Sifuentes v. Hedgpeth

Filing 58

ORDER Conditionally Granting Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, ***Civil Case Terminated.. Signed by Judge Phyllis J. Hamilton on 12/03/2013. (pjhlc3, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 12/3/2013)

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1 2 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 5 6 7 MIGUEL GALINDO SIFUENTES, No. C 09-2902 PJH Petitioner, 8 P. BRAZELTON, Warden, Respondent. 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 ORDER CONDITIONALLY GRANTING PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS v. 9 / 12 13 Petitioner Miguel Galindo Sifuentes, a California prisoner currently incarcerated at 14 Pleasant Valley State Prison, filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 15 U.S.C. § 2254. Respondent P. Brazelton filed an answer on April 26, 2013, and Sifuentes 16 filed a traverse on June 24, 2013. The court determines that the matter is suitable for 17 decision without oral argument. Having reviewed the parties’ papers and the record, and 18 having carefully considered the relevant legal authorities, the court CONDITIONALLY 19 GRANTS the petition. 20 21 22 BACKGROUND I. Factual Summary The following summary of the evidence presented at trial is taken directly from the 23 opinion of the court of appeal affirming Sifuentes’s judgment and conviction. Mot. Dismiss, 24 Ex. 1 (People v. Vasquez, et al., No. A102559 (Cal. Ct. App. Jan. 31, 2006)) (“Slip op.”). 25 At approximately 10:50 p.m. on December 11, 1998, defendants Ruben Eliceo 26 Vasquez, Hai Minh Le and Miguel Galindo Sifuentes went into the Outback Restaurant in 27 Dublin to commit a robbery. Sifuentes entered the restaurant and asked for a table. He 28 told the server that he was waiting for friends and ordered a soda. Approximately a half 1 hour later, the server prompted Sifuentes to place an order. Sifuentes was subsequently 2 presented with a bill. He told the server that he needed to get money from his car. As he 3 was about to leave the restaurant, Vasquez and Le entered. Le pulled out a pellet gun and 4 marched a departing customer back into the restaurant, telling him, “This is what I do.” 5 Defendants spread out through the restaurant and commandeered the remaining 6 customers and employees to the kitchen area. In the process, Vasquez robbed a man of 7 his wallet. 8 Vasquez was armed with a nine-millimeter semiautomatic pistol, while Sifuentes and gun into a fryer on one side of the kitchen. Vasquez took the manager to his office where 11 For the Northern District of California Le were armed with pellet guns. In the kitchen, Vasquez demanded money and fired his 10 United States District Court 9 he stuffed his pockets with money from the cash drawer. While they were in the office, the 12 telephone rang. Vasquez threatened the manager to tell the police that everything was 13 alright or he would be killed. The manager complied with Vasquez’s order. Meanwhile, an 14 employee called 911 and hung up as defendants ordered the employees and customers 15 into the restaurant’s walk-in refrigerator. Another employee was able to activate a security 16 device before placed in the refrigerator. 17 Deputy Sheriff Angela Schwab responded to the 911 call but was told by the 18 dispatch operator that the restaurant manager had reported that everything was okay. 19 Schwab entered the restaurant and was surprised by Vasquez. Vasquez pointed his gun at 20 Schwab and demanded that she give him her gun. After he hit Schwab in the face, he took 21 her gun. Le put a gun to her back and he and Sifuentes walked her to the back of the 22 restaurant. 23 Sheriff’s Deputy John Monego arrived on the scene. As he was entering a door to 24 the restaurant, Vasquez shot him. Vasquez fired additional shots at Monego after he had 25 fallen to the ground. The police recovered four expended cartridges in the foyer of the 26 restaurant and three others outside the door to the restaurant, all shot from Vasquez’s 27 pistol. Defendants fled the scene and were apprehended shortly thereafter. 28 2 1 II. Procedural History 2 In February 2003, Sifuentes and his two codefendants, Vasquez and Le, were 3 convicted in the Alameda County Superior Court of the first degree murder of Deputy 4 Monego. The jury also found true that Sifuentes was armed with a firearm. The 5 prosecution sought the death penalty against Sifuentes, but the jury did not find true the 6 special circumstances charged against him. Sifuentes was sentenced to 26 years to life in 7 prison. Sifuentes, Vasquez and Le filed a consolidated appeal to the California Court of 8 Appeal, which affirmed the convictions on January 31, 2006. Sifuentes filed a petition for 9 review in the California Supreme Court, which summarily denied review on May 17, 2006. 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 Mot. Dismiss, Ex. 3. Sifuentes filed a habeas petition in this court and moved for a stay to allow him to 12 exhaust some of his claims in state court. By order entered September 17, 2007, the court 13 stayed the habeas proceedings to allow Sifuentes to present his unexhausted claims in 14 state court. Sifuentes v. Hedgpeth, No. C 07-4465 PJH (PR) (N.D. Cal. Sept. 17, 2007). 15 Sifuentes filed a pro se habeas petition in the Alameda County Superior Court, 16 which denied the petition on October 31, 2007. Mot. Dismiss, Ex. 4. Sifuentes also filed an 17 unsuccessful habeas petition in the court of appeal, and on October 3, 2008, filed a habeas 18 petition in the California Supreme Court, which denied the petition on May 20, 2009. Mot. 19 Dismiss, Ex. 5. 20 Sifuentes, then appearing pro se, filed a new federal habeas corpus petition on June 21 29, 2009. The court dismissed an amended petition and second amended petition with 22 leave to amend. Sifuentes filed a third amended petition on October 25, 2010. By order 23 entered April 13, 2012, the court dismissed two of the claims from the third amended 24 petition and issued an order to show cause on the remaining 21 claims. Sifuentes then 25 filed a motion for leave to file a fourth amended petition, which the court denied by order 26 entered August 8, 2012. 27 28 Counsel for Sifuentes filed a notice of appearance on August 10, 2012. Subsequently, on August 21, 2012, the court granted Sifuentes’s stipulated request for 3 1 leave to file a fourth amended petition and set related deadlines. On October 28, 2012, 2 Sifuentes filed a request for a three-month extension to file the fourth amended petition, 3 and then filed a fourth amended petition on November 1, 2012. By order dated November 4 2, 2012, the court denied Sifuentes’s request for an extension of time, and deemed the 5 fourth amended petition, filed on November 1, 2012, to be the operative petition.1 6 The fourth amended petition alleged five claims for habeas relief: (1) that Sifuentes’ rights 7 to due process, equal protection, and fair trial under the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth 8 Amendments were violated when the prosecution peremptorily challenged nine potential 9 jurors on the basis of their race; (2) that his rights to due process, equal protection, and fair trial under the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments were violated when the trial court 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 excused for cause two potential jurors on the basis of their race; (3) that application of 12 California’s felony murder rule to Sifuentes violated the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and 13 Unusual Punishment Clause; (4) that application of California’s felony murder rule violated 14 Sifuentes’s right to a jury trial because it enabled the judge, rather than the jury, to 15 determine malice aforethought, an element of the charge; and (5) that Sifuentes’s due 16 process and fair trial rights were violated when several jurors regularly slept through key 17 portions of his trial. 18 On November 29, 2012, respondent filed a motion to dismiss, which was submitted 19 on the briefs. By order entered February 12, 2013, the court granted the motion to dismiss 20 the procedurally defaulted claims three and four and denied the motion to dismiss the 21 mixed petition. The court ordered Sifuentes either to request a stay and abeyance to 22 exhaust claim five, or to dismiss that claim and proceed with claims one and two. 23 On March 4, 2013, Sifuentes filed a voluntary dismissal of claim five and a request 24 for leave to file a motion for reconsideration of the order dismissing claims three and four. 25 By order entered March 27, 2013, the court denied Sifuentes’ request for leave to file a 26 motion for reconsideration and set a briefing schedule on the remaining habeas claims. 27 28 1 On November 16, 2012, respondent filed an administrative motion to consider whether this action was related to the habeas case filed by Ruben Vasquez, C07-4250 WHA. By order dated November 21, 2012, Judge Alsup denied the motion to relate cases. 4 1 Respondent filed an answer and supplemental exhibits (“Supp. Ex.”) comprising the record 2 of jury voir dire and juror questionnaires. See doc. nos. 56, 57. Sifuentes filed a traverse 3 on June 24, 2013. The matter is now fully briefed and submitted. 4 5 ISSUES Sifuentes asserts the following two claims for relief: 6 (1) 7 Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments were violated when the prosecution 8 peremptorily challenged nine potential jurors on the basis of their race; 9 (2) that his rights to due process, equal protection, and fair trial under the that his rights to due process, equal protection, and fair trial under the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments were violated when the trial court 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 dismissed potential jurors by granting the prosecutor’s challenges for cause 12 without questioning the potential jurors. 13 14 STANDARD OF REVIEW A district court may not grant a petition challenging a state conviction or sentence on 15 the basis of a claim that was reviewed on the merits in state court unless the state court’s 16 adjudication of the claim: “(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an 17 unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the 18 Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an 19 unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court 20 proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). The first prong applies both to questions of law and to 21 mixed questions of law and fact, Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 407–09 (2000), while the 22 second prong applies to decisions based on factual determinations, Miller-El v. Cockrell 23 (“Miller-El I”), 537 U.S. 322, 340 (2003). 24 A state court decision is “contrary to” Supreme Court authority, that is, falls under the 25 first clause of § 2254(d)(1), only if “the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that 26 reached by [the Supreme] Court on a question of law or if the state court decides a case 27 differently than [the Supreme] Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.” 28 Williams, 529 U.S. at 412-13. A state court decision is an “unreasonable application of” 5 1 Supreme Court authority, falling under the second clause of § 2254(d)(1), if it correctly 2 identifies the governing legal principle from the Supreme Court’s decisions but 3 “unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. at 413. The 4 federal court on habeas review may not issue the writ “simply because that court concludes 5 in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly 6 established federal law erroneously or incorrectly.” Id. at 411. Rather, the application must 7 be “objectively unreasonable” to support granting the writ. Id. at 409. 8 A state court’s determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief decision. Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct. 770, 786-87 (2011) (citing Yarborough v. 11 For the Northern District of California so long as “fairminded jurists could disagree” on the correctness of the state court’s 10 United States District Court 9 Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)). “[E]valuating whether a rule application [i]s 12 unreasonable requires considering the rule’s specificity. The more general the rule, the 13 more leeway courts have in reaching outcomes in case-by-case determinations.” Id. “As a 14 condition for obtaining habeas corpus [relief] from a federal court, a state prisoner must 15 show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was so 16 lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in 17 existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Id. 18 Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2), a state court decision “based on a factual 19 determination will not be overturned on factual grounds unless objectively unreasonable in 20 light of the evidence presented in the state-court proceeding.” Miller-El I, 537 U.S. at 340. 21 Review under § 2254(d)(1) is limited to the record that was before the state court that 22 adjudicated the claim on the merits. Cullen v. Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1398 (2011). 23 24 DISCUSSION I. Batson Claim 25 A. 26 The Equal Protection Clause forbids a prosecutor from challenging potential jurors Legal Standard 27 solely on the basis of their race. Ali v. Hickman, 584 F.3d 1174, 1180 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing 28 Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 89 (1986)). The court applies a three-part test when 6 1 evaluating a defendant’s equal protection challenge to a prosecutor’s use of peremptory 2 strikes. First, the defendant must make a prima facie showing that a challenge was based 3 on race. Second, the prosecution must offer a race-neutral basis for the challenge. Third, 4 the court must determine whether the defendant has shown “purposeful discrimination.” 5 Kesser v. Cambra, 465 F.3d 351, 359 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc) (quoting Batson, 476 U.S. 6 at 98). 7 To make this last determination at step three of the Batson analysis, “the court explanation for a peremptory challenge should be believed.” Ali, 584 F.3d at 1180 10 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). The consideration of “purposeful 11 For the Northern District of California evaluates the totality of the relevant facts to decide whether counsel’s race-neutral 9 United States District Court 8 discrimination” at step three of the Batson inquiry is a factual one. Id. (citing Batson, 476 12 U.S. at 98 n. 21 (“[A] finding of intentional discrimination is a finding of fact entitled to 13 appropriate deference by a reviewing court.”)). 14 As part of its evaluation of the prosecutor’s reasoning, the court must conduct a 15 comparative juror analysis - that is, it must “compar[e] African American panelists who were 16 struck with those non-African American panelists who were allowed to serve.” Jamerson v. 17 Runnels, 713 F.3d 1218, 1224 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Briggs v. Grounds, 682 F.3d 1165, 18 1170 (9th Cir. 2012)), pet. for reh’g and reh’g en banc denied Aug. 21, 2013. “Where the 19 prosecutor’s reason for striking a black juror applies ‘just as well’ to a non-black juror who is 20 selected for the panel, ‘that is evidence tending to prove purposeful discrimination’ that 21 should be considered in assessing the genuineness of the prosecutor’s proffered 22 explanations.” Id. (quoting Miller-El v. Dretke (Miller-El II), 545 U.S. 231, 241 (2005)). 23 A state court’s finding that the prosecutor did not engage in purposeful discrimination 24 is reviewed under the deferential standard set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). Id. (citations 25 omitted). See Mitleider v. Hall, 391 F.3d 1039, 1050 (9th Cir. 2004). Under AEDPA, “in 26 evaluating habeas petitions premised on a Batson violation, ‘our standard is doubly 27 deferential: unless the state appellate court was objectively unreasonable in concluding that 28 a trial court’s credibility determination was supported by substantial evidence, we must 7 1 uphold it.’” Jamerson, 713 F.3d at 1225 (quoting Briggs, 682 F.3d at 1170). “This is 2 because the question of discriminatory intent ‘largely will turn on evaluation of credibility’ 3 and ‘evaluation of the prosecutor’s state of mind based on demeanor and credibility lies 4 peculiarly within a trial judge’s province.’” Id. (quoting Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 5 352, 365 (1991)). 