Smothers et al v. NorthStar Alarm Services, LLC

Filing 91

ORDER signed by Chief District Judge Kimberly J. Mueller on 3/30/2020 GRANTING 78 Motion for Final Approval of the Class Settlement and 76 Motion for Attorneys' Fees. The Court maintains jurisdiction to enforce the terms of the parties' settlement agreement. 89 Request for Status Conference and 90 Ex Parte Request for an Order are both DENIED AS MOOT. CASE CLOSED. (Huang, H)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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JULIAN SMOTHERS, et al.,
Plaintiffs,

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ORDER

v.

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No. 2:17-cv-00548-KJM-KJN

NORTHSTAR ALARM SERVICES, LLC,
Defendant.

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This matter is before the court on the unopposed motions by plaintiffs Julian

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Smothers and Asa Dhadda for attorneys’ fees, costs and class representative enhancement, ECF

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No. 76, and for final approval of the class settlement, ECF No. 78. The court held a hearing on

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December 20, 2019. Jared Hague appeared for plaintiffs; Andrew Collins appeared for

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defendant. For the following reasons, plaintiffs’ motions are GRANTED.

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I.

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BACKGROUND
A.

Procedural Background

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The facts of this case are recounted in detail in the court’s January 22, 2019 order

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on plaintiff’s motion for preliminary approval class settlement and conditional certification, and so

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the court does not repeat them all here. See Prelim. Approval Order, ECF No. 55.

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Plaintiffs Julian Smothers and Asa Dhadda allege defendant NorthStar Alarm
Services, LLC (“NorthStar”) violated California and federal law by not properly compensating

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plaintiffs and the proposed class members or providing them with mandatory wages, meal periods,

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rest periods, reimbursements and accurate wage statements. See Proposed Second Am. Compl.,

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ECF No. 45. On February 3, 2017, plaintiffs filed this putative wage and hour class action

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complaint in state court alleging NorthStar violated various provisions of the California Labor Code

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and the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), Compl., ECF No. 1-1, and NorthStar removed

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the action to this court on March 14, 2017. See Notice of Removal, ECF No. 1. Following

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“approximately two years of intense litigation,” and a mediation with Hon. Jeffrey Winikow (Ret.),

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“a former judge and experienced wage and hour class action mediator,” the parties reached a

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settlement agreement. Mot. for Final Approval (“Mot.”), ECF No. 78, at 8, 10; see also Jared

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Hague Decl., Ex. 1 (“Preliminary Settlement”), ECF No. 39-2, at 11–52.

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On February 23, 2018, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary approval of the joint

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stipulation for class settlement and conditional certification of the class. Mot. for Prelim. Approval,

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ECF No. 39. The court held a hearing on the motion and raised several concerns about the

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settlement terms. ECF No. 43. At hearing, the court directed the parties to make their mediation

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briefs available for the court to review, as well as a second amended complaint, which they did.

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See Guzman Decl., ECF No. 45 (attaching Proposed Second Am. Compl.). The court conducted

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an in camera review of the parties’ confidential mediation briefs and the mediator’s global

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settlement proposal. Prelim. Approval Order at 3 n.4. On January 22, 2019, the court issued an

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order granting the motion for preliminary certification of the Rule 23 class and the FLSA group,

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but denying the motion for preliminary approval of the settlement. Id.

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On April 9, 2019, plaintiff filed a renewed motion for preliminary approval of the

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settlement, Renewed Mot., ECF No. 60, and the court held a hearing on the motion on May 17,

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2019, ECF No. 64. In the renewed motion, the parties proposed an amended settlement that

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addressed the court’s previous concerns regarding the settlement terms. See Order on Renewed

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Mot., ECF No. 67, at 2 (listing modifications and finding “the parties have addressed the court’s

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concerns expressed in its earlier order”). Accordingly, the court granted plaintiff’s renewed motion

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for preliminary approval of the settlement. Id.

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However, the court also identified several issues with the proposed class notice plan,

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class notices and opt-out forms, and directed the parties to implement certain changes before the

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court would approve the proposed method of notice to the class. Id. at 3–16. Plaintiffs made the

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changes and filed copies of the amended class notices and opt-out forms. ECF No. 68. Satisfied

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with these changes, the court approved the class notice plan on August 12, 2019. Order on Notice,

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ECF No. 70.

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After following the notice procedure ordered by this court, plaintiffs now move the

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court for an order granting certification and final approval of the joint stipulation for class

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settlement. Mot. at 2. Relatedly, plaintiffs also move for attorneys’ fees, costs and an enhancement

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award for the named plaintiffs, as stipulated in the settlement. Fees Mot., ECF No. 76, at 2. On

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December 2, 6 and 19, 2019, plaintiff filed several supplemental declarations, primarily to notify

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the court of the final number of individuals who opted in to the FLSA Group and adjust the relevant

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figures accordingly. See ECF Nos. 80–84. Since the hearing, plaintiffs have also filed a motion

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for a status conference, ECF No. 89, and an ex parte application for immediate entry of an order

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granting the motion for final approval of the class settlement, ECF No. 90.

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B.

Settlement Agreement

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The details of the proposed settlement agreement and subsequent amendments are

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laid out in the court’s previous orders on the motion for preliminary approval, ECF No. 55, and on

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the renewed motion for preliminary approval, ECF No. 67. As in the proposed settlement at the

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preliminary approval stage, the settlement proposed here includes the same modifications the court

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encouraged and preliminarily approved: class counsel’s request for attorneys’ fees will not exceed

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25 percent of the gross settlement amount and will be subject to a lodestar cross-check, as opposed

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to coming in at the 33.33 percent previously sought, Mot. at 12; Settlement, ECF No. 78-1, at

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§§ I.11, I.26, IV.7 (“[T]he fee portion shall not exceed one-fourth of the sum of the California Class

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Gross Settlement Amount and the FLSA Actual Gross Participation Amount[.]”); actual settlement

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administration costs of $30,000, as opposed to the maximum of $50,000 previously sought, Mot.

