Perry et al v. Schwarzenegger et al

Filing 285

MOTION in Limine TO EXCLUDE THE EXPERT REPORTS, OPINIONS, AND TESTIMONY OF KATHERINE YOUNG, LOREN MARKS AND DAVID BLANKENHORN filed by City and County of San Francisco, Paul T. Katami, Kristin M. Perry, Sandra B. Stier, Jeffrey J. Zarrillo. Motion Hearing set for 12/16/2009 10:00 AM in Courtroom 6, 17th Floor, San Francisco. (Olson, Theodore) (Filed on 12/7/2009)

Perry et al v. Schwarzenegger et al

Doc. 285

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GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP Theodore B. Olson, SBN 38137 [e-mail] Matthew D. McGill, pro hac vice 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 Telephone: [phone], Facsimile: [phone] Theodore J. Boutrous, Jr., SBN 132009 [e-mail] Christopher D. Dusseault, SBN 177557 Ethan D. Dettmer, SBN 196046 333 S. Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90071 Telephone: [phone], Facsimile: [phone] BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP David Boies, pro hac vice [e-mail] 333 Main Street, Armonk, New York 10504 Telephone: [phone], Facsimile: [phone] Jeremy M. Goldman, SBN 218888 [e-mail] 1999 Harrison Street, Suite 900, Oakland, California 94612 Telephone: [phone], Facsimile: [phone] Attorneys for Plaintiffs KRISTIN M. PERRY, SANDRA B. STIER, PAUL T. KATAMI, and JEFFREY J. ZARRILLO Dennis J. Herrera, SBN 139669 Therese M. Stewart, SBN 104930 Danny Chou, SBN 180240 One Dr. Carlton B. Goodlett Place San Francisco, California 94102-4682 Telephone: [phone], Facsimile [phone] Attorneys for Plaintiff-Intervenor CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA KRISTIN M. PERRY, et al., Plaintiffs, and CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO, Plaintiff-Intervenor, v. ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER, et al., Defendants, and PROPOSITION 8 OFFICIAL PROPONENTS DENNIS HOLLINGSWORTH, et al., Defendant-Intervenors. 1
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Dockets.Justia.com

CASE NO. 09-CV-2292 VRW PLAINTIFFS' AND PLAINTIFFINTERVENOR'S NOTICE OF MOTION AND MOTION IN LIMINE TO EXCLUDE THE EXPERT REPORTS, OPINIONS, AND TESTIMONY OF KATHERINE YOUNG, LOREN MARKS AND DAVID BLANKENHORN PLAINTIFFS' MIL NO. 1 OF 2 [Declaration of Rebecca Justice Lazarus and Proposed Order Filed Concurrently Herewith] Final Pretrial Conference Date: December 16, 2009 Time: 10:00 a.m. Judge: Chief Judge Walker Location: Courtroom 6, 17th Floor

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TO ALL PARTIES AND THEIR ATTORNEYS OF RECORD HEREIN: PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that on December 16, 2009, at 10:00 a.m., or as soon thereafter as counsel may be heard, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, San Francisco Division, Courtroom 6, located at 450 Golden Gate Avenue, San Francisco, California 94102, Plaintiffs Kristin M. Perry, Sandra B. Stier, Paul T. Katami, and Jeffrey J. Zarillo (collectively, "Plaintiffs") and Plaintiff-Intervenor the City and County of San Francisco ("PlaintiffIntervenor") will and hereby do move in limine for an order excluding the expert reports, opinions, and testimony of the following individuals, each of whom were designated as an expert witness in this matter by Defendant-Intervenors Dennis Hollingsworth, Gail J. Knight, Martin F. Gutierrez, Hak-Shing William Tam, Mark A. Jansson, and ProtectMarriage.com ­ Yes on 8, A Project of California Renewal ("Proponents"): (1) (2) (3) Katherine Young; Loren Marks; and David Blankenhorn.

This Motion is made pursuant to Rules 104, 403, and 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, on the grounds that Katherine Young, Loren Marks and David Blenkhorn are not qualified experts and the opinions and testimony of Proponents' Proposed Experts are neither relevant nor reliable pursuant to the standards set forth in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993) and its progeny. Moreover, the expert opinions and testimony of the Proposed Experts are inadmissible because any probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, waste of time, undue delay, and needless presentation of cumulative evidence. See Fed. R. Evid. 403. Because the purported expert testimony of Katherine Young, Loren Marks, and David Blankenhorn does not meet the standards set forth in Daubert, it should not be admitted into evidence or, at the very least, should be accorded little to no weight. Given that this is a bench trial, Plaintiffs and Plaintiff-Intervenor leave to the Court's discretion whether it wishes to exclude this evidence in advance of trial or, alternatively, explore these experts' qualifications during trial through direct and cross-examination and make the determination based on that more complete testimony. In any event, 2
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the testimony offered by Proponents is not admissible to prove or refute any issue germane to this case. This Motion is based upon this Notice of Motion and Motion, the attached Memorandum of Points and Authorities, the pleadings, records, and papers on file with this Court, all matters upon which this Court may take judicial notice, and such oral arguments as the Court may receive.

DATED: December 7, 2009

GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP Theodore B. Olson Theodore J. Boutrous, Jr. Christopher D. Dusseault Ethan D. Dettmer Matthew D. McGill Amir C. Tayrani Sarah E. Piepmeier Theane Evangelis Kapur Enrique A. Monagas By: and BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP David Boies Jeremy M. Goldman Roseanne C. Baxter Richard J. Bettan Beko O. Richardson Theodore H. Uno Attorneys for Plaintiffs KRISTIN M. PERRY, SANDRA B. STIER, PAUL T. KATAMI, and JEFFREY J. ZARRILLO /s/ Theodore B. Olson

// // //

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DENNIS J. HERRERA City Attorney THERESE M. STEWART Chief Deputy City Attorney DANNY CHOU Chief of Complex and Special Litigation RONALD P. FLYNN VINCE CHHABRIA ERIN BERNSTEIN CHRISTINE VAN AKEN MOLLIE M. LEE Deputy City Attorneys

By:

/s/ Therese M. Stewart

Attorneys for Plaintiff-Intervenor CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 II. THE LEGAL STANDARD GOVERNING EXPERT TESTIMONY ............................................ 3 A. B. The Witness Must Qualify as an Expert ....................................................................... 3 The Witness' Testimony Must Be Based on Scientific, Technical, or "Other Specialized" Knowledge and Must Concern a Matter Beyond a Layperson's Common Knowledge................................................................................ 4 The Witness' Testimony Must be Reliable and Relevant............................................. 4 1. 2. D. Reliability.......................................................................................................... 4 Relevance .......................................................................................................... 6

C.

