Neuroth et al v. Mendocino County et al

Filing 344

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT. Signed by Judge Richard Seeborg on 8/31/18. (cl, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/31/2018)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 JAMES NEUROTH, 10 Case No. 15-cv-03226-RS Plaintiff, 11 United States District Court Northern District of California v. 12 MENDOCINO COUNTY, et al., 13 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT Defendants. 14 15 16 I. INTRODUCTION 17 Plaintiff James Neuroth is the brother of Steven Neuroth1, a 55-year old man who died 18 while in the custody of Mendocino County on June 11, 2014. Steven was a pretrial detainee at the 19 Mendocino County jail, where he was booked for suspected methamphetamine intoxication. At 20 the jail, Steven became involved in a prolonged physical struggle with several Mendocino County 21 deputies and was later found unresponsive in the safety cell where he was placed. Neuroth now 22 brings claims for unlawful arrest, failure to summon medical care, inadequate medical care, and 23 excessive force under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and California state law against the City of Willits police 24 officers who arrested Steven, the nurse on duty at the Mendocino County jail, and the Mendocino 25 County deputies who were involved in the altercation with Steven at the jail. He also brings claims 26 against the supervisors of these individuals, and Monell claims against the City of Willits, the 27 28 1 The decedent is referred to as “Steven” to distinguish from plaintiff James Neuroth. 1 County of Mendocino, California Forensic Medical Group (“CFMG”), a private contractor 2 responsible for the provision of medical services at Mendocino County Jail, and its corporate 3 parent, Correctional Medical Group Companies (“CMGC”). Defendants now seek summary 4 judgment on all claims asserted in the operative complaint. For the reasons explained below, the 5 motions are granted in part and denied in part. 6 7 8 9 II. BACKGROUND The following facts are undisputed, except where otherwise noted. A. Steven Neuroth’s Arrest and Death in Custody One June 10, 2014, Willits Police Officers Kevin Leef and Jeff Andrade encountered Steven in front of a local grocery store in the City of Willits. Steven appeared to be confused and 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 behaving oddly. At the time, the officers did not believe he was under the influence or presented a 12 danger to himself or others. They advised him to leave the area. About two hours later, Leef and 13 Andrade received a radio call regarding an individual running in and out of traffic near the grocery 14 store, who turned out to be Steven. After witnessing Steven nearly hit by a truck, the officers 15 called him over and observed that he was very sweaty and fidgety, was clenching his teeth and 16 hands, and spoke in a jumbled manner. Leef Depo. 58:7-16. This interaction was recorded on 17 Leef’s personal audio recorder. The officers attempted to take Steven’s pulse and asked him if he 18 used meth, to which he replied “No. Not that I know of.” Andrade Depo. 91:6-92:3, Willits Exs. L 19 and I. After asking Steven for his name, identifying information, and whether he was trying to kill 20 himself, the officers discussed whether Steven was “crazy” and whether they ought to take him to 21 the hospital or to the county jail for drug intoxication. Leef testified he did not wish to spend the 22 rest of his day waiting outside a hospital emergency room and told Andrade as much. The officers 23 also attempted unsuccessfully to reach his brother by telephone. Although Steven informed the 24 officers that he needed to go to a hospital, Leef and Andrade decided to place him under arrest and 25 transported him to the Mendocino County jail. 26 Upon entering the police vehicle, Steven began to have hallucinations about snakes on the 27 floor and screamed. Both Leef and Andrade were trained on how to assess the signs and symptoms 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 2 1 of mental illness, and to use specific de-escalation techniques when dealing with someone who 2 may be mentally ill. Leef’s audio recording shows the two officers joking about Steven’s fear of 3 snakes. At several points during the trip to the Willits Police Station and then on to the Mendocino 4 County jail, Leef can be heard yelling “snakes!” to Steven and laughing, while Steven whimpers 5 in response. Leef is also recorded as telling a person on the phone with him that yelling “snakes!” 6 at Steven causes him to “freak out,” which is “pretty funny.” When asked about these interactions, 7 Leef testified that using the word “snakes” was a tool to calm Steven down when he started to act 8 up in the backseat of the police car. Leef Depo. 75:25-76:2. Neuroth characterizes Leef’s conduct 9 as tormenting Steven for his own amusement and for no legitimate purpose. 10 When Leef arrived with Steven at the Mendocino County jail, Mendocino County Deputy United States District Court Northern District of California 11 Craig Bernardi asked Steven intake questions while he was sitting in the police vehicle. Steven 12 had difficulty answering the questions and continually shifted around, behavior Bernardi attributed 13 to the influence of drugs based on Leef’s pre-booking report. Bernardi did not know that Steven 14 had been previously incarcerated at the jail and had an extensive mental health history with the 15 County of Mendocino. Licensed Vocational Nurse (“LVN”) Jennifer Caudillo was also on duty 16 that evening in the booking area of the jail. Leef told Caudillo that Neuroth was “about as high as 17 I’ve ever seen,” and that he had been running in and out of traffic and was hallucinating about 18 snakes. Caudillo testified that she thought Steven was “possibly” mentally ill, but at the time he 19 was admitted to the jail, she believed he was on methamphetamine because somebody told her that 20 was the case. She states she did not have knowledge whether Steven was at risk of dying from a 21 drug overdose or having a cardiac arrest from methamphetamine overdose, or whether he was in a 22 psychiatric crisis. Caudillo Depo. 161:2-14, 171:17-172:6. 23 There is some dispute between the parties regarding who made the final decision to admit 24 Steven to the jail. Caudillo says Bernardi was the medical screening deputy on duty and decided to 25 admit Steven and place him in a sobering cell without asking her to perform a medical intake. 26 Bernardi testifies that the decision to admit Steven was made jointly by him, Deputy Frank 27 Masterson, and Caudillo. Leef, Bernardi, and Caudillo all recall that Steven was calm and able to 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 3 1 follow directions when he was inside the booking area. Bernardi wrote that Steven was a “Code 2 4,” meaning that he was mellow. Video footage of the booking process corroborates their 3 testimony. See County Defendants’ Combined Audio and Visual (“CAV”) at 11:36 – 11:37.2 4 Bernardi and Masterson then moved Steven into the jail hallway, where Caudillo took his 5 vital signs, which were elevated. Steven’s blood pressure was 151/92 and his heart rate was 129. 6 Caudillo determined based on Steven’s vital signs and calm behavior that it was safe for him to be 7 put in the sobering cell and he did not need to be sent to a hospital for medical clearance. Teske 8 Depo. 96:21-97:2, 98:8-15. She did not contact a supervising registered nurse or other medical 9 professional for guidance regarding Steven’s condition. Once Caudillo finished taking Steven’s vital signs, Bernardi and Masterson began moving 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 him towards the sobering cell. At the threshold to the cell, Steven suddenly tensed up, prompting 12 Bernardi to give him a shove. Bernardi Depo. 54:16-55:18. Still in handcuffs, Steven suddenly 13 became noncompliant and began to thrash about and yell. Within seconds, Masterson and Bernardi 14 were able to force Steven to the ground, although he continued to flail around. The deputies put 15 both of Stevens’ handcuffed wrists in a rear wrist lock, which is a pain compliance hold. Leef 16 testified that he then came forward to help control Steven by holding his ankles together until 17 Deputy Michael Grant relieved him from the hold. Grant described Leef as holding Steven in a 18 “figure-four leg lock,” another pain compliance hold. Upon orders by Sergeant Lori Knapp, who 19 had entered the sobering cell, Grant and Deputy Jeanette Holum applied shackles to Steven’s 20 ankles and placed a tether on his handcuffs. The deputies then picked up Steven and moved him to 21 the safety cell, where he was placed face down on the floor. Grant again tried to put Steven’s legs 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 Neuroth and Mendocino County Defendants each submitted a demonstrative CAV, combining audio from Officer Leef’s personal recording device and the silent video footage from the Mendocino County jail. Neuroth’s CAV covers a slightly longer period of time and includes different explanatory arrows and pop-up text from that offered by defendants. Because County Defendants’ CAV includes video footage from multiple cameras, providing a more comprehensive view of the activities in the jail, all references to audio/video footage of the incident with Steven will be to that version unless otherwise noted. Time references are made in accordance to the time stamp visible in the lower corner of the video screen. ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 4 1 back in the figure-four hold, and delivered three or four “distraction blows” to the back of 2 Steven’s leg to accomplish that result. During the course of these interactions, Steven can be heard 3 on Leef’s audio recording saying “don’t hurt me” and “don’t kill me,” to which Knapp and others 4 respond by telling him they are not trying to hurt or kill him and encouraging him to calm down 5 and cooperate with the deputies’ instructions. 6 At this point during the confrontation, defendants claim that Steven said he wanted to die. 7 Knapp Decl. ¶ 25; Bernardi Depo., 69:4-10; CAV at 11:45. Neuroth maintains that a reasonable 8 jury could find that he actually said, “I don’t wanna die.” Under the belief Steven made a suicidal 9 statement, Knapp ordered a deputy to bring a safety smock. By this time, there were several deputies in the safety cell with Steven, who continued to struggle and yell. Masterson testified that 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 he punched Steven several times in the lower back to stop him from using his shackled legs to 12 grab hold of Grant’s leg. Masterson Depo. 83:9-17, 84:3. Grant also reported using punches to free 13 himself from being entangled in Steven’s shackles. Deputy Christine De Los Santos claimed that 14 she was called over by Caudillo to assist Grant in the safety cell, who had one of his hands trapped 15 between Steven’s leg and the wall. De Los Santos Depo. 49:2-6. De Los Santos testified that she 16 thought Grant’s life was in danger and that she never saw anyone strike Steven. In the video of the 17 event, Steven’s body is obscured from view by the bodies of the deputies surrounding him. 18 Neuroth contends that at 11:42 p.m., Steven said “Let me breathe, I’m dizzy” and “Stand back, I 19 need medical attention,” although none of the witnesses recalled him making that statement. 