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at 23; Elizabeth Kruckenberg Decl. ¶ 19, ECF No. 78-4; and the proposed notice and opt-in

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procedures for the FLSA group now comply with 29 U.S.C. § 216(b)’s opt-in requirement rather
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than having group members opt in by cashing a settlement check. Mot. at 11. The parties have

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also eliminated provisions permitting funds to revert to NorthStar depending on the proportion of

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class members who opt out or opt in, depending on the class. Id. at 12; Settlement §§ VII.1 (“The

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entirety of the final California Class Net Settlement Amount shall be distributed to the participating

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class members, with no reversion to Defendant.”), VII.5 (calculating FLSA gross settlement

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amount based on number of members who opt in).

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1.

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Given significant differences between Rule 23 class actions and FLSA collective

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actions, the parties’ settlement agreement proposes two settlement classes with separate settlement

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funds, both spanning the same February 3, 2013 through December 31, 2017 class period. See

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Settlement §§ I.3; Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)–(b), (e); 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) (FLSA penalties).

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Proposed Classes

The parties propose the following class definitions:

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‘California Class’: All current and former non-exempt Alarm
Installation Technicians and Lead Alarm Installation Technicians
who performed compensable work for Defendant in the State of
California at any time from February 3, 2013 through December 31,
2017, who do not timely opt out of the California Class and the
Settlement. Defendant represents by its execution of the Settlement
that there are 94 individuals who fall within the definition of the
California Class . . . .

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Settlement § I.3.a.

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‘FLSA Group’: All current and former non-exempt Alarm
Installation Technicians and Lead Alarm Installation Technicians
who performed compensable work for Defendant in the United States
at any time from February 3, 2014 through December 31, 2017, who
affirmatively opt in to the FLSA Group and the Settlement by timely
returning to the Settlement Administrator the Court-approved opt-in
form. Defendant represents by its execution of the Settlement that
there are 285 individuals who potentially fall within the definition of
the FLSA Group [.]

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Id. § I.3.b. No California Class members have opted out of the settlement, therefore all 94

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individuals identified at the preliminary approval stage are considered participating California

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Class members. Mot. at 11. A total of 169 individuals have opted in to the FLSA Group.1

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Kruckenberg Suppl. Decl. ¶¶ 2–3.

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2.

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Under the Agreement, NorthStar will make a payment of up to $1.8 million to the

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settlement administrator, which will be adjusted based on the number of potential FLSA Group

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members who opt in to the settlement. Settlement §§ I.10 (“The ‘California Class Gross Settlement

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Amount’ is $800,000.00.”), I.25 (“The ‘FLSA Potential Gross Settlement Amount’ is

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$1,000,000.”), VII.5 (“Calculation of the FLSA Actual Gross Settlement Amount”). The potential

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gross settlement amount for the FLSA Group is $1 million, if all potential members opted-in.

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Settlement §§ I.25, VII.5. Based on the number of opt-ins, the FLSA Actual Net Settlement

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Amount is $509,184.77. Kruckenberg Decl. ¶ 7, ECF No. 81. The proposed gross settlement

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amount for the California Class, which is fixed, is $800,000. Settlement § I.10. The parties propose

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the following allocation of the potential $1.8 million gross settlement amount:

Gross Settlement Amount

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(1) Up to $450,000, 25 percent of the potential gross settlement, for
class counsel as attorneys’ fees, and up to $20,000 for costs and
expenses. Id. § IV.7. Any difference in the amount actually awarded
will revert to the California Class Net Settlement Amount and FLSA
Potential Net Settlement Amount pro rata, for distribution to the
FLSA group and to the California Class. Id.

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(2) Up to $10,000 in enhancement payments for each named
plaintiff. Id. § IV.2. Any difference in the amount actually awarded
will revert to the California Class Net Settlement Amount and FLSA
Potential Net Settlement Amount pro rata, for distribution to the
FLSA group and to the California Class. Id.

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(3) No more than $50,000 in administrative expenses paid to the
claims administrators. Id. § VI.1. If expenses are less than $50,000,
the excess will be added to the net settlement amounts prior to
distribution to group and class members, as described above. Id.

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(5) An allocation of up to $37,500 from the California Gross
Settlement Amount to the California Labor and Workforce

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After plaintiffs provided updated figures regarding the FLSA Group for the court, one additional
individual opted into the FLSA Group, bringing the total to 169. Kruckenberg Suppl. Decl. ¶ 3,
ECF No. 83. Because this addition would only negligibly affect the relevant figures, the court did
not request additional briefing on the subject, and uses the numbers provided by plaintiffs when
the total FLSA Group consisted of 168 opt-ins.
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Development Agency as a California Private Attorneys General Act
of 2004 (“PAGA”) penalty. Id. §I.15.

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(6) Any applicable tax withholding required. Id. § IV.5.
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See also id. § VII.1–2.

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3.

Non-Monetary Settlement

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The settlement also includes non-monetary terms, including NorthStar’s agreement

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to make changes to its compensation practices. Id. § IV.4. These changes include requiring

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NorthStar to pay Alarm and Lead Alarm Installation Technicians at least California minimum

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wage and overtime wages for all hours worked; posting and distributing meal and rest period

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bulletins; modifying on-call policies applicable to California Alarm and Lead Alarm Installation

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Technicians so those employees are not required to monitor their phones during off-duty hours or

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during meal and rest periods; and reimbursing California Alarm and Lead Alarm Installation

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Technicians for reasonable business expenses, including reimbursement for required tools and for

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work-related travel conducted in personal vehicles at the IRS mileage rate. Id.

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On March 19, 2018, as required under the parties’ settlement terms, NorthStar

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filed a declaration confirming it has taken all non-monetary action required under the Settlement.

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ECF No. 41.

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II.

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CLASS CERTIFICATION
A.

California Class

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Plaintiffs seek final certification of the proposed California Class for settlement

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approval under Rule 23. Mot. at 2. Rule 23 permits class action settlements “only with the court’s

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approval” following “a hearing and only on a finding” that the agreement is “fair, reasonable, and

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adequate[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P 23(e). Proposed class action settlements are reviewed in two stages,

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requiring two hearings. First, the court conducts a preliminary fairness analysis and, if necessary,

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a preliminary class certification analysis, which this court conducted in its order granting

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preliminary certification of the class, ECF No. 55. See Ann. Manual for Complex Litigation (4th

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ed., May 2019) (“MCL”), § 21.632; see In re Bluetooth Headset Prods. Liab. Litig., 654 F.3d 935,

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946 (9th Cir. 2011). Second, after all absent class members are notified of the certification and
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proposed settlement, the court holds a final fairness hearing where it revisits class certification and

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determines whether to approve the settlement. MCL §§ 21.632–21.635; Narouz v. Charter

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Commc’ns, LLC, 591 F.3d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 2010) (requiring fairness hearing before final

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approval of settlement).

