EIT Holdings LLC v. Yelp!, Inc. et al

Filing 134

CLAIM-CONSTRUCTION ORDER. Signed by Judge Alsup on October 24, 2011. (whalc1, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 10/24/2011)

1
2
3
4
5

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

6
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
7
8
9

EIT HOLDINGS LLC, a Delaware company,

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

12
13

Plaintiff,
v.

CLAIM-CONSTRUCTION ORDER

YELP!, INC., a Delaware corporation,
Defendant.
/

14
15
16

No. C 10-05623 WHA

INTRODUCTION
In this patent-infringement action involving computer-network technology, the parties

17

seek construction of six terms and phrases found in the one asserted patent. On October 13, 2011,

18

a tentative claim construction order was issued, and the parties were invited to file five-page

19

critiques of the constructions therein. Only plaintiff elected to do so. After consideration of the

20

supplemental briefing, final constructions for five of the six terms are set forth below. The sixth

21

term will not be construed at this time.

22

STATEMENT

23

United States Patent Number 5,828,837, entitled “Computer Network System and Method

24

for Efficient Information Transfer,” was issued on October 27, 1998. It is the only patent asserted

25

in this action. Plaintiff EIT Holdings LLC allegedly “holds the title by mesne assignments from

26

the inventor” (Third Amd. Compl. ¶ 13). EIT commenced this action in December 2010 against

27

multiple unrelated defendants; all but Yelp!, Inc., the first-named defendant, were dismissed for

28

misjoinder in May 2011 (Dkt. No. 86).

1

Only claims 40 and 41 from the ’837 patent are asserted. Claim 40 purported to disclose a

2

device, and claim 41 purported to disclose a method. Three of the terms and phrases construed by

3

this order are means-plus-function limitations that appeared only in device claim 40. The other

4

three appeared in both asserted claims. All six disputed terms and phrases are italicized in the

5

claims below.

6
7
8
9

Claim 40 covered (col. 19:17–31):
40.
A master program module coupled to a master node and a
master database for connecting information providers and user
nodes for a computer network comprising:
means for registering a first-time user of the
computer network;

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10
means for receiving, through the master node, a user id and
respective network address corresponding to a current user
of the user node;

12
13
14

means for accessing from the master database user profile
information corresponding to the user id;

15

means for transmitting to the user node, through the master
node, a reference to target information corresponding to the
accessed user profile; and

16

means for storing a user report from the user node.

17
18
19
20

Claims 41 covered (col. 19:32–43):
41.
A method for connecting information providers and user
nodes coupled to a master node and a master database comprising
the steps of:
receiving through the master node a user id corresponding
to a current user of the user node;

21
22

accessing from the master database user profile
information corresponding to the user id and respective
network address;

23
24

transmitting to the user node, through the master node, a
reference to target information corresponding to the
accessed user profile; and

25
storing a user report from the user node.
26
27
28

The invention that the ’837 patent purported to disclose related “generally to computer
networks that connect information providers and end-users of network services.” It particularly
2

1

concerned “providing directed information to users and gathering user reports” (col. 1:7–11). In

2

the prior art, a user could connect to a network service to view or download information requested

3

by the user. The purported invention made further use of such an established user-network

4

connection by sending the user unsolicited information likely to be of interest to the user

5

(in addition to any information requested by the user), and by collecting information about the

6

user. The specification emphasized the importance of doing so without slowing the rate at which

7

information requested by the user was provided. Thus, “[t]his invention use[d] otherwise idle

8

bandwidth by transmitting information specific to a user’s profile while minimizing additional

9

delay to the normal network traffic, and generate[d] a report of user responses for information
providers with accurate assessment of user demand” (col. 7:33–37). The bandwidth-conservation

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

aspect of the purported invention, however, was not specifically addressed in the two

12

asserted claims.

13

The preferred device embodiment of the purported invention was depicted as follows.

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
3

1

Figure 1 from the ’837 Patent:
A Preferred Embodiment of the Computer Network

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

The master node depicted as item 130 and the master database depicted as item 143 represent two
of the phrases to be construed.
The parties’ claim construction disputes are driven by their invalidity quarrels. Yelp! is
poised to argue that its proposed claim constructions render the asserted claims invalid, either
because they are indefinite or in light of prior art references. EIT, on the other hand, proposes
narrower claim constructions which, in its view, preserve the validity of the asserted claims.
Each of the disputed terms and phrases is addressed in detail below. This order follows full
briefing and a hearing.
4

1
2

ANALYSIS
Courts must determine the meaning of disputed claim terms from the perspective of one of

3

ordinary skill in the pertinent art at the time the patent was filed. Chamberlain Group, Inc. v.