20 During the encounter in the safety cell, multiple deputies used their body weight to press Steven to 21 the floor in order to control his struggling. As they waited for the safety smock to arrive, the 22 deputies began removing Steven’s clothes pursuant to the jail’s suicide protocol. Masterson and 23 Bernardi testified that Steven had calmed down at that point. After the deputies removed Steven’s 24 clothes and undergarments, they covered him with the safety smock and removed his handcuffs. 25 Once the safety smock was on Steven, the deputies left the safety cell one by one. At 26 approximately 11:54 p.m., when the last deputy left the cell, Steven was still on his stomach. In 27 the video, one of Steven’s legs flops to the ground and his hands remain on the small of his back. 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 5 1 See CAV at 11:54. He does not exhibit any other visible movement. De Los Santos claims that as 2 the deputies left the cell, someone ordered Steven to stay down and she heard him say “I’ll stay 3 down.” De Los Santos Depo. 70:4-6. Knapp recalls Steven saying “I won’t move.” Knapp Depo. 4 80:3-81:21. This testimony cannot be corroborated by the CAV submissions because Leef turned 5 off his audio recorder partway through the struggle in the safety cell. Knapp did not mention this 6 information during the DA’s investigation into Steven’s death and none of the other deputies 7 recall hearing Steven say anything. Bernardi claims that Steven “didn’t say anything” in response 8 to the order to stay down. Bernardi Depo. 78:4-79:3. Neither Page nor Holum recalls hearing 9 Steven speaking to the deputies as they left the cell. Holum, however, testified that he was 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 wiggling his fingers and breathing. Holum Depo. 70:5-6. Caudillo was present outside the door of the safety cell during the above-described events, 12 but did not intervene. The video surveillance footage shows that at 12:01 a.m., around seven 13 minutes after the last deputy exited Steven’s cell, Sergeant Knapp returned and peered inside. 14 After she walked away, Holum also stopped at the window to Steven’s cell to look inside, as did 15 Caudillo. See CAV at 00:03 and 00:04. Several deputies joined Holum, Knapp, and Caudillo 16 outside the cell, and at 12:05 a.m., they entered the cell to check on him. Upon determining that 17 Steven had no pulse, the deputies called Caudillo over. She found that Steven was not breathing 18 and was beginning to turn blue around the mouth. Caudillo performed a sternum rub, which did 19 not revive him. The deputies then performed first aid, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation 20 (CPR) on Steven until the paramedics arrived. Steven was pronounced dead at the hospital 21 emergency room at 12:46 a.m. on June 11, 2014. 22 Dr. Jay Chapman, the pathologist hired by Mendocino County Sheriff-Coroner Thomas 23 Allman to perform the autopsy on Steven, found widespread blunt force injuries on his body and 24 determined that the probable cause of death was “Methamphetamine toxicity associated with 25 violent struggle, (any contributory role of restraint asphyxia unascertainable).” Ex. 18, Autopsy 26 report at 1. At the time of the autopsy, the methamphetamine in Steven’s system was 1.1 mg/L. 27 Although defendants’ experts all agree that it is possible for a person can die of restraint asphyxia 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 6 1 if there is excessive weight placed upon his back, they opine that there is no evidence that restraint 2 asphyxia was the specific cause of Steven’s death. 3 4 B. The County Deputies’ Training Captain Timothy Pearce has been the Jail Commander for Mendocino County since 2002. 5 He testified that he had heard of the term restraint asphyxia and was aware that putting pressure on 6 an inmates back while he is restrained in a prone position can make it very difficult to breathe. He 7 identified no policies that were in place before Steven’s death that specifically addressed the risk 8 of positional or restraint asphyxia. See Pearce Depo. 92:15-94:3. 9 Sheriff Allman also testified being aware of the risk of restraint asphyxia, recalled learning about the leading Supreme Court case on restraint asphyxia, and believed the topic was discussed 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 during jail training. See Allman Depo. 50:23-53:11. The specific terms “compression,” “restraint,” 12 or “positional asphyxia” do not appear in Mendocino County’s use of force or restraints written 13 policies. 14 Sergeant Knapp says she was trained about restraint asphyxia by a jail nurse but was not 15 aware of any written policies or procedures concerning restraint asphyxia. She had never been 16 trained on an appropriate recovery position after an inmate has been restrained face down. 17 Deputies Bernardi, Grant, Masterson, Holum, and Page, do not recall receiving any specific 18 training about restraint or positional asphyxia before the incident with Steven, although several 19 deputies remembered being trained on general ways to avoid breathing complications in the 20 context of restraining inmates. Deputy De Los Santos had been trained to avoid impairing a 21 subject’s breathing by putting body weight on the person’s back while at the police academy. 22 Officer Leef received similar training as a police officer. 23 III. LEGAL STANDARD 24 Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings and admissions on file, together with the 25 affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving 26 party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). The purpose of summary 27 judgment “is to isolate and dispose of factually unsupported claims or defenses.” Celotex v. 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 7 1 Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24 (1986). The moving party “always bears the initial responsibility of 2 informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the 3 pleadings and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any which it believes demonstrate 4 the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Id. at 323 (citations and internal quotation marks 5 omitted). If it meets this burden, the moving party is then entitled to judgment as a matter of law 6 when the non-moving party fails to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of the case 7 with respect to which he bears the burden of proof at trial. Id. at 322-23. 8 The non-moving party “must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue 9 for trial.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). The non-moving party cannot defeat the moving party’s properly supported motion for summary judgment simply by alleging some factual dispute between the 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 parties. To preclude the entry of summary judgment, the non-moving party must bring forth 12 material facts, i.e., “facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law . . . . 13 Factual disputes that are irrelevant or unnecessary will not be counted.” Anderson v. Liberty 14 Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986). The opposing party “must do more than simply show 15 that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. 16 Zenith Radio, 475 U.S. 574, 588 (1986). 17 The court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party, including 18 questions of credibility and of the weight to be accorded particular evidence. Masson v. New 19 Yorker Magazine, Inc., 501 U.S. 496 (1991) (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255); Matsushita, 475 20 U.S. at 588 (1986). It is the court’s responsibility “to determine whether the ‘specific facts’ set 21 forth by the nonmoving party, coupled with undisputed background or contextual facts, are such 22 that a rational or reasonable jury might return a verdict in its favor based on that evidence.” T.W. 23 Elec. Service v. Pacific Elec. Contractors, 809 F.2d 626, 631 (9th Cir. 1987). “[S]ummary 24 judgment will not lie if the dispute about a material fact is ‘genuine,’ that is, if the evidence is such 25 that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. 26 However, “[w]here the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the 27 non-moving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587. 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 8 1 “If a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to properly address another 2 party’s assertion of fact . . . , the court may: (1) give an opportunity to properly support or address 3 the fact; (2) consider the fact undisputed for purposes of the motion; (3) grant summary judgment 4 if the motion and supporting materials—including the facts considered undisputed—show that the 5 movant is entitled to it; or (4) issue any other appropriate order.” Rule 56(e) (2010). 6 When evaluating civil rights claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a court must also consider 7 whether any of the individual defendants are protected by the doctrine of qualified immunity. 8 Qualified immunity “protects government officials ‘from liability for civil damages insofar as their 9 conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’” Mattos v. Agarano, 661 F.3d 433, 440 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 229 (2009)). It “shields an officer from liability even if his or 12 her action resulted from a mistake of law, a mistake of fact, or a mistake based on mixed questions 13 of law and fact.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). Analysis of qualified immunity involves a two- 14 pronged inquiry. The court asks whether the undisputed facts show that the defendant violated the 15 plaintiff’s constitutional right. Robinson v. York, 566 F.3d 817, 821 (9th Cir. 2009); Saucier v. 16 Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001). If no such violation is found, the court need not inquire further 17 before ruling that the defendant is entitled to qualified immunity. Upon a showing that some 18 constitutional right was violated, however, the court then turns to the question of whether that 19 right is clearly established at the time of the violation. See id. The “clearly established” prong 20 focuses on the critical question of “whether the contours of the right were ‘sufficiently clear’ that 21 every ‘reasonable official would have understood that what he is doing violates that right.’” 22 Mattos, 661 F.3d at 442. District courts are “permitted to exercise their sound discretion in 23 deciding which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis should be addressed first in 24 light of the circumstances in the particular case at hand.” Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236. 