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Class certification in the settlement context is appropriate only if Rule 23’s

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certification requirements are satisfied. See Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 620

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(1997) (court owes “undiluted, even heightened, attention” to class certification requirements in

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settlement context); Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(1) advisory committee’s note to 2003 amendment (“A

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court that is not satisfied that the requirements of Rule 23 have been met should refuse certification

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until they have been met.”). On January 22, 2019, the court preliminarily certified the proposed

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class, finding the class satisfied the numerosity, commonality, typicality and adequacy of

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representation requirements of Rule 23(a), Prelim. Approval Order at 7–10, as well as the

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predominance and superiority requirements of Rule 23(b)(3), id. at 10–12.

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No party or class member has objected to certification of the settlement class, Mot.

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at 22, and there is nothing before the court to suggest this prior certification was improper. The

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court therefore finds certification of the class for the purpose of final approval of the settlement

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agreement is appropriate.

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B.

The FLSA Group

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The FLSA establishes an opt-in collective action procedure for employees allegedly

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denied wages and overtime pay. See 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). Under the FLSA, “one or more

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employees” may file a civil action “on behalf of himself or themselves and other employees

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similarly situated.” Id. For the same reasons discussed in the court’s order preliminarily certifying

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the FLSA Group, the court finds the potential FLSA Group members here are similarly situated

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and certifies the group for the purpose of settlement. See Prelim. Approval Order at 13–15.

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III.

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FINAL SETTLEMENT APPROVAL
As the court explained at the preliminary approval stage, under Rule 23(e), a class

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action may be settled “only with the court’s approval,” and the court may provide such approval

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“only after a hearing and only on finding that it is fair, reasonable, and adequate[.]” Fed. R. Civ.
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P. 23(e). To determine whether a proposed class action settlement is fair, reasonable and

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adequate, courts consider several factors, as relevant, including:

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(1) [T]he strength of the plaintiff’s case; (2) the risk, expense,
complexity, and likely duration of further litigation; (3) the risk of
maintaining class action status throughout the trial; (4) the amount
offered in settlement; (5) the extent of discovery completed and the
stage of the proceedings; (6) the experience and view of counsel;
(7) the presence of a governmental participant; and (8) the reaction
of the class members to the proposed settlement.

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In re Online DVD-Rental Antitrust Litig., 779 F.3d 934, 944 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting In re

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Bluetooth Headset Prods. Liab. Litig., 654 F.3d at 946). These factors substantively track those

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provided in the 2018 amendments to Rule 23(e)(2), which took effect December 1, 2018. Rule

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23(e) now dictates that a court may approve a settlement only after considering whether:
(A) the class representatives and class counsel have adequately
represented the class;
(B) the proposal was negotiated at arm’s length;
(C) the relief provided for the class is adequate, taking into account:
(i) the costs, risks, and delay of trial and appeal;
(ii) the effectiveness of any proposed method of distributing
relief to the class, including the method of processing classmember claims;
(iii) the terms of any proposed award of attorney’s fees,
including timing of payment; and
(iv) any agreement required to be identified under Rule
23(e)(3); and
(D) the proposal treats class members equitably relative to each
other.

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Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2). The advisory note to the Rule 23(e)(2) amendment recognizes, “each

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circuit has developed its own vocabulary for expressing these concerns” regarding whether a

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proposed settlement is fair, reasonable and adequate. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2) advisory

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committee’s note to 2018 amendment. Accordingly, the newly codified factors are not intended

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“to displace any factor, but rather to focus the court and the lawyers on the core concerns of

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procedure and substance that should guide the decision whether to approve the proposal.” Id.; see

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also 4 Newberg on Class Actions § 13:14 (5th ed. 2019) (noting Rule 23(e) “essentially codified
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[federal courts’] prior practice”). Moreover, the Advisory Committee warned against allowing

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“[t]he sheer number of factors [to] distract both the court and the parties from the central concerns

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that bear on review under Rule 23(e)(2).” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2) advisory committee’s note to

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2018 amendment. Accordingly, the court draws on the Ninth Circuit’s longstanding guidance as

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well as the Rule 23(e)(2) factors in determining whether the settlement is “fair, reasonable, and

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adequate.”

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Similarly, “FLSA claims may not be settled without approval of either the Secretary

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of Labor or a district court.” Seminiano v. Xyris Enter., Inc., 602 F. App’x 682, 683 (9th Cir. 2015)

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(citing Nall v. Mal-Motels, Inc., 723 F.3d 1304, 1306 (11th Cir. 2013)). In the absence of Supreme

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Court or Ninth Circuit guidance, district courts in this circuit often apply the Eleventh Circuit’s

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standard in evaluating FLSA settlements, assessing whether the settlement is “a fair and reasonable

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resolution of a bona fide dispute over FLSA provisions.” Jefferson v. MEC Dev., LLC, No. 1:17-

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CV-01394, 2019 WL 5209149, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 16, 2019) (quoting Lynn’s Food Stores, Inc.

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v. United States by & through U.S. Dep’t of Labor, Employment Standards Admin., Wage & Hour

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Div., 679 F.2d 1350, 1355 (11th Cir. 1982)). “A bona fide dispute exists when there are legitimate

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questions about ‘the existence and extent of Defendant’s FLSA liability.’” Selk v. Pioneers Mem’l

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Healthcare Dist., 159 F. Supp. 3d 1164, 1172 (S.D. Cal. 2016) (citation omitted). “Once it is

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established that there is a bona fide dispute, courts often apply the Rule 23 factors for assessing

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proposed class action settlements when evaluating the fairness of an FLSA settlement, while

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recognizing that some of those factors do not apply because of the inherent differences between

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class actions and FLSA actions.” Maciel v. Bar 20 Dairy, LLC, No. 117CV00902 DAD SKO, 2018

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WL 5291969, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 23, 2018) (citation omitted); see, e.g., Almodova v. City & Cty.