6 “Although the prosecutor’s reasons for the strike must relate to the case to be tried, 7 the court need not believe that ‘the stated reason represents a sound strategic judgment’ to 8 find the prosecutor’s rationale persuasive; rather, it need be convinced only that the 9 justification ‘should be believed.’” Id. at 1224 (quoting Kesser, 465 F.3d at 359). “Because ‘it is widely acknowledged that the trial judge is in the best position to evaluate the 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 credibility of the prosecutor’s proffered justifications,’ due deference must be accorded to 12 the trial judge’s determination.” Id. (quoting Briggs, 682 F.3d at 1171). “Indeed, even if 13 ‘reasonable minds reviewing the record might disagree about the prosecutor’s credibility, 14 . . . on habeas review that does not suffice to supersede the trial court’s credibility 15 determination.’” Id. (quoting Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333, 341-42 (2006)). 16 B. 17 Sifuentes claims that the prosecutor purposefully discriminated against African- 18 American jurors by striking African-American jurors immediately or almost immediately after 19 they were seated. Sifuentes and his co-defendants made three motions pursuant to 20 People v. Wheeler, 22 Cal. 3d 258, 276-77 (1978), the California analog to Batson, to 21 challenge the prosecutor’s exercise of peremptory strikes on the ground of group bias 22 against prospective African-American jurors. See Cook v. LaMarque, 593 F.3d 810, 813 23 (9th Cir. 2010). The trial court denied the defendants’ first Wheeler motion which was 24 brought after the prosecutor exercised his peremptory challenges against three prospective 25 African-American jurors. Defendants renewed their Wheeler motion after the prosecutor 26 excused two more African-American prospective jurors. Defendants brought their final 27 Wheeler motion after the prosecutor excused four additional African-American prospective 28 jurors. On each motion, the trial court found that the defendants had established a prima State Court Denial of Batson Claim 8 1 facie case of discrimination and asked the prosecutor for an explanation. The prosecutor 2 offered reasons for excusing the jurors. After each motion, the trial court found that the 3 reasons proffered by the prosecutor were racially neutral and valid, and denied all three 4 Wheeler motions. Slip op. at 4-5. 5 In the last reasoned opinion to consider Sifuentes’s Batson claims, the court of seated jurors to determine whether the prosecutor engaged in purposeful discrimination at 8 the third step of the Batson test. Slip op. at 6-14. Finding that the record did not 9 demonstrate that the prosecutor’s reasons were pretextual, the court of appeal affirmed the 10 conviction. Id. Sifuentes contends that the state court’s rejection of his Batson claims was 11 For the Northern District of California appeal conducted a comparative analysis of the challenged prospective jurors with the 7 United States District Court 6 unreasonable. 12 C. 13 The prosecutor exercised peremptory strikes on the following prospective African- Use of Peremptory Strikes Violated Batson 14 American jurors: (1) T. Jackson; (2) G. Norman; (3) A. Jasper; (4) K. Webster; (5) K. 15 Massey; (6) M. Thompson; (7) F. Barnes; (8) K. Scruggs; and (9) R. Gibson. 16 Sifuentes points out that the prosecutor exercised his peremptory strikes to remove 17 nine out of twelve African-American prospective jurors, a 75% rate. Traverse at 11. 18 Sifuentes has demonstrated that this percentage exceeds the percentage of peremptory 19 strikes found sufficient to establish a prima face Batson violation in other cases before the 20 Ninth Circuit. See Fernandez v. Roe, 286 F.3d 1073, 1078 (9th Cir. 2002) (57 percent rate 21 of striking Hispanic jurors supported an inference of race discrimination); Turner v. Marshall 22 63 F.3d 807, 812 (9th Cir. 1995) (56 percent strike rate), overruled on other grounds by 23 Tolbert v. Page, 182 F.3d 677 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc); United States v. Lorenzo, 995 F.2d 24 1448, 1453-54 (9th Cir. 1993) (33 percent strike rate); United States v. Bishop, 959 F.2d 25 820, 826 (9th Cir. 1992) (50 percent strike rate), overruled on other grounds by United 26 States v. Nevils, 598 F.3d 1158, 1167 (9th Cir. 2010) (en banc). 27 Furthermore, Sifuentes has demonstrated that the prosecutor exercised peremptory 28 strikes against African-Americans at a disproportionate rate: the prosecutor used about 27 9 1 percent of his peremptory strikes against African-Americans (9 out of 33), yet African- 2 Americans represented only 13 percent of the jury pool (12 out of 92). Traverse at 12. 3 Thus, the prosecutor used peremptory challenges against African-Americans at twice the 4 percentage of the African-American representation within the venire. See Fernandez, 286 5 F.3d at 1078. Under the “totality of the relevant facts,” this statistical evidence supports a 6 strong inference of discriminatory jury selection to support a prima facie showing at step 7 one of the Batson analysis. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 94; Johnson v. California, 545 U.S. 8 162, 173 (2005) (where prosecutor used three of his twelve peremptory challenges to strike 9 all the African-American prospective jurors from the jury pool, the “inferences that discrimination may have occurred were sufficient to establish a prima facie case under 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 Batson”). 12 Here, the parties do not dispute the state court’s conclusion at step one of the 13 Batson analysis that Sifuentes established a prima facie case that each peremptory strike 14 was based on race, or that the prosecutor produced a race-neutral explanation for 15 dismissing each potential juror at step two. The issue presented in the petition is whether 16 the state court’s determination at step three, that the prosecutor did not engage in 17 purposeful discrimination, was an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the 18 evidence presented in the state court proceedings, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). 19 See Jamerson, 713 F.3d at 1224. 20 Sifuentes challenges all nine peremptory strikes but leads his argument with Batson 21 challenges to the use of peremptory strikes against M. Thompson and R. Gibson. In line 22 with Sifuentes’s argument prioritizing Thompson and Gibson, the court first addresses 23 those two Batson challenges, then addresses the remaining seven jurors in turn. 24 1. M. Thompson 25 On the defendants’ third and final Wheeler motion, challenging the prosecutor’s 26 exercise of peremptory strikes against M. Thompson and three other African-American 27 prospective jurors, the trial court found that a prima facie showing of bias had been made. 28 The prosecutor then gave his explanation for striking Thompson as follows: 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 . . . He was the one who was active in his Baptist church, involved in church programs weekly, and he expressed extreme reservations about the death penalty. There was a question asked: “Could you do something like that?” Page 7386: “I guess you could say it’s a gray-line answer there. I’ve always been taught to obey the law. And then he says he’s equivocal. He was talking about his duty. He understands his duty. And I think he was confusing duty with how he felt about his penalties: “Well, because it’s the law, I can do my duty.” But that didn’t mean he could impose the death penalty. 7 8 He also said at 7397 that he was a minister, and he said, “So basically I can’t hold judgment on anyone. But I do have to hold account to the laws of the land.” 9 So he said because of his religious beliefs, he wasn’t in a position to make a judgment on anybody, and he repeated that several times. 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 THE COURT: How about the next one? 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 MR. GOODFELLOW: At 7398, he also said, “I can’t say you’re a bad person.” And then the judge: “Okay.” I asked him a lot of questions, and he never really would answer the questions about how do you feel about that principle. He kept talking about duty, but he would never answer the questions. He avoided answering any questions about what he felt about them personally. He kept going back to his duty. And based upon that, there were no questions by the defense, obviously, because they knew he was never going to come to death, it was so obvious. He wasn’t facing the issue. So based on everything in his questionnaire and all of the answers that he gave in court and his demeanor in terms of being unable to really answer the questions and being evasive to the types of tough questions I was asking him about putting himself in that position, it’s clear to me he couldn’t impose the death penalty on anybody. 22 23 And besides that, I had many more better jurors after him that were much more pro-death-penalty. And I’m trying to get a prodeath-penalty jury. 24 Reporter’s Transcript (“RT”) at 8970-72. The state court concluded that the prosecutor’s 25 reasons for excusing Thompson, including his active participation in the Baptist church and 26 its programs, and his equivocal responses about the death penalty, were race-neutral. Slip 27 op. at 11-12. Sifuentes contends that these reasons were pretextual. 28 11 1 a. Views on Death Penalty 2 With respect to Thompson’s views on the death penalty, the prosecutor argued that 3 “based on everything in his questionnaire and all of the answers that he gave in court and 4 his demeanor in terms of being unable to really answer the questions and being evasive to 5 the types of tough questions I was asking him about putting himself in that position, it’s 6 clear to me he couldn’t impose the death penalty on anybody.” RT 8972. The prosecutor 7 further argued that “besides that, I had many more better jurors after him that were much 8 more pro-death-penalty. And I’m trying to get a pro-death-penalty jury.” Id. 9 The state court found that Thompson stated in his juror questionnaire that he was in favor of the death penalty, and averred during voir dire that he could impose the death 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 penalty, but also stated that “although it would depend on the circumstances, it was ‘hard to 12 say’ that nonshooters would be eligible for the death penalty.” Slip op. at 11-12. Thus, the 13 state court found Thompson’s responses about the death penalty equivocal and the 14 prosecutor’s reliance on this equivocation as race-neutral. However, this court’s review of 15 the record does not support that finding. 16 In response to the questionnaire asking about his general feelings about the death 17 penalty, Thompson replied, “It’s there as a tool . . . but not to be exploited.” Supp. Ex. 3, 18 Vol. 2 (Thompson questionnaire). He also wrote that he was “moderately in favor” of the 19 death penalty, and that his views had not changed in the last few years. Id. He also wrote 20 that he would vote in favor of retaining the death penalty if the issue was on the ballot. Id. 21 Then, at voir dire, Thompson explained his views about the death penalty to show he had 22 not eliminated the possibility of imposing the death penalty for non-shooters: 23 24 25 26 27 28 Q. So three people are charged; Mr. Le, Mr. Sifuentes and Mr. Vasquez entered the Outback Steakhouse with the intent to commit a robbery, and during the course of that robbery, a police officer arrived, she was disarmed and started to be taken to the back of the restaurant, and the other officer arrived, and as he got to the location, he was shot five times by one of the defendants. . . . The other two defendants are charged with a murder in that they participated in a robbery in which somebody died. Whether it’s intentional or accidental, negligent, that’s what they’re charged with. Okay? My first question to you is, how do you feel about that principle of the law that says somebody can be held responsible for murder in spite of the facts they didn’t actually kill anybody? 12 1 2 3 4 A. That’s just the law. That’s being an accessory to a crime. I mean, I might not have robbed a bank, as an example, but I was with someone who did rob a bank, so I’m just as guilty as that individual. Q. How do you feel about that principle, just as a person? Not as a – as something that’s part of the law, but just you as a person and knowing your background as a minister in your religion, that sort of thing. 5 6 7 8 A. Well, the principle in itself, I mean, should I be held accountable, should I be – how should I put it? – lumped in or grouped with someone who does something wrong. Well, if I know the individual, I’m caught, I’m caught. I mean, the principle is basically what it is. It’s really not how I feel about it. It’s not like it’s either right or either wrong. The fact is I was somewhere where I shouldn’t have been. 9 Q. Let me ask you this: and then the other two individuals, you know from the factual scenario, didn’t kill the officer. 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 A. 12 14 Q. Under our law, if you find that they were – the special circumstances that apply to them are true, they are eligible for one of two penalties. And as the judge said, there’s no automatic, it’s either death penalty or life in prison, those are two equal options that a jury can come up with. Okay? 15 A. 16 Q. Knowing who you are based on your philosophical beliefs, your religious beliefs, your ethical beliefs, do you think that the death penalty is a viable option for somebody who actually didn’t do any killing? 13 17 Um-hum. Um-hum. 18 22 A. It depends on the preponderance of the evidence, it depends on the special circumstances at the time, it depends on the evidence that’s presented. Right now, just saying that one person shot another individual and the other two people were in another area of the restaurant or whatever, it’s hard to say that those individuals would be eligible for it, but at that particular time, after listening to all the evidence, they may all three be eligible for it. It all depends on what actually was going on in the restaurant. 23 THE COURT: 19 20 21 You haven’t eliminated the death penalty with respect to the guys that didn’t kill anybody. 24 25 26 27 28 A: ... Right. Q. The special circumstance that you would have found as to those two defendants would have made them eligible for the death penalty or life in prison without the possibility of parole because they were major participants and they were involved in reckless indifference to human life during the course of that crime. Okay? 13 1 A. Um-hum. 2 Q. They don’t have to have an intent to kill anybody. In fact, as the factual scenario indicates, they didn’t kill anybody. 3 A. Um-hum. 4 6 Q. Knowing that, do you think it’s reasonable that – or is the death penalty still on the table in terms of a realistic option for two of these defendants who didn’t kill anybody, who actually did not fire the gun? 7 A. 5 Yes, because it was accessory to a crime. 8 RT 7399-7402. This record reflects that Thompson did not eliminate the possibility of the 9 death penalty for defendants who did not fire the gun and did not shoot the victim, as he clearly indicated in response to a clarifying question from the trial judge. RT 7401. Further, 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 it appears that the state court mischaracterized Thompson’s statement that it was “hard to 12 say” that non-shooters would be eligible for the death penalty, by quoting it out of context. 13 Slip op. at 11. The above excerpt reflects that in response to the prosecutor’s question 14 whether the death penalty was a viable option for the defendants who did not actually kill 15 anyone, Thompson indicated that it would depend on the evidence, but that “they may all 16 three be eligible for it.” RT 7401. Thus the record shows that the prosecutor’s basis for 17 challenging this juror and the state court’s implicit finding that the juror expressed a clear 18 refusal or reluctance to impose the death penalty for non-shooters, is simply incorrect. 19 A comparative analysis further discredits the prosecutor’s reasons for striking 20 Thompson. The state court did not specifically compare Thompson to non-stricken jurors, 21 but did consider the seated jurors’ views about the death penalty in addressing the Batson 22 challenge with respect to another stricken African-American potential juror, T. Jackson. 23 Even if the state court’s findings in that limited comparative analysis are entitled to the 24 presumption of correctness with respect to the prosecutor’s reasons for striking Thompson, 25 a comparison of Thompson’s responses with those of the non-stricken jurors who 26 expressed stronger views against the death penalty reveals the implausibility of the 27 prosecutor’s proffered reasons. 28 14 1 In challenging the prosecutor’s reason for striking Thompson, that there were many 2 more jurors after Thompson who were much more pro-death penalty, Sifuentes identifies 3 six seated jurors who indicated on their questionnaires that they were “neutral” and 4 therefore less in favor of the death penalty than Thompson, who indicated that he was 5 “moderately in favor” of the death penalty: Juror Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 12, who were called 6 before Thompson,2 and Juror No. 5, who was called after Thompson. Traverse at 17-18. 