25 26 27 28 IV. EVIDENTIARY ISSUES A. Plaintiffs’ evidentiary objections All of the events at the jail were recorded by video cameras without sound. Each side had ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 9 1 an expert sync the audio from Officer Leef’s personal recorder with the jail videos to produce a 2 combined audio and video (“CAV”). Neuroth objects to the CAV offered by County Defendants, 3 because that video omits six minutes at the beginning and incorporates inaccurate and hearsay 4 descriptive comments. That objection is overruled, as both parties’ CAVs contain arrows and 5 prompts that will only be considered for demonstrative purposes. The evidence being considered 6 is what is visible in the video and audible through Leef’s recording device. B. Defendants’ evidentiary objections 7 County Defendants’ objection to plaintiffs’ CAV is overruled for the same reasons 8 9 discussed above. Their objections to Exhibits 41, 42, 46, 50, and 53 attached to the Sherwin Declaration are overruled as moot because this Order does not rely upon any evidence contained 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 in those documents. County Defendants also object to Neuroth’s introduction of evidence that the 12 County has modified certain of its procedures in response to Steven’s death. Under Federal Rule 13 of Evidence 407, evidence of remedial measures is not admissible to prove liability, although it 14 may be introduced to demonstrate a particular measure was feasible. Because County Defendants 15 do not dispute the possibility of taking measures to prevent deaths like Steven’s pre-incident, the 16 only relevance of evidence concerning remedial measures is to prove liability. Therefore, the 17 objection is sustained. 18 County Defendants also move to exclude the reports and testimony of plaintiff’s experts 19 Dr. Michael Baden, Dr. Michael Freeman, Dr. Richard Hayward, and John Ryan. The motion is 20 denied without prejudice, as the disposition of this Order does not rely on any of the challenged 21 evidentiary material. V. DISCUSSION3 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 3 Neuroth filed his entire brief in opposition to defendants’ motions for summary judgment under seal, as well as the accompanying deposition transcripts (exhibits 1-8), and moved for an order from the Court unsealing the documents on the grounds that County Defendants failed properly to designate which portions of the transcripts should be kept under seal. County Defendants do not object to the filing of Neuroth’s opposition brief in the public record, nor do they object to the public filing of those portions of the transcripts cited or relied upon in the brief. They contend, however, that certain portions of the transcripts should remain under seal and object to the unsealing of exhibits 1-8 in their entirety. Specifically, County Defendants object to the public ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 10 1 2 A. Claims for unlawful arrest under federal and state law against Officers Leef and Andrade At the time Leef and Andrade arrested Steven, they observed that he was suffering from 3 paranoid delusions, fidgeting, and exhibiting signs of rapid speech and elevated pulse. He was also 4 sweating uncontrollably, presented disjointed thought processes, and although denying 5 methamphetamine use, claimed somebody had put something in his drink. Neuroth contends the 6 officers’ stated rationale for arresting Steven cannot be believed because his “bizarre” behavior 7 did not conclusively indicate methamphetamine intoxication, and because the officers were 8 reluctant to take Steven to the hospital. Therefore, Neuroth argues, the officers arrested Steven 9 without probable cause, in violation of the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition on unlawful seizures. 10 “Probable cause to arrest exists when officers have knowledge or reasonably trustworthy United States District Court Northern District of California 11 information sufficient to lead a person of reasonable caution to believe that an offense has been or 12 is being committed by the person being arrested.” Rodis v. City & County of San Francisco, 558 13 F.3d 964, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). That Steven’s appearance and behavior could have indicated mental 14 illness does not create a question of fact as to the reasonableness of the officers’ conclusion 15 finding a “fair probability” he was under the influence of an illegal substance. See United States v. 16 Ortiz-Hernandez, 427 F.3d 567, 573 (9th Cir. 2005) (“Probable cause exists when, under the 17 totality of the circumstances known to the arresting officers, a prudent person would have 18 concluded that there was a fair probability that [the suspect] had committed a crime.”). This is 19 particularly true because neither officer had reason to know Steven had a history of mental illness 20 and because Steven’s refusal to provide a urine sample for drug testing suggested a culpable 21 mindset. While Leef and Andrade did discuss the possibility that Steven might be “crazy,” the 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 release of information in the transcripts related to defendants’ personnel files. Accordingly, Neuroth’s motion to seal (Dkt. No. 304) is denied with leave to refile a redacted version of his opposition brief in accordance to the instructions in footnote 4 (which address the Willits Defendants’ objections to Neuroth’s sealing motion). As to exhibits 1-8, Neuroth may either (A) file in the public record excerpted versions of the deposition transcripts as identified in County Defendants’ response to the motion to seal (see Dkt. No. 315 at 3), or (B) file a new motion to seal only those portions of the full transcripts marked for redaction. Should Neuroth elect to pursue option B, County Defendants shall file a response setting forth the basis for a sealing order. ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 11 1 presence of an underlying psychological condition did not rule out the possibility he was also 2 under the influence. Similarly, evidence the officers did not want to take Steven to a hospital is not 3 probative of whether they had a reasonable basis to conclude he was displaying a reaction to drug 4 use. Because ingestion of any amount of methamphetamine is unlawful, the officers did not need 5 to conduct a sobriety test to determine the degree of Steven’s intoxication before performing an 6 arrest. Under the totality of the circumstances known to Leef and Andrade, there was probable 7 cause to place Steven under arrest for use of a controlled substance. For that reason, summary 8 judgment on Neuroth’s section 1983 claim for unlawful arrest is granted. Summary judgment is 9 also granted with respect to Neuroth’s state law false arrest claim, which is premised on the same 10 allegedly wrongful acts that support his section 1983 claim. United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 B. Fourth Amendment denial of medical care and negligence claims against Officer Leef and Andrade 13 Law enforcement officers are required under the Fourth Amendment to provide objectively 14 reasonable post-arrest care. See Borges v. County of Eureka, No. 15-cv-00846-YGR, 2017 WL 15 363212, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 25, 2017). While the nature and extent of this obligation has not 16 been precisely defined, the Ninth Circuit requires, at a minimum, that officers summon necessary 17 medical help or take an injured arrestee to a hospital. See id. (citing Estate of Cornejo ex rel. Solis 18 v. City of Los Angeles, 618 Fed. App’x 917, 920 (9th Cir. 2015) and Tatum v. City and County of 19 San Francisco, 441 F.3d 1090, 1099 (9th Cir. 2006)). 20 Here, Neuroth contends Steven’s behavior fit the criteria for commitment to a mental 21 health unit pursuant to California Welfare and Institutions Code § 5150, which meant he should 22 have been taken immediately to a hospital pursuant to Willits Police Department (“WPD”) Policy 23 418.3. Even crediting the officers’ decision to arrest Steven for methamphetamine intoxication, 24 Neuroth contends Leef and Andrade violated WPD Policy 418.4, which states, “When practical, 25 any person charged with a crime who also appears to be mentally ill, shall be booked at the Willits 26 Police Department before being transported to the authorized facility,” which according to 27 Neuroth, would have been Howard Hospital or another emergency room. The officers’ decision to 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 12 1 transport Steven directly to the Mendocino County jail was, according to Neuroth, a violation of 2 their duty to seek adequate post-arrest medical care. WPD Policy 418.4, however, does not define 3 what may be considered an “authorized facility,” and merely advises that a person “may” be taken 4 directly to a hospital “[i]f the person has injuries or some other medical condition.” While taking 5 Steven to a hospital instead of the county jail might have resulted in a better outcome, the Fourth 6 Amendment does not require officers “to provide ‘what hindsight reveals to be the most effective 7 medical care for an arrested suspect.’” Borges, 2017 WL 363212, at *7 (quoting Tatum, 441 F.3d 8 at 1098-99) (emphasis in the original). 9 Here, the evidence proffered by Neuroth is insufficient to show that Steven’s medical condition was so obviously emergent at the time he encountered the officers that taking him to the 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 county jail constituted a failure to provide objectively reasonable post-arrest care. In other words, 12 Neuroth does not explain what aspects of Steven’s condition set him apart from the average 13 suspected methamphetamine user that officers might encounter on the street. Here, as in Borges, 14 video footage shows that Steven appeared relatively calm and compliant when he arrived at the 15 Mendocino County jail and testimonial evidence demonstrates he was screened for emergent 16 medical issues during the booking process. Therefore, the officers did not violate Steven’s right to 17 medical care under the Fourth Amendment. For those reasons, the motion for summary judgment 18 as to the Fourth Amendment denial of medical care claim against Leef and Andrade is granted. 