The Probative Value of the Purported Expert's Testimony Must Outweigh its Prejudicial Effect ..................................................................................... 6

III. THE COURT SHOULD EXCLUDE THE TESTIMONY OF PROPONENTS' PROPOSED EXPERTS ­ YOUNG, MARKS AND BLANKENHORN ................................ 7 A. Katherine Young ........................................................................................................... 7 1. 2. 3. 4. Dr. Young is Not Qualified to Offer an Expert Opinion on Any Issue in This Case ............................................................................................. 7 Dr. Young's Opinion Lacks Relevance to the Factual Issues of this Case ............................................................................................................ 8 Dr. Young's Opinion Lacks a Reliable Methodology ...................................... 9 Dr. Young's Testimony Would Waste Time and Create Confusion and is thus Inadmissible Under Federal Rule of Evidence 403................................................................................................... 11

B.

Loren Marks ................................................................................................................ 11 1. 2. 3. 4. Dr. Marks is Not Qualified to Offer an Expert Opinion in this Case................................................................................................................. 11 Dr. Marks' Report, Opinions, and Testimony Have No Relevance to this Litigation ............................................................................ 12 Dr. Marks' Report, Opinions, and Testimony are Unreliable......................... 14 Dr. Marks' Report, Opinions, and Testimony Lack Probative Value and are thus Inadmissible Under Federal Rule of Evidence 403................................................................................................... 16

C.

David Blankenhorn ..................................................................................................... 16 i

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 1. 2. 3. 4. Mr. Blankenhorn is Not Qualified to Offer an Expert Opinion in this Case .......................................................................................................... 16 Mr. Blankenhorn Has No Relevant Opinions to Offer ................................... 17 Mr. Blankenhorn's Conclusions Are Not Based on a Discernible Methodology and are Unreliable ................................................. 17 Mr. Blankenhorn's Testimony Would Waste Time and Create Confusion and is thus Inadmissible Under Federal Rule of Evidence 403................................................................................................... 20

IV. THE COURT SHOULD EITHER EXCLUDE THE TESTIMONY OF THESE PROPOSED EXPERTS BEFORE TRIAL OR REJECT SUCH TESTIMONY AFTER EXPLORING THEIR QUALIFICATIONS DURING TRIAL ................................ 21 V. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 22

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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Page(s) CASES Beech Aircraft Corp. v. United States, 51 F.3d 834 (9th Cir. 1995)................................................................................................................ 4 Carnegie Mellon Univ. v. Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., 55 F. Supp. 2d. 1024 (N.D. Cal. 1999) .............................................................................................. 5 CFM Commc'ns, LLC v. Mitts Telecasting Co., 424 F. Supp. 2d 1229 (E.D. Cal. 2005)............................................................................................ 21 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., 43 F.3d 1311 (9th Cir. 1995).................................................................................. 5, 9, 14, 15, 16, 20 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993)................................................................................... 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17 Domingo ex rel. Domingo v. T.K., 289 F.3d 600 (9th Cir. 2002)........................................................................................................ 6, 20 Fechtig v. Sea Pac. Inc., No. C 03-4056 JL 2006 WL 2982148 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 17, 2006).................................................................................. 22 Gen. Elec. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136 (1997)......................................................................................................... 6, 13, 14, 18 Jinro Am. Inc. v. Secure Invs., Inc., 266 F.3d 993 (9th Cir. 2001), amended by 272 F.3d 1289 (9th Cir. 2001) ............................................................................. 3, 9, 20 Jones v. United States, 127 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir. 1997).......................................................................................................... 22 Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999)................................................................................................. 4, 5, 9, 14, 15, 21 Laconner Assocs. Ltd. Liab. Co. v. Island Tug & Barge Co., 2008 WL 2077948 (W.D. Wash. May 15, 2008)............................................................................. 21 LuMetta v. U.S. Robotics, Inc., 824 F.2d 768 (9th Cir. 1987).............................................................................................. 3, 8, 11, 12 Mukhtar v. Cal. State Univ., 299 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir. 2002), amended by 319 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. 2003) ........................................................................... 5, 10, 20 Thomas v. Newton Int'l Enters., 42 F.3d 1266 (9th Cir. 1994).............................................................................................................. 3 United States v. Alatorre, 222 F.3d 1098 (9th Cir. 2000).......................................................................................................... 21 United States v. Hankey, 203 F.3d 1160 (9th Cir. 2000)............................................................................................................ 3 United States v. Vallejo, 237 F.3d 1008 (9th Cir. 2001), amended by 246 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir. 2001) ....................................................................................... 4 United States v. Verduzco, 373 F.3d 1022 (9th Cir. 2004)...................................................................................................... 6, 21 iii
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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES (Continued) Page(s) Varnum v. Brien, No. CV5965 (Iowa Dist. Ct. 2007) ................................................................................................ 1, 9 Volk v. United States, 57 F. Supp. 2d 888 (N.D. Cal. 1999) ............................................................................................... 21 RULES Fed. R. Evid. 104 ................................................................................................................. 1, 3, 4, 7, 17 Fed. R. Evid. 403 ..................................................................................................... 1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 16, 21 Fed. R. Evid. 702 ....................................................................................................... 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9

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MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES I. INTRODUCTION