7 See RT 8924-65. Of the seated jurors, only Juror No. 10 indicated that he was “strongly in 8 favor” of the death penalty; that is, only one seated juror indicated that he was more pro- 9 death penalty than Thompson.3 A close review of the record shows that Juror No. 10 was seated immediately after 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 Thompson was stricken, and 20 more prospective jurors were called into the jury box and 12 excused before Juror No. 5 was seated, completing the jury before alternates were called. 13 RT 8952-65. Of those 20 prospective jurors, defense counsel exercised peremptory strikes 14 against 10 jurors, only 3 of whom indicated in their questionnaires that they were “strongly 15 in favor” of the death penalty. Supp. Ex. 3, Vols. 2, 3. Although the prosecutor’s 16 explanation, that there were “many more” prospects who had stronger pro-death penalty 17 views than Thompson, appears exaggerated in light of this record, it does not, standing 18 alone, support a strong inference of pretext for striking Thompson. When considered in the 19 context of other jurors’ responses about the death penalty, however, the prosecutor’s 20 statement that he sought jurors who were “much more pro-death penalty” than Thompson 21 is not credible. 22 23 Regarding Thompson’s equivocation as a basis for the strike, when asked during voir dire whether they could impose the death penalty, eight of the seated jurors and 24 25 26 27 28 2 Juror Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 and 12 were seated before Thompson was called into the jury box and stricken by the prosecutor. RT 8950. Juror Nos. 10 and 5 and the alternates were called after Thompson was stricken. RT 8950-65. 3 Similar to Thompson, Juror Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11 and Alternate Jurors 1, 2, 3, and 4 were “moderately in favor” of the death penalty. Supp. Ex. 7, Vol. 1. Alternate No. 5 indicated that she was neutral about the death penalty. Supp. Ex. 7, Vol. 2. Sifuentes has identified Juror No. 4 and Alternate No. 5 as the only two African-Americans in the bullpen. Traverse at 7. 15 1 alternates gave answers similar to Thompson’s response that it was “hard to say” whether 2 non-shooters would be eligible for the death penalty and that it would depend on the 3 evidence: 4 C 5 6 Juror No. 1 stated, “Under certain circumstances, I believe I could” vote to execute someone. RT 6050. C When asked if he could ever vote to execute another human being, Juror No. 7 2 stated, “I’ve never been in that situation. I guess the only way I can answer 8 that question is I would have to listen to all of the facts . . . . RT 5121. 9 C Juror No. 5 said, “I don’t know, honestly. I didn’t even really think about it until I came here the first time. . . . And since then I’ve thought about it and I 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 don’t know. . . . I think it would have to do with the situation.” RT 8296-97. 12 C Juror No. 9 said, “Possibly if – depending on the circumstances.” RT 3863. 13 C When asked by the trial judge if she could ever vote to execute another 14 human being, Juror No. 11 answered, “I believe so, yes.” RT 6749. When 15 asked a similar question by the prosecutor, she further qualified her response: 16 “But, since I’ve never done it before, I - I think I would be objective and, you 17 know, decide with my heart or my head, or you know, but I can’t tell you for 18 sure that I would.” RT 6761. 19 C 20 21 Juror No. 12 stated, “I believe I can” vote to execute another human being. RT 4758. C Alternate No. 1 answered, “I think I probably could, depending on the 22 circumstances.” RT 5592. When the prosecutor asked Alternate No. 1 about 23 his statement in his questionnaire that “I’m not opposed to it, I’m not strongly 24 in favor of it,” he explained, “I think what I was thinking at the time, if the – if I 25 feel the death penalty is warranted by the action, I would vote for it. I’m not 26 crazy about assigning the death penalty for anybody. I don’t think that’s a 27 great thing to be proud of doing. But if it’s deserved, I would be willing to do 28 that.” RT 5603. 16 1 C Alternate No. 2 answered, “I think so.” RT 6416. In response to the 2 prosecutor’s further questions about whether he would be able to vote for the 3 death penalty, Alternate No. 2 responded, “I think if everything was 4 convincing, I would, yes,” and “I would say there’s a possibility that could be 5 my decision. RT 6430. 6 To the extent that Thompson’s stated views about the death penalty can be said to have 7 been equivocal, this comparative analysis shows that the responses of nearly half of the 8 empaneled jurors and alternates were similarly equivocal, expressing some level of 9 uncertainty as to whether they could impose the death penalty and indicating that it would depend on the evidence. In light of the evidence in the record, the state court’s finding that 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 Thompson’s views about the death penalty were equivocal, and that the equivocation was 12 a credible reason for the strike, is unreasonable. Additionally, a comparative juror analysis 13 demonstrates that the prosecutor did not consistently strike jurors who had similarly 14 moderate views in favor of, or even neutral views about, the death penalty. 15 16 b. Religious Beliefs With respect to Thompson’s religious beliefs as a basis for the strike, the state court 17 found credible the prosecutor’s stated reason that Thompson “was active in the Baptist 18 church, expressed extreme reservations about the death penalty, and while [Thompson] 19 understood his duty to follow the law, his religious beliefs prevented him from passing 20 judgment on another person.” Slip op. at 5. The state court did not conduct a comparative 21 juror analysis addressing religious beliefs, as it did with views about the death penalty, 22 thereby failing to use “an important tool that courts should utilize on appeal when assessing 23 a defendant’s plausible Batson claim.” Boyd v. Newland, 467 F.3d 1139, 1150 (9th Cir. 24 2006). Here, the record includes the voir dire transcript, enabling the court to conduct a de 25 novo comparative juror analysis to determine whether the state court’s ruling at the third 26 Batson step was unreasonable. See Green v. LaMarque, 532 F.3d 1028, 1031 (9th Cir. 27 2008), as amended (“We must conduct that analysis de novo, rather than remanding for the 28 state courts to do so.”). 17 During the prosecutor’s voir dire examination, Thompson stated the following about 1 2 his religious beliefs: Q. You said to the judge that you were taught to follow the law. Could you elaborate a little bit about what kind of upbringing you had that led you to that? A. Well, I am a minister, I am faith based, I am a Christian, and in some religious aspects, they try to tell you that you are not supposed to judge anyone, that we don’t have the right to judge anyone, but at the same time, you are also taught to obey the laws of the land. So basically I can’t hold judgment on anyone, but at the same time I do have to hold to account what the laws of the land are. Q. Did you say you’re a minister in your religion? A. Yes. Q. And you said that your religious beliefs teach you to not judge other people. A. Right. But at the same time, it also teaches us to obey the laws of the land. What I mean by not judge people, the Bible says that you are not to judge one another, but at the same time it tells you in there to obey the laws of the land. Q. The function that you’re going to be put into here is a little bit different than in most criminal cases in the sense that you’re going to be asked to make a judgment about somebody, about their lives. 17 A. Um-hum. 18 Q. Are you saying that your religious beliefs are such that it’s going to be a difficult – A. No. It’s not going to be a difficult problem, no. Q. Why not? If your religious beliefs tell you not to judge people and you’re going to be placed in a moral position to make a judgment about somebody, I’m trying to reconcile those two. A. Well, the reconciliation is the fact that it’s my job to carry out the laws of the land. Okay? No, I can’t per se condemn someone, because everyone has shortfalls, everyone has things they have done in their past or whatever. I can’t just say you’re a bad person just because you did this, that, that. What I’m saying is that even after everything is taken into account, the laws of the land still prevail. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 THE COURT: It’s like the Bible says: Render unto Caesar that which is Caesar’s, render unto God that which is God’s. THE PROSPECTIVE JUROR: 18 Exactly. 1 THE COURT: 2 We’re talking about Caesar’s rules here now, right? 3 THE PROSPECTIVE JUROR: 4 THE COURT: 5 ... Q. 6 7 8 9 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 A. Exactly. Okay. How do you feel about that principle, just as a person? Not as a – as something that’s part of the law, but just you as a person and knowing your background as a minister in your religion, that sort of thing. Well, the principle in itself, I mean, should I be held accountable, should I be – how should I put it? – lumped in or grouped with someone who does something wrong. Well, if I know the individual, I’m caught, I’m caught. I mean, the principle is basically what it is. It’s really not how I feel about it. It’s not like it’s either right or either wrong. The fact I was somewhere where I shouldn’t have been. 12 RT 7397-7404. At the conclusion of Thompson’s voir dire examination, the prosecutor 13 challenged him for cause based on Thompson’s answer that he can’t judge people. The 14 court overruled the prosecutor’s challenge, noting that “[h]e said depending on the 15 circumstances.” RT 7404. 16 The prosecutor subsequently exercised a peremptory challenge against Thompson, 17 characterizing Thompson’s voir dire statements as indicating that Thompson was not in a 18 position to hold anyone in judgment because of his religious beliefs. As the trial judge 19 noted, however, Thompson considered the death penalty as an option, and separated his 20 belief that he could not morally judge others from his civic duty to make a legal judgment or 21 conclusion. RT 7404. Thompson’s responses to the prosecutor’s voir dire questions do 22 not support the state court’s finding that the prosecutor was credible in claiming that he 23 struck Thompson because he was a Baptist minister and could not hold judgment on 24 anyone. RT 8971. See Ali, 584 F.3d at 1192 (the prosecutor’s mischaracterization of 25 juror’s “Christian faith” response was indicative of pretext). 26 27 Furthermore, to the extent that the prosecutor was concerned that Thompson’s religious background would affect his beliefs about the death penalty, a comparative 28 19 1 analysis shows that the prosecutor did not ask other potential jurors who identified 2 themselves as Baptist about their religious views: 3 C B. Seibel listed her religious affiliation as Baptist, though not active. Supp. 4 Ex. 3, Vol. 1 (Seibel questionnaire at 6). The prosecutor did not ask her 5 during voir dire about her religious beliefs or how they would affect her views 6 on the death penalty. RT 4927-34. Seibel was excused by defendant Le. RT 7 8937. 8 9 C M. Markey listed her religion as American Baptist, though not active. Supp. Ex. 3, Vol. 3 (Markey questionnaire at 6). The prosecutor did not ask her during voir dire about whether her religious beliefs would affect her views on 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 the death penalty. RT 6719-26. Markey was excused by defendant Le. RT 12 8960. 13 Although Seibel and Markey can be distinguished from Thompson, a minister, 14 because they were not active in their religious affiliations, they both indicated in their 15 questionnaires that they, like Thompson, were moderately in favor of the death penalty. 16 The record of the voir dire proceedings demonstrates that even though neither Seibel nor 17 Markey were empaneled, the prosecutor was not even interested in whether Seibel’s 18 Baptist affiliation, or Markey’s American Baptist affiliation, would affect their views on the 19 death penalty. 20 Similarly, the prosecutor was willing to accept Juror Nos. 2, 3, 10 and 11, who 21 identified themselves as Catholic, without questioning them about whether their religious 22 beliefs would affect their views on the death penalty. See RT 5129-37 (voir dire of Juror 23 No. 2); RT 4033-42 (voir dire of Juror No. 3); RT 6757-66 (voir dire of Juror No. 11). In 24 particular, Juror No. 10 identified his Catholic affiliation as active, yet the prosecutor did not 25 ask him whether his religious beliefs affected his attitudes about the death penalty. RT 26 4195-4201. Notably, the prosecutor extensively questioned a prospective juror who 27 identified herself as active in her Catholic affiliation and stated her belief that “life is sacred.” 28 RT 6688-93 (voir dire of S. Lee). That prospective juror was excused by defendant Le. RT 20 1 8964. The record also demonstrates that the prosecutor briefly questioned two African- 2 American prospective jurors, R. Gibson and G. Norman, about their religious beliefs. RT 3 6992-93, 8792-96. Notwithstanding these particular exchanges with venire members, the 4 prosecutor for the most part did not pursue the stated religious beliefs of several of the 5 empaneled jurors. The evidence thus tends to show that the prosecutor’s stated reason for 6 striking Thompson because he was a Baptist minister appears to be pretextual. The state 7 court’s determination that the prosecutor struck Thompson for proper, race-neutral reasons 8 is unreasonable in light of the record. 9 R. Gibson R. Gibson was a law school graduate and an inactive member of the state bar who 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 2. worked for the Menlo Park Police Department before joining SBC Pacific Bell, where she 12 worked for 19 years. The prosecutor gave a number of reasons for dismissing Gibson, two 13 of which are not persuasive in light of the evidence in the record, namely, Gibson’s past 14 work as a substitute teacher and her views about the death penalty. Where the prosecutor 15 gave both legitimate and illegitimate grounds for striking Gibson, the court must determine 16 whether the prosecutor’s actions were “‘motivated in substantial part’ by race.” Crittenden 17 v. Ayers, 624 F.3d 943, 958 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Cook, 593 F.3d at 815). 18 19 a. Single Mother The prosecutor first noted that Gibson had a child when she was 16 years old and 20 that “I find that a problem.” RT 8975. Sifuentes argues that the prosecutor implied that 21 having a child out of wedlock indicated general irresponsibility, as he found with other 22 African-American single mothers, and that this reason was not credible in light of Gibson’s 23 accomplishments as a member of the bar with a successful career. Traverse at 25. 24 Although Gibson’s education and long term employment, notwithstanding she had been a 25 teenage mother, suggest anything but “irresponsibility,” Sifuentes has not demonstrated 26 that Gibson was treated differently from non-African-American single mothers, or that 27 discriminatory intent is “inherent in the prosecutor’s explanation.” Boyde v. Brown, 404 28 21 1 F.3d 1159, 1171, as amended on reh’g, 421 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation and internal 2 quotation marks omitted). 3 b. Legal Education having lawyers on juries. They’re know-it-alls, they inject themselves into the case, they 6 think they can do a better job.” RT 8976. The state court found this reason to be credible, 7 citing authority under state law that a prosecutor may peremptorily strike a potential juror 8 who has “too much education.” Slip op. at 13 (quoting People v. Reynoso, 31 Cal. 4th 903, 9 925 n.6 (2003)). To support his argument that this was a pretext for discriminating on the 10 basis of race, Sifuentes identifies two seated jurors who also had high levels of education: 11 For the Northern District of California The prosecutor also explained, “I don’t want a lawyer on my jury. I’ve never liked 5 United States District Court 4 Juror No. 9 who graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Juror No. 12 6 who had legal training at the college level. Traverse at 26. However, neither of those 13 jurors graduated from law school or were members of the bar, and therefore were not 14 similarly situated with Gibson for the purpose of comparative juror analysis. Although 15 Sifuentes argues that Gibson had never practiced law, it is undisputed that she had formal 16 legal training and had passed the bar exam and was a member of the bar. The state 17 court’s finding, that the prosecutor’s reason for dismissing Gibson because she was a 18 lawyer was race-neutral, is reasonable in light of the record. 