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of Honolulu, No. CV 07-00378 DAE-LEK, 2010 WL 1372298, at *4 (D. Haw. Mar. 31, 2010)

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(applying following factors: strength of plaintiff’s case; risk of further litigation; stage of

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proceedings; expense, complexity and duration of further litigation; amount offered in settlement;

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experience and views of counsel; and plaintiffs’ reaction to settlement), report and

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recommendation adopted, No. CIV.0700378-DAE-LEK, 2010 WL 1644971 (D. Haw. Apr. 20,

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2010). Here, there is a bona fide dispute over defendant’s FLSA liability for the reasons laid out
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in plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary approval of the settlement. Mot. for Prelim. Approval at 18

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(“The Parties strongly dispute whether the FLSA Group Members’ earnings, even [if] averaged,

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would have sufficiently compensated them for the overtime hours they worked.”) (citing Douglas

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v. Xerox Business Services, LLC, 875 F.3d 884 (9th Cir. 2017)). The court addresses the Rule 23(e)

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factors below.

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A.

Class Representatives and Class Counsel Have Adequately Represented Class

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The court concluded the two named plaintiffs and their counsel were likely to “fairly

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and adequately protect the interests of the class” when it preliminarily approved the California

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Class for settlement. Prelim. Approval Order at 10. The record at this stage provides no reason to

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doubt that conclusion, which applies equally to the FLSA Group. See, e.g., Julian Smothers Decl.

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¶¶ 3–4, ECF No. 79 (describing extensive involvement in case and advocacy for class members’

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interests); Sutton Decl. ¶¶ 3–14, ECF No. 76-1 (describing experience of class counsel); Hague

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Decl. ¶¶ 3–12, ECF No. 76-2 (describing experience of class counsel and involvement of named

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plaintiffs).

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B.

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Proposal Negotiated at Arm’s Length
In its Preliminary Approval Order, the court also considered whether the proposed

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settlement “appear[ed] to be the product of serious, informed, non-collusive negotiations[.]”

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Prelim. Approval Order at 16 (quoting Spann v. J.C. Penney Corp., 314 F.R.D. 312, 319 (C.D.

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Cal. 2016)). The court was satisfied the settlement was the product of an arms-length negotiation,

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especially given that the parties participated in a private mediation with a former judge, left

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mediation without reaching a settlement, but remained in constant contact and ultimately accepted

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the mediator’s proposal. Id. at 21–22 (citing Pierce v. Rosetta Stone, Ltd., No. C 11–01283 SBA,

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2013 WL 1878918, at *5 (N.D. Cal. 2013) (means by which parties reached proposed settlement

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bears on its reasonableness and fairness)). For these same reasons, the court finds this factor

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supports approving the settlement at this stage.

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C.

Relief Provided for Class Is Adequate
In analyzing the adequacy of the relief at the preliminary approval stage, the court

called out several “subtle signs of unfairness” that suggested relief might be inadequate: (1) a
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disproportionate award to counsel, (2) a “clear sailing” arrangement for attorneys’ fees, and

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(3) arrangements where fees not awarded revert to defendant rather than the class fund. See id. at

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22 (citing In re Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 947). Here, after the parties amended their settlement in

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line with the court’s suggestions, attorneys’ fees are now capped at the Ninth Circuit’s

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presumptively appropriate 25 percent benchmark, see In re Easysaver Rewards Litig., 906 F.3d

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747, 754 (9th Cir. 2018), so are not obviously disproportionate, and there is no reversionary

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provision, see Settlement § VII.1 (“The entirety of the final California Class Net Settlement

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Amount shall be distributed to the participating California Class Members, with no reversion to

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Defendant.”).
However, there remains a “clear sailing” arrangement for attorneys’ fees, wherein

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NorthStar “agrees not to object to [attorneys’] fee, cost or expense applications” that do not
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exceed the amount laid out in the settlement. See Settlement § IV.7.2 As foreshadowed in its
previous order, the court must therefore conduct “a lodestar cross-check” to determine whether

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the attorneys’ fees request is reasonable. Prelim. Approval Order at 22 (citing Ogbuehi v.

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Comcast of Cal./Colo./Fla./Or., Inc., 303 F.R.D. 337, 352 (E.D. Cal. 2014)). The court engages

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in the lodestar cross-check analysis in the discussion on plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees

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below, and ultimately determines the request is reasonable. Therefore, the “clear sailing”
provision is not a bar to final approval of the settlement.
At the preliminary stage, the court also found the settlements’ provisions for
providing notice to the class were inadequate. See Prelim. Approval Order at 16–20. The parties

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amended the FLSA notice and opt-in procedures in light of the court’s first order on preliminary

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approval, ECF No. 55, and second order on plaintiffs’ renewed motion, ECF No. 67, and the

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court preliminarily approved the amended settlement. Order on Notice at 2. The court remains

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satisfied with plaintiffs’ method of providing notice to the California Class members and the
FLSA Group members, especially given that over 59 percent of the FLSA Group members opted
in to the settlement by submitting a claim form. See Mot. at 8.

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“Defendant agrees not to object to any such fee or expense application in those amounts. . . .
The Parties agree that any fee and/or expense application by Class Counsel will include a request
that the Court analyze requested fees using a lodestar cross-check . . . .”
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For these reasons, and taking into account the remaining sub-factors under Rule

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23(e)(2), the court finds the settlement provides adequate relief to the class as it did when it

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preliminarily approved it. See Order on Renewed Mot.
D.

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Proposal Treats Class Members Equitably Relative to Each Other

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The individual settlement amount for each California Class member will be

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determined by dividing the final California Class Net Settlement amount by the total number of

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workweeks worked by all California Class members to yield the “final California Class pay period

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rate.” Settlement § VII.4. “Each member of the California Class shall be paid an amount equal to

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the number of his or her individual pay periods worked during the Class Period multiplied by the

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final California Class pay period rate.” Id. The FLSA Group members’ individual settlement

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amounts will be determined in a similar way, by dividing the final FLSA Potential Net Settlement

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Amount by the total number of workweeks worked by all potential members of the FLSA group,

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to yield the “final FLSA Group pay period rate.” Id. Each individual who opts in to the FLSA

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settlement will be eligible for “an amount equal to the number of his or her individual pay periods

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worked during the Class Period multiplied by the final FLSA Group pay period rate.” Id. The

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court finds this method of distribution treats class members equitably relative to each other.