19 That said, a reasonable juror could find, based on the undisputed facts, the officers’ 20 conduct with respect to Steven was negligent. Under California law, a peace officer may be held 21 liable for negligence to the same extent as other persons, except as provided by statute. Law 22 enforcement officers have a duty “to exercise reasonable care for the safety of those persons the 23 officer stops.” Lugtu v. California Highway Patrol, 26 Cal. 4th 703, 715, 717-18 (2001). WPD 24 Policy 418.3 advises officers handling a call involving a suspected mentally ill individual to use 25 de-escalation techniques and language that is appropriate for interacting with a mentally disabled 26 person. While Leef testified he attempted to use Steven’s apparent hallucinations about snakes to 27 stop him from moving around in the police vehicle, Leef’s tone and manner of speaking about his 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 13 1 interactions with Steven as recorded on his audio device reasonably supports Neuroth’s contention 2 he shouted “Snakes!” to frighten Steven for his own amusement. Although the Willits defendants 3 point out that Steven appeared calm and compliant when he exited the police vehicle and entered 4 the Mendocino County jail booking area, a reasonable jury could conclude that Leef’s alleged 5 efforts to frighten Steven exacerbated his paranoia and made it more likely he would react 6 violently to the deputies’ subsequent efforts to constrain him and be subjected to use of force. A 7 jury could also find that Andrade encouraged, or at least acquiesced, in Leef’s inappropriate 8 interactions with Steven. For that reason, the motion for summary judgment as to Neuroth’s state 9 law negligence claims against Leef and Andrade is denied. C. Intentional infliction of emotional distress claim against Officer Leef 10 Neuroth brings a claim of intentional infliction of emotion distress against Officer Leef United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 based on his alleged attempts to frighten Steven by yelling “Snakes!” at him repeatedly while the 13 officers were transporting him to the Mendocino County jail. According to Neuroth, this claim 14 survives Steven’s death pursuant to California Code of Civil Procedure § 377.20, and he may 15 recover emotional distress damages as punitive damages under section 377.34. A plaintiff in a 16 survivorship action, however, is precluded under the statute from seeking “damages for pain, 17 suffering, or disfigurement,” see Berkley v. Dowds, 152 Cal. App. 4th 518, 530 (2007). Neuroth 18 asserts that the claim may nonetheless support an award of punitive damages, without providing 19 any explanation or support from legal authority. For that reason, summary judgment on this claim 20 is granted in favor of Leef. D. Supervisory liability claim against Willits Chief Gonzalez4 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 4 Neuroth seeks an order unsealing portions of Chief Gonzalez’s deposition transcript discussing the contents of a background investigation of Officer Leef before he was hired at WPD, as well as portions of the background investigation (exhibits 9 and 10 to plaintiff’s combined opposition to defendants’ motions for summary judgment). Because the documents in question contain inherently sensitive information about Leef’s personal conduct before he became a peace officer, including information that was given by a member of Leef’s family in confidence, and because that information has minimal value to the determination of this case, Neuroth’s request is denied. Therefore, Neuroth’s administrative motion to seal exhibits 9 and 10 to plaintiff’s opposition brief is granted. Although Neuroth’s motion to seal the opposition brief itself is denied (see footnote 2), he may refile the brief along with a motion to seal only those portions incorporating exhibits 9 and ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 14 Under section 1983, a supervisor may be held liable “if there exists either (1) his or her 1 2 personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation, or (2) a sufficient causal connection 3 between the supervisor’s wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.” Starr v. Baca, 652 4 F.3d 1202, 1207 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The requisite 5 causal connection may be shown by the supervisor’s “own culpable action or inaction in the 6 training, supervision, or control of his subordinates; for his acquiescence in the constitutional 7 deprivation; or for conduct that showed a reckless or callous indifference to the rights of others.” 8 Id. at 1208. Here, it is undisputed that Chief Gonzalez was not present during Steven’s arrest and did 10 not personally participate in any of the alleged constitutional violations. Instead, Neuroth argues 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 9 that Gonzalez’s decision to hire Leef was “deliberately indifferent to the rights and safety of the 12 public to be free from an officer who was ‘highly likely’ to lie and abuse his authority in his 13 official duties,” based on information revealed by the WPD’s background check investigation. 14 Specifically, Gonzalez knew Leef had a history of stealing, dishonesty, driving under the 15 influence, and abuses of his authority. While there may be grounds to question Gonzalez’s 16 decision to hire Leef as a peace officer despite knowledge of problematic conduct in the past, 17 Neuroth fails to offer a sufficient causal connection between that decision and the alleged 18 constitutional violations of which Leef stands accused. In other words, evidence of Leef’s 19 propensity to demonstrate poor judgment does not lead to the conclusion that a violation of 20 someone’s Fourth Amendment rights would be a “plainly obvious consequence” of the decision to 21 hire him. See Bd. of the Cty. Comm’rs v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 411 (1997). For that reason, the 22 motion for summary judgment on Neuroth’s supervisory liability claim is granted in favor of 23 Chief Gonzalez. 24 E. Monell claim and vicarious liability for state law false arrest and negligence claims against City of Willits 25 26 27 28 10. ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 15 1 A municipality may be liable under Section 1983 if the governmental body “subjects” a 2 person to a deprivation of rights or “causes” a person “to be subjected” to such deprivation. 3 Monell v. N.Y. City Dep’t of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691-92 (1978). Because municipalities 4 cannot be held vicariously liable under Section 1983, a Monell claim ordinarily requires the 5 existence of municipal policies, customs, practices and/or procedures that violate constitutionally 6 protected rights. Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 60-61 (2011). Absent a formal governmental 7 policy, a plaintiff must show a “longstanding practice or custom which constitutes the standard 8 operating procedure of the local government entity.” Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3d 911, 918 (9th Cir. 9 1996). Municipal liability for a hiring decision under Monell exists where the hiring decision in question reflects deliberate indifference to the risk that a violation of a particular constitutional or 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 statutory right will follow the decision. See Brown, 520 U.S. at 411. 12 Here, Neuroth makes clear that his Monell claim against the City of Willits is based on 13 Chief Gonzalez’s decision to hire Leef. As explained above, Gonzalez was in possession of 14 information indicating Leef was arguably a poor fit for employment as a police officer. That said, 15 there is insufficient evidence in the record to support a finding that the municipal decision to hire 16 him was highly likely to result in the specific violation of a third party’s Fourth Amendment 17 rights. Accordingly, summary judgment on Neuroth’s Monell claim is granted in favor of the City 18 of Willits. 19 The City may, however, be held vicariously liable for “injury proximately caused by an act 20 or omission of an employee of the public entity within the scope of his employment” for which the 21 employee lacks immunity from liability. See Cal. Gov. Code § 815.2. Because summary judgment 22 as to Neuroth’s negligence claims against Leef and Andrade is denied, it is also denied as to the 23 derivative claim against the City of Willits. 24 25 F. Fourteenth Amendment claim for inadequate medical care Claims by pretrial detainees for violations of the right to adequate medical care under the 26 due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment are evaluated under an objective deliberate 27 indifference standard. The elements of a claim against an individual defendant are: “(i) the 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 16 defendant made an intentional decision with respect to the conditions under which the plaintiff 2 was confined; (ii) those conditions put the plaintiff at substantial risk of suffering serious harm; 3 (iii) the defendant did not take reasonable measures to abate that risk, even though a reasonable 4 official in the circumstances would have appreciated the high degree of risk involved—making the 5 consequences of the defendant’s conduct obvious; and (iv) by not taking such measures, the 6 defendant caused the plaintiff’s injuries.” Gordon v. County of Orange, 888 F.3d 1118, 1125 7 (2018) (adopting an objective reasonableness standard with respect to the third prong, in light of 8 developments in Section 1983 jurisprudence under Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 135 S. Ct. 2466 9 (2015) and Castro v. County of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060 (9th Cir. 2016)). A “mere lack of due 10 care by a state official” is insufficient—a plaintiff must “prove more than negligence but less than 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 subjective intent—something akin to reckless disregard.” Id.5 1. Deputy Bernardi 12 Neuroth asserts that Bernardi’s decision to admit Steven into the jail instead of sending 13 14 him to a hospital was deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs. To prevail on a claim of 15 deliberate indifference against an official, a plaintiff must demonstrate that: (1) he had a serious 16 medical need, (2) the official was deliberately indifferent to that need, and (3) this indifference 17 caused him harm. Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2014). Bernardi knew from 18 speaking to Leef that Steven had been found running in traffic, was likely high, and had been 19 hallucinating about snakes during the car ride to the jail. Bernardi observed that Steven had trouble 20 concentrating on the intake questions asked of him. Bernardi Depo. 40:24-41:5. Accordingly to 21 Neuroth, it should have been obvious to Benardi that Steven was exhibiting symptoms of 22 psychosis, a condition that courts generally construe as demonstrating a serious medical need. See 23 Padilla v. Beard, No. 2:14-cv-1118 KJK-CKD, 2017 WL 1253874, at *15 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 27, 24 2017) (citing Atencio v. Arpaio, 161 F. Supp. 3d 789, 811 (D. Ariz. 2015)). 25 26 27 28 5 In Gordon, the Ninth Circuit clarified that the inquiry under the Fourteenth Amendment differs from that under the Eighth Amendment, which requires a showing that a prison official had a subjectively culpable state of mind. Id. at 1125 n.4. ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 17 1 Bernardi has two responses. First, he asserts that his conduct is protected under the 2 doctrine of qualified immunity because Neuroth points to no case law showing an arrestee in 3 Steven’s condition has a constitutional right to be sent to a hospital rather than jail for evaluation. 