Proponents have offered three purported experts ­ Katherine Young, Loren Marks, and David Blankenhorn ­ who fail to meet even the minimum requirements imposed by the Federal Rules of Evidence.1 Katherine Young. A self-described expert in "comparative religion" with an emphasis on "Hinduism," Proponents offer Dr. Young's testimony on "what universally constitutes marriage and why." But Dr. Young lacks any relevant expertise to opine on this topic, and the conclusions set forth in her report and deposition consist of little more than her own personal reflections on the meaning of marriage. They are based on no scientific or specialized methodology; indeed, Dr. Young has not even reviewed the vast majority of the relevant literature and policy statements produced by professional associations in the fields of anthropology, psychology, medicine, or child welfare (to name only a few) because she deems them "irrelevant" to her inquiry. For many of these same reasons, Dr. Young's testimony was excluded in Varnum v. Brien, No. CV5965 (Iowa Dist. Ct. 2007), a case in which she offered testimony on the same issues. Because Dr. Young lacks the necessary qualifications to serve as an expert on any issues relevant to this matter and has no reliable support for her conclusions, her testimony should be found inadmissible. Loren Marks. Dr. Marks seeks to opine generally on why the biological, marriage-based family is the "ideal" structure for child outcomes, but lacks any relevant qualifications or background to address that question with respect to the issues presented by this case ­ whether biological, marriage-based families produce child outcomes that are better, worse or the same as same-sex parent families, or even opposite-sex parent, adoptive families. Dr. Marks has no discernible methodology on which to base his claims (indeed, at several points, he disavowed his own conclusions on the

1

Rebuttal expert discovery is ongoing and, pursuant to this Court's order of August 19, 2009, does not conclude until December 31, 2009. Doc #160. Proponents' rebuttal experts have not yet been deposed. Accordingly, Plaintiffs and Plaintiff-Intervenor reserve the right to move in limine to exclude rebuttal expert reports, opinions, and testimony pursuant to Rules 104, 403, and 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence following the completion of rebuttal expert discovery. 1

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importance of a biological link to child outcomes) and as such, his opinions are unreliable and irrelevant under Federal Rule of Evidence 702. Thus, this Court should find Dr. Marks' testimony, opinions, and report inadmissible. David Blankenhorn. Mr. Blankenhorn has no expertise in any academic field relevant to this litigation, but nonetheless purports to offer "expert" opinion based on nothing more than his "reading and reflection" on works from various fields in which he lacks expertise. Mr. Blankenhorn's report eschews any mention of either Prop. 8 or California generally. Instead, he seeks to offer his general conclusions on the purpose of the institution of marriage and the harms he personally believes will result from allowing marriage of gay and lesbian individuals. He has neither reviewed, nor is aware of any data that support his belief that the institution of marriage is designed primarily to provide a stable and loving environment for the biological children produced from that marriage. Instead, he supports his views by stringing together quotations from various other authors and pointing to his list of the supposed harms of allowing gay and lesbian individuals to marry. This list consists of nothing more than a partial regurgitation of a list produced during an anonymous "group thought experiment," and thus is not based on a reliable methodology as is required of admissible expert conclusions under the Federal Rules of Evidence. As such, his opinions should be deemed inadmissible. In short, these individuals are not qualified to serve as expert witnesses. More importantly, each of their generic conclusions, untethered to any of the specific factual issues in this case, combined with the lack of any discernible methodology to support them, renders each of their opinions unreliable and irrelevant under Federal Rule of Evidence 702. For the reasons explained herein, it is entirely appropriate for this Court to exclude these witness' testimony in advance of trial. However, if the Court determines that it would be appropriate to explore their qualifications at trial through direct and cross-examination, Plaintiffs and Plaintiff-Intervenor ask the Court to exclude their testimony from evidence, or accord it little or no weight, after such evidence is presented during trial.

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II.

THE LEGAL STANDARD GOVERNING EXPERT TESTIMONY

Federal Rule of Evidence 702 provides that expert testimony relating to "scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge" is admissible only if it "will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue." Fed. R. Evid. 702. A witness qualified as an expert may only offer testimony "in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if: (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case." Fed. R. Evid. 702. In practical terms, this means that: (1) Proponents' Proposed Experts must qualify as experts, (2) the testimony, reports, and opinions of Proponents' Proposed Experts must be based on scientific, technical, or "other specialized knowledge" and concern a matter beyond a layperson's understanding; and (3) the testimony, reports, and opinions of Proponents' Proposed Experts must be reliable and relevant. See, e.g., United States v. Hankey, 203 F.3d 1160, 1168 (9th Cir. 2000). Additionally, expert testimony is subject to general evidentiary rules, such as Federal Rule of Evidence 403. See id. A. The Witness Must Qualify as an Expert As a preliminary matter, a witness must first qualify as an expert before he or she may proffer expert testimony. See Fed. R. Evid. 104(a). A witness may be qualified as an expert on the basis of "knowledge, skill, experience, training or education." See Fed. R. Evid. 702. While Rule 702 "contemplates a broad conception of expert qualifications" that may be satisfied by a "minimal foundation of knowledge, skill, and experience," see Thomas v. Newton Int'l Enters., 42 F.3d 1266, 1269 (9th Cir. 1994), a witness still must have some foundation of knowledge, skill, or experience--a witness with cursory or very limited experience does not satisfy this "foundation" requirement. See, e.g., Jinro Am. Inc. v. Secure Investments, Inc., 266 F.3d 993, 1005­1006 (9th Cir. 2001), amended by 272 F.3d 1289 (9th Cir. 2001) (finding purported expert on Korean business culture unqualified because witness lacked legal, business, or financial expertise to evaluate substance of transaction at issue, and witness had no education or training as a cultural expert or on Korean culture specifically); LuMetta v. United States Robotics, Inc., 824 F.2d 768, 771 (9th Cir. 1987) (affirming district court's