4

Lear Corp., 516 F.3d 1331, 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2008). While claim terms “are generally given their

5

ordinary and customary meaning,” the “claims themselves provide substantial guidance as to the

6

meaning of particular claim terms.” As such, other claims of the patent can be “valuable sources

7

of enlightenment as to the meaning of a claim term.” Critically, a patent’s specification “is

8

always highly relevant to the claim construction analysis.” Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d

9

1303, 1312–15 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc) (internal quotations omitted). Indeed, claims “must be
read in view of the specification, of which they are a part.” Markman v. Westview Instruments,

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

Inc., 52 F.3d 967, 979 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (en banc), aff’d, 517 U.S. 370 (1996). Finally, courts also

12

should consider the patent’s prosecution history, which “can often inform the meaning of the

13

claim language by demonstrating how the inventor understood the invention and whether the

14

inventor limited the invention in the course of prosecution, making the claim scope narrower than

15

it would otherwise be.” These components of the intrinsic record are the primary resources in

16

properly construing claim terms. Although courts have discretion to consider extrinsic evidence,

17

including dictionaries, scientific treatises, and testimony from experts and inventors, such

18

evidence is “less significant than the intrinsic record in determining the legally operative meaning

19

of claim language.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317–18 (internal quotations omitted).

20

Means-plus-function claim limitations are “construed to cover the corresponding

21

structure, material, or acts described in the specification and equivalents thereof” for performing

22

the recited function. 35 U.S.C. 112 ¶ 6. To construe such a limitation, a court first must identify

23

the claimed function and then must identify the recited structure in the specification that is

24

capable of performing the recited function. A means-plus-function claim limitation does not

25

include elements that are not necessary for performing the recited function. Micro Chem., Inc. v.

26

Great Plains Chem. Co., 194 F.3d 1250, 1258 (Fed. Cir. 1999).

27

While this order acknowledges that the parties have a right to the construction of all

28

disputed claim terms by the time the jury instructions are settled, the Court will reserve the
5

1

authority, on its own motion, to modify the constructions in this order if further evidence —

2

intrinsic or extrinsic — warrants such a modification. Given that claim construction is not a

3

purely legal matter, but is (as the Supreme Court describes it) a “mongrel practice” with

4

“evidentiary underpinnings,” it is entirely appropriate for the Court to adjust its construction of

5

claims prior to trial if the evidence compels an alternative construction. Markman, 517 U.S.

6

at 378, 390. The parties should be aware, however, that they are not invited to ask for

7

reconsideration of the constructions herein. Motions for reconsideration may be made only in

8

strict accordance with the rules of procedure, if at all.

9

“REFERENCE.”

The parties dispute the term “reference,” which appeared in both of the asserted claims.

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

1.

Device claim 40 included a “means for transmitting to the user node, through the master node, a

12

reference to target information corresponding to the accessed user profile” (col. 19:28–30)

13

(emphasis added). Method claim 41 included a step of “transmitting to the user node, through the

14

master node, a reference to target information corresponding to the accessed user profile”

15

(col. 40–42) (emphasis added). The parties’ proposed constructions are shown below.

16
17
18

EIT’S PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION

YELP!’S PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION

“dynamically generated pointer”

plain meaning

19

The construction of this term is relevant to the parties’ invalidity arguments. Yelp! contends that

20

the plain meaning of “reference” is broad enough to encompass invalidating prior art, whereas

21

EIT contends that the patent used the term in a narrow, technical sense. For example, the parties

22

dispute whether an icon may be considered a type of reference.

23

The asserted claims provided few clues as to the meaning of the term “reference.” In both

24

of the asserted claims, a reference to target information was transmitted to the user node through

25

the master node. Neither asserted claim, however, illuminated what the reference was or how it

26

functioned or was used.

27

Other claims explained that after a user node received a reference to target information,

28

the user node could use the reference to request the transfer of target information from a master

6

1

node to the user node (col. 21:7–10). Furthermore, “another reference to new target information”

2

could be obtained as well (col. 19:66–67). The claims also disclosed references to other objects

3

besides target information. For example, claim 7 disclosed a “reference to a segment list” and a

4

“reference to a target information list.” These references to lists were described as being

5

“access[ed]” (col. 8:57–63).