4 Second, Bernardi argues there was nothing about Steven’s answers to intake questions, past 5 behavior, or his demeanor and appearance upon entering the jail that put him on notice emergency 6 medical attention was needed. Bernardi testified that Steven was able to answer most of his 7 questions either by nodding or verbal affirmations. Steven appeared calm and compliant when he 8 exited the patrol car and walked into the jail. See CAV at 11:33 – 11:35; Bernardi Decl. ¶¶ 5-6; 9 Masterson Decl. ¶¶ 5-8. He demonstrated signs of drug intoxication and was jittery, but cooperated with the deputies’ pat-down search and allowed Caudillo to take his vital signs in the 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 hallway of the jail. According to Bernardi, his knowledge that Steven had previously been running 12 around in traffic and had experienced hallucinations of snakes was not dispositive of whether he 13 was fit to be put in a sobering cell at the time of jail admissions. Even if he had viewed Steven’s 14 previous medical intake screening form, he would still have been required to make an assessment 15 of Steven’s condition at the time of admission. See Bernardi Decl. ¶ 3. 16 Dr. Jenine Miller, the County’s Director of Behavioral health, personally knew Steven and 17 concluded that “all evidence points to his behavior being caused by his taking methamphetamine 18 and not by his mental health disorder.” Miller Decl. ¶¶ 3, 4, 7. While the parties take different 19 views on the relative contributing role of Steven’s drug intoxication and underlying mental health 20 issues, the undisputed evidence shows that Bernardi did not act unreasonably in concluding his 21 behavior was due primarily to methamphetamine ingestion. That immediate hospitalization could 22 have avoided the events that led to Steven’s death is not sufficient to show Bernardi acted with 23 deliberate indifference in admitting him to the jail, where he would have received a medical and/or 24 mental health screening after admission. Caudillo Depo. 150; Bernardi Decl. ¶¶ 3-4; Masterson 25 Decl. ¶ 2. 26 27 28 2. Licensed Vocational Nurse Caudillo While Caudillo testified that it was Bernardi, not she, who made the decision to admit ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 18 1 Steven into the jail and place him in a sobering cell, there is no dispute Caudillo could have 2 initiated his transfer to a hospital if she perceived or suspected there was a medical emergency. 3 See Fithian Depo. 149:18 – 150:1. Plaintiffs’ jail medical expert, Dr. Todd Wilcox, testified that a 4 patient who is psychotic for unknown reasons should be evaluated at a hospital, particularly 5 because the jail lacked staffing necessary to manage a patient of such complexity. Wilcox Depo. 6 38:6-39:20. CMGC/CFMG’s Chief Medical Officer Dr. Herr agrees that Caudillo should have 7 contacted an RN regarding Steven’s elevated vital signs and observed symptoms. Herr Depo. 8 119:15-20. Neuroth argues that in light of Caudillo’s knowledge that Steven was paranoid, 9 hallucinating, and psychotic, her failure to send Steven to the Emergency Department was in 10 reckless disregard of a substantial risk of serious harm to him. United States District Court Northern District of California 11 Deliberate indifference claims, however, cannot be evaluated on the basis of 20/20 12 hindsight. It is undisputed that Bernardi, as the health-trained correctional staff member on duty, 13 performed an intake on Steven and did not refer any positive findings on the screening 14 questionnaire to Caudillo for follow-up. Caudillo’s testimony, which is corroborated by video 15 footage, shows at the time she first encountered Steven in the booking area, he was calm and 16 compliant, and did not appear to be experiencing hallucinations. Caudillo testified that she did not 17 believe Steven presented in a manner distinguishable from other methamphetamine users who 18 routinely came through the jail. She noted that he was not diaphoretic (sweating heavily, usually 19 attributable to drug use), flushed, or vomiting, and that he was able to follow verbal instructions 20 and answer questions coherently. Caudillo Depo. 168:23 – 169:2. Based on those observations, 21 she concluded Steven was not in crisis and did not need immediate medical attention. Id. 169:3. 22 Caudillo further testified that in her experience, individuals placed in the sobering cell tend to 23 arrive agitated but claim down after a period of time. Id. 169:7-12. In short, although Neuroth may 24 argue it would have been better to send Steven to the hospital immediately, the evidence in the 25 record tends to show that based on her few minutes of interaction with Steven, Caudillo’s lack of 26 objection to keeping him in the sobering cell for monitoring and further evaluation was not 27 patently unreasonable. 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 19 1 Causation is also undermined by the particular chain of events in this case, which 2 distinguishes the facts of this case from those present in M.H. v. County of Alameda, upon which 3 Neuroth’s argument heavily relies. See 62 F. Supp. 3d 1049 (N.D. Cal. 2014). In that case, a LVN 4 performed a full medical intake assessment on a man who was admitted at the Glenn Dyer 5 Detention Facility. The nurse neglected to initiate a protocol for evaluation and treatment of severe 6 alcohol withdrawal, despite learning that the man drank every day, that he had his last drink the 7 day he was arrested, and that symptoms of alcohol withdrawal begin within five to six hours. The 8 nurse was later terminated by her employer, Corizon Health, after an internal disciplinary 9 investigation found she had demonstrated gross negligence and incompetence and failed to follow procedures and policy. See 62 F. Supp. 3d at 1060. The LVN’s inadequate screening led to the 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 man’s deterioration over the course of two full days without medical attention or treatment, 12 ultimately resulting in his death after an altercation with deputies at the Santa Rita jail. Here, 13 Caudillo testified that had Steven remained in the sobering cell, she would have reviewed 14 Bernardi’s screening form and performed a more complete assessment on Steven within an hour of 15 his arrival. See Caudillo Depo. 163:7-9; 169:6-12. Instead, Steven became disruptive less than a 16 minute after Caudillo took his vital signs, as the deputies attempted to move him into the sobering 17 cell. See CAV at 11:37 (Caudillo finishes taking vitals) and 11:38 (struggle with Bernardi and 18 Masterson commences). Thus, even if she had called a supervising nurse or licensed medical 19 provider for guidance immediately after seeing that Steven’s vital signs were elevated, it is unclear 20 what medical follow-up in that narrow period of time could have averted the ensuing struggle that 21 followed. 22 That said, a reasonable factfinder could conclude that a high degree of risk to Steven 23 presented itself as the physical confrontation between Steven and the deputies became increasingly 24 protracted. The exact moment when the risk became obvious is somewhat unclear from the record. 25 Caudillo testified that she was not permitted to enter the safety cell while the deputies had yet to 26 secure the scene. Caudillo Depo. 225:3-22. She also indicated in her deposition that from her 27 vantage point outside the door of the safety cell, she could see deputies trying to control Steven 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 20 1 but could not discern their body positions relative to him. Id. 226:16-23. While Neuroth asserts 2 Caudillo was present when Steven allegedly said “Let me breathe, I’m dizzy” and “I need medical 3 attention,” (Plaintiff’s CAV at 11:32:21), there is no evidence in the record that she actually heard 4 him ask for medical attention. She did, however, recall that at some point during the struggle, 5 Steven stopped talking to the deputies. Caudillo Depo. 229:11-19. At that point, Caudillo knew 6 that Steven had arrived at the jail under the influence of methamphetamine, had demonstrated 7 bizarre and erratic behavior, and had exhibited intense physical resistance to the deputies’ efforts 8 to restrain him for an extended period of time. A reasonable LVN in Caudillo’s place should have 9 recognized that Steven’s condition was both more serious than his initial appearance led her to expect, and that it likely deteriorated as a result of his encounter with the deputies. She could have 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 requested the deputies’ assistance to take Steven’s vital signs before they left the cell, or made the 12 independent decision to call for emergency medical aid. On these facts, a jury could conclude it 13 was objectively unreasonable for Caudillo to wait until summoned by the deputies to take any 14 action regarding Steven’s medical condition, and that prompter action could have increased his 15 likelihood of survival. For that reason, Caudillo’s motion for summary judgment on the deliberate 16 indifference claim asserted against her is denied. 17 18 3. Monell liability of CFMG and CMGC An independent contractor performing medical services for prisoners may be subject to the 19 Monell standard for liability under section 1983 to the same extent as a government entity. See 20 West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 54-56 (1988). “To impose liability against a county for its failure to 21 act, a plaintiff must show: (1) that a county employee violated the plaintiff’s constitutional rights; 22 (2) that the county has customs or policies that amount to deliberate indifference; and (3) that 23 these customs or policies were the moving force behind the employee’s violation of constitutional 24 rights.” Long v. County of Los Angeles, 442 F.3d 1178, 1186 (9th Cir. 2006), citing Gibson v. 25 County of Washoe, 290 F.3d 1175, 1193-94 (9th Cir. 2002). The plaintiff bears the burden of 26 showing “that the injury would have been avoided” had proper policies been implemented.” 27 Gibson, 290 F.3d at 1196. 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 21 1 As explained above, Neuroth has proffered sufficient evidence from which a reasonable 2 juror could infer Caudillo may have deprived Steven of constitutionally adequate medical care. As 3 to the second and third elements of the Monell inquiry, Neuroth argues that CFMG and its parent 4 company CMGC failed to staff the Mendocino County Jail adequately, allowed LVNs to perform 5 the work of RNs, and did not sufficiently supervise or train Caudillo to deal with Steven’s 6 situation. 