19 c. Relatives With Criminal History 20 Another reason stated by the prosecutor for dismissing Gibson was that “she had 21 numerous relatives that have served time in the penitentiary,” noting “a lot of the criminal 22 element in her family” and citing her questionnaire where she wrote that her brother served 23 time in the penitentiary in the late 1960's, her son served time in Santa Rita on drug 24 charges, and she had brothers-in-law and cousins who served time. RT 8976; Gibson 25 Questionnaire at 7. Sifuentes points out that Gibson thought that her brother and her son 26 were fairly treated by the system, but concedes that “any given prosecutor might decide to 27 strike prospective jurors related to persons with criminal histories,” absent pretext. 28 Traverse at 27 (citing RT 6996). 22 1 Sifuentes contends that this facially race-neutral reason was pretextual in light of 2 evidence that the prosecutor accepted other jurors who also had family members with 3 criminal histories: Juror No. 2, whose son was convicted of a drug offense and placed on 4 probation; Juror No. 3, whose father was involved in some cases involving power of 5 attorney problems in business; Juror No. 4, whose brother was convicted of rape; Juror No. 6 5, whose cousin was convicted of rape; Juror No. 8, whose daughter-in-law’s father was 7 convicted of child molestation; Juror No. 12, whose brother was charged with felony 8 assault, which was dropped to a misdemeanor; and Alternate Juror No. 3, whose uncle was 9 convicted of a drug offense. Traverse at 27-28; Supp. Ex. 7, Vol. 1. The state court distinguished the seated jurors from Gibson on the ground that none had relatives who had 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 served time in the penitentiary. Slip op. at 14. Although Sifuentes argues that comparable 12 jurors need not be comparable in every respect, the record demonstrates that the seated 13 jurors who each had a relative with a criminal history did not have multiple relatives who 14 had criminal histories, as did Gibson. The state court’s determination, that the prosecutor 15 gave a credible reason for striking Gibson because she had “numerous relatives” with 16 criminal histories, was not clearly unreasonable in light of this record. 17 18 d. Nonresponsive Answers As another reason for striking Gibson, the prosecutor stated, “When asked about the 19 felony murder rule, she wouldn’t directly answer the question about how she felt about it; 20 she dodged it.” RT 8977. During voir dire, when asked whether she agreed with the 21 concept of the felony murder rule and whether she would support that law, she answered, 22 “Well, that, you know, I don’t know. I never aspired to be a legislator, so I don’t know. I 23 mean I can’t tell you. . . . I can understand why we would have that type of a law. . . . So I 24 can’t say that I have a philosophical difference with it.” RT 6994. The state court 25 determined that in light of her legal training, the questioning of Gibson about the felony 26 murder rule did not support a finding of pretext, slip op. at 14, and Sifuentes does not raise 27 any argument as to whether this reason given by the prosecutor for striking Gibson was 28 pretextual. In light of the voir dire transcript reflecting Gibson’s responses to the 23 1 prosecutor’s questions whether she thought the felony murder rule was fair, it was not 2 clearly unreasonable for the state court to find that the prosecutor’s concern with her 3 nonresponsive answers was non-pretextual. See RT 6993-95. 4 5 e. Views About the Death Penalty and Religious Beliefs The prosecutor further stated that Gibson was dismissed because she said “when 6 she was younger she never thought the death penalty should be an available option 7 because she didn’t think that anyone had the right or authority to impose death.” RT 8976. 8 Gibson explained during voir dire that when she was younger, she “never thought that the 9 death penalty should be a viable option, because I didn’t think that anyone had that right or authority to impose that upon another person, even though someone could murder a 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 person and, in essence, that’s the death penalty. But for a jury to then turn around and 12 decide that the defendant should die, I never thought that was quite right. . . . Really what’s 13 changed is that I’m actually a Christian and Christian principles, the death penalty is a 14 viable option. And so I would say that’s really what changed my views.” RT 6992. 15 The prosecutor also noted that Gibson said that she was a born-again Christian and 16 her Christian beliefs would influence the way she thinks. RT 8977. However, the voir dire 17 transcript reflects that her Christian beliefs changed her views about the death penalty to 18 accept it as a viable option, rather than influencing her against the death penalty. RT 6992- 19 93, 7004-06. The prosecutor expressed his concern that Gibson stated that she could 20 “consider” the death penalty, indicating “[t]hat doesn’t mean it’s really on the table.” RT 21 8977. Read in the context of the rest of the transcript, however, Gibson’s voir dire 22 response indicated that she “became more conservative” as she got older, and that 23 Christianity allows for the death penalty “if you have the evidence and you have witnesses,” 24 so that she would now “really consider” the death penalty, as opposed to when she was 25 younger. RT 7005. In light of this evidence, the state court’s finding, that the prosecutor 26 was “uncomfortable” with her answers and credibly relied on Gibson’s religious beliefs and 27 changing views about the death penalty to dismiss her, is clearly unreasonable in light of 28 the absence of any evidentiary record suggesting that she was being untruthful. 24 1 2 f. Teaching Background The prosecutor also stated that Gibson was a school teacher in 1992 to 1995, which 3 he reasoned indicated that she was “fairly liberal.” RT 8975-76. Respondent concedes 4 that Gibson’s teaching experience was brief and limited to substitute teaching. Answer at 5 19. To show that this was a pretextual reason for striking Gibson, Sifuentes argues that the 6 prosecutor “accepted two full-time, life-long teachers”: Juror No. 8 previously taught 7 elementary school before her current position as a curriculum coordinator, and Alternate 8 Juror No. 1 was a retired teacher who taught high school and college for a total 52 years. 9 Supp. Ex. 7, Vol. 1; RT 8052. In light of this comparative juror analysis, Sifuentes has demonstrated that Gibson’s prior teaching experience, with its suggestion of liberality, was 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 not a credible reason for dismissing her. 12 13 14 3. Batson Analysis a. Thompson As the court of appeals held in Ali, where “an evaluation of the voir dire transcript 15 and juror questionnaires clearly and convincingly refutes each of the prosecutor’s nonracial 16 grounds” for striking Thompson, the court is “compelled to conclude that his actual and only 17 reason for striking [Thompson] was [his] race.” 584 F.3d at 1182. Thompson’s stated 18 views about the death penalty, as well as comparative juror analysis, reflect that the 19 prosecutor’s stated reasons for striking Thompson due to his religious beliefs, his equivocal 20 views on the death penalty, and the availability of more pro-death penalty jurors appear to 21 have been pretextual. The proffer of only one pretextual explanation “naturally gives rise to 22 an inference of discriminatory intent,” and here, as in Ali, an analysis of the “totality of the 23 relevant facts” refutes each of the prosecutor’s non-racial justifications for striking 24 Thompson. 584 F.3d at 1192-93. 25 In particular, the prosecutor mischaracterized Thompson’s statements about his 26 views on the death penalty and how his religious beliefs would affect his ability to vote for 27 the death penalty. Under Ninth Circuit authority, the court is compelled to find that the state 28 court, having failed to recognize that the prosecutor mischaracterized Thompson’s 25 1 statements, and having failed to consider comparative evidence that the prosecutor did not 2 question seated jurors about whether their stated religious beliefs impacted their views on 3 the death penalty, “‘unreasonably accepted his nonracial motives as genuine.’” Ali, 584 4 F.3d at 1193 (quoting Kesser, 465 F.3d at 358). See Miller-El II, 545 U.S. at 244, 246-47 5 (state court’s determination that the prosecutor gave credible race-neutral explanations for 6 using peremptory strike against African-American venire member was unreasonable where 7 the state court “made no mention of the fact that the prosecution mischaracterized Fields 8 as saying he could not give death if rehabilitation were possible,” despite evidence that he 9 “unequivocally stated that he could impose the death penalty regardless of the possibility of rehabilitation”). As “‘[t]he Constitution forbids striking even a single prospective juror for a 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 discriminatory purpose,’” Sifuentes is entitled to habeas relief under Batson. Ali, 584 F.3d 12 at 1193 (quoting Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472, 478 (2008)) (internal citation omitted). 13 14 b. Gibson Although a Batson violation is established solely by the finding compelled by the 15 record that the prosecutor’s removal of Thompson was racially motivated, the court also 16 evaluates the prosecutor’s stated reasons for striking Gibson, as an alternative ground for 17 Batson relief. Here, as in Cook, the court is faced with a close question, whether the 18 prosecutor was motivated in substantial part by discriminatory intent, where several race- 19 neutral justifications for striking Gibson were persuasive and unrefuted by the record, but 20 two other reasons given by the prosecutor provide evidence of pretext, i.e., Gibson’s views 21 about the death penalty and her past work as a substitute teacher. See Cook, 593 F.3d at 22 816-19. In Cook, the Ninth Circuit rejected the mixed-motives analysis adopted by other 23 circuits, by which the court conducts a supplemental analysis to determine whether the 24 discriminatory motivation was a “but for” cause of the challenged decision. Id. at 814 (citing 25 Kesser, 465 F.3d at 359). The court in Cook held instead that the court’s inquiry was 26 limited to whether the prosecutor was “motivated in substantial part by discriminatory 27 intent.” Id. at 814-15 (citing Snyder, 552 U.S. at 485). If it was so motivated, Batson relief 28 is warranted: “‘it is enough to recognize that a peremptory strike shown to have been 26 1 motivated in substantial part by discriminatory intent could not be sustained based on any 2 lesser showing by the prosecution.’” Id. at 815 (quoting Snyder, 552 U.S. at 485). See 3 Crittenden, 624 F.3d at 958 (if the peremptory strike was “‘motivated in substantial part’ by 4 race[,] the petition is to be granted regardless of whether the strike would have issued if 5 race had played no role”) (quoting Cook, 593 F.3d at 815). 6 In Cook, the prosecutor's two primary motivations for striking an African-American 7 juror (Watkins) were that she reported that her brother “shot someone in self-defense,” 8 where the brother had actually been the perpetrator and was convicted and imprisoned for 9 the crime, and that she perceived problems with the criminal justice system, particularly where Watkins said her family felt that her brother’s treatment had been unfair. 593 F.3d at 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 816-17. The court of appeals held that these justifications were “quite persuasive and are 12 unrefuted by the record. Had he stopped talking after giving his first two justifications, this 13 strike would be exceptionally easy to review.” Id. at 819. The court further held that the 14 prosecutor also gave weaker and implausible justifications by mischaracterizing the juror’s 15 opinion about the truthfulness of police testimony, and by citing her “work pressures” from 16 sitting on a long case where two seated jurors gave similar responses. Id. at 818. The 17 court concluded that “[c]areful review of the record ultimately supports the conclusion that 18 the prosecutor was sincerely and justifiably concerned with Watkins' views of, and her 19 brother's experience with, the criminal justice system.” Id. at 819. 20 Here, the prosecutor mischaracterized Gibson’s statements about her views on the 21 death penalty, particularly by implying that her religious beliefs would influence her against 22 voting for the death penalty, whereas the record indicates that she was willing to consider 23 the death penalty and that she indicated in her questionnaire that she was moderately in 24 favor of the death penalty. The prosecutor also reached back nearly 20 years to cite 25 Gibson’s three-year experience as a substitute teacher to strike her as “fairly liberal,” when 26 he accepted two jurors who were teachers for much longer and more recent periods. 27 These reasons are not merely implausible, but are pretextual in light of the evidence in the 28 record. 27 1 Respondent contends that the record as a whole supports the state court’s finding dismissing Gibson. Answer at 19. The state court primarily addressed the prosecutor’s 4 concerns that Gibson was a lawyer and that she had close relatives who were convicted of 5 a crime and incarcerated. Slip op. at 13. These justifications, standing alone, are 6 supported by evidence in the record. However, when considered in light of the non- 7 credible reasons given by the prosecutor for dismissing Gibson, the record demonstrates 8 that the prosecutor was not sincerely and justifiably concerned either with Gibson’s legal 9 training, where she had never practiced law, or with the effect of her brother and her son’s 10 incarceration on her views about the criminal justice system, where she stated that she felt 11 For the Northern District of California that the prosecutor was credible and was not motivated by discriminatory intent in 3 United States District Court 2 they were treated fairly. By contrast, in Cook, the court held that the prosecutor was 12 motivated by valid concerns where the juror in question misrepresented that her brother 13 was a victim of a crime, when he actually was the perpetrator and unsuccessfully claimed 14 self-defense, and the juror’s family felt the result had been unfair. Cook, 593 F.3d at 816. 15 The prosecutor articulated two secondary reasons for dismissing Gibson, namely, 16 that she was a single mother and did not directly answer his questions about her views on 17 the felony murder rule. Neither justification is refuted by the record, but neither reason was 18 the primary motivation for dismissing Gibson. In the last reasoned decision denying 19 Sifuentes’s Batson claim, the court of appeal did not discuss Gibson’s status as a single 20 mother. When addressing the defendants’ challenge to the prosecutor’s questions about 21 the felony murder rule to Gibson as compared with other jurors, the state court found that 22 none of the other jurors had attended law school or had relatives who served time in the 23 penitentiary. Slip op. at 14. The state court thus recognized Gibson’s legal training and 24 family members’ incarceration as the prosecutor’s primary motivations for striking Gibson. 25 However, the prosecutor’s mischaracterization of Gibson’s views about the death penalty, 26 and his inconsistent treatment of non-African-American jurors who were teachers, strongly 27 suggest that the peremptory strike against Gibson was motivated in substantial part by 28 discriminatory intent. Even under AEDPA’s deferential standard of review, the state court 28 1 was objectively unreasonable in concluding that the prosecutor was not substantially 2 motivated by discriminatory intent in dismissing Gibson. 3 “The Constitution forbids striking even a single prospective juror for a discriminatory 4 purpose.” Ali, 584 F.3d at 1193 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Either of 5 the Batson violations with respect to Thompson or Gibson is sufficient to establish a basis 6 to grant habeas relief, and further consideration of the remaining challenges is not required. 7 See Turner v. Marshall, 121 F.3d 1248, 1255 n.4 (9th Cir. 1997). However, in the event 8 that the appellate court disagrees with the Batson analysis, and to avoid the necessity of 9 remand to complete the record on the remaining claims, the court proceeds to consider Sifuentes’s Batson challenges to the use of peremptory strikes against seven other African- 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 American prospective jurors. None of these remaining Batson challenges, however, 12 establishes a further basis for relief. 