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The settlement treats the named plaintiffs differently than the other class members,

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by affording them each a $10,000 incentive payment. Fees Mot. at 15. The court analyzes this

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incentive payment separately below, but ultimately determines it is not a barrier to approving the

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settlement.
E.

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Conclusion
For these reasons the court finds the settlement is “fair, reasonable, and

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adequate . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e).

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IV.

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ATTORNEYS’ FEES, COSTS AND INCENTIVE AWARD
A. Request for Attorneys’ Fees
“Where a proposed settlement of FLSA claims includes the payment of attorneys’

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fees, the court must also assess the reasonableness of the fee award.” Selk, 159 F. Supp. 3d at

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1180 (citation omitted); see also 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) (2018) (in FLSA action, court shall “allow a
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reasonable attorneys’ fee to be paid by the defendant, and costs of the action”). “The district

2

court has discretion in common-fund cases to award attorneys’ fees in the amount of a percentage

3

of the common-fund or using the lodestar method.” Kakani v. Oracle Corp., No. C 06-06493

4

WHA, 2007 WL 4570190, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 21, 2007).

5

Rule 23 also permits a court to award “reasonable attorney’s fees . . . that are

6

authorized by law or by the parties’ agreement.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h). Even when the parties

7

have agreed on an amount, the court must award only reasonable attorneys’ fees. Bluetooth,

8

654 F.3d at 941.

9

1. Ninth Circuit Benchmark

10

The Ninth Circuit has generally set a 25 percent benchmark for the award of

11

attorneys’ fees, and “courts may adjust this figure upwards or downwards if the record shows

12

special circumstances justifying a departure.” Ontiveros v. Zamora, 303 F.R.D. 356, 372 (E.D.

13

Cal. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing In re Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 942). The Ninth

14

Circuit has also approved the use of lodestar cross-checks to determine the reasonableness of a

15

particular percentage recovery of a common fund.

16

116CV01262DADSAB, 2018 WL 1919823, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 24, 2018) (citing Vizcaino v.

17

Microsoft Corp., 290 F.3d 1043, 1050 (9th Cir. 2002)).

Seguin v. Cty. of Tulare, No.

18

The proposed settlement provides for attorneys’ fees of $200,000 attributable to the

19

California Class, which is 25 percent of the California Class Gross Settlement Amount. Sutton

20

Suppl. Decl. ¶ 5, ECF No. 82. Taking into account the actual number of FLSA opt-ins, the proposed

21

settlement would provide for $178,150.46 attributable to the FLSA Group, which is 25 percent of:

22

the FLSA Potential Gross Settlement Amount ($1,000,000) multiplied by the FLSA Participation

23

Rate, a figure that represents the percentage of available funds actually claimed by individuals who

24

opted in. See id. ¶ 7. Both these amounts are presumed reasonable as they are in line with the

25

Ninth Circuit’s benchmark and consistent with awards in similar cases. See, e.g., Hightower v.

26

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. CV 11-1802-PSG (PLAx), 2015 WL 9664959, at *10 (C.D. Cal.

27

Aug. 4, 2015) (approving attorneys’ fees of 30 percent of settlement fund in hybrid state-law class

28

action and FLSA collective action); Glass v. UBS Fin. Servs., Inc., 331 F. App’x 452, 457 (9th Cir.
13

1

2009) (approving attorneys’ fees of 25 percent of settlement fund in common-fund case involving

2

state-law and FLSA claims).

3

2. Lodestar Cross-Check

4

Comparison with the lodestar method also supports approval here. In cases where

5

courts apply the percentage method to calculate attorneys’ fees, courts are encouraged to use the

6

lodestar method as a cross-check to evaluate the reasonableness of the percentage award. See

7

Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 943–45. In calculating an attorneys’ fees award under this method, a court

8

“must start by determining how many hours were reasonably expended on the litigation, and then

9

multiply those hours by the prevailing local rate for an attorney of the skill required to perform the

10

litigation.” Moreno v. City of Sacramento, 534 F.3d 1106, 1111 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted).

11

This amount may be increased or decreased by a multiplier that reflects any factors not subsumed

12

within the calculation, such as “the quality of representation, the benefit obtained for the class, the

13

complexity and novelty of the issues presented, and the risk of nonpayment.” Bluetooth, 654 F.3d

14

at 941–42 (quoting Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1029 (9th Cir. 1998)). “Foremost

15

among these considerations, however, is the benefit obtained for the class.” Id. at 942 (citing

16

Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434–36 (1983); McCown v. City of Fontana, 565 F.3d 1097,

17

1102 (9th Cir. 2009)).

18

a. Lodestar Amount

19
20

As part of their separate motion for attorneys’ fees, class counsel have provided the
following breakdown of their time spent in this case and their regular rates per hour:

21
22

Attorney

Hours Worked

Rate

Total Fees

23

S. Brett Sutton

120.65

$800.00

$96,520

24

Jared Hague

188.60

$650.00

$122,590

25

Anthony E. Guzman

304.05

$300.00

$91,215

26

Brady Briggs

40.50

$300.00

$12,150

27

Totals

653.80

$322,475

28
14

1

S. Brett Sutton Suppl. Decl. ¶ 11. Counsel have also provided declarations in support of their

2

hourly rates, but no evidence their rates are in line with those in the community, see Blum v.

3

Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 895 n.11 (1984), nor itemized records to support the number of hours they

4

worked, see Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437. Nonetheless, in this case the court finds counsel has provided

5

adequate detail to conduct a lodestar cross-check here. See Barbosa v. Cargill Meat Sols. Corp.,

6

297 F.R.D. 431, 451 (E.D. Cal. 2013) (“Where the lodestar method is used as a cross-check to the

7

percentage method, it can be performed with a less exhaustive cataloguing and review of counsel’s

8

hours.” (citation omitted)); Bellinghausen v. Tractor Supply Co., 306 F.R.D. 245, 264 (N.D. Cal.

9

2015) (“[I]t is well established that ‘[t]he lodestar cross-check calculation need entail neither

10

mathematical precision nor bean counting . . . [courts] may rely on summaries submitted by the

11

attorneys and need not review actual billing records.’”) (citation omitted)). Given the extent of

12

motion practice in this case, including a motion to amend the complaint, ECF No. 28, a motion to

13

certify the class, ECF No. 33, a motion for conditional certification of the class and preliminary

14

approval of the settlement, ECF No. 39, a renewed motion for preliminary approval of the

15

settlement, ECF No. 60, and the instant motions for final approval of the settlement and for

16

attorneys’ fees, ECF Nos. 78, 76, as well as the time required for mediation, the court finds 653.80

17

is a reasonable number of total hours to use for the lodestar cross-check.