6

The specification of the ’837 patent is only three and a half pages long. It said that “target

master program ccould “identify the reference to the corresponding item” in an information item

9

list stored in the master database (col. 4:56–58). The prosecution history did not provide any

10

insight regarding the term “reference.” The parties have not supplied any extrinsic evidence

11
For the Northern District of California

information references” may be contained within a master database (col. 3:54–56) and that a

8

United States District Court

7

showing how the term “reference” would have been understood by a person of ordinary skill in

12

the art at the time the patent application was filed.

13

Having carefully considered the record, this order concludes that the term “reference”

14

need not be construed at this time. The patent used the term generally to mean something that

15

refers to something else. This plain meaning will be apparent and understandable to a jury.

16

Neither the claims, nor the specification, nor the prosecution history provided any additional

17

detail that would make for a useful construction.

18

EIT’s arguments for construing “reference” as “dynamically generated pointer” are not

19

persuasive. First, there is no support for the notion that references are dynamically generated.

20

The fact that user reports are generated “to create a more attractive and dynamic network service

21

environment” does not show that references are dynamically generated (cols. 2:14–17, 3:3–5).

22

The fact that “another reference to new target information” may be obtained “in accordance with

23

the updated information” does not show that the new reference was dynamically generated

24

(col. 7:11–13). Second, a reference is not necessarily a pointer. EIT cites a portion of the

25

specification describing items within user lists and segment lists as pointing to other items within

26

other lists. Those items, however, were not described as “references” (see col. 4:38–45). The

27

only references mentioned in that passage were “user profile references” to lists, not items within

28

lists. A later passage mentioned references to items of information within a list, but that passage
7

1

described a different embodiment and did not mention pointing (see col. 4:57–58). Third, EIT’s

2

argument that an icon does not qualify as a type of reference is a summary judgment argument. It

3

is tangential to the question of how the term “reference” should be construed, and it need not be

4

addressed in this claim construction order.

5

In arguing for its proposed construction, EIT stresses “the canon that courts should

6

attempt to construe claims to preserve their validity.” Omega Eng’g, Inc. v. Raytek Corp.,

7

334 F.3d. 1314, 1335 n.6 (Fed. Cir. 2003). This canon, however, does not require adopting a

8

proposed construction that is wholly unsupported by the record. The canon has not been applied

9

broadly but rather has been limited “to cases in which the court concludes, after applying all the
available tools of claim construction, that the claim is still ambiguous.” Broadcom Corp. v.

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

Qualcomm Inc., 543 F.3d 683, 690 (Fed. Cir. 2008). This is not such a case.

12

EIT also argues that the term “reference” should be construed now, because choosing not

13

to do so would simply save the parties’ dispute for another day (Reply Br. 2). That may be so.

14

On the present record, however, the term reference “reference” cannot be meaningfully construed.

15

The intrinsic evidence does not illuminate the precise meaning of that term to one of ordinary

16

skill in the pertinent art at the time the patent was filed, and the parties have not supplied any

17

relevant extrinsic evidence. If construction of the term “reference” proves necessary, it will be

18

construed either on summary judgment or before the jury is charged at the end of the trial, and its

19

construction will be based upon a more fully developed record. In sum, the term “reference” will

20

not be construed at this time.
“MASTER NODE.”

21

2.

22

The parties dispute the phrase “master node,” which appeared in both of the asserted

23

claims. In each claim, it appeared in the preamble and in two limitations. It is italicized in the

24

claims below.

25
26
27
28
8

1
2
3

40.
A master program module coupled to a master node and a
master database for connecting information providers and user
nodes for a computer network comprising:
means for registering a first-time user of the
computer network;

4
5

means for receiving, through the master node, a user id and
respective network address corresponding to a current user
of the user node;

6
7
8
9

means for accessing from the master database user profile
information corresponding to the user id;
means for transmitting to the user node, through the master
node, a reference to target information corresponding to the
accessed user profile; and
means for storing a user report from the user node.