13 14 D. Other Peremptory Strikes 1. T. Jackson 15 The prosecutor exercised his first peremptory strike to excuse T. Jackson, explaining 16 that Jackson lived in Berkeley, which he called a “hotbed of anti-death penalty people,” and 17 that Jackson was reluctant to impose the death penalty. RT 8929. The prosecutor 18 reviewed Jackson’s questionnaire and statements during voir dire. 19 20 In his questionnaire, he indicated on his feelings about the death penalty, “I am still thinking about it.” His views have changed. He said, “As more and more new methods of investigation show the old flaws, I am becoming less inclined towards the death penalty.” 21 22 23 24 25 He also indicated in his questionnaire that he has problems with the system with respect to the fairness of the death penalty. In his transcript, at pages 4223 and 4224, he right up front to the court said, on line 24 at 4223, “I have mixed emotions about the death penalty in that I think, yeah, under some circumstances. Depending on what happened. And at this point I think my real reservations about the system itself, about the number of -- I think there are a fair amount of innocent people who get the death penalty, so I have problems with the process and the system.” 26 27 28 And then later on he goes on to say, when the judge is asking him about if you weren’t convinced the three guys were guilty, lines 13 and 14, “We would never get to a penalty phase. Does that give you any comfort?” He says, “Some. But then that brings up another question, which is, when you’re a member of a jury, there’s peer 29 1 pressure from a group. I have high principles, I’m a pretty strong guy and outspoken, but, still, you could” -- [Statement by trial judge] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 He goes on to say, on page 4225, when the court is asking him about the two different penalties again, he says, “I would have fewer problems with that than I would with the death penalty,” referring to life without the possibility of parole. And then he says – the court says, “As you sit there now, if you know that the death penalty is in no way an option for you, this guy could stand here six years and never persuade you that the death penalty is an option.” He says, “No.” “And then you’re wasting his time.” The answer from the juror: “Yeah. No, it would be an option. It would be an option. I would not be an easy sell, but it would be an option.” So he’s already expressing reluctance to impose the death penalty. 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 . . . In direct response to questions that I was asking him, he was basically requiring me to provide information that I’m not allowed to produce, which is basically. . . 12 13 14 “My reservations still would be, is it being applied fairly. That would be my reservation: are the investigation methods that we really use good enough,” page 4239, “is the political system good enough, can poor people get the same kind of representation that rich people get, et cetera. That would be my reservation.” 15 16 17 “As the judge pointed out, that’s a general whatever. It’s going to be your job,” referring to me, “to persuade me that all the reservations that I have, all of the apprehensions that I have, that they don’t apply in this particular case. And if you do that, I have no reservations about anything.” 18 RT 8929-30. The trial court determined that the prosecutor’s explanation for striking 19 Jackson was race-neutral. RT 8932. 20 a. Views on Death Penalty 21 The state court considered Sifuentes’ argument that the prosecutor’s reference to 22 Jackson’s residence in Berkeley as a “hotbed of anti-death-penalty people” was pretextual 23 because Jackson’s background had other pro-prosecution characteristics, such as being a 24 retired trucker, a member of Neighborhood Watch, and a pistol owner. The state court 25 found that Jackson’s background did not dictate his views on the death penalty, which he 26 articulated in his questionnaire and during voir dire. Slip op. at 6-7. 27 The state court further addressed Sifuentes’s comparison of Jackson with Juror No. 28 6, who graduated from the University of California at Berkeley. The state court found that 30 finding is supported by the record, which shows that Juror No. 6 graduated from UC- 3 Berkeley with a degree in mechanical engineering, and was married with one child and 4 owned a home in Castro Valley. Supp. Ex. 7 at 77-80. The record also shows that Juror 5 No. 6 stated on her questionnaire that she was moderately in favor of the death penalty, 6 and that her views had not changed in the last few years. Supp. Ex. 7 at 87. By contrast, 7 the state court found that Jackson expressed reservations about the death penalty in his 8 questionnaire and during voir dire. Slip op. at 6-7 (citing transcript of voir dire colloquy). 9 Sifuentes argues that Jackson’s questionnaire responses, indicating that he was 10 “becoming less inclined towards the death penalty” “as more and more new methods of 11 For the Northern District of California Juror No. 6 lived in Castro Valley, not Berkeley, and was in favor of the death penalty. This 2 United States District Court 1 investigation show the old flaws,” were similar to the views of Juror No. 7, who stated in her 12 questionnaire that her views about the death penalty had changed in the last few years 13 “slightly - due to the number of inmates released due to DNA evidence proving their 14 innocence.” Reply at 54-55. See Supp. Ex. 3 Vol. 1 (Jackson questionnaire); Supp. Ex. 7 15 at 109 (Juror No. 7 questionnaire). The state court determined that this comparison to 16 Juror No. 7 did not demonstrate that the prosecutor’s proffered explanation for striking 17 Jackson, because of his views on the death penalty, was pretextual. The state court found 18 that unlike Jackson, Juror No. 7 “also indicated on her questionnaire that she would vote for 19 the death penalty if it was on the ballot and that she was moderately in favor of the death 20 penalty.” Slip op. at 7 n.2. 21 In light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding, the state court’s 22 finding that the prosecutor did not engage in purposeful discrimination was not objectively 23 unreasonable. 24 25 b. Mistaken Reason In giving his reasons for challenging Jackson, the prosecutor erroneously attributed 26 statements to Jackson that were actually made by another excused juror, A. Jaspar. RT 27 8931. Jasper, not Jackson, wrote in her questionnaire, “I don’t know if I can consciously 28 end someone’s life,” and stated in voir dire, “I don’t know if I could live with thinking I 31 1 basically killed this person.” Answer at 8-9; Supp. Ex. 3 Vol. 1 (Jaspar questionnaire); RT 2 4094. The prosecutor also erred by stating that Jackson “indicated in his questionnaire that 3 he has problems with the system with respect to the fairness of the death penalty,” and 4 respondent concedes that no such statement appears verbatim in Jackson’s questionnaire. 5 Answer at 9 (citing RT 8929). Sifuentes argues that the prosecutor’s mistake in attributing 6 anti-death penalty comments erroneously to Jackson shows that the prosecutor thought of 7 the African-American prospective jurors as a discrete sub-group, and stereotyped their 8 views on the death penalty. Reply at 53. 9 The state court considered the prosecutor’s erroneous reliance on comments that were not made by Jackson to exercise a peremptory strike against him, and found that 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 although “this exact statement about fairness does not appear in [Jackson’s] questionnaire, 12 he did make a similar statement when he was voir dired by the court on the issue.” Slip op. 13 at 8 n.3. Furthermore, the state court found that although Jackson did not make the same 14 comments as Jasper expressing hesitancy in imposing the death penalty, Jackson 15 “expressed other serious reservations about the death penalty. Slip op. at 8 n.3. The state 16 court concluded that the prosecutor’s mistake in attributing Jasper’s statements to Jackson 17 was insufficient to demonstrate discriminatory intent. 18 Under Ninth Circuit authority, “if a prosecutor makes a mistake in good faith, such as 19 an innocent transposition of juror information, then that mistake does not support the 20 conclusion that the prosecutor’s explanation is clearly not credible.” Aleman v. Uribe, 723 21 F.3d 976, 982 (9th Cir. 2013), as amended, pet. for cert. filed (U.S. Sept. 12, 2013) (No. 13- 22 6391). Here, the record supports the state court’s finding that the prosecutor’s mistake did 23 not indicate purposeful discrimination, in that Jackson stated in voir dire, but not in his 24 questionnaire, that he had “reservations” about whether the death penalty was “being 25 applied fairly.” RT 4239. Jackson articulated his apprehensions about the death penalty at 26 length: “Are the investigation methods that we use really good enough, is the political 27 system good enough, can poor people get the same kind of representation that rich people 28 get, et cetera. That would be my reservation.” Id. In light of these statements made by 32 1 Jackson, it was reasonable for the state court to conclude that the prosecutor’s mistakes, 2 including the erroneous attribution to Jackson of Ms. Jasper’s concerns about ending 3 someone’s life, was not a deliberate misrepresentation of Jackson’s views, but was an 4 honest mistake. 5 2. 6 G. Norman The prosecutor exercised his third peremptory strike against G. Norman. At the 7 hearing on the defendants’ first Wheeler motion, the prosecutor explained that in his 8 questionnaire and during voir dire, Norman “said that specifically he’s not for the death 9 penalty, he would not be for it, he’s got religious problems with the death penalty, if it was up to him whether there would be the death penalty as a punishment in California, he would 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 say no, and that’s based on a religious belief.” RT 8933. The record supports the state 12 court’s finding that this reason for striking Norman was not motivated by racial 13 discrimination. During voir dire, Norman stated that “for the most part, I’m against the 14 death penalty” because he’s Christian, attends church on a regular basis, and actually 15 “worked at juvenile hall with youngsters and I do know that over time that people change.” 16 RT 8790. Although Norman also stated that he could pick the death penalty “if I had to,” 17 RT 8795, the totality of his statements support the state court’s finding that the prosecutor 18 gave a credible explanation for dismissing Norman because he was “philosophically 19 opposed to the death penalty.” RT 8933. In light of the evidence of Norman’s “conflicting 20 statements on the death penalty,” the state court’s finding was not unreasonable. Slip op. 21 at 8. 22 Respondent also argues that the trial court and the prosecutor noted that Norman 23 failed to appear in court on two separate occasions. Answer at 12 (citing RT 8933). 24 Sifuentes responds that the prosecutor could have asked Norman during voir dire about 25 why he was late or absent but failed to do so. Traverse at 52. This argument does not 26 render unreasonable the state court’s determination that Norman’s absence and tardiness 27 was a race-neutral reason to dismiss him. See Mitleider, 391 F.3d at 1049 (“the 28 33 1 prosecutor's belief that [a potential juror’s] tardiness was a sign of immaturity is a legitimate 2 reason for his challenge, even if mistaken”). 3 4 5 3. A. Jasper a. Single Mother/Clothing Comments To explain why he dismissed A. Jaspar, the prosecutor first explained that she was 6 “a single mother with a six-year-old” who came to court “wearing leather pants, which I 7 thought was interesting.” RT 8934. Although Sifuentes objects to this characterization as 8 an offensive stereotype about African-American females, Traverse at 30-31, Batson “‘does 9 not demand an explanation that is persuasive, or even plausible’; so long as the reason is not inherently discriminatory, it suffices.” Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333, 338 (2006) (quoting 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 767-768 (1995) (per curiam)). The state court’s 12 determination that this reason for striking Jaspar was not motivated by discriminatory intent 13 is not unreasonable. 14 b. Views About Death Penalty 15 The prosecutor also stated that Jaspar wrote that she had “mixed feelings on 16 whether or not killing someone is the right thing to do,” and that “I don’t know if I can 17 consciously end someone’s life.” Id. During voir dire, she expressed, “I don’t know if I 18 could live with thinking I’ve basically killed this person. That’s pretty tough.” RT 4094-95. 19 When questioned, she also stated that she could select the death penalty if she felt 20 someone deserved it. RT 4096. In response to the prosecutor’s voir dire questions, she 21 said she had “mixed feelings,” but that she could impose the death penalty “if it’s 22 justifiable.” RT 4097-99. 23 Jaspar’s statements expressing caution about imposing the death penalty are similar 24 to the statements made by Thompson and Gibson that the prosecutor characterized as 25 equivocal. But unlike Thompson and Gibson, who indicated in their questionnaires that 26 they were moderately in favor of the death penalty, Jaspar marked that she was moderately 27 against the death penalty. Further, Jaspar expressly wrote in her questionnaire that “I have 28 mixed feelings on whether or not killing someone is the right thing to do.” Supp. Ex. 3, Vol. 34 1 1. In light of the record of Jasper’s voir dire and questionnaire, the state court reasonably 2 found that Jasper’s conflicting views on the death penalty constituted a race-neutral reason 3 for the prosecutor to exercise a peremptory challenge against her. 4 5 c. Views About Criminal Justice System Another reason given by the prosecutor for dismissing Jasper was her view that “the 6 criminal justice system is biased towards those who do not have enough money to pay for 7 a decent lawyer,” and that her brother’s friend was charged with murder. RT 8934. 8 Sifuentes argues that the prosecutor did not strike non-African-American jurors who knew, 9 or were related to, someone who had been charged with a crime: Juror No. 2, whose son was convicted of drug possession; Juror No. 3, whose father was involved in power of 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 attorney problems; Juror No. 4, whose brother was charged with rape; Juror No. 5, whose 12 cousin was convicted of gang rape; and Juror No. 8, whose daughter-in-law’s father was 13 convicted of child molestation. Traverse at 36. None of the seated jurors identified by 14 Sifuentes knew someone who was charged with murder, and the prosecutor specifically 15 expressed his concern that Jasper’s familiarity with his brother’s friend’s murder case “will 16 interfere with her ability to sit in a murder case.” RT 8934. In light of this record, the state 17 court’s finding, that Jasper’s views about the criminal justice system constituted a race- 18 neutral justification to strike her, was not unreasonable. 19 20 d. Demeanor The prosecutor also stated that Jasper was not very friendly to him. RT 8934. 21 Sifuentes challenges the state court’s failure to make specific findings with respect to this 22 demeanor-based reason. Traverse at 36. Where the trial judge did not make a specific 23 finding as to demeanor, there may be different reasons why the trial judge allowed the 24 challenge without explanation, and the court sitting in habeas review “cannot presume that 25 the trial judge credited the prosecutor's assertion” about the prospective juror’s demeanor. 26 Snyder, 552 U.S. at 479 (“the trial judge may not have recalled Mr. Brooks' demeanor. Or, 27 the trial judge may have found it unnecessary to consider Mr. Brooks' demeanor, instead 28 basing his ruling completely on the second proffered justification for the strike.”). Although 35 1 the state court did not make a specific finding as to Jasper’s demeanor that is entitled to 2 deference, Sifuentes cites no authority requiring the trial court to develop evidence in the 3 record to support a prosecutor's demeanor-based explanation. In Rice, the Supreme Court 4 held that even if the trial court had reason to question the prosecutor's credibility regarding 5 a juror’s alleged improper demeanor, that does not compel the conclusion that the trial 6 court had no permissible alternative but to reject the prosecutor's race-neutral justifications 7 and conclude that a Batson violation occurred. Rice, 546 U.S. at 341. 