18

Brady Briggs and Anthony E. Guzman are both associates with roughly three years

19

of experience at the time the instant motion as filed. Sutton Decl. ¶¶ 19–20. Courts in the Eastern

20

District have previously accepted hourly rates between $370 and $495 for associates, though lower

21

rates are more commonly approved. Milburn v. PetSmart, Inc., No. 118CV00535 DAD SKO, 2019

22

WL 5566313, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 29, 2019) (noting courts using the loadstar method have

23

previously accepted hourly rates of between $370 and $495 for associates, but some courts in this

24

district approved lower rates) (citing, inter alia, Gong-Chun v. Aetna Inc., No. 1:09-cv-01995-SKO,

25

2012 WL 2872788, at *22 (E.D. Cal. July 12, 2012) (awarding $300 per hour for associates with

26

less than four years’ experience)). Given the other discussions in this district, the court finds the

27

proposed rate of $300 is a reasonable hourly rate for associates Brady Briggs and Anthony E.

28

Guzman.
15

1

That said, the rates proposed by plaintiffs, namely $650 and $800 for partners, are

2

high for this district. As noted in the one federal case plaintiffs cite, “‘prevailing hourly rates in

3

the Eastern District of California are in the $400/hour range,’ with some courts noting a higher

4

range for partners, commensurate with experience.” Turk v. Gale/Triangle, Inc. et al., Case No.

5

2:16-cv-00783-MCE-DB, ECF No. 33 at 8–9 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 21, 2017) (quoting Bond v. Ferguson

6

Enterprises, Inc., 1:09-cv-1662 OWW MJS, 2011 WL 2648879, at *12 (E.D. Cal. June 30, 2011))

7

(citing, inter alia, Franco v. Ruiz Food Products, Inc., 1:10-CV-02354-SKO, 2012 WL 5941801,

8

at *20 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 27, 2012) (“[P]revailing rates in the Eastern District of California are in the

9

$400 range, with rates of up to $650 to $675 approved for partners and senior associates with

10

significant years of experience.”)); see also Z.F. v. Ripon Unified Sch. Dist., No. 2:10-cv-00523-

11

TLN-CKD, 2017 WL 1064679, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 21, 2017) (“Prevailing hourly rates in the

12

Eastern District of California are in the $350–$550/hour range for experienced attorneys with over

13

15 years of experience in civil rights and class action litigation.” (citation omitted)).

14

In particular, Jared Hague proposes a rate of $650 per hour for his time, and he has

15

over 11 years of experience as an attorney, primarily in employment and labor law. Hague Decl.

16

¶ 3. In a recent case from this district out of Fresno, a sister court declined to use a rate of $510 per

17

hour for an associate with 11 years of experience in a wage-and-hour class action, and instead

18

reduced the rate to $495 per hour to “more appropriately reflect market rates in this district.”

19

Milburn, 2019 WL 5566313, at *10. Even though Mr. Hague is a partner at his firm, $495 per hour

20

is a reasonable rate for lodestar purposes, in light of other decisions awarding even lower rates to

21

attorneys with much more experience in the Sacramento Division of this district. See, e.g.,

22

Celestine v. FCA US LLC, No. 2:17-CV-0597-JLT, 2019 WL 4274092, at *13 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 10,

23

2019) (reducing requested rate to $300 per hour for an attorney with approximately 16 years of

24

experience, applying standard for Sacramento Division); Estrada v. iYogi, Inc., 2016 WL 310279,

25

at *6 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 26, 2016) (approving $400 requested rate for partners with as much as 19 years

26

of experience). Accordingly, the court applies a rate of $495 per hour for Mr. Hague’s time, which

27

reduces his total fees for the lodestar calculation to $93,357.

28

/////
16

1

S. Brett Sutton has nearly 30 years of experience as an attorney and has served as

2

lead counsel on many wage-and-hour class actions. Sutton Decl. ¶¶ 3, 6. In Milburn, the court also

3

declined to use the rate of $700 for an attorney with over 33 years of experience in wage-and-hour

4

class actions, and instead applied the “upper range of hourly rates previously found to be reasonable

5

in this district,” $695 per hour. Milburn, 2019 WL 5566313, at *9; see also Celestine v. FCA US

6

LLC, No. 2:17-CV-0597-JLT, 2019 WL 4274092, at *11 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 10, 2019) (“[T]he

7

Sacramento Division and Fresno Division award comparable rates.”). The court will do the same

8

here. This reduces Mr. Sutton’s total fees for the lodestar calculation to $83,851.75, and the total

9

lodestar amount, after reducing both Mr. Sutton’s and Mr. Hague’s fees, to $280,573.75.

10

To reach plaintiffs’ counsel’s total requested fee of $378,150.46 requires applying

11

a multiplier of roughly 1.35 to the lodestar amount of $280,573.75. A multiplier of 1.35 is within

12

the range of multipliers accepted by the Ninth Circuit. See, e.g., Vizcaino, 290 F.3d at 1050–51,

13

1051 n.6 (reviewing approved fees from 24 cases and finding 20 of 24 fell within 1.0–4.0 range,

14

and 13 of twenty-four fell within 1.5–3.0 range) (citing In re Prudential Ins. Co. Am. Sales Practice

15

Litig. Agent Actions, 148 F.3d 283, 341 (3d Cir. 1998) (“[M]ultiples ranging from one to four are

16

frequently awarded in common fund cases when the lodestar method is applied.”)). The court

17

evaluates the factors discussed in Bluetooth to determine whether a 1.35 lodestar multiplier is

18

justified in this case. See Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 941–42 (citing relevant factors as “the quality of

19

representation, the benefit obtained for the class, the complexity and novelty of the issues presented,

20

and the risk of nonpayment”).

21
22

b. Bluetooth Factors
First, class counsel avoided protracted litigation by successfully negotiating a

23

settlement and has diligently pursued approval of that settlement by this court through multiple

24

rounds of motion practice. This factor supports a modest positive multiplier.