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finding that proffered witnesses were unqualified to serve as experts because of their minimal experience and personal knowledge regarding the subject of their proposed testimony). B. The Witness' Testimony Must Be Based on Scientific, Technical, or "Other Specialized" Knowledge and Must Concern a Matter Beyond a Layperson's Common Knowledge In order to be admissible expert testimony, the testimony must be based on "scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge [that] will assist the trier of fact." Fed. R. Evid. 702. A witness may not testify as an expert unless he or she testifies about matters that are beyond the ability and experience of the average layperson. See United States v. Vallejo, 237 F.3d 1008, 1019 (9th Cir. 2001), amended by 246 F.3d 1150 (9th Cir. 2001) (explaining expert testimony must also "address an issue beyond the common knowledge of the average layman"); Beech Aircraft Corporation v. United States, 51 F.3d 834, 842 (9th Cir. 1995) (excluding purported experts who were to offer testimony "deciphering" audio recordings because "hearing is within the ability and experience of the trier of fact.") Testimony on an issue not outside a layperson's understanding does not assist the trier of fact and is thus not admissible expert testimony. C. The Witness' Testimony Must be Reliable and Relevant Under Federal Rule of Evidence 702, the trial judge is charged with the task of ensuring that an expert's testimony both rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant to the task at hand. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 591­592 (1993). This "gatekeeping obligation" applies not only to scientific testimony, but also to testimony based on "technical" and "other specialized" knowledge. See Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 147­150 (1999). Accordingly, Proponents bear the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the testimony, opinions, and reports of Proponents' Proposed Experts are relevant and reliable. See Fed. R. Evid. 104(a); Daubert, 509 U.S. at 589­593. 1. Reliability

To be reliable, an expert's conclusions must be based on the knowledge and experience of his or her discipline, rather than on subjective belief or unsupported speculation. See, e.g., Daubert, 509 U.S. at 589­590; Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 148. The trial court must "make certain that an expert, whether basing testimony upon professional studies or personal experience, employs in the courtroom 4
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the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant field." Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 152 (emphasis added). In cases of scientific testimony, this means that an expert's testimony must not only reflect scientific knowledge, but it also must be "derived by the scientific method" and the work product must amount to "good science." See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 43 F.3d 1311, 1315 (9th Cir. 1995) (emphasis added) ("Daubert II"). In cases of "technical" or "other specialized" testimony, the same standard applies, as would be applied to that particular field. See Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 147­150. In essence, the Court "must ensure that `junk science' plays no part in the decision." Mukhtar v. Cal. State Univ., 299 F.3d 1053, 1063 (9th Cir. 2002), amended by 319 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir. 2003). The following non-exclusive factors may be considered in evaluating the reliability of an expert's methodology or technique: (1) whether the methodology or technique used can be (and has been) tested; (2) whether the methodology or technique has been subjected to peer review and publication; (3) whether the methodology or technique has a known potential rate of error; and (4) whether the methodology or technique is generally accepted in the relevant scientific or technical community. See Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591, 593­594; Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 149­150. Whether the expert's testimony "grow[s] naturally and directly out of research they have conducted independent of the litigation, or whether they have developed their opinions expressly for purposes of testifying" is particularly significant in evaluating reliability. Daubert II, 43 F.3d at 1317 (emphasis added). The Court, with few exceptions, "may not ignore the fact that a scientist's normal workplace is in the lab or the field, not the courtroom or the lawyer's office." Id. If evidence of prelitigation research or peer review is not available, the expert must (1) "explain precisely how they went about reaching their conclusions" and (2) "point to some objective source ­ a learned treatise, a policy statement of a professional association, a published article in a reputable science journal or the like to show that they have followed the scientific method as it is practiced by (at least) a recognized minority of scientists in their field. Carnegie Mellon Univ. v. Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., 55 F. Supp. 2d. 1024, 1030, 1034 (N.D. Cal. 1999), citing Daubert II, 43 F.3d at 1319. Finally, the Court must inquire into whether the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case. See Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593. Although the trial court may 5
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not decide upon the correctness of the expert's conclusion, it may "conclude that there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered." Domingo ex rel. Domingo v. T.K., 289 F.3d 600, 607 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting General Electric v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146 (1997)). In other words, the necessary connection between the expert's methodology and ultimate conclusion may not be established on speculation alone. Joiner, 522 U.S. at 146 ("[N]othing in either Daubert or the Federal Rules of Evidence requires a district court to admit opinion evidence that is connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert.") 2. Relevance

In addition to being based reliable, an expert's testimony must be relevant. The Court must assess whether the proffered expert testimony is sufficiently tied to the facts of the case such that it will "assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue." Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591 (citing Fed. R. Evid. 702). Specifically, there must be a "fit" or valid connection between the expert's reasoning or methodology and the pertinent inquiry--the facts at issue--before the Court. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591­593. In the context of this case, this Court has already identified areas of factual dispute that may be relevant to the issues presented in three areas: (1) the appropriate level of scrutiny under the Equal Protection clause; (2) evaluation of the state interests Proponents assert as bases for Prop. 8; and (3) whether Prop. 8 discriminates based on sexual orientation or gender or both; and (4) whether Prop. 8 was passed with a discriminatory intent. Doc #76 at 6­9. With respect to each of these categories, the Court elaborated the areas of factual development that may assist the Court in deciding these issues: D. The Probative Value of the Purported Expert's Testimony Must Outweigh its Prejudicial Effect Finally, as with all evidence, expert testimony may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, waste of time, undue delay, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. Fed. R. Evid. 403; United States v. Verduzco, 373 F.3d 1022, 1032­1035 (9th Cir. 2004) (affirming trial court's exclusion of testimony of expert witness under Fed. R. Evid. 403). Because expert evidence may be misleading and is 6
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difficult to evaluate, a judge "exercises more control over experts than lay witnesses" in weighing prejudice against probative value. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 595 (quoting Jack B. Weinstein, Rule 702 of the Federal Rules is Sound, 138 F.R.D. 631, 632 (1991)). III. THE COURT SHOULD EXCLUDE THE TESTIMONY OF PROPONENTS' PROPOSED EXPERTS ­ YOUNG, MARKS AND BLANKENHORN Proponents offer Katherine Young, Loren Marks and David Blankenhorn as expert witnesses in this case. The reports of each of these witnesses and their statements during their depositions establish that they do not meet the requirements set forth in Federal Rule of Evidence 104, 403 and 702. A. Katherine Young 1. Dr. Young is Not Qualified to Offer an Expert Opinion on Any Issue in This Case