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

41.
A method for connecting information providers and user
nodes coupled to a master node and a master database comprising
the steps of:

12
13

receiving through the master node a user id corresponding
to a current user of the user node;

14
15

accessing from the master database user profile information
corresponding to the user id and respective network
address;

16
17

transmitting to the user node, through the master node, a
reference to target information corresponding to the
accessed user profile; and

18
storing a user report from the user node.
19
20
21
22
23
24

The parties’ proposed constructions are shown below.
EIT’S PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION

YELP!’S PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION

“web connected server or cluster of
servers and point of connection into
a network”

“a point of connection for an
information provider into a network”

25

The parties agree that a master node is a point of connection into a network, but they disagree

26

whether it must be for an information provider and whether it must be a web-connected server or

27

cluster of servers. The construction of this phrase is again relevant to the parties’ invalidity

28

arguments. Yelp! argues that the master node of the ’837 patent need not be web-connected and

9

1

that non-internet prior art invalidates the asserted claims. Yelp! also hopes to rely on prior art

2

that does not require a separate hardware structure for the master node.

3

This order agrees with the parties that, as a node, a master node is a point of connection

items are transmitted and received. In claim 40, a user id corresponding to the current user of the

6

user node was received by the master program module “through the master node” (col. 19:22–24).

7

Similarly, a reference to target information was transmitted from the master program module to

8

the user node “through the master node” (col. 19:28–29). Claim 41 did not disclose a master

9

program module, but it recited receiving a user id “through the master node” and transmitting to

10

the user node a reference to target information “through the master node” (col. 19:35–36, 40–41).

11
For the Northern District of California

into a network. The asserted claims illustrated that the master node also is a point through which

5

United States District Court

4

Both asserted claims identified “connecting information providers and user nodes” as the purpose

12

of the purported invention (col. 19:18–19, 32–33). Thus, the user node is a point of connection

13

into a network, through which items are transmitted and received, to facilitate communication

14

between an information provider and a user node.

15

The other claims made similar use of the phrase “master node.” Some claims described

16

additional functionality of the master node that was not disclosed in the asserted claims; for

17

example, claim 13 detailed various means by which the master node could monitor and

18

accommodate network traffic (col. 11:38–63). The asserted claims, however, attributed no such

19

functionality to the master node. Similarly, the specification described various elements and

20

embodiments of the master node that were not required by the language of the asserted claims

21

(e.g., cols. 2:36–45, 3:42–44). The prosecution history did not provide any further illumination of

22

the phrase “master node.”

23

Contrary to EIT, a master node need not be a server or cluster of servers. True, the

24

specification stated that a master node “is preferably a server” (col. 3:42). This description of the

25

preferred embodiment, however, did not require all possible embodiments of a master node to be

26

servers. The master node also need not be connected to the web. Again, the fact that the

27

preferred embodiment used the internet did not limit other embodiments. The specification listed

28
10

1

the internet as only one of several types of computer networks to which the purported invention

2

could be applied (col. 1:12–16).

3

In its supplemental brief, EIT argues against construing the phrase “master node” as

4

primarily a point of connection into a network. According to EIT, such a construction would

5

exclude certain embodiments. EIT identifies a litany of functions attributed to the master node in

6

various embodiments and asserts that “a mere point of connection would not be able to perform

7

the functions described in the specification” (Dkt. No. 133 at 2–3). EIT, however, provides no

8

basis for this view. There is no reason why an item that always acts as a point of connection into

9

a network could not sometimes perform additional functions, such as monitoring network traffic.
Furthermore, EIT does not explain why its proposed construction described the master node in

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

part as a “point of connection into a network” if such a point supposedly could not perform the

12

master-node functions of some embodiments. The tentative construction identified “point of

13

connection into a network” as a primary defining attribute of a master node. In doing so, the

14

tentative construction did not exclude the possibility that a master node also could perform other,

15

secondary functions that might vary from embodiment to embodiment. On the contrary, the

16

foregoing analysis identified many of the functions now cited by EIT and acknowledged that the

17

master node in certain embodiments performed those functions. Because those functions were

18

not recited in the asserted claims, however, they will not be included as requirements in the

19

construction of “master node.”

20

In light of the foregoing, the phrase “master node” shall be construed to mean “point of

21

connection into a network, through which items are transmitted and received, to facilitate

22

communication between an information provider and a user node.”
“MASTER DATABASE.”

23

3.