25

Second, and most importantly, class counsel achieved a favorable result and

26

generated a significant benefit for the class in the form of a potential gross settlement amount of

27

$1,800,000. Mot. at 11; see Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 942 (“Foremost among these considerations,

28

however, is the benefit obtained for the class.”). Participating California class members stand to
17

1

receive an average award of approximately $5,653.09 and participating FLSA class members

2

stand to receive an average award of approximately $3,144.02, a substantial benefit compared to

3

other settlements of this type. See Kruckenberg Decl. ¶¶ 16–17. In addition, counsel “obtained

4

significant value for the Settlement Class in the form of changes to Defendant’s workplace

5

policies, practices and procedure” including future compliance with state minimum wage and

6

overtime laws and modifications to its on-call policies so employees are not required to monitor

7

their phones during off-duty hours or meal and rest periods. Fees Mot. at 7. As further evidence

8

of a favorable result, counsel points to the fact they have received no opt outs or objections to the

9

settlement from potential class members. Id. at 8. This factor strongly favors a positive

10

multiplier.

11

As for the third factor, nothing in the record suggests the issues presented by

12

plaintiffs’ claims are novel to counsel or that they were particularly complex compared with other

13

wage-and-hour class actions. This factor does not favor a positive multiplier.

14

Finally, class counsel have represented the class on a contingency basis. Id. at 9.

15

Consequently, they have faced a substantial risk of nonpayment, especially in light of the

16

constantly evolving legal landscape. Id. at 8–9 (citing Douglas, 875 F.3d at 884 (holding

17

employers may average total weekly earnings of employees to determine whether employer has

18

satisfied its minimum wage and overtime obligations); Naranjo v. Spectrum Sec. Servs., Inc., 40

19

Cal. App. 5th 444, 474 (Ct. App. 2019), as modified on denial of reh’g (Oct. 10, 2019) (finding

20

derivative penalties such as attorneys’ fees unavailable for actions brought under Cal. Labor Code

21

§ 226.7), petition for review granted (Jan. 2, 2020). This factor favors a positive multiplier.

22

Three of the four factors favor a positive multiplier, and the multiplier of 1.35 is

23

within the range accepted by the Ninth Circuit. Accordingly, based on the percentage-based

24

method and the lodestar cross-check method, the court finds the requested award of fees is

25

reasonable.

26
27
28

B. Request for Costs
The court also must determine an appropriate award of costs and expenses.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h). “[I]n evaluating the reasonableness of costs, the judge has to step in and
18

1

play surrogate client.” In re Toys R Us-Delaware, Inc.–Fair & Accurate Credit Transactions Act

2

(FACTA) Litig., 295 F.R.D. 438, 468–69 (C.D. Cal. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citation

3

omitted). “In keeping with this role, the court must examine prevailing rates and practices in the

4

legal marketplace to assess the reasonableness of the costs sought.” Id. (citation omitted).
Here, counsel represents that combined unreimbursed costs total $13,822.30,3 and

5
6

include filing fees, court reporter and transcript fees, expert fees, travel costs to hearings and

7

mediation, mediation fees, copy charges and postage charges. Fees Mot. at 14–15; Sutton Decl.

8

¶ 22. No class member has objected to this amount. Sutton Decl. ¶ 26 (“None of the Class

9

Members have objected to the Settlement or opted-out of the Settlement on any basis.”). The

10

court finds these fees are reasonable and are of the type routinely approved by courts for

11

reimbursement. See Barbosa, 297 F.R.D. at 454 (costs associated with travel, photocopying and

12

mediation fees are “routinely reimbursed”); Fontes v. Heritage Operating, L.P., No. 14-cv-1413-

13

MMA (NLS), 2016 WL 1465158, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 14, 2016) (approving class counsel’s

14

costs, which included “court filing fees, research costs, mediation-related expenses, attorney

15

services costs, and travel expenses”).

16

C. Incentive Award

17

The two named plaintiffs request roughly $10,000 each as incentive awards. Fees

18

Mot. at 15. Representative plaintiffs, as opposed to designated class members, are eligible for

19

reasonable incentive payments. Staton v. Boeing Co., 327 F.3d 938, 977 (9th Cir. 2003). Whether

20

to authorize an incentive payment to a class representative is a matter within the court’s discretion.

21

See Adams v. City & Cty. of Honolulu, No. CV 12-00667 BMK, 2017 WL 3880651, at *1 (D. Haw.

22

Sept. 5, 2017). In determining whether to approve an enhancement payment, courts may consider

23

the following factors: (1) “the risk to the class representative in commencing suit, both financial

24

and otherwise;” (2) “the notoriety and personal difficulties encountered by the class representative;”

25

(3) “the amount of time and effort spent by the class representative”; (4) “the duration of the

26

3

27
28

Plaintiffs explained that, “[t]o the extent that Class Counsel incurs additional costs between the
filing of this Motion and the filing of their Motion for Final Approval of Settlement, Class
Counsel will submit additional declarations in support of such request.” Fees Mot. at 15.
Plaintiffs have made no such request.
19

1

litigation;” and (5) “the personal benefit (or lack thereof) enjoyed by the class representative as a

2

result of the litigation.” Van Vranken v. Atl. Richfield Co., 901 F. Supp. 294, 299 (N.D. Cal. 1995)

3

(citation omitted). Various courts in this circuit, including this court, have adopted the Van Vranken

4

factors. See, e.g., Zakskorn v. Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc., 2:11-CV-02610-KJM, 2015 WL

5

3622990, at *17 (E.D. Cal. June 9, 2015). In determining the amount of time and effort spent by

6

the class representative, the court will examine “‘evidence demonstrating the quality of plaintiff’s

7

representative service,’ such as ‘substantial efforts taken as class representative to justify the

8

discrepancy between [his] award and those of the unnamed plaintiffs.’” Flores v. ADT LLC, No.

9

116CV00029 AWI JLT, 2018 WL 6981043, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 19, 2018) (quoting Reyes v. CVS

10

Pharmacy, Inc., No. 1:14-CV-00964-MJS, 2016 WL 3549260, *15 (E.D. Cal. June 29, 2016)).

11

Courts will also consider the “proportion of the [representative] payment[s] relative to the

12

settlement amount, and the size of each payment.” In re Online DVD-Rental Antitrust Litig., 779

13

F.3d at 947.