Proponents proffer Katherine Young, a professor in the Faculty of Religious Studies at McGill University, as an expert in "comparative religion." (Young Expert Report ("Young Rep.") 1.) Dr. Young seeks to offer her "expertise" to explain "what universally constitutes marriage and why." (Id.) Dr. Young is not an expert in sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology, medicine, child development, statistics, survey construction and methodology or political science. (Young Dep. 7:820; 37:14-38:9, November 13, 2009.) She admits she has not submitted any articles for peer review in any relevant field. (See, e.g., id. at 11:19-13:5.) Indeed, her "expertise" is far more narrow than the term "comparative religion" might indicate. She considers herself an expert only in the field of religious studies, and then only in Hinduism. (Id. at 29:11-19; 60:19-25.) She does not specialize in American religions, and she is not an expert on American denominations. (Id. at 65:14-16; 67:5-11.) She has not studied marriage of same-sex couples in California, the United States, or in the world generally. (Id. at 104:14-25.) As an academic in the field of Hindu religious studies, Dr. Young simply has no foundation of knowledge, skill or experience necessary to serve as an expert on "comparative religion" and certainly not on any of the factual issues presented by this case. Indeed, she has acknowledged that the separation of church and state renders any comparison between legal regimes based on religion (i.e., Hindu) to western civil law regimes inapposite to the question of whether Prop. 8 is unconstitutional under Equal Protection Clause. (Id. at 232:21-233:6.) 7
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Accordingly, Dr. Young lacks even a minimal foundation of knowledge required by Federal Rule of Evidence 702 to qualify her as an expert in this case. See, e.g., LuMetta, 824 F.2d at 771 (affirming exclusion of experts for their minimal experience and lack of substantial personal knowledge of the subject matter relevant to the case). 2. Dr. Young's Opinion Lacks Relevance to the Factual Issues of this Case

This Court has identified certain factual issues that may be pertinent to the resolution of the issues presented by this litigation. Doc #76 at 6­9. Those issues are specific to the factual situation presented in this case ­ the passage of Prop. 8 in California and the resulting deprivation of the constitutional rights of gay and lesbian individuals in California. Not only does Dr. Young's testimony in her expert report and deposition have no relationship to any of the issues identified by the Court, but Dr. Young has expressly disclaimed her willingness or ability to offer expert testimony on those issues, even when those issues might have some interplay with her study of religion. Specifically, Dr. Young has stated that she has no opinion on: (1) whether permitting marriage of same-sex couples would affect the number of heterosexual marriages or divorces (id. at 120:3-14); (2) whether permitting marriage of same-sex couples affects the desire of heterosexuals to marry (id. at 120:15-18); (3) whether or not discrimination against gay and lesbian individuals causes stress or psychological damage (id. at 172:5-16; 173:18-25); (4) whether or not prohibiting gay and lesbian individuals from marrying would have an adverse effect on them or their children, or whether permitting them to marry would benefit them and their children. (Id. at 191:17-192:1.) She has further stated that she has no opinion on what proportion of people opposed to marriage of same-sex couples in California were motivated primarily by their religious beliefs. (Id. at 69:6-13.) In short, Dr. Young seeks to testify on some broad-based conception of the "universal" features and functions of marriage that have no relationship to any of the factual issues in dispute and is based on little more than her speculation that such musings might be relevant. They are not and, even if testimony on such supposed "universal" truths were somehow relevant, any opinion Dr. Young might provide could not meet the standards for reliable expert testimony under Federal Rule of Evidence 702. Indeed, any opinions Dr. Young has ­ by her own admission ­ are not based on review of any studies that might enable her to offer conclusions on any issue in this case, and thus her 8
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opinions are based on nothing more than the "subjective belief or unsupported speculation" found insufficient in Daubert. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 589­590. 3. Dr. Young's Opinion Lacks a Reliable Methodology