8 9 In Rice, as a race-neutral explanation for striking a juror, the prosecutor said that the juror had rolled her eyes in response to a question from the court, but also referred to that juror’s gender. The trial court disallowed any gender-based challenge as a race-neutral 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 explanation, but because it did not see the eye-rolling, the trial court gave the prosecutor 12 the benefit of the doubt in allowing the juror to be stricken due to her demeanor, as well as 13 her youth and lack of ties to the community. Id. at 336-37. On habeas review, the Ninth 14 Circuit determined that the trial court unreasonably credited the prosecutor's justification for 15 a strike where the claimed negative demeanor was not corroborated by the record. Collins 16 v. Rice, 348 F.3d 1082, 1095–96 (9th Cir. 2003), rev’d, 546 U.S. 333. The Supreme Court 17 reversed, denying habeas relief on Batson grounds, holding that the trial court's factual 18 determination at step three was not unreasonable despite the failure to question the 19 prosecutor’s credibility, where the prosecutor provided a number of other permissible and 20 plausible race-neutral reasons and the petitioner failed to demonstrate “that a reasonable 21 factfinder must conclude the prosecutor lied about the eye rolling and struck Juror 16 based 22 on her race.” Rice, 546 U.S. at 341. “Reasonable minds reviewing the record might 23 disagree about the prosecutor's credibility, but on habeas review that does not suffice to 24 supersede the trial court's credibility determination.” Id. at 341-42. Similarly, here, the trial 25 court’s failure to question the prosecutor’s credibility about Jasper’s unfriendly demeanor 26 did not result in an unreasonable factual determination that the prosecutor was not 27 motivated by discriminatory intent, in light of the evidence in the record and the other race- 28 neutral reasons given by the prosecutor. 36 1 2 e. Attitude About Career Lastly, the prosecutor stated that Jasper indicated that “she didn’t really care about 3 actually going to work.” RT 8934. The record shows that when asked about employer 4 hardship during voir dire, Jasper explained that her co-worker’s maternity leave “really 5 doesn’t matter for me,” referring to her ability to serve as a juror without risking her job. RT 6 4085-86. Sifuentes argues that the prosecutor mischaracterized Jasper’s response to 7 indicate a lack of interest in pursuing her career, and contends that this proffered reason 8 was a pretext for a racially motivated challenge. Traverse at 34-35. The evidence in the 9 record does not show, however, that, “even if this reason was mere pretext,” the prosecutor was “motivated in substantial part by discriminatory intent,” rather than Jasper’s attitudes 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 about the death penalty and opinions about the criminal justice system. Cook, 593 F.3d at 12 815, 821 (holding that race-neutral reasons to strike African-American prospective juror 13 were not pretextual, despite prosecutor’s reference to race where he was concerned that 14 the prospective juror saw himself as a victim of racial prejudice, which might translate into 15 sympathy for the African American defendants) (citations omitted). 16 17 18 4. K. Webster a. Demeanor To explain why he exercised a peremptory strike against K. Webster, the prosecutor 19 stated, “he obviously didn’t like me; he was very hostile and argumentative during the 20 course of the questioning by me.” RT 8944-45. Respondent concedes that the prosecutor 21 confused Webster with another prospective juror, K. Massey. Answer at 14 and n.6. 22 Sifuentes argues that the prosecutor’s transposition of juror information demonstrates that 23 he held racial stereotypes, but Sifuentes fails to demonstrate that this was more than an 24 honest mistake. Traverse at 38. See Aleman, 723 F.3d at 982. The state court’s 25 determination that the prosecutor was not motivated by discriminatory intent is not 26 unreasonable in light of the evidence in the record. Furthermore, the state court noted that 27 the record did not show that Webster was hostile or argumentative toward the prosecutor, 28 37 1 but denied relief on the ground that Webster clearly expressed reservations about the 2 death penalty which justified the peremptory challenge. Slip op. at 9-10. 3 4 b. Views About Death Penalty The prosecutor also stated that Webster indicated in both the questionnaire and 5 during voir dire that he hoped “some day it will be considered uncivilized,” and that he 6 would vote against the death penalty, having “read too many stories about people wrongly 7 convicted.” RT 8945. The evidence in the record supports the state court’s finding that 8 Webster stated that it was “reasonably unlikely” that he would vote for the death penalty for 9 the defendants who were non-shooters, and that although he had not eliminated the death penalty as an option, it would be “very difficult” to impose the death penalty for non- 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 shooters. RT 6285-95. The record also supports the state court’s finding that Webster 12 opined that the death penalty was “uncivilized” and hoped that society would progress 13 beyond it “some day.” RT 6279. The state court’s finding that the prosecutor was not 14 motivated by discriminatory intent in striking Webster for this reason is not clearly 15 unreasonable in light of the record. 16 17 c. Depression and Religion The prosecutor’s third reason for striking Webster was that he was treated for 18 depression in 1995, and that Webster believed his therapist helped him. RT 8945. The 19 prosecutor also mentioned that Webster was of the Baptist faith, but did not explain how 20 Webster’s religious affiliation affected his views on the death penalty or otherwise 21 disqualified him. RT 8945. The record indicates that Webster identified his religious 22 affiliation as Baptist, Supp. Ex. 3, Vol. 2, but the voir dire transcript does not reflect that the 23 prosecutor even asked Webster about his religious views or their influence on his views of 24 the death penalty. See RT 6288-96. Unlike the prosecutor’s mischaracterization of 25 Thompson and Gibson’s statements about their religious views, the prosecutor’s reference 26 to Webster’s Baptist affiliation was made in passing and without deliberate 27 mischaracterization or focused inquiry. While the prosecutor’s explanation for striking 28 Webster because of his depression and religious affiliation may not appear “even 38 1 plausible,” these reasons are not “inherently discriminatory” so as to warrant relief under 2 Batson. Rice, 546 U.S. at 338. 3 4 d. No Opportunity for Rebuttal Sifuentes argues that he was not afforded the opportunity to rebut the prosecutor’s 5 proffered reasons for striking Webster and other African-American prospective jurors, to 6 demonstrate that they were pretextual. Traverse at 42-47. Respondent concedes that the 7 trial court did not allow the defense attorneys to provide rebuttal argument during the first 8 Wheeler motion (challenging the dismissal of Jackson, Norman and Jasper), and the record 9 reflects that the trial court also denied defense counsel the opportunity to argue pretext after the second Wheeler motion was made and the prosecutor offered race-neutral 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 reasons to strike Webster and K. Massey. RT 8948. Respondent argues that the trial court 12 invited rebuttal argument for the third Wheeler motion (challenging the dismissal of 13 Thompson, Barnes, Scruggs and Gibson), after the prosecutor’s reasons for dismissing all 14 the prospective jurors had been disclosed. Answer at 21. The record demonstrates, 15 however, that the trial judge stated that he “already denied the motion twice,” and only 16 permitted defense counsel to make rebuttal argument with respect to the four prospective 17 jurors who were the subject of the third and final Wheeler motion: “the reasons for 18 Thompson, Barnes, Skruggs and Gibson.” RT 8977. 19 The state court held that the trial court erred in refusing to allow defense counsel to 20 rebut the prosecutor’s proffered reasons before ruling on the Batson/Wheeler motions. Slip 21 op. at 16. The state court also held that the error was harmless under the Chapman 22 standard because the record fully supported “the trial court’s findings that the prospective 23 African-American jurors were challenged for proper, race-neutral reasons.” Id. (citing 24 Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967)) and People v. Watson, 46 Cal. 2d 818, 836 25 (1956)). Sifuentes contends that the Chapman harmless error standard is also applicable 26 here on collateral review. Traverse at 46-47. 27 28 On habeas review, the court must consider whether the trial court’s error in refusing to permit rebuttal argument during Batson proceedings was prejudicial under the Brecht 39 1 harmless error standard, rather than the “harmless-beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard” 2 required of state courts on direct review under Chapman. See Ayala v. Wong, 730 F.3d 3 831, 851 (9th Cir. 2013) (finding prejudicial error where defense was excluded from the 4 Batson proceedings) (citing Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993); Kotteakos v. 5 United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776 (1946)), pet. for reh’g en banc filed Sept. 26, 2013. In 6 Ayala, the court of appeals held that “[b]ecause the defense was excluded from the Batson 7 proceedings, it could not bring necessary facts and arguments to the attention of the trial 8 judge, the institutional actor best positioned to evaluate the prosecution’s credibility and to 9 determine if its proffered reasons for striking the minority jurors were its actual and legitimate reasons.” 730 F.3d at 859. The court in Ayala also found that prejudice was 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 caused by defense counsel’s inability to preserve for the record, and possible appeal, 12 crucial facts bearing on the judge’s decision, particularly where the jury questionnaires 13 were lost, and the court of appeals was unable to perform a comparative juror analysis. Id. 14 at 852, 859. The court in Ayala thus concluded that the petitioner was prejudiced in his 15 ability to prevail on his Batson claim by the fact that his counsel was not present at the 16 Batson hearing. Id. at 859. 17 Here, the trial court’s error in denying rebuttal argument on defendants’ Batson 18 challenge did not result in “actual prejudice,” where the prosecutor stated a race-neutral 19 reason to strike Webster based on his anti-death penalty views, as demonstrated by his 20 questionnaire and voir dire responses. See Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637. Unlike Ayala, where 21 defense counsel was excluded from the Batson hearing, thereby depriving the petitioner of 22 “the opportunity to develop, present, and likely prevail on his Batson claim,” 730 F.3d at 23 851, Sifuentes was not altogether prevented from raising facts and arguments to the 24 attention of the trial judge, and was not prevented from preserving evidence and arguments 25 in the record. Furthermore, in light of the evidence of Webster’s views on the death 26 27 28 40 1 penalty, Sifuentes was not likely to prevail on his Batson challenge to striking Webster,4 2 and the trial court’s clear error in denying the opportunity to rebut was harmless. 3 4 5. K. Massey On July 22, 2002, outside the presence of prospective jurors, the court noted that not disclosed in his questionnaire. RT 4382. After two of the defense attorneys declined to 7 stipulate to Massey’s dismissal, Massey was questioned about the arrest record. Massey 8 denied that he was ever arrested, and clarified that the rap sheet belonged to his twin 9 brother. RT 4384-85. Massey denied knowledge of his brother’s arrest record, RT 4386, 10 and the prosecutor questioned him about knowing whether his brother was ever arrested. 11 For the Northern District of California the prosecutor provided a criminal history rap sheet on K. Massey, a history which he had 6 United States District Court 5 RT 4398-99. 12 13 a. Demeanor In explaining why he exercised a peremptory strike against K. Massey, the 14 prosecutor explained that Massey “‘was the one that obviously didn’t like me. He was 15 irritated at the questions I was asking, wasn’t answering them straight up, in my opinion.’” 16 Answer at 14 n.6 (quoting RT 8946).5 The state court found credible the prosecutor’s 17 reason for striking Massey because Massey was irritated by the prosecutor’s questions 18 about his twin brother. Slip op. at 10-11. In light of the voir dire transcript showing that the 19 prosecutor asked Massey to provide his social security and driver’s license numbers, and 20 asked further questions about Massey’s brother’s arrest record, the state court’s finding, 21 that the prosecutor’s reason for dismissing Massey because he was irritated by the 22 questions was race-neutral, is not clearly unreasonable. 23 24 25 26 27 28 4 Nor has Sifuentes demonstrated prejudicial error by the trial court in denying him the opportunity to rebut the prosecutor’s proffer of race-neutral reasons for striking the other jurors who were the subject of his first and second Wheeler motions. The court notes that the trial court permitted rebuttal argument with respect to Thompson and Gibson, who were the subject of the defendants’ third Wheeler motion. RT 8977. 5 Page 8946 is misplaced between pages 8951 and 8952 in the copy of the Reporter Transcript that was submitted by respondent. Supp. Ex. 2, Vol. 44. 41 1 b. Untruthfulness 2 The prosecutor also stated his opinion that Massey “was deceptive to this court and 3 did not reveal that he knew anything about brother’s arrests and claimed, very lamely, that 4 somehow this twin brother, he knew nothing about any of his arrests, and then he said at 5 some point, oh, yeah, there might have been some incident in Alameda. I think the man 6 lied to this court.” RT 8947. Sifuentes does not address this basis for striking Massey, and 7 does not argue that this reason was pretextual. Massey did not indicate in his 8 questionnaire that his twin brother was arrested, and denied knowledge of any arrests, 9 despite a four-page rap sheet. In light of the evidence in the record, it was reasonable for the state court to find that the prosecutor’s reason for striking Massey, because the 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 prosecutor believed that Massey had been deceptive about not disclosing his brother’s 12 arrests, was credible and not pretextual. Slip op. at 10-11. 13 14 c. Postal Worker The prosecutor also stated that he struck Massey because he was a postal worker 15 because “I’ve never liked postal workers on juries. They’re lazy.” RT 8947. Sifuentes 16 contends that this is a highly negative stereotype about postal workers and African- 17 American government workers. Traverse at 58. This argument does not warrant relief 18 under Batson. Although the prosecutor’s poor view of postal workers may not be 19 warranted, under clearly established federal law, “so long as the reason is not inherently 20 discriminatory, it suffices.” Rice, 546 U.S. at 338. 21 d. Nonresponsiveness 22 The prosecutor added his opinion that Massey “apparently didn’t seem to 23 understand any of the questions. Even in the best light, reading the questions and his 24 answers, his answers were just totally nonresponsive and did not in any way, shape or form 25 enlighten us in terms of what his true views about it were.” RT 8947. The prosecutor cited 26 the voir dire transcript to show that “in his questioning, he gave completely equivocal 27 answers on the death penalty.” RT 8947. The state court found that the prosecutor gave a 28 42 1 credible reason to strike Massey because he gave “nonresponsive and unenlightening 2 answers.” Slip op. at 11. seated jurors indicated confusion about the legal issues raised during voir dire, such as 5 Juror No. 3’s confusion about specific intent and Juror No. 4’s confusion about the felony- 6 murder rule. Traverse at 59.6 Sifuentes also identifies a white prospective juror, Jacobs, 7 whose questionnaire demonstrated that he was scarcely literate and that he was neutral 8 about the death penalty, yet the prosecutor did not exercise a peremptory strike against 9 him. Id. See RT 8951 (dismissing Jacobs pursuant to peremptory strike by Sifuentes). 