14

Here, plaintiffs Julian Smothers and Asa Dhadda have submitted two identical

15

declarations in which they explain their participation in the case and estimate that they each spent

16

over 100 hours assisting counsel over the two years this case has been active. Smothers Decl.

17

¶¶ 3–4; Dhadda Decl. ¶¶ 3–4, ECF No. 78-3. They both “participated extensively in the

18

preparation of the Complaint,” organized and shared documents with counsel, assisted in

19

settlement negotiations, fielded calls from potential class members inquiring about the case, and

20

communicated often with counsel regarding the status of the case. Smothers Decl. ¶ 3; Dhadda

21

Decl. ¶ 3.

22

With respect to the first factor, plaintiffs contend that, by initiating this case, they

23

accepted some degree of personal risk, including potentially compromising future employment by

24

suing their employer. Smothers Decl. ¶ 5; Dhadda Decl. ¶ 5. Thus, the first factor weighs in

25

favor of granting an incentive award.

26

As for the second factor, nothing in the record suggests the litigation gained any

27

particular notoriety and plaintiffs do not suggest their participation caused any personal

28

/////
20

1

difficulties, apart from costing them time. Therefore, the second factor does not necessarily

2

support an incentive award.

3

As for the third factor, as mentioned, both plaintiffs estimate they spent over 100

4

hours assisting in this litigation. Smothers Decl. ¶ 3; Dhadda Decl. ¶ 3. Because plaintiffs

5

expended significant efforts and were involved in the litigation, this factor weighs in favor of

6

granting each an incentive award.

7

With respect to the fourth factor, this case was somewhat protracted: plaintiffs

8

initiated the case on February 3, 2017, settled on January 26, 2018, and requested preliminary

9

approval on February 23, 2018. The court subsequently denied the motion for preliminary

10

approval in part, and the parties engaged in further motion practice until plaintiffs filed the final

11

motion to approve the settlement on November 22, 2019, ECF No. 60, roughly four years after

12

filing the complaint. Thus, the fourth factor weighs slightly in favor of granting an incentive

13

award. Cf. Van Vranken, 901 F. Supp. at 296, 299 (where the class representative’s “participation

14

lasted through [roughly thirteen] years of litigation,” a $50,000 incentive award was appropriate);

15

see also Ogbuehi, 2015 WL 3622999, at *14 (finding fourth factor neutral where litigation settled

16

after roughly one year).

17

Finally, with respect to the fifth factor, the personal benefit enjoyed by plaintiff,

18

neither named plaintiff appears to gain any benefit beyond what he will gain as a class member.

19

See generally Settlement; see also In re Toys R Us-Del., Inc.–Fair & Accurate Credit

20

Transactions Act (FACTA) Litig., 295 F.R.D. at 472 (“An incentive award may be appropriate

21

when a class representative will not gain any benefit beyond that he would receive as an ordinary

22

class member.”). This factor weighs in favor of granting an incentive award.

23

On balance, the relevant factors favor granting an incentive award. The requested

24

incentive award of $10,000 is on the high end of what is typically approved, but not out of line with

25

precedent, especially given the number of hours plaintiffs spent in this case. See, e.g., Bond, 2011

26

WL 2648879, at *2, 15 (approving an $11,250 incentive payment to each of two named plaintiffs

27

as part of $2,250,000 gross settlement); Emmons v. Quest Diagnostics Clinical Laboratories, Inc.,

28

2017 WL 749018, *9 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 27, 2017) (awarding enhancement payment of $8,000 to each
21

1

plaintiff when each conducted 30 to 40 hours of work); Rodriguez v. Kraft Foods Group, Inc., 2016

2

WL 5844378, *16 (awarding enhancement payment of $10,000 to plaintiff who conducted 40 hours

3

of work on case); Ross v. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n, Civ. No. 3:07-2951 SI, 2010 WL 3833922, at *3

4

(N.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2010) (approving award of $20,000 to each of four named plaintiffs where

5

settlement fund was $1,050,000, based on their contributions to litigation and risk that being a class

6

representative would harm their reputation).

7

Furthermore, the total incentive payment of $20,000 represents roughly 1.11 percent

8

of the potential gross settlement amount. A $10,000 incentive payment is roughly 1.77 times the

9

average individual settlement amount for the California class and 3.18 times the average individual

10

settlement amount for the FLSA Group. As a percentage of the potential gross settlement amount,

11

the incentive award is on the high end of what is commonly approved, but, as compared to the

12

average individual settlement amounts, the ratio of individual to incentive award is quite low. See,

13

e.g., In re Online DVD-Rental Antitrust Litig., 779 F.3d at 947 (awarding $5,000 enhancement

14

payment to each of nine named plaintiffs, which was roughly 417 times greater than average award

15

but, in aggregate, only 0.17% of gross settlement); Rodriguez, 2016 WL 5844378, at *16 (awarding

16

enhancement payment of $10,000, which was approximately 11 times average award and less than

17

0.5% of gross settlement); Spann v. J.C. Penney Corp., 211 F. Supp. 3d 1244, 1265 (C.D. Cal.

18

2016) (awarding an enhancement payment of $10,000, which was approximately 50 times average

19

award and less than 0.02% of gross settlement).

20

On balance, the $10,000 incentive award to each named plaintiff is reasonable in

21

this case, especially in light of plaintiffs’ extensive time commitment, as laid out in their sworn

22

declarations. See Smothers Decl. ¶ 3; Dhadda Decl. ¶ 3. The court approves this element of the

23

settlement.

24

V.

CONCLUSION

25

In light of the foregoing analysis, plaintiffs’ motion for final approval of the class

26

settlement, ECF No. 78, and motion for attorneys’ fees, costs and an enhancement award, ECF No.

27

76, are GRANTED. As discussed at hearing, given the court’s relatively extensive involvement in

28

/////
22

1

this case, the court in its discretion maintains jurisdiction to enforce the terms of the parties’

2

settlement agreement.

3
4

Plaintiffs’ request for a status conference, ECF No. 89, and ex parte request for an
order, ECF No. 90, are both DENIED as moot.

5
6
7
8

This order resolves ECF Nos. 76 , 78, 89 and 90. The Clerk is directed to CLOSE
the case.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED: March 30, 2020.

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