24

The parties dispute the phrase “master database,” which appeared in both of the asserted

25

claims. In each claim, it appeared in the preamble and in one limitation. Claim 40 recited “[a]

26

master program module coupled to a master node and a master database for connecting

27

information providers and user nodes for a computer network comprising . . . means for accessing

28

from the master database user profile information corresponding to the user id . . .” (emphasis
11

1

added). Claim 41 recited “[a] method for connecting information providers and user nodes

2

coupled to a master node and a master database comprising the steps of . . . accessing from the

3

master database user profile information corresponding to the user id and respective network

4

address . . .” (emphasis added). The parties’ proposed constructions are shown below.

5

EIT’S PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION

6

“collection of information including
user profile information and target
information list”

7
8
9

YELP!’S PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION
“database from which a master
program accesses information. A
database is an organized collection of
electronic information.”

Citing extrinsic dictionaries, the parties agree that the master database is a collection of
information. They disagree, however, as to what other details should embellish that basic

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

description. The parties have not explained how the construction of “master database” relates to

12

their infringement or invalidity arguments.

13

The dictionaries cited by the parties persuasively showed that a database is a collection of

14

information. The context of the patent — i.e., computer networks — strongly suggested that the

15

collection of information is stored in an electronic format. More specifically, the asserted claims

16

disclosed that user profile information could be accessed from the master database (col. 19:25–26,

17

37–38). Claim 40 disclosed a master program module as having a means for doing so, but claim

18

41 contained no such limitation on what may access the information in the database. The other

19

claims and the specification refered to the master database in a consistent manner, and the

20

prosecution history did not bear upon the construction of this term. Thus, the master database is a

21

collection of electronic information from which user profile information can be accessed.

22

Contrary to EIT, the concept of accessing information is not redundant and would not confuse

23

a jury.

24

The parties’ other proposed descriptors are not supported by the record. First, EIT cites

25

only to the preferred embodiment to support its theory that the master database must contain a

26

target information list. No such list was mentioned in the asserted claims. This limitation will

27

not be read into them from the description of a preferred embodiment in the specification.

28

Second, as stated, claim 41 did not require the master database information to be accessed by the
12

1

master program. Adding such a limitation would change the scope of that claim. Third, Yelp!

2

relies on a general dictionary and a technical dictionary to support its proposed modifier

3

“organized,” but neither of those cited references even used that term. The intrinsic evidence

4

made no reference to the organization of information in the master database, and Yelp!’s extrinsic

5

evidence is weak.

6
7

In light of the foregoing, the phrase “master database” shall be construed to mean “a
collection of electronic information from which user profile information can be accessed.”

8

4.

“MEANS FOR RECEIVING.”

9

The parties dispute the phrase “means for receiving,” which appeared in asserted device
claim 40 of the ’837 patent. The phrase appeared in only one limitation of the claim: “means for

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

receiving, through the master node, a user id and respective network address corresponding to a

12

current user of the user node” (emphasis added). The parties agree that the phrase is a means-

13

plus-function limitation and that the relevant function is “receiving, through the master node, a

14

user id and respective network address corresponding to a current user of the user node.” The

15

parties’ proposed constructions identifying the relevant structure are shown below.

16
17
18

EIT’S PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION

YELP!’S PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION

Structure: “web server of master
program and equivalents”

Structure: “master program”

19

The construction of this phrase is relevant to the parties’ invalidity arguments. Yelp! argues that

20

the only corresponding structure disclosed in the specification for any of the three disputed

21

means-plus-function limitations was “master program.” According to Yelp!, this disclosure was

22

inadequate and rendered claim 40 invalid as indefinite for lack of adequate corresponding

23

structure under 35 U.S.C. 112 ¶ 6 (Opp. 23). See Aristocrat Techs. Austl. PTY Ltd. v. Int’l Game

24

Tech., 521 F.3d 1328, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“In cases involving a computer-implemented

25

invention in which the inventor has invoked means-plus-function claiming, this court has

26

consistently required that the structure disclosed in the specification be more than simply a

27

general purpose computer or microprocessor.”).

28
13

1

Claim 40 listed a “means for receiving . . . a user id and respective network address” as

2

one of the elements comprising a “master program module.” The other claims and the

3

specification were consistent. For example, the summary of the invention stated that the “master

4

program module . . . include[d] . . . means for receiving the user id and respective network

5

address” (col. 2:45–47). Thus, the structure that performs the receiving function is an element

6

within the master program module.