10 The prosecutor expressed a specific concern about Massey’s nonresponsive answers in 11 For the Northern District of California To demonstrate that this reason was pretextual, Sifuentes argues that two of the 4 United States District Court 3 voir dire, by contrast to the seated jurors, who Sifuentes contends showed some confusion 12 about the legal issues, or the prospective juror who appeared illiterate. Sifuentes does not 13 contend that any of these jurors, or prospective juror, gave nonresponsive or 14 unenlightening answers comparable to Massey’s, and this comparison does not 15 demonstrate that Massey was treated differently because of race. The state court’s finding 16 that the prosecutor gave a credible reason for striking Massey because he gave 17 “nonresponsive and unenlightening answers,” is reasonable in light of the voir dire 18 transcript, which reflects that Massey did not give direct responses to the court’s 19 preliminary questions or many of the prosecutor’s questions, particularly about whether he 20 could vote for the death penalty with respect to the non-shooters. RT 4388-4408. 6. 21 a. 22 23 F. Barnes Demeanor and Experience With Police In striking F. Barnes, the prosecutor explained that Barnes was “extremely hostile 24 and unfriendly to me. It was clear he didn’t like me. He wouldn’t answer any of the 25 questions; he was very closed.” RT 8972. The prosecutor further explained, “ And it turns 26 27 28 6 Sifuentes previously identified Juror No. 4 as African-American, Traverse at 7, but includes her in his comparative juror analysis. Regardless of Juror No. 4's race, the prosecutor’s concern about Massey’s equivocal responses is distinguishable from the issues of confusion identified by Sifuentes. 43 1 out, we found out later why: he had bad experiences with the police. He gave short, snippy 2 answers. He’s the one who had the gun pointed at his head. Never smiled at me, but he 3 certainly smiled at Walt when Walt was questioning him. I made a note of that.” RT 8972. 4 Elaborating on his questionnaire response during voir dire, Barnes explained that he was 5 stopped by police in the 1970's because he matched the description of a suspect, and a 6 gun was pointed at his head. RT 6396-97 (“When someone puts a cold metal against your 7 head and pops the trigger because you fit a description of a store that was robbed in the 8 area, and you’re given no explanation other than that, good luck to you.”). Barnes admitted 9 it was “possible” that his feelings about how he was treated by police could have some 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 effect on sitting on this case, where a policeman was the victim. RT 6397. Although the state court did not make a specific finding as to whether Barnes was 12 unfriendly to the prosecutor, the state court’s finding that the prosecutor’s race-neutral 13 explanation was credible was not unreasonable in light of the record, particularly in light of 14 Barnes’s view of the criminal justice system. Rice, 546 U.S. at 341-42. The record of 15 Barnes’s voir dire supports the state court’s finding that “the fact that Barnes had a negative 16 experience with the police which prosecutor opined might be an issue in this case was a 17 valid concern.” Slip op. at 12. See RT 6396-97. 18 19 b. Views About the Death Penalty The prosecutor also noted that Barnes donated to the ACLU and Amnesty 20 International, groups that are opposed to the death penalty. RT 8972. As respondent 21 concedes, Barnes never explicitly stated that he had reservations about the death penalty, 22 Answer at 17, but the prosecutor noted that he couldn’t get Barnes to express his opinions 23 about capital punishment. RT 8972. See RT 6390 (“I don’t have a philosophy. I know it 24 exists.”). Sifuentes cites the questionnaire where Barnes indicated that he was “moderately 25 in favor” of the death penalty, and his voir dire responses indicate that “it would depend on 26 the case, on the situation.” Traverse at 62-63. Sifuentes also contends that the prosecutor 27 was badgering Barnes despite his open-minded statements about the death penalty. 28 Traverse at 64. However, the voir dire transcript also shows that Barnes was at times 44 1 argumentative and hostile when pressed on his views about the death penalty: “I thought I 2 answered that earlier when I said I thought there were times there [sic] would be 3 appropriate and it would be on a case-by-case basis. . . . I don’t have a list. I’ve never 4 been in a jury case of this magnitude or involved in this kind of thing before, so I really don’t 5 know.” RT 6393-94. Furthermore, Sifuentes acknowledges that the lawyers kept asking 6 Barnes to repeat himself because they were having trouble hearing him. Traverse at 64. 7 In light of the record, particularly Barnes’s hostile responses to the prosecutor’s questions 8 about his personal views on the death penalty, it was not unreasonable for the state court 9 to find credible the prosecutor’s concern that “the death penalty would not be an option” for 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 Barnes. RT 8974. As further grounds for dismissing Barnes, the prosecutor explained that Barnes had 12 previously filed for bankruptcy, which might indicate lack of responsibility. RT 8973. The 13 prosecutor also believed that there were better jurors directly after Barnes. RT 8974. 14 Sifutentes does not challenge these reasons as pretextual, and the state court’s finding, 15 that these were credible, race-neutral reasons for striking Barnes, is not unreasonable in 16 light of the evidence in the record. 17 18 19 7. K. Scruggs a. Single Mother The prosecutor dismissed K. Scruggs because she had a conviction for forgery, 20 which Sifuentes concedes would have been a legitimate reason to strike her, but for the 21 prosecutor’s subjective intent. Traverse at 60. The prosecutor gave two other reasons for 22 dismissing K. Scruggs, starting with the fact that she was “a single mother, never married, 23 with a seven-year-old daughter. She’s only 27 years old. I didn’t like that. To me, that 24 shows a lack of responsibility.” RT 8974. Sifuentes contends that the prosecutor 25 expressed a negative stereotype of African-American women, reflected also in his 26 explanation for dismissing A. Jaspar and R. Gibson. Sifuentes argues that this 27 stereotyping demonstrates that the prosecutor was actually motivated by considerations of 28 race. Traverse at 30-31, 60. The record demonstrates, however, that the prosecutor's 45 1 comment about Scruggs did not rely on a race-based presupposition, unlike Bishop, where 2 the Ninth Circuit held that the prosecutor used residence as a surrogate for “deeply 3 ingrained and pernicious” racial stereotypes where he excused a prospective juror from 4 Compton because he believed the struck juror was “likely to take the side of those who are 5 having a tough time, aren’t upper middle class, and probably believes that police in 6 Compton in South Central L.A. pick on black people.” United States v. Bishop, 959 F.2d 7 820, 822, 825 (9th Cir. 1992) (reversing conviction for Batson violation), overruled on other 8 grounds by United States v. Nevils, 598 F.3d 1158, 1167 (9th Cir. 2010) (en banc). 9 Here, the prosecutor did not mention race or draw on any racial stereotype. There is nothing in the record to suggest that the prosecutor's concern about single mothers was 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 tied to race or was motivated by discriminatory intent, and Sifuentes has not shown, nor 12 does he argue, that non-African-American single mothers were treated differently. In light 13 of the record, and given that “[t]here is no ‘discriminatory intent . . . inherent in the 14 prosecutor's explanation,’” the court finds none. Boyde v. Brown, 404 F.3d 1159, 1171, as 15 amended on reh’g, 421 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir. 2005) (holding that prosecutor’s use of 16 residence was race-neutral) (citing Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 767 (1995) (per curiam) 17 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted)). 18 19 b. Views About Death Penalty The prosecutor also believed that Scruggs “was not going to be able to consider the 20 death penalty for the non-shooters,” noting that “I kept pressing her and she kept dancing 21 around the question, never would answer that question directly.” RT 8975. During voir 22 dire, Scruggs stated that she could vote for the death penalty, see RT 5166, but when 23 asked whether the death penalty was a realistic option for her as to the non-shooting 24 defendants, she stated, “It could be an option, but it’s not necessarily something that I 25 would be able to place on someone that did not actually commit the shooting.” RT 5173. 26 The record also shows that Scruggs understood that this was a death penalty-eligible case 27 for the non-shooters: “Based on when we were doing the questionnaires, and the way that 28 it was stated in the questionnaire, that based on him even being part of the crime, makes 46 1 this eligible for the death penalty and I agree.” RT 5177. The state court found that the 2 prosecutor properly dismissed Scruggs because of her hesitation about imposing the death 3 penalty on a nonshooter. Slip op. at 13. 4 Sifuentes contends that the prosecutor was willing to accept other jurors who also 5 gave conflicting responses, particularly Alternate Juror No. 2, who explained, “if I feel the 6 death penalty is warranted by the action, I would vote for it. I’m not crazy about assigning 7 the death penalty for anybody. I don’t think that’s a great thing to be proud of doing. But if 8 it’s deserved, I would be willing to do that.” RT 5603. He also stated that he understood 9 the concept of the felony-murder rule, but “if they haven’t done the shooting, I’m not sure, to be honest with you.” RT 5606. Upon further questioning, Alternate Juror No. 2 stated that 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 he “didn’t realize that the law of [the] state of California indicated they would all be guilty,” 12 and stated that he would follow the law. RT 5607. Sifuentes does not point to any 13 statement by Alternate Juror No. 2 expressing unwillingness to vote for the death penalty 14 for the non-shooters, as Scruggs did. In light of the evidence in the record, the state court’s 15 determination that the prosecutor’s reasons for striking Scruggs were not pretextual was 16 not clearly unreasonable. 17 E. 18 Having found Batson violations with respect to two African-American jurors but not Batson Relief 19 with regard to the remaining seven, the court has considered whether the absence of 20 discriminatory motive as to the latter larger group, suggests an absence of such motive with 21 regard to the former. Aside from authority establishing that Batson relief is warranted 22 where the removal of just one juror was motivated by discriminatory intent, Ali, 584 F.3d at 23 1193, the court's decision rests on several other factors. 24 The court appreciates that jury selection is a dynamic, fast-paced process and that 25 mistakes are made and recollections are not always clear. The cold record on habeas 26 review can never accurately capture the body language, tone of voice, and attitudes 27 reflected by potential jurors under questioning, which inform the questions asked by the 28 lawyers and the court and their decisions regarding challenges. In this case many of the 47 1 responses given by the seven prospective jurors who have been found not to have been 2 challenged in violation of Batson, are similar to the responses given by the two whose 3 dismissals did violate Batson. The court has, however, endeavored to explain the 4 significance of the differences, subtle as they might be. Ultimately, the court is unable to 5 conclude that the prosecutor’s mischaracterizations of several of the responses and his 6 seemingly pretextual reasons proffered for the challenges of two of the jurors, were merely 7 the result of mistakes in his recollection or confusion about which juror to whom he was 8 referring. 9 First, it appears from the transcript of the Wheeler/Batson hearing, that the lawyers and the trial judge had a copy of the transcript of the voir dire, as the prosecutor referred to 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 some jurors’ responses by page number. While it is not clear whether the available 12 transcript was complete or partial, the availability of a transcript should have diminished, to 13 some extent, the likelihood of mischaracterization of a juror’s response. More significantly, 14 the petitioner’s prima facie case, built on statistical evidence, provides a powerful argument 15 that there was a discriminatory motive in striking 75% of the African-American prospective 16 jurors. Unfortunately, the trial court’s error in failing to permit rebuttal not only denied 17 defense counsel the opportunity to challenge the prosecutor’s race-neutral reasons before 18 making its step-three Batson decision, but may have also eliminated an opportunity for the 19 prosecutor to substantiate or rehabilitate his race-neutral reasons for exercising peremptory 20 strikes against those jurors. 21 Controlling circuit authority compels the result here, that the prosecutor was 22 motivated by discriminatory intent in striking Thompson and Gibson. In particular, the 23 prosecutor’s mischaracterization of Thompson and Gibson’s religious beliefs and their 24 views about the death penalty, is indicative of pretext. Ali, 584 F.3d at 1192. Just one 25 pretextual explanation “naturally gives rise to an inference of discriminatory intent,” id., and 26 even where other, potentially valid explanations are offered, “if a review of the record 27 undermines the prosecutor’s stated reasons, or many of the proffered reasons, the reasons 28 may be deemed a pretext for racial discrimination.” Kesser, 465 F.3d at 360. Further, by 48 1 accepting the prosecutor’s facially neutral explanations without considering comparative 2 evidence in the record, the state court unreasonably accepted his nonracial motives as 3 genuine. Ali, 584 F.3d at 1193. This unreasonable determination by the state court 4 warrants relief under Batson. 5 III. 6 Dismissal for Cause The operative petition claims that the trial court violated the equal protection clause 7 and the due process clause when it excused two African-American prospective jurors for 8 cause. Fourth Am. Pet., Claim Two. Sifuentes also argues that the prosecutor’s use of a 9 juror’s failure to disclose criminal history, as a basis for challenging the juror for cause, gives further support to his Batson claim. Traverse at 66. Although Sifuentes attempts to 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 incorporate his Batson argument that the prosecutor was motivated by discriminatory intent 12 into his claim that the trial court violated his constitutional rights, Sifuentes concedes that 13 respondent “correctly identifies Claim Two” as alleging that “the trial court violated 14 Petitioner’s Sixth Amendment right to trial by an impartial jury” by dismissing ten 15 prospective jurors, seven of whom were African-American, without questioning them about 16 their failure to disclose their prior arrests.7 Traverse at 65. Because the court has fully 17 considered the Batson challenge, which was raised in Claim One with respect to the 18 prosecutor’s peremptory strikes, the court limits its analysis of Claim Two to whether any 19 error by the trial court in dismissing jurors for cause violated Sifuentes’ rights to an impartial 20 jury, due process, and equal protection. 21 A. Rights to Impartial Jury and Due Process 1. 22 Legal Standard 23 A trial court may exclude for cause any prospective juror who will be unable to 24 render an impartial verdict based on the evidence. See Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 25 26 27 28 7 Respondent contends that 11 jurors were removed for cause, Answer at 25, but Sifuentes notes that he could only identify 10 jurors who were dismissed for cause, seven of whom were African-American. Respondent’s citations to the trial record identify only 10 potential jurors who were dismissed for cause. Answer at 25-26. Sifuentes concedes that the numerical discrepancy does not affect the legal analysis of his claim. Traverse at 65 n.9. 49 1 723-24 (1961). A prospective juror must be removed for cause if his views or beliefs would 2 prevent or substantially impair the performance of his duties as a juror in accordance with 3 his instructions and his oath. See Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 424 (1985). “Even if 4 only one juror is unduly biased or prejudiced, the defendant is denied his constitutional right 5 to an impartial jury.” Tinsley v. Borg, 895 F.2d 520, 523-34 (9th Cir. 1990) (internal 6 quotations omitted). The state court’s determination of juror partiality is entitled to a 7 presumption of correctness on federal habeas review. See Wainwright, 469 U.S. at 429. 8 See also Perez v. Marshall, 119 F.3d 1422, 1426 (9th Cir. 1997) (on habeas review, a trial 9 court’s findings regarding juror fitness are entitled to special deference). To disqualify a juror for cause requires a showing of either actual or implied bias, 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 “‘that is . . . bias in fact or bias conclusively presumed as a matter of law.’” United States v. 12 Gonzalez, 214 F.3d 1109, 1111-12 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting 47 Am. Jur. 2d Jury § 266 13 (1995)). While a juror’s intentionally concealing information “may shed light” on his 14 partiality, “it is an open question whether dishonesty is required before bias may be found.” 