7 CFMG moves for summary judgment for lack of causation between its alleged policy 8 deficiencies and the violation of Steven’s constitutional rights. For one thing, although Neuroth 9 chooses to characterize Caudillo’s actions leading up to Steven’s death as exceeding the scope of her practice as an LVN, these assertions are not borne out by the record. According to the 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 California Department of Correctional Health Care Services’ policy manual on the LVN scope of 12 practice in a correctional setting (chapter 5), LVNs are permitted to perform a basic assessment on 13 patients, which includes collecting subjective and objective data and recognizing problems or 14 abnormal conditions. See Sherwin Decl., Ex. 31. In Steven’s case, Caudillo took his vital signs, 15 observed his demeanor, and recorded that information on a CFMG sobering cell log. See Teske 16 Decl., Ex. B. None of those activities is inconsistent with LVN scope of practice. Even assuming 17 that Caudillo erred by failing to send Steven to the hospital or to call a supervisor for guidance, 18 those deficiencies reflect inadequate performance of her role as an LVN, not an improper exercise 19 of RN authority. CFMG also offers evidence that had Caudillo informed Teske, her supervising 20 RN, of Leef’s observations regarding Steven’s behavior, Bernardi’s and Caudillo’s personal 21 evaluation of Steven, and Steven’s blood pressure of 151/92 and heart rate of 129, she would not 22 have instructed Caudillo to send him to the Emergency Department for medical clearance. Teske 23 states she would have approved of the decision to place him in a sobering cell and instructed 24 Caudillo to monitor him and continue taking vital signs every 15 minutes. Teske Decl. ¶ 17. 25 That said, there remain triable issues of fact with respect to whether CFMG’s policies and 26 procedures were insufficient to ensure the safety of arrestees like Steven. Specifically, a jury could 27 find that CFMG did not have appropriate policies in place to address the serious risk of harm to an 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 22 inmate resulting from a physical confrontation with deputies. Caudillo testified that CFMG policy 2 only required her to see patients in the safety cell an hour after placement and every four hours 3 after that, unless summoned by a deputy. Caudillo Depo. 195:14-21. She confirmed that CFMG 4 policy did not require her to evaluate a patient immediately after he engaged in a struggle with jail 5 staff. Id. at 195:22-196:7. Her testimony also reveals that she was not aware of any particular 6 danger to Steven resulting from his continued exertions in the safety cell and was not prepared to 7 take any action with respect to his physical wellbeing unless called upon to do so by the deputies. 8 Id. In light of other testimony showing that a significant number of individuals passing through the 9 Mendocino County Jail suffer from substance abuse issues, see Teske Depo. 105:19-106:17, it is 10 highly probable that some portion of these individuals who end up in a physical altercation with 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 jail staff are vulnerable to injury as a result. CFMG’s failure to implement policies to mitigate this 12 danger could constitute deliberate indifference. Finally, whether CFMG’s inadequate polices 13 regarding altercations in the jail were the “moving force” behind Steven’s death depends upon a 14 factual determination regarding when, in the course of being placed in the safety cell, Steven 15 stopped breathing. Reading the record in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, a jury could find 16 that had some sort of emergency medical procedures been commenced before the physical 17 altercation with Steven became excessively prolonged, he might not have reached a point where 18 he could no longer be revived. For that reason, CFMG’s motion for summary judgment on 19 Neuroth’s Monell claim is denied. 20 CMGC asserts that it cannot be held liable for intake or staffing policy decisions 21 attributable to CFMG because it merely performs administrative functions for CFMG pursuant to 22 a Management Services Agreement. In response, Neuroth points to evidence that CFMG and 23 CMGC have all the same officers and counsel and that CMGC is the payor on Nurse Teske’s 24 paystubs. These facts suggest a respondeat superior theory of liability, which is not permitted 25 under Monell. In order to demonstrate CMGC’s Monell liability for Steven’s injury, Neuroth must 26 either proffer facts supporting corporate veil piercing, or point to a specific policy or practice that 27 is traceable to CMGC specifically. It is not enough for Neuroth merely to assert that that CMGC 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 23 1 has generally issued policies, supervisory memos, and medical records forms for use in CFMG 2 facilities, or that every challenged CFMG policy and practice was also the policy and practice of 3 CMGC.6 For that reason, CMGC’s motion for summary judgment is granted. 4. Supervisory liability of Nurse Teske, Doctor Fithian, and Elaine Hustedt 4 Claire Teske was the on-call RN the night of Steven’s death. At the time of Steven’s death, 5 6 Dr. Taylor Fithian was the Medical Director of all CMGC companies, overseeing medical care at 7 CFMG facilities. Elaine Hustedt was vice-president of operations and personnel at CFMG and had 8 responsibility over staffing at CFMG facilities. Neuroth’s supervisory liability claim against 9 Teske, Fithian, and Hustedt is premised on the theory that all three defendants originated and perpetuated the system of having LVNs work outside the scope of their practice, alone and 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 unsupervised by RNs. As explained above, Neuroth cannot show that CFMG’s LVN staffing 12 policy was the moving force behind a violation of Steven’s rights. Because Neuroth has not put 13 forth other grounds for finding supervisory liability against Testke, Fithian, or Hustedt, their 14 motions for summary judgment are granted. 5. Monell liability of County of Mendocino 15 16 Neuroth asserts that pursuant to its contract for services with CFMG/CMGC, Mendocino 17 County is liable for all of the Monell claims attributable to CFMG/CMGC, to whom it delegated 18 its duty to provide constitutionally adequate medical care. In asserting this theory of liability, 19 Neuroth’s reliance on West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. at 55-56, is misplaced. That case stands for the 20 proposition that a private entity may assume the State’s obligation to provide adequate medical 21 care by contract, and can be held liable under section 1983 as a “state actor.” There is nothing in 22 that decision to suggest a plaintiff may also sue a municipality on the basis of policy decisions it 23 has delegated to a private actor. For that reason, the County’s motion for summary judgment on 24 25 26 27 28 6 Neuroth relies heavily on the deposition of Claire Teske for the proposition that CFMG and CMGC policies were one and the same. The transcript of her deposition testimony, however, reveals that counsel for Neuroth repeatedly questioned Teske about the policy of “CFMG and CMGC” without actually inquiring whether she understood CMGC and CFMG to be equally responsible for protocols at CFMG facilities. ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 24 1 this Monell claim is granted. 2 G. Excessive Force 3 An excessive force claim under the Fourth Amendment examines whether defendants’ 4 actions were “‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them.” 5 Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397 (1989). “The calculus of reasonableness must embody 6 allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments—in 7 circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving—about the amount of force that is 8 necessary in a particular situation.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396-97. In determining the 9 reasonableness of an officer’s use of force, courts consider the totality of the circumstances, including: (1) the severity of the crime at issue, (2) whether the suspect posed an immediate threat 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 to the safety of the officers or others, and (3), whether the suspect actively resisted arrest or 12 attempted to escape. Id. 13 County Defendants assert that for pretrial detainees such as Steven, the right to protection 14 from excessive force derives from the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause, rather than 15 the Fourth Amendment, and should therefore be analyzed under Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 135 S. 16 Ct. 2466 (2015) rather than Graham. Although Kingsley analyzed a pretrial detainee’s excessive 17 force claim under the Fourteenth Amendment, it is not entirely clear that the Fourteenth 18 Amendment supplants, rather than merely supplements, the Fourth Amendment’s protections in 19 the pretrial detention context. In any event, the notable development in Kingsley was the Supreme 20 Court’s announcement that a Fourteenth Amendment excessive force claim is evaluated under an 21 objective standard, without requiring a plaintiff to show defendants were subjectively aware their 22 use of force was unreasonable. The Court explicitly adopted the standards set out in Graham, 23 including the instruction that objective reasonableness turns on the facts and circumstances of each 24 particular case, and is judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer at the scene based on 25 what he or she knew at the time of the alleged violation. See Kingsley, 135 S. Ct. at 2473. Thus, 26 Kingsley makes clear that Graham continues to set the framework for what constitutes a 27 reasonable use of force by a government official. The Court also counseled district courts to 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 25 1 consider the government’s legitimate interests in preserving the internal order and security of a 2 detention facility, as one of many “objective circumstances potentially relevant to a determination 3 of excessive force.” Id. Neuroth argues that Bernardi, Masterson, Grant, De Los Santos, Page, 4 Holum, Leef, and Sergeant Knapp may all be held liable on his excessive force claim by their 5 direct participation, setting in motion violations by another individual, under an integral 6 participation theory, or by failing to intervene in the violations of rights by each other. 7 8 1. Deputies Bernardi, Masterson, Grant, Page, and De Los Santos The deputies assert that summary judgment on Neuroth’s excessive force claim is warranted because the amount of force used was reasonable in light of the circumstances. They 10 contend that Gibson v. County of Washoe, 290 F.3d 1175 (9th Cir. 2002) is the most applicable 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 9 case on point. In that case, a manic inmate fought with deputies who were attempting to move him 12 to a special watch cell, resulting in a struggle that led to the inmate’s death. Here, the deputies 13 testify that Steven was pulling way, actively resisting efforts to control him, using his shackled 14 legs to entangle Deputy Grant’s legs, and generally refusing to cooperate. They also assert that 15 Neuroth’s evidence is insufficient to show that Steven died of asphyxiation or that any of the 16 correctional deputies proximately caused death by asphyxiation. 