7

Only one device embodiment was described in enough detail to identify any structures

8

within the master program module. As depicted in Figure 1, the master program module of that

9

embodiment contained five elements: the master program itself, plus a client control program, an
authentication program, a web server, and a Sybase sql-server, all within the master program

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

(col 3:50–60).

12
13

Detail from Figure 1 from the ’837 Patent:
A Preferred Embodiment of the Master Program Module

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

The only one of those five elements ever described as performing the “receiving . . . a user id and
respective network address” function was the master program, identified as item 140 in Figure 1.
In describing a method embodiment, the specification stated: “When a user connects to ISP 150
(step 502), ISP 150 notifies master program 140 of the user’s identity and network address
(step 506)” (col. 4:51–53) (emphasis added). Thus, the master program was identified as the
structure within the master program module that performed the “receiving . . . a user id and
14

1

respective network address” function. Every other mention of the relevant function referred only

2

generally to the master program module as a whole, without identifying any specific structure

3

within it as performing the function.

4

EIT’s theory that the web server, depicted as item 148 in Figure 1, is the structure that

5

performs the “receiving” function is not supported by the record. EIT cites a description of the

6

web server as “provid[ing] a home page for user registration, information, and maintenance”

7

(col. 3:58–60). This providing function is not the same as receiving a user id and network

8

address. A “structure disclosed in the specification is [a] ‘corresponding’ structure only if the

9

specification or prosecution history clearly links or associates that structure to the function recited
in the claim.” B. Braun Med., Inc. v. Abbott Labs., 124 F.3d 1419, 1424 (Fed. Cir. 1997). The

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

web server was not clearly linked or associated with the function of “receiving . . . a user id and

12

respective network address.” EIT’s emphasis on the canon that courts should attempt to construe

13

claims to preserve their validity does not overcome the utter lack of record support for

14

EIT’s theory.

15

In its supplemental claim construction brief, EIT argues that if “master program” is the

16

structure corresponding to the means-plus-function claim elements, then “master program” should

17

be further described as a server platform. EIT cites a description of the preferred embodiment in

18

which “[m]aster program 140 is a large server” (col. 3:50) and emphasizes that “the structure

19

associated with the ‘master program’ in the specification is a server platform and equivalents”

20

(Dkt. No. 133 at 3–4). This, however, is not the relevant question. “Master program” is not the

21

phrase to be construed. Rather, “means for receiving” is the phrase to be construed. The question

22

is what structure is clearly linked to “means for receiving” (and the other means-plus function

23

claim terms). The answer is “master program.” There is no need to construe the construction.

24

Moreover, even if the phrase “master program” were to be construed, it would not be construed

25

by identifying an associated structure, because it is not a means-plus-function limitation.

26
27

In light of the foregoing, the phrase “means for receiving” shall be construed to refer to
the master program and equivalent structures.

28
15

1

5.

“MEANS FOR TRANSMITTING.”

2

The parties dispute the phrase “means for transmitting,” which appeared in asserted device

3

claim 40 of the ’837 patent. The phrase appeared in only one limitation of the claim: “means for

4

transmitting to the user node, through the master node, a reference to target information

5

corresponding to the accessed user profile” (emphasis added). The parties agree that the phrase is

6

a means-plus-function limitation and that the relevant function is “transmitting to the user node,

7

through the master node, a reference to target information corresponding to the accessed user

8

profile.” The parties’ proposed constructions identifying the relevant structure are shown below.

9

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

EIT’S PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION

YELP!’S PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION

Structure: “web server of master
program and equivalents”

Structure: “master program”

12

The construction of this phrase is relevant to the parties’ invalidity arguments. As with the

13

“means for receiving” phrase, Yelp! argues that the only corresponding structure was “master

14

program,” and that such a generalized structure was inadequate in this context.

15

Claim 40 listed a “means for transmitting to the user node, through the master node, a

16

reference to target information” as one of the elements comprising a “master program module.”

17

The other claims and the specification were consistent. For example, the summary of the

18

invention stated that the “master program module . . . include[d] . . . means for transmitting to the

19

user node, through the master node, a reference to target information corresponding to the

20

accessed user profile” (col. 2:45–52). Thus, the structure that performs the transmitting function

21

is an element within the master program module.

22

As discussed with reference to the receiving function, only one embodiment was

23

described in enough detail to identify any structures within the master program module, and it

24

included five elements: the master program itself, plus a client control program, an authentication

25

program, a web server, and a Sybase sql-server (col 3:50–60; Figure 1). As before, the master

26

program was the only one of those five elements described as performing the relevant function.

