CWA’s citizen suit provision]”)
27
(citing Middlesex, 453 U.S. at 21).
28
/////
10
1
Accordingly, as also discussed above, LaPant has not established that the CWA
2
provisions at issue here repealed federal question jurisdiction. See Alisal Water Corp., 431 F.3d at
3
650−51 (addressing district court jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1345 in single analysis).
4
5
The court also may properly exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
IV.
CONCLUSION
6
LaPant has not met his burden to establish the court lacks jurisdiction under 28
7
U.S.C. § 1331 and 28 U.S.C. § 1345.4 His motion for judgment on the pleadings, ECF No. 59, is
8
DENIED.
9
10
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED: May 2, 2019.
11
12
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
4
As the government notes and LaPant concedes, every court that has considered the
jurisdictional challenge LaPant raises here has confirmed district court jurisdiction, finding the
Corps has authority to refer or bring these enforcement actions. United States v. Kelcourse, 721
F. Supp. 1472, 1478 (D. Mass. 1989); Reichelt v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 969 F. Supp.
519, 523 (N.D. Ind. 1996); United States v. Hallmark Const. Co., 14 F. Supp. 2d 1065, 1068
(N.D. Ill. 1998). Because this court confirms its jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1345 and 28
U.S.C. § 1311, it does not address these cases.
11
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?