17 Reviewing the record as a whole, several disputed issues preclude summary judgment 18 here. First, while there is no evidence Steven struck, spit on, or threatened any of the deputies, it is 19 clear he was physically resisting efforts to constrain him. There is also evidence from the audio 20 feed that at least one of the male deputies expressed the belief Steven was trying to kick out at 21 him. Despite Steven’s relatively small physical size as compared to the deputies, they uniformly 22 described him as extremely difficult to control. Steven’s behavior on the threshold of the sobering 23 cell, when he first began moving about erratically and yelling, supports the deputies’ position that 24 some degree of force was necessary to constrain him for his own safety and for the security of the 25 jail. Audio from the incident also shows that Sergeant Knapp and other deputies repeatedly 26 advised Steven he should calm down, that nobody was trying to “kill” or “hurt” him, and that he 27 was being restrained for safety reasons. 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 26 1 The question then becomes whether, at some point during the confrontation, Steven 2 stopped struggling and the force being applied to him became disproportionate to the need. Video 3 from the incident shows Steven continuing to wriggle about in the initial moments after being 4 taken to the safety cell, as evidenced by the deputies’ physical movements. After that point, 5 Steven’s body is so obscured by the figures of the deputies surrounding him that it is impossible 6 observe whether he continued to resist. Video footage shows he was motionless from the time the 7 deputies exited his cell and when they reentered in an attempt to resuscitate him. 8 9 Second, while it is undisputed that the deputies were either kneeling on Steven or pressing down on him at various points throughout the confrontation, it is unclear from their testimony or from the positioning of their bodies in the video footage how much weight Steven had on his body 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 and where at any one time. Neuroth contends that each deputy pressed his or her full weight down 12 on Steven, consistent with his theory that he died of compression or restraint asphyxia. 13 Conversely, at least one deputy testified that when he was in a kneeling position, his weight was 14 actually distributed between the floor of the cell and Steven. See, Bernardi Depo. 76:19-20 (“And I 15 think I was not putting my full weight on this man.”). Although there appears to be little support 16 for Neuroth’s conclusion that Steven had 785 pounds of weight simultaneously upon him—a 17 number derived simply from adding up the weights of the deputies that were restraining Steven, a 18 jury could find that there was enough downward pressure on critical parts of Steven’s body to 19 impair his breathing. Finally, with respect to Steven’s actual cause of death, force is not required 20 to be lethal to be considered excessive. A reasonable juror could, for example, find that Steven 21 posed an insufficient threat to the deputies’ safety to justify the closed fist strikes used by Grant 22 and Masterson. In particular, Masterson’s failure to mention the blows in his initial report of the 23 incident could lead a reasonable factfinder to question his credibility. Even assuming that Dr. 24 Chapman’s assessment is correct, that Steven died of methamphetamine toxicity combined with 25 the effects of a violent struggle, a jury could find the deputies’ prolonged use of force upon Steven 26 contributed to his death. For those reasons, defendants’ motion for summary judgment on 27 Neuroth’s excessive force claim is denied with respect to Bernardi, Masterson, Grant, Page, and 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 27 1 2 De Los Santos. Disputed issues of fact also preclude summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds. The Ninth Circuit has found constitutional violations where “prone and handcuffed individuals in 4 an agitated state have suffocated under the weight of restraining officers.” Drummond ex rel. 5 Drummond v. City of Anaheim, 343 F.3d 1052 (9th Cir. 2003). In Drummond, officers who took a 6 mentally ill individual into custody for his own safety leaned on the man’s neck and upper torso 7 despite Drummond’s claims that he could not breathe and that they were choking him. The court 8 determined that the force was severe, and likely caused Drummond’s death. Considering the need 9 for force under the circumstances, the court concluded “[t]he officers—indeed, any reasonable 10 person—should have known that squeezing the breath from a compliant, prone, and handcuffed 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 3 individual despite his pleas for air involves a degree of force that is greater than reasonable.” Id. at 12 1059. Here, there are triable issues with respect to whether Steven stopped resisting at some point 13 during the struggle with the deputies, whether he told them he could not breathe, and whether the 14 nature of his resistance justified the force that was applied to him. Construing disputed facts in the 15 light most favorable to the plaintiff, a reasonable factfinder could conclude the deputies’ actions 16 fell within the category of conduct prohibited under Drummond. 17 Moreover, because this case concerns traditional forms of force such as hand strikes and 18 compliance holds, a determination on qualified immunity necessarily involves a factual 19 determination of the amount of force used and the reasonableness of that force in proportion to the 20 need for it. See Santos v. Gates, 287 F.3d 846, 855 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting Saucier v. Katz, 533 21 U.S. 194, 205 (2001)) (“[W]hether the officers may be said to have made a ‘reasonable mistake’ 22 of fact or law, may depend on the jury’s resolution of disputed facts and the inferences it draw 23 therefrom. Until the jury makes those decisions, we cannot know, for example, how much force 24 was used, and, thus, whether a reasonable officer could have mistakenly believed that the use of 25 that degree of force was lawful.”); see also Brown v. City & County of San Francisco, No. 11-cv- 26 2162, 2014 WL 1364931, at *14 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 7, 2014) (denying qualified immunity on 27 summary judgment in light of disputed facts regarding use of force and the holding in 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 28 1 Drummond). For that additional reason, summary judgment cannot be granted on qualified 2 immunity grounds. Neuroth also brings battery and negligence claims against Bernardi, Masterson, Grant, 3 4 Page, and De Los Santos based on their uses of force against Steven. Because a viable excessive 5 force claim supports a claim for battery and negligence under state law, those claims also survive 6 summary judgment. See Robinson v. Solano County, 278 F.3d 1007, 1016-17 (9th Cir. 2002). 2. Sergeant Knapp 7 Sergeant Knapp did not have physical contact with Steven at any point during the 9 confrontation. She did, however, supervise the deputies’ use of force upon Steven from the time 10 Bernardi and Masterson took him to the ground in the sobering cell to the time the deputies left 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 8 him alone in the safety cell. Therefore, although she did not personally use force upon Steven, she 12 may be held liable to the same extent as the deputies who used force under her direction. 13 Accordingly, defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the excessive force claim against 14 Knapp is denied for the same reasons explained above.7 3. Officer Leef and Deputy Holum 15 Once Steven was delivered into the custody of the Mendocino County jail, Officer Leef’s 16 17 only involvement in the ensuing altercation consisted of holding onto Steven’s feet as he struggled 18 to break free from being held by Masterson and Bernardi. He was subsequently relieved from that 19 position by Grant. Leef testified that Steven was attempting to kick at Masterson and Bernardi as 20 they tried to gain control of him in the safety cell. Video footage of the incident shows that at a 21 minimum, Steven was moving his feet and body around erratically and that Leef was indeed called 22 over to assist the deputies. Deputy Holum’s only participation in the efforts to restrain Steven 23 involved helping Grant apply shackles to Steven’s ankles and a tether in his handcuffs as the 24 25 26 27 28 7 In his opposition brief, Neuroth made clear his battery and negligence claims were directed only at Bernardi, Masterson, Grant, De Los Santos, and Page, who used direct and substantial force upon Steven. Thus to the extent Neuroth asserted such claims against Knapp, Leef, and Holum, summary judgment is granted on those claims in favor of those defendants. ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 29 1 deputies prepared to move him from the sobering cell to the safety cell. Once Steven was placed in 2 the safety cell, Leef and Holum remained outside the cell and did not have any further physical 3 contact with Steven. 4 Thus, there is insufficient evidence from which a reasonable juror could conclude that Leef 5 and Holum were involved in the allegedly unconstitutional use of force against Steven in the 6 safety cell. See Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485 F.3d 463, 481 n.12 (9th Cir. 2007) (explaining 7 section 1983 liability requires some “fundamental involvement in the conduct that allegedly 8 caused the violation.”). The conduct of Leef and Holum is comparable to that of the officer in 9 Brown, who was found not to have participated in a constitutional violation when he briefly grabbed a detainee’s ankles and then walked away once the subject had been placed in the safety 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 cell. See 2014 WL 1364931, at *11. Here, Leef and Holum each had a single instance of physical 12 contact with Steven when he was in the sobering cell and were not involved in the uses of force in 13 the safety cell. Their mere presence at the scene where excessive force may have been used is not 14 sufficient to establish a constitutional violation. 15 Finally, to the extent Neuroth seeks to hold Leef and Holum liable for failure to intervene 16 in the allegedly unconstitutional use of force taking place in the safety cell, the Ninth Circuit 17 instructs that “officers can be held liable for failing to intercede only if they had an opportunity to 18 intercede.” Cunningham v. Gates, 229 F.3d 1271, 1289 (9th Cir. 2000), as amended (Oct. 31, 19 2000). Here, even if, as Neuroth theorizes, the deputies inside the narrow safety cell were putting 20 too much pressure on Steven’s back, there is no evidence that either Leef or Holum could perceive 21 how much force was being applied or the intensity of Steven’s struggling. Therefore, a jury could 22 not find that Leef and Holum had a “realistic opportunity” to interfere with the deputies’ actions. 23 For those reasons, defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the excessive force claim is 24 granted in favor of Leef and Holum. 