15 Fields v. Woodford, 309 F.3d 1095, 1105-06 (9th Cir.) (remanding for evidentiary hearing to 16 determine whether juror intentionally concealed information about his family member), 17 amended by 315 F.3d 1062 (9th Cir. 2002). 2. 18 19 Trial Court’s Failure to Conduct Voir Dire All prospective jurors were asked in the questionnaire whether “you, any family 20 member or close friend [have] ever been accused of, arrested for, charged with or 21 convicted of any crime? If yes, please explain.” RT 2283. Based on respondent’s citations 22 to the record, 14 potential jurors were identified as having been arrested for or convicted of 23 a crime that was not disclosed on the juror’s questionnaire.8 The trial court dismissed D. 24 Nethercott on its own motion because she had suffered a prior felony conviction, RT 7764- 25 26 27 28 8 Respondent represents that the trial court denied the defendants’ request for disclosure of the arrest records of all prospective jurors, but ordered the prosecutor to disclose any misdemeanor convictions or any arrests a potential juror suffered. Answer at 24 (citing RT 1353-54). That portion of the trial record is not in the habeas record before the court, but there appears to be no dispute as to how the potential jurors’ prior arrests and convictions were discovered and made part of the record in the trial court. 50 1 65, and denied the prosecutor’s challenges for cause as to three of those 14 prospective 2 jurors: Massey, who was mistaken for his twin brother, RT 4398-4409, and subsequently 3 dismissed on the prosecutor’s peremptory challenge; J. Quiroz, who was the subject of 4 mistaken identity, RT 8244-45, 8286-87; and G. Rosenberg, whose prior criminal 5 background was not disclosed to the defense, RT 4554-59. Of the remaining 10 jurors who 6 were dismissed on the prosecutor’s challenges for cause, Sifuentes identifies seven of 7 them as African-American: K. Nelson, RT 4589-91, 4647-48 2. E. Pecot (African-American), RT 5341-44 10 3. J. Cormier (African-American), RT 6626-27 11 For the Northern District of California 1. 9 United States District Court 8 4. E. Darby (African-American), RT 6901-02 12 5. R. Smith (African-American), RT 7781-83 13 6. J. Chappell (African-American), RT 7798 14 7. C. Wong, RT 7828-29 15 8. H. Bryant, RT 8443-44 16 9. V. Woll (African-American), RT 8577-78 17 10. D. Lee (African-American), RT 8621-22 18 Sifuentes contends that the trial court summarily granted the prosecutor’s challenges 19 for cause without conducting voir dire of the jurors in question, in violation of his Sixth 20 Amendment right to an impartial jury. However, Sifuentes cites no Supreme Court authority 21 granting habeas relief based on the trial court’s failure to conduct voir dire of jurors who 22 failed to disclose their criminal records during jury selection. See Bell v. Uribe, 729 F.3d 23 1052, 1061 (9th Cir. 2013) (reversing grant of habeas relief where petitioners failed to 24 identify any directly controlling Supreme Court precedent that contravened the state court’s 25 determination that removal of a juror, who conducted her own research and reviewed her 26 conclusions with the jury, did not violate Sixth Amendment right to impartial jury), pet. for 27 reh’g and reh’g en banc filed (Oct. 10, 2013). 28 51 1 The state court considered Sifuentes’s arguments that dismissing the prospective 2 jurors for cause without an investigative voir dire violated his rights to due process and an 3 impartial jury. Slip op. at 18-19. The state court held that concealment of prior criminal 4 charges or convictions constituted good cause for discharging a juror, but acknowledged 5 that the better practice would be for the trial court to afford the prospective jurors an 6 opportunity to confirm or rebut the information. Slip op. at 18-19. The state court further 7 held that any error in the trial court’s failure to conduct voir dire was harmless because a 8 defendant is not entitled to a jury composed of any particular jurors, but only a jury 9 composed of qualified and competent persons. Slip op. at 19 (citations omitted). Sifuentes contends that his Sixth Amendment rights were violated when the trial 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 court dismissed those jurors without questioning them, Traverse at 66, but cites no 12 controlling Supreme Court precedent requiring the trial court to inquire further where a juror 13 failed to disclose his or her criminal history in response to a questionnaire. Sifuentes does 14 not expressly raise a due process argument in these habeas proceedings to challenge the 15 dismissal for cause of the potential jurors who failed to disclose their criminal history, but 16 even if this claim were construed as a due process challenge, Sifuentes fails to 17 demonstrate that the trial error, if any, “had substantial and injurious effect or influence” in 18 order to warrant habeas relief. Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637-38. See United States v. Calhoun, 19 542 F.2d 1094, 1103 (9th Cir. 1976) (“A defendant is entitled to an array of impartial jurors 20 to whom he may direct his peremptory challenges but, having been provided with such a 21 panel, he suffers no prejudice if a juror, even without sufficient cause, is excused by the 22 court.”). 23 As clearly established by the Supreme Court, a defendant “is entitled to a fair trial 24 but not a perfect one.” McDonough Power Equip., Inc. v. Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548, 553 25 (1984) (citation omitted). In McDonough Power Equip., the Supreme Court recognized the 26 importance of truthful answers by prospective jurors to protect the right to an impartial jury: 27 “Demonstrated bias in the responses to questions on voir dire may result in a juror being 28 excused for cause; hints of bias not sufficient to warrant challenge for cause may assist 52 1 parties in exercising their peremptory challenges. The necessity of truthful answers by 2 prospective jurors if this process is to serve its purpose is obvious.” 464 U.S. at 554. 3 Furthermore, the Ninth Circuit has recognized that lying during jury selection proceedings 4 gives rise to an inference of implied juror bias. Dyer v. Calderon, 151 F.3d 970, 979 (9th 5 Cir. 1998). Cf. Sanders v. Lamarque, 357 F.3d 943, 949 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that trial 6 court’s dismissal of a lone holdout juror, for failing to disclose her experience with gangs 7 during voir, was objectively unreasonable where record demonstrated that juror provided 8 responsive and direct answers to questions posed to her, that she was forthcoming with 9 information during voir dire, and that there was no evidence that she intentionally or 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 unintentionally concealed information). Here, the state court’s determination that good cause existed for the removal of the 12 10 jurors at issue is supported by the evidence in the record that those jurors did not 13 disclose relevant facts about their criminal history in their questionnaires, and is not clearly 14 unreasonable. Furthermore, in the absence of controlling Supreme Court authority 15 requiring the trial court to question prospective jurors about their failure to disclose their 16 criminal history, the state court’s denial of Sifuentes’s Sixth Amendment and due process 17 claims is not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law. 18 B. 19 Sifuentes further contends that the prosecutor cited their failure to disclose criminal Equal Protection Challenge 20 records as a pretext for dismissing African-American jurors, arguing that some of the 21 challenges for cause “were borderline, at best,” and that some of the African-American 22 jurors were dismissed, without process, “for failing to disclose convictions that had been 23 mitigated or compromised in some way.” Traverse at 66-67. Although Sifuentes casts this 24 argument as further support for his Batson claim that the prosecutor was motivated by 25 discriminatory intent, the court construes this argument as an equal protection claim, as it 26 was raised in the operative petition, challenging the trial court’s decision to grant the 27 prosecutor’s challenges for cause. 28 53 1 1. Legal Standard 2 A claim of systematic exclusion of members of a particular ethnic group from a jury 3 selection process can make out a violation of equal protection. Castaneda v. Partida, 430 4 U.S. 482, 494 (1977) (affirming grant of habeas relief for purposeful discrimination in grand 5 jury selection). See United States v. Mitchell, 502 F.3d 931, 952 (9th Cir. 2007) 6 (recognizing that a defendant can establish a violation of his equal protection rights if he 7 can show purposeful racial discrimination by the district court in striking jurors for cause) 8 (citing Alexander v. Louisiana, 405 U.S. 625, 626 n.3 (1972) (noting that principles 9 prohibiting exclusion from jury service on account of race “are essentially the same for 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 grand juries and for petit juries”)). To establish a prima facie equal protection claim, a petitioner must (1) establish that 12 the group is a “recognizable, distinct class, singled out for different treatment under the 13 laws, as written or as applied”; (2) prove the degree of underrepresentation; and 14 (3) discriminatory intent. United States v. Esquivel, 88 F.3d 722, 725 (9th Cir. 1996) 15 (quoting Castaneda, 430 U.S. at 494). “The third step, discriminatory intent, may be 16 established by showing that a selection procedure ‘is susceptible of abuse or is not racially 17 neutral,’ thus supporting the presumption of discrimination raised by the statistical showing 18 under step two.” Id. (quoting Castaneda, 430 U.S. at 494). To establish an equal rights 19 violation, a purpose to discriminate “‘may be proven by systematic exclusion of eligible 20 jurymen of the proscribed race or by unequal application of the law to such an extent as to 21 show intentional discrimination.’” Mitchell, 502 F.3d at 952 (quoting Akins v. Texas, 325 22 U.S. 398, 403-04 (1945)). 23 “Once the defendant has shown substantial underrepresentation of his group, he 24 has made out a prima facie case of discriminatory purpose, and the burden then shifts to 25 the State to rebut that case.” Castaneda, 430 U.S. at 495. The government may rebut a 26 prima facie equal protection violation by showing “‘that permissible racially neutral selection 27 criteria and procedures have produced the monochromatic result.’” See Castaneda, 430 28 U.S. at 495-496; Esquivel, 88 F.3d at 727 (most crucial factor is discriminatory intent, and 54 1 Hispanics, although recognized as distinct class, were not shown to be singled out for 2 different treatment under the laws). 3 4 2. Lack of Discriminatory Intent The state court denied Sifuentes’s claim that the trial court violated the right to equal 5 protection in jury selection, citing authority recognizing a criminal defendant’s Sixth 6 Amendment right to a jury drawn from a representative cross-section of the community. 7 Slip op. at 19 (citing People v. Howard, 1 Cal. 4th 1132, 1159 (1992) (holding that the 8 defendant failed to show systematic exclusion to establish a prima facie violation of the fair 9 cross-section requirement under Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357, 358-367 (1979)). In Duren, 439 U.S. at 364, the Supreme Court established a three-prong test for a defendant 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 to establish a prima facie violation of the Sixth Amendment fair cross-section requirement: 12 (1) that the group alleged to be excluded is a “distinctive” group in the community; (2) that 13 the representation of this group in venires from which juries are selected is not fair and 14 reasonable in relation to the number of such persons in the community; and (3) that this 15 underrepresentation is due to systematic exclusion of the group in the jury selection 16 process. In contrast to an equal protection challenge, “a prima facie case for establishing a 17 Sixth Amendment, fair cross-section violation does not require the appellant to prove 18 discriminatory intent or require that the appellant be a member of the distinct, excluded 19 group.” Esquivel, 88 F.3d at 725. The Ninth Circuit has recognized, however, that the 20 analytical framework for establishing a prima facie equal protection challenge “is somewhat 21 similar to a Sixth Amendment fair cross-section challenge.” Mitchell, 502 F.3d at 952. 22 Here, the state court held that Sifuentes failed to show systematic discrimination 23 against African-American jurors, finding that the trial court applied a race-neutral criterion 24 for dismissing the jurors for cause. Slip op. at 19. Sifuentes does not dispute the state 25 court’s finding that the trial court stated prior to voir dire that it would grant the prosecutor’s 26 challenges for cause as to jurors who concealed their criminal backgrounds. Slip op. at 19. 27 The state court also held that Sifuentes failed to show that African-American jurors were 28 treated differently than non-African-American jurors for failing to reveal their criminal 55 1 backgrounds, and noted that the prosecutor challenged four non-African-American jurors 2 for the same reason. Slip op. at 19. 3 The state court did not make a specific finding that discriminatory intent was lacking. 4 To the extent that the state court determined that there was no systematic exclusion of 5 African-American jurors, and there is no other basis in the record for demonstrating 6 discriminatory intent, the state court’s decision is reasonable in light of the record.9 There 7 is no evidence that indicates that the trial court’s jury selection criteria, in dismissing for 8 cause jurors who failed to disclose their criminal history, was susceptible of abuse or was 9 not racially neutral. See Casteneda, 430 U.S. at 494 (“a selection procedure that is susceptible of abuse or is not racially neutral supports the presumption of discrimination 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 raised by the statistical showing”); Mitchell, 502 F.3d at 952-53 (defendant failed to 12 establish a prima facie case of equal protection violation because he did not explain “how 13 the venire-selection process was susceptible to abuse”). In light of the record, the state 14 court’s determination, that the dismissal for cause of African-American jurors for failure to 15 disclose criminal backgrounds did not violate Sifuentes’s right to equal protection, is not 16 clearly unreasonable. 17 18 CONCLUSION For the reasons set forth above, Sifuentes’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus is 19 CONDITIONALLY GRANTED. Accordingly, Sifuentes’s judgment and conviction are 20 VACATED, and respondent shall release Sifuentes from custody unless the state 21 commences proceedings to retry him within 120 days of the date of entry of judgment on 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 9 Sifuentes does not raise any argument that the state court erroneously or incorrectly applied the Duren test, rather than the Castaneda test, in denying his equal protection claim, but even if the state court’s “use of the wrong legal rule or framework” constitutes error under the “contrary to” prong of § 2254(d)(1), the state court’s decision would not be entitled to deference and the court would proceed to consider the equal protection claim de novo. Frantz v. Hazey, 533 F.3d 724, 734-35 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc); Runningeagle v. Ryan, 686 F.3d 758, 785 (9th Cir. 2012), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 2766 (2013). Even under de novo review, Sifuentes fails to show that the trial court’s dismissal of jurors for cause either was susceptible to abuse or was not racially neutral, and fails to establish a prima facie case of equal protection violation under Casteneda, 430 U.S. at 494. 56 1 this order. This order fully adjudicates the petition and terminates all pending motions. The 2 clerk shall close the file. 3 The clerk is directed to send an informational copy of this order to the district 4 attorney of Alameda County, in addition to the usual service on counsel of record via e- 5 filing. 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. 7 8 Dated: December 3, 2013 9 PHYLLIS J. HAMILTON United States District Judge 11 For the Northern District of California United States District Court 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 57

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