As an initial matter, Dr. Young lacks any methodology for arriving at the conclusions stated in her report and deposition. Her report consists of nothing more than her examination of a random selection of societies to search for patterns that she categorizes as "universal." (Young Rep. 2, 8.) And her "comparative study of the worldview of major cultures and religions and the worldviews of small-scale societies" is based on nothing more than her review of the work of one other academic who did not consider the possibility of marriage of same-sex couples. (Young Rep. 2, 12; Young Dep. 137:1-141:18.) Dr. Young has no systematic criteria for determining what constitutes a "pattern" or what can determine "universality" and even concedes that these characterizations are not absolute. (Young Rep. 2.) This haphazard sampling cannot constitute a methodology and amounts to little more than a recitation of Dr. Young's personal musings on what might be included in the definition of marriage. The absence of any discernible methodology renders Dr. Young's testimony inadmissible as unreliable under Federal Rule of Evidence 702. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590 ("Proposed testimony must be supported by appropriate validation"); Daubert II, 43. F.3d at 1319 ("experts must explain precisely how they went about reaching their conclusions"); Jinro America Inc., 266 F.3d at 1006 (excluding "impressionistic generalizations" based on haphazard experiences, anecdotal examples, and news articles). Indeed, Dr. Young previously offered virtually identical testimony in litigation raising similar issues in Varnum v. Brien, No. CV5965 (Iowa Dist. Ct. 2007), and the trial court there ruled Dr. Young's testimony inadmissible under the Iowa rules of evidence for precisely this reason. (See Declaration of Rebecca Justice Lazarus, Exh. G at 6­7.) Moreover, by definition, Dr. Young cannot bring "the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant field," Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 152, to her testimony because she admits that she has not studied any issues central to the factual disputes in this case. She purports to offer opinions and conclusions on the importance of protecting her defined "norm" of marriage and predicts that changes in those norms would destabilize marriage. (Young Rep. 11; Young Dep. 222:12-15.) But Dr. Young has not studied whether allowing gay and lesbian 9
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individuals to marry would actually affect that norm. For example, Dr. Young has not studied: (1) the extent to which permitting marriage of same-sex couples affects the desire of heterosexuals to marry (id. at 120:15-18); (2) the extent to which permitting marriage of same-sex couples affects the stability or number of heterosexual marriages (id. at 119:10-120:18); (3) whether civil unions are equally as successful as marriage at creating "durable" relationships (id. at 87:20-88:23); or (4) the effects of domestic partnership laws or civil unions on marriage (id at. 95:4-97:18; 98:7-101:2). In effect, Dr. Young's failure to offer any support for her conclusions renders her opinions little more than "junk science" that the Court "must ensure takes no part in the decision." Mukhtar, 299 F.3d at 1063. Indeed, the lack of any objective data results in internal inconsistencies in Dr. Young's analysis that further undermines the reliability of her conclusions. She acknowledges that it is not necessarily harmful (and, in fact, can be beneficial) if norms of the past change to accommodate alterations in social values and understandings (id. at 197:12-18), but has not studied the conditions in the United States that might be relevant to whether it is desirable for the United States and its citizens to end the prohibition on marriage by gay and lesbian individuals. (Id. at 211:16-23.) Dr. Young also cannot offer reliable testimony because she has failed to consult, review or evaluate any of the relevant authorities (and their associated methodologies) in any academic field on the issues surrounding the marriage rights of gay and lesbian individuals. She has not endeavored to determine what the various professional associations who have issued opinions on the implications of marriage of same-sex couples have said with respect to any of the opinions she advances in her expert report. (Id. at 152:15-153:23.) Indeed, she believes that such information would not be relevant to her analysis. (Id. at 156:5-19.) She does not know whether the professional associations in the fields of psychology, anthropology or sociology have taken a position on whether gay and lesbian individuals should be permitted to marry one another, much less what those positions are. (Id. at 105:8-106:4; 152:15-153:23.) She offers opinions on the "likely effects of legalizing same-sex marriage on children" (Young Rep. 18), but she has not studied what proportion of children are being raised by two married people of the opposite sex. (Id. at 73:6-19.) Similarly, she has no knowledge of any statements by professional organizations concerning whether or not same-sex parents are as 10
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effective as heterosexual parents in raising well-adjusted children. (Id. at 106:5-107:16; 108:15109:22.) She has not looked at the question of whether psychologists and sociologists believe it is necessary to have time series data to address the effect of marriage of same-sex couples on child welfare. (Id. at 91:21-92:3.) Dr. Young simply ignores what others with actual expertise in relevant academic fields have concluded or considered in analyzing the same question she purports to answer. Such willful blindness renders her report unreliable. See, e.g., Daubert, 509 U.S. at 589­590 (holding expert conclusions must be based on the knowledge and experience of his or her discipline, not on "subjective belief or unsupported speculation"); LuMetta, 824 F.2d at 771 (affirming exclusion of witnesses who lacked knowledge about the relevant subject matter). Even in the area of religion, in which Dr. Young purports to have some expertise, she has failed to review or study any information that might provide a basis for her conclusions in this case. For example, she has not studied how the major Western religions or U.S. churches view homosexuality. (See, e.g., Young Dep. 63:7-20 (Roman Catholicism), 69:21-70:10 (Baptist), 70:1112 (Presbyterianism)). These deficiencies underscore that Dr. Young has not (and cannot) apply the principles she espouses to the facts of this case in any reliable manner. 4. Dr. Young's Testimony Would Waste Time and Create Confusion and is thus Inadmissible Under Federal Rule of Evidence 403

Dr. Young does not even purport to offer any opinion on any factual dispute in this case, and her opinions are unreliable. Thus, consideration of Dr. Young's testimony would waste time and create confusion. See Fed. R. Evid. 403. Accordingly, Dr. Young's testimony also fails to satisfy the requirements of Federal Rule of Evidence 403 and should be excluded. B. Loren Marks 1. Dr. Marks is Not Qualified to Offer an Expert Opinion in this Case

Proponents also proffer Dr. Loren Marks, an associate professor at the College of Agriculture at Louisiana State University. (Marks Expert Report ("Marks Rep.") 1.) Dr. Marks seeks to testify as an expert on whether a "biological, marriage-based family" is "the ideal structure for child outcomes." (Id.) But Dr. Marks does not have the experience or education necessary to make a determination on what type of family structure is "ideal" for child outcomes. His self-described areas 11
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of research interest include faith and families and African American families ­ discrete areas that hardly provide Dr. Marks an adequate foundation to opine on an "ideal structure" for child outcomes. (Marks Dep. 44:10-16, October 30, 2009.) He has never conducted original research on children with gay or lesbian parents, and has never published or even written any works on the issue. (Id. at 58:312.) Similarly, Dr. Marks' work has not even focused on the general subject area of child adjustment. (Id. at 53:21-54:10.) Dr. Marks' expert report further demonstrates his lack of qualifications. As Dr. Marks has no experience in the field in which he is purported to be an expert, Dr. Marks' expert report contains no references to his own work, and he did not consider any of his own work for the report. See Marks Rep. Thus, Dr. Marks lacks the experience or knowledge required to qualify as an expert on the "ideal" family structure for "child outcomes." See LuMetta, 824 F.2d at 771 (excluding experts who had some knowledge, but lacked experience with either the specific contract in question or the specific type of company in question). 2. Dr. Marks' Report, Opinions, and Testimony Have No Relevance to this Litigation