27

In describing a method embodiment, the specification stated: “Master program 140 transmits the

28

identified reference [to the corresponding item of information item list 430] to Client 122 of user
16

1

node 120 (step 512)” (col:4:56–60) (emphasis added). Thus, the master program was identified

2

as the structure within the master program module that performed the “transmitting to the user

3

node . . . a reference to target information” function. Every other mention of the relevant function

4

referred only generally to the master program module as a whole, without identifying any specific

5

structure within it as performing the function.

6

EIT’s theory that the web server, depicted as item 148 in Figure 1, is the structure that

7

performs the “transmitting” function is not supported by the record. The description of the web

8

server as “provid[ing] a home page for user registration, information, and maintenance” did not

9

clearly link or associate the web server with the function of transmitting to the user node a
reference to target information (col. 3:58–60). As before, EIT’s emphasis on the principle that

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

courts should attempt to construe claims to preserve their validity does not overcome the utter

12

lack of record support for EIT’s theory.

13
14

In light of the foregoing, the phrase “means for transmitting” shall be construed to refer to
the master program and equivalent structures.

15

6.

“MEANS FOR STORING.”

16

The parties dispute the phrase “means for storing,” which appeared in asserted device

17

claim 40 of the ’837 patent. The phrase appeared in only one limitation of the claim: “means for

18

storing a user report from the user node” (emphasis added). The parties agree that the phrase is a

19

means-plus-function limitation and that the relevant function is “storing a user report from the

20

user node.” The parties’ proposed constructions identifying the relevant structure are

21

shown below.

22
23
24

EIT’S PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION

YELP!’S PROPOSED
CONSTRUCTION

Structure: “sql-server of master
program and equivalents”

Structure: “master program”

25

The construction of this phrase is relevant to the parties’ invalidity arguments. As with the other

26

two means-plus-function phrases, Yelp! argues that the only corresponding structure was “master

27

program,” and that such a generalized structure was inadequate in this context.

28
17

1

Claim 40 listed a “means for storing a user report from the user node” as one of the

2

elements comprising a “master program module.” The other claims and the specification were

3

consistent. For example, the summary of the invention stated that the “master program

4

module . . . include[d] . . . means for storing the user report from the user node” (col. 2:45–53).

5

Thus, the structure that performs the storing function is an element within the master

6

program module.

embodiment was described in enough detail to identify any structures within the master program

9

module, and it included five elements: the master program itself, plus a client control program,

10

an authentication program, a web server, and a Sybase sql-server (col 3:50–60; Figure 1). Once

11
For the Northern District of California

As discussed with reference to the receiving and transmitting functions, only one

8

United States District Court

7

again, the master program was the only one of those five elements described as performing the

12

relevant function. In describing a method embodiment, the specification stated that the “master

13

program 140 updates master database 143 with the user report (step 542)” (col. 7:9–11). Thus,

14

the master program was identified as the structure within the master program module that

15

performed the function of “storing a user report from the user node.” Every other mention of the

16

relevant function referred only generally to the master program module as a whole, without

17

identifying any specific structure within it as performing the function.

18

EIT’s theory that the sql-server, depicted as item 142 in Figure 1, is the structure that

19

performs the “storing” function is not supported by the record. The two-way arrow connecting

20

the sql-server with the master database in Figure 1 was not a clear indication that the sql-server

21

performed the function of storing a user report. The description that the sql-server “accesses a

22

master database” also did not provide a clear link or association with storing a user report

23

(col. 3:53–54). Indeed, this “accessing” of the master database may be for the sole purpose of

24

retrieving, rather than storing, information. Finally, EIT’s emphasis on the principle that courts

25

should attempt to construe claims to preserve their validity fails once more to overcome the utter

26

lack of record support for EIT’s theory.

27
28

In light of the foregoing, the phrase “means for storing” shall be construed to refer to the
master program and equivalent structures.
18

1

CONCLUSION

2

For the reasons provided herein, the constructions set forth above will apply in this

3

dispute. The Court will reserve the authority, on its own motion, to modify these constructions if

4

further evidence warrants such a modification. Counsel, however, may not ask for modification.

5
6

IT IS SO ORDERED.

7
8

Dated: October 24, 2011.

WILLIAM ALSUP
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

9

11
For the Northern District of California

United States District Court

10

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
19