25 26 27 28 4. Supervisory liability of Sheriff Allman and Jail Commander Pearce Neuroth advances supervisory liability claims against Sheriff Allman on the grounds that he is the ultimate policymaker with respect to the policies, procedures, and training of the ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 30 1 Mendocino County Sheriff’s Office. Allman Depo. 24:5-13. He also asserts claims against Captain 2 Pierce, who is ultimately in charge of the training program of the corrections division and is tasked 3 with making sure deputies receive current training on the law governing their work. Allman Depo. 4 24:9-13, 27:1-11. Both Allman and Pierce testified that they were aware of the risk of restraint 5 asphyxia in the correctional setting. For the reasons outlined in greater detail below with respect to 6 the County’s liability for the use of force against Steven, a jury could find that Allman and Pierce 7 were aware of the substantial risk to inmates posed by using restraint techniques and procedures 8 that may obstruct their airflow. Accordingly, summary judgment on their liability for excessive 9 force allegedly deployed by their subordinates is denied. 5. Monell liability of County of Mendocino 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 In some circumstances, “a local government’s decision not to train certain employees 12 about their legal duty to avoid violating citizens’ rights may rise to the level of an official 13 government policy for purposes of § 1983.” Connick, 563 U.S. at 61. Although a failure to train 14 claim generally requires a plaintiff to show a pattern of similar constitutional violations, such a 15 showing is not required where a “violation of federal rights may be a highly predictable 16 consequence of a failure to equip law enforcement officers with specific tools to handle recurring 17 situations.” Long, 442 F.3d at 1188. Neuroth argues the County of Mendocino is liable under 18 Monell for failing to have any written policies or procedures in place at the jail to prevent restraint 19 asphyxia. 20 In response, the County asserts the jail had a training program that instructed deputies on 21 how to prevent medical conditions such as restraint asphyxia and that the training program 22 complied with all California standards as certified by the STC. Studer Decl. ¶ 8-9, 12; Pearce 23 Decl. ¶¶ 23-24, Exs. N and O). The County also points out that some defendant deputies who were 24 not familiar with the specific term “restraint asphyxia” were nonetheless trained in ways to avoid 25 causing medical complications in inmates such as impaired breathing. Although fine grained detail 26 is not required to demonstrate adequate training, defendants’ evidence does not directly support an 27 inference that the majority of the deputies involved in the altercation with Steven were aware of 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 31 any particular risks associated with putting weight on an inmate’s back while he is prone for an 2 extended period of time. Sergeant Knapp testified that she believed she had received training on 3 restraint asphyxia as part of a Medical Issues in Jail course “more than once”, but was unable to 4 recall when she received it. Knapp Depo. 29:2-13; 30:10-12; 32:4-5. Deputy Grant also indicated 5 he had received some training, but was likewise unclear on the timing. Grant Depo. 26:1-5. Both 6 Masterson and Holum stated that they were trained on ways to prevent breathing problems in 7 detainees but could not elaborate on the content of that training. Although the deputies were 8 generally aware of the need to avoid injuring inmates through the use of restraint methods, none of 9 them appeared to be aware of specific protocols for avoiding the type of injury Neuroth believes 10 his brother sustained. By contrast, the deputies demonstrated knowledge of, and compliance with, 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 jail protocol regarding suicide prevention (summoning a safety smock and removing Steven’s 12 clothing), and with protocol regarding removal of arm and leg restraints when an inmate is left 13 alone in the safety cell. 14 Every witness in this case has testified that it is common for the Mendocino County jail to 15 receive individuals who are suffering from some combination of drug intoxication and mental 16 illness. While Steven’s death was apparently an unprecedented event at the jail, a reasonable juror 17 could conclude that inmates in Steven’s condition are likely to end up in an altercation with 18 custodial staff, and that injury to the inmate is a highly predictable result of inadequate training 19 with respect to restraint methods that may interfere with a person’s breathing. Considering all the 20 evidence and construing the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, there is a triable issue 21 with respect to the County’s liability for failure to train its deputies adequately on the risks 22 associated with restraint asphyxia. For that reason, summary judgment on the Monell claim against 23 the County of Mendocino is denied. 24 25 H. Bane Act claim A Bane Act claim arises where “a person or persons . . . interferes by threats, intimidation, 26 or coercion, or attempts to interfere by threats, intimidation, or coercion” with an individual’s state 27 or constitutional rights, or other legal rights. Cal. Civ. Code § 52.1(a). Although the California 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 32 1 State Supreme Court has yet to rule on the question of whether success on a Bane Act claim 2 requires proof of “threats, intimidation, or coercion” beyond that inherent in the constitutional 3 violation alleged, several decisions by the California Court of Appeal and the Ninth Circuit have 4 taken the position that such a showing is not necessary. See Cornell v. City and County of San 5 Francisco, 17 Cal. App. 5th 766 (2017); Reese v. County of Sacramento, 888 F.3d 1030, 1043-44 6 (9th Cir. 2018); Rodriguez v. Cruz, No. 13-56292, slip op. at 39-46 (9th Cir. May 30, 2018). 7 As explained above, there remain viable claims for constitutionally inadequate medical 8 care against Caudillo, and excessive force against Bernardi, Masterson, Grant, De Los Santos, 9 Page, Knapp, Allman, and Pearce. Accordingly, summary judgment with respect to the Bane Act claim against those defendants is denied. Their employers, Mendocino County, CFMG, and the 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 City of Willits may be held vicariously liable. Because no constitutional violation may proceed 12 with respect to Leef, Andrade, Holum, Fithian, Hustedt, or Teske, the Bane Act claim against each 13 of these defendants is dismissed. 14 I. Failure to summon medical care in violation of California Government Code § 845.6 15 Neuroth also brings state law claims against each individual defendant for violation of 16 California Government Code § 845.6. Defendants argue that under that state law provision, a 17 public employee is entitled to immunity for injuries caused by “the failure of the employee to 18 furnish or obtain medical care for a prisoner in his custody.” The statute also provides an 19 exception to broad immunity: “a public employee, and the public entity where the employee is 20 acting within the scope of his employment, is liable if the employee knows or has reason to know 21 that the prisoner is in need of immediate medical care and he fails to take reasonable action to 22 summon such medical care.” Cal. Gov’t Code § 845.6. “Liability is limited to those situations 23 where the public entity intentionally and unjustifiably fails to furnish immediate medical care.” 24 Watson v. State of California, 21 Cal. App. 4th 836, 841 (1993), citing Hart v. County of Orange, 25 254 Cal. App. 2d 302, 306 (1967). 26 27 28 As explained in greater detail elsewhere in this order, it remains disputed whether Steven was still breathing when the deputies left him alone in the safety cell. A reasonable juror could ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 33 1 conclude that Steven appeared unresponsive when the deputies left his cell and that they should 2 have taken reasonable steps to seek immediate medical assistance. For that reason, summary 3 judgment on this claim is denied as to Bernardi, Grant, Page, De Los Santos, and Knapp. 4 Summary judgment is also denied as to the County of Mendocino, which is vicariously liable for 5 the violations of its employees under section 845.6. On the other hand, because Holum was not in 6 the safety cell with Steven and thus had no opportunity to detect his physical condition, summary 7 judgment is granted in her favor. Finally, because section 845.6 by its terms applies to an official’s 8 duty to a prisoner “in his custody,” summary judgment is granted as to Leef, who relinquished 9 custody over Steven upon his admission to the jail. VI. CONCLUSION 10 For all the reasons set forth above, summary judgment is granted in favor of defendants on United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 the following claims: 13  Federal and state claims for unlawful arrest against Officers Leef and Andrade. 14  Fourth Amendment denial of medical care claim against Officers Leef and Andrade. 15  Intentional infliction of emotional distress claim against Officer Leef. 16  Supervisory liability claim against Chief Gonzalez. 17  Monell claim against the City of Willits for negligent hiring. 18  Fourteenth Amendment deliberate indifference claim against Deputy Bernardi. 19  Monell claim and Bane Act claims against CMGC. 20  Supervisory liability claim against Dr. Fithian, Nurse Teske, and Elaine Hustedt. 21  Monell claim against the County of Mendocino for violations attributable to CFMG. 22  Fourth Amendment excessive force claim against Deputy Holum and Officer Leef. 23  Bane Act claim against Officers Leef and Andrade, Deputy Holum, Dr. Fithian, Nurse Teske, and Elaine Hustedt. 24 25 26 27 28  Section 845.6 claim against Deputy Holum and Officer Leef. Summary judgment is denied as to the following claims:  Negligence claim against Officers Leef and Andrade, and the City of Willits. ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 34 1  Fourteenth Amendment deliberate indifference claim against LVN Caudillo. 2  Monell claim against CFMG. 3  Fourth Amendment excessive force claim against Deputies Bernardi, Grant, Page, and De Los Santos, and Sergeant Knapp. 4 5  Battery and negligence claims against Deputies Bernardi, Grant, Page, and De Los Santos. 6  Monell claim against the County of Mendocino related to excessive force. 7  Supervisory liability claim against Sheriff Allman and Commander Pearce. 8  Bane Act claim against LVN Caudillo; Deputies Bernardi, Grant, Page, and De Los Santos; Sergeant Knapp; the County of Mendocino; CFMG; and the City of Willits. 9 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12  Section 845.6 claim against Deputies Bernardi, Grant, Page, De Los Santos; Sergeant Knapp; and the County of Mendocino. IT IS SO ORDERED. 13 14 15 16 Dated: August 31, 2018 ______________________________________ RICHARD SEEBORG United States District Judge 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT CASE NO. 15-cv-03226-RS 35

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