Dr. Marks' expert report, opinions, and testimony should be excluded because the subjects upon which Dr. Marks opines have no relevance to the factual issues in this litigation. To be admissible, an expert opinion must be "sufficiently tied to the facts of the case that it will aid the jury in resolving a factual dispute." See, e.g., Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591. The only factual dispute that Dr. Marks has been proffered to opine on is Proponents' claim that the state has an interest in preventing marriage of gay and lesbian individuals because it would negatively affect child outcomes. This Court has specified that this specific factual dispute is whether a married mother and father provides the optimal child-rearing environment and whether excluding same-sex couples from marriage promotes this environment. Doc #76 at 7­8. Dr. Marks' report does not assist in answering those questions, however, because he does not address child outcomes when the parents are of the same-sex and thus cannot possibly illuminate any relevant factual disputes. Dr. Marks himself admits that his expert report does not express an opinion about child outcomes for same-sex couples. (Id. at 114:2115:14.) Dr. Marks' report only addresses the comparison of outcomes for children in biological, intact families with non-marital, divorced, and/or step-families. (Id. at 88:17-90:9.) All three of 12
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these categories exclude the relevant family unit at issue here--a couple ­ gay or straight, that biologically cannot have children, but together decide to adopt or utilize an egg or sperm donor. As Dr. Marks has asserted that his expert opinions are limited to those cited in his expert report and "whatever shows up in [his] rebuttal,"2 the universe of what Dr. Marks has to offer the Court, in way of expert opinion, lies in his expert report. (Id. at 61:10-62:4.) However, Dr. Marks' expert report entirely fails to address the relevant issue at hand ­ the outcomes of children of same-sex couples as compared to children of opposite sex couples who are biologically related to their children. Thus, Dr. Marks' expert opinions must be excluded as they will not assist the Court to understand whether the Proponents' claim that excluding same-sex couples from marrying will promote optimal outcomes. See Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591 (explaining expert opinion must assist trier of fact to resolve a factual dispute to be admissible). Further, Dr. Marks would be unable to draw any relevant conclusions from his understanding of studies comparing child outcomes in a biological, "in-tact" family with non-marital, divorced, and step-families, as he concedes that same-sex parents should be studied as their own discrete category. (See id. at 239:14-22.) Accordingly, Dr. Marks' complete reliance on studies excluding same-sex parents undermines his ability to opine on the impact same-sex parents have on child outcomes. Joiner, 522 U.S. at 144­145 (upholding district court's rejection of expert opinions because the opinions were based on studies that were too dissimilar to the facts presented in the relevant litigation and the experts failed to explain how and why they were able to extrapolate their opinions from the dissimilar studies). Moreover, in his deposition, Dr. Marks withdrew his claim that genetic parentchild relationships are important to child outcomes and noted that he knows of no empirical research that identifies biology as the cause of good outcomes for children. (Id. at 81:18-82:9; 147:9-21.) Dr. Marks also has no opinion as to the best family form for a child for which the "intact, biological family" (as he defines it) is unavailable. (Id. at 102:7-10.) Thus, Dr. Marks should not be permitted

2

Given the major deficiencies in Dr. Marks' expert report, during his deposition, Dr. Marks claimed that he planned to prepare and submit a rebuttal report to specifically address literature on same-sex parents. (Marks Dep. 32:13-33:1, 37:8-40:1, 61:10-62:4.) Dr. Marks never submitted such a rebuttal. 13

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to extrapolate any opinions, as he has admitted that he has no familiarity with any material that would be able to support his conclusions without causing the "analytical gap" prohibited in Joiner, 522 U.S. at 145. 3. Dr. Marks' Report, Opinions, and Testimony are Unreliable

In addition to being irrelevant, Dr. Marks' expert opinions are unreliable. To arrive at his conclusions, Dr. Marks utilizes no discernible methodology. See Daubert II, 43 F.3d at 1319 (explaining that a failure to explain the methodology utilized to arrive at a conclusion does not satisfy the Daubert reliability requirement). At best, Dr. Marks' expert report and testimony are akin to a shallow book report. As evidenced by his expert report and deposition testimony, Dr. Marks' "opinions" are nothing more than brief, out-of-context quotations of other scholars. Reciting the conclusions or summaries of others, without offering explanation or elaboration on how these out-ofcontext conclusions from other studies relate to the immediate case, cannot be considered to meet the "same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant field." See Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 152. Further, not only does Dr. Marks simply parrot the conclusions of others, Dr. Marks makes no effort to explain why such conclusions are applicable in the immediate case. Although "[t]rained experts commonly extrapolate from existing data," "opinion evidence that is connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert" may be excluded. See Joiner, 522 U.S. at 146. Further, without any context or insight into the quoted studies, it is impossible to determine if the studies themselves are reliable or being cited in a reliable manner that is true to their full findings. Not only does Dr. Marks fail to offer any analysis or insight into any of the studies he quoted, but he admits that he did not even completely read the studies cited in his report. (Marks Dep. 65:1066:6; 67:6-13.) Failing to read the sources upon which one entirely relies to draw conclusions can hardly be considered a hallmark of a reliable methodology.3 More critically, Dr. Marks did not know

3

Further calling into question Dr. Marks' diligence, Dr. Marks admits that some of the work he has done should not be considered "high quality social science." (Marks Dep. 50:10-14; 51:952:7; 54:12-17.) Dr. Marks also admits that none of his own published articles can be characterized as "gold standard, high end work." (Id. at 71:1-7.) 14

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how the studies he cited actually defined the terms "biological" or "intact" ­ an essential piece to understanding the meaning of the studies Dr. Marks relies upon for making his conclusions. (See, e.g., 158:12-159:8.) Dr. Marks was similarly unable to verify that the studies he cited that used the term "biological parent" defined it in a manner which excluded adoptive parents, as Dr. Marks purports the term "biological parent" should. In one instance, Dr. Marks even cites a study, which cited another study, that states most studies do not distinguish biological parents from adoptive parents. (Id. at 144:3-13.) This lack of clarity in how his sources use "biological" is clearly not because the definition of "biological" is unimportant to Dr. Marks' findings ­ Dr. Marks himself admits that using two sources, that each define the term differently, to draw one conclusion is problematic. (See id. at 139:14-140:9.) Thus, it would be hard for Dr. Marks to credibly claim that he employed the same level of intellectual rigor that an expert in his field would be expected to employ. See Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 152 (holding trial court must "make certain that an expert . . . employs in the courtroom the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant field"). Dr. Marks himself also lacks familiarity with relevant studies that would assist him in coming to his conclusions. At the time of Dr. Marks' deposition, Dr. Marks could only name two studies, one from 1996 and one from 2004, that compared different family structures, including same-sex parents. (See Marks Dep. 30:4-32:10.) Dr. Marks was unable to provide any specificity about either study at his deposition and did not cite either study in his expert report or list either study in his "materials considered" index. (See id; Marks Rep.) Dr. Marks was also unable to name or even generally describe any other studies comparing child outcomes by same-sex couples and heterosexual couples. (See id.) Dr. Marks stated that "if he [was] a betting person" he would assume that "there have been studies that have come out recently that I'm unaware of." (Marks Dep. 33:3-7.) Dr. Marks' lack of relevant knowledge not only indicates a likely lack of methodology, it also indicates the opinions Dr. Marks has to offer about "ideal" child outcomes or child outcomes in same-sex families were developed purely for this litigation. An important hallmark of evaluating reliability is whether the purported expert's opinions are based in research that was conducted independently from the litigation. See Daubert II, 43 F.3d at 1317. Clearly, Dr. Marks' opinions asserted in this 15
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litigation were developed for the first time after being commissioned for this litigation. Accordingly, Dr. Marks was required to "explain precisely how [he] went about reaching [his] conclusions" ­ which he has entirely failed to do. Id. Further, Dr. Marks' admitted personal, religious views towards traditional marriage also undermine the objectivity (and thus reliability) of his conclusions. Dr. Marks' religious conviction and personal dogma is that children are entitled to be born within the bonds of matrimony and to be reared by a father and mother who honor marital vows with complete fidelity. (Marks Dep. 260:15262:6.) This personal dogma was developed before Dr. Marks graduated from college and well before Dr. Marks began to consider himself a "social scientist." (Id. at 275:5-276:3.) Dr. Marks admitted that this personal dogma "ran around in [his] head" when he wrote his expert report. (Id. at 274:8-275:4.) Accordingly, not only does Dr. Marks' lack of methodology cast severe doubt about the admissibility of his conclusions, but Dr. Marks' own possible personal bias calls his unsupported conclusions further into question. 4. Dr. Marks' Report, Opinions, and Testimony Lack Probative Value and are thus Inadmissible Under Federal Rule of Evidence 403

The complete irrelevance of Dr. Marks' conclusions to any issue in the case demonstrates the lack of any probative value his conclusions may offer the Court. Thus, Dr. Marks' report, opinions, and testimony are inadmissible under Fed. R. Evid. R. 403. C. David Blankenhorn 1. Mr. Blankenhorn is Not Qualified to Offer an Expert Opinion in this Case

Proponents submit David Blankenhorn as an expert on "issues of family policy and family well-being with a particular focus on the institution of marriage." (Blankenhorn Expert Report ("Blankenhorn Rep.") 1.) Mr. Blankenhorn considers himself to be an expert on marriage, fatherhood and family structure. (Blankenhorn Dep. 116:8-22, November 3, 2009.) But none of Mr. Blankenhorn's undergraduate or graduate course work focused on any of these issues. Indeed, he did not take any courses in anthropology, psychology, child welfare or sexual orientation. (Id. at 19:1822; 22:6-17; 24:18-22.) Rather, his undergraduate course work was focused on labor history, and his masters thesis researched the comparative contributions of two British cabinetmakers' trade unions 16
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"in shaping the emergence of the British working people." (Id. at 20:3-9; 23:11-24:17.) Other than his bachelors and masters work focused on labor history, Mr. Blankenhorn has no other academic training. (Id. at 25:6-11.) He does not have a Ph.D. (Id.) His claim to "expertise" in the areas in which he seeks to testify is based on nothing more than his work with the Institute for American Values and his "continuing anthropological, historical and cultural study of the institution of marriage." (Id. at 30:1-6; 54:3-15.) This "study" consists of "reading and reflecting on the texts in the field" and "discussions with other scholars." (Id. at 54:3-15.) He has never published any work in any peer-reviewed journal; most of his published work is produced by his organization, the Institute for American Values. (Id. at 55:19-56:14.) In short, Mr. Blankenhorn has no expertise in any relevant academic field and is not qualified to serve as an expert under Federal Rule of Evidence 104. 2. Mr. Blankenhorn Has No Relevant Opinions to Offer

It is not at all clear what relevance Mr. Blankenhorn's self-described "personal" views on marriage and family have to the specific factual issues in this case. (Id. at 92:20-93:2.) Mr. Blankenhorn has not reviewed the Complaint in this action. (Id. at 74:12-18.) He is not offering any opinions about the actual motivation of voters or official proponents in passing Prop. 8. (Id. at 84:1585:2.) Indeed, he does not mention either Prop. 8 or the state of California in his report. (See generally Blankenhorn Rep.; see also Blankenhorn Dep. 76:13-17; 77:21-78:2; 89:21-90:18.) In these circumstances, Mr. Blankenhorn is incapable of tying his proffered testimony to the facts of the case, and any testimony he might give would be irrelevant to the issues in this case. See Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591 (holding expert testimony must be sufficiently tied to the facts of the case such that it will "assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue" to be admissible). 3. Mr. Blankenhorn's Conclusions Are Not Based on a Discernible Methodology and are Unreliable

Given the lack of Mr. Blankenhorn's expert qualifications, it is not surprising that his conclusions are based on no objective data or discernible methodology, and that there are numerous inconsistencies in his testimony. In his report, Mr. Blankenhorn states that "[a]s an intellectual 17
09-CV-2292 VRW MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES IN SUPPORT OF MOTION IN LIMINE TO EXCLUDE PROPOSED EXPERTS YOUNG, MARKS, AND BLANKENHORN

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matter, whether or not to grant equal marriage rights to gay and lesbian persons depends importantly on one's answer to the question, `What is marriage?'" (Blankenhorn Rep. 3.) He then groups quotations taken from a number of sources into two categories ­ those quotations he believes support the argument that "marriage is fundamentally a private adult commitment" and those that support the argument that "marriage is fundamentally a pro-child social institution." (Blankenhorn Rep. 3­11.) Although he acknowledges that it is not possible to demonstrate empirically that the view that marriage is fundamentally a "pro-child" social institution is the only valid view (Blankenhorn Rep. 11), Mr. Blankenhorn nonetheless asserts that it is possible to demonstrate that that view is "consistent with much of the most respected scholarship of the mo