Heldt v. Tata Consultancy Services, Ltd
Filing
70
ORDER by Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers denying 47 Motion to Strike ; denying 50 Motion to Dismiss. Amended Complaint filed by 9/28/2015. (fs, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 9/18/2015)
1
2
3
4
5
6
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
7
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
8
9
STEVEN HELDT, BRIAN BUCHANAN,
and CHRISTOPHER SLAIGHT,
Plaintiffs,
10
United States District Court
Northern District of California
11
Case No. 15-cv-1696-YGR
v.
12
TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES, LTD.,
13
Defendant.
ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO
DISMISS FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT AND
MOTION TO STRIKE FIRST AMENDED
COMPLAINT
Re: Dkt. Nos. 47, 50
14
Plaintiffs Steven Heldt, Brian Buchanan, and Christopher Slaight (collectively,
15
16
17
“plaintiffs”) bring this putative class action against defendant Tata Consultancy Services, Ltd.
(“defendant” or “TCS”) for discrimination in employment practices. Plaintiffs bring causes of
action in the first amended complaint (Dkt. No. 39, “FAC”) for disparate treatment under Title VII
18
of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. section 2000e, et seq., and the Civil Rights Act of 1866,
19
42 U.S.C. section 1981.
20
21
Pending before the Court are defendant’s motion to dismiss the FAC in part pursuant to
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(1) (Dkt. No. 50, “MTD”) and defendant’s
22
motion to strike allegations in the FAC pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f) (Dkt.
23
No. 47, “MTS”). Having carefully considered the papers submitted and the pleadings in this
24
action, a hearing on the motions held September 15, 2015, and for the reasons set forth below, the
25
26
Court hereby DENIES defendant’s motions.
Although the Court denies defendant’s motions, for the reasons stated on the record at the
27
September 15, 2015 hearing, the Court has concerns about remaining ambiguities in the FAC.
28
1
Given plaintiffs’ counsel’s inability to articulate persons included in the proposed class,
2
compounded with conflicting and ambiguously defined terms in the FAC, the Court ORDERS
3
plaintiffs to file an amended complaint. Plaintiffs shall file an amended complaint, and defendant
4
shall file a responsive pleading thereto, as described in Section V, infra.
I.
6
TCS is a foreign company headquartered in Mumbai, India, with 19 offices and
7
approximately 14,000 employees in the United States. (FAC ¶ 13.) TCS provides information
8
technology (“IT”) consulting and outsourcing services to companies worldwide, including in the
9
United States. (Id. ¶ 20.) Plaintiffs Buchanan, Heldt, and Slaight allege that TCS discriminated
10
against them in their hiring, employment, and/or termination practices based on race and national
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
5
origin. (Id.¶ 1.) Specifically, plaintiffs claim that TCS has a pattern and practice of intentional
12
discrimination in its United States workforce whereby they treat persons of South Asian descent,
13
South Asian race, and South Asian national origin,1 more favorably than those who are not South
14
Asian, including plaintiffs. (See id.) Plaintiffs allege that, as a result of TCS’s discrimination, its
15
United States workforce consists of approximately 95% persons of South Asian descent, race,
16
and/or national origin, compared to 1-2% of the United States population. (Id. ¶ 1.)
17
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
With respect to plaintiff Buchanan, Southern California Edison (“SCE”) employed him as
18
an IT professional from 1986 until February 2015. SCE informed plaintiff Buchanan in July 2014
19
that he and approximately 400 coworkers would be terminated and replaced by TCS employees.
20
(Id. ¶ 35.) Plaintiff Buchanan agreed to remain in his position with SCE until early 2015 to train
21
the incoming TCS employees. (Id.) Plaintiff Buchanan was discharged in February 2015 when
22
TCS assumed primary responsibility for SCE’s IT needs, including plaintiff’s former position.
23
(Id. ¶ 42.) In the interim, plaintiff Buchanan attended a job fair organized by SCE for its
24
employees awaiting termination, at which he met with a TCS hiring manager to express his
25
interest in a position with TCS at SCE or otherwise. (Id. ¶ 39.) TCS made no further hiring
26
27
28
1
Plaintiffs define these terms, collectively, as including “individuals of Indian,
Bangladeshi, and Nepali ancestry, ethnicity, and/or birth.” (FAC ¶ 1 at n. 1.)
2
1
contact with plaintiff Buchanan despite his extensive qualifications and relevant experience. (Id.)
2
TCS hired only five of the twenty-eight members of plaintiff Buchanan’s team at SCE, three of
3
whom were South Asian. (Id. ¶ 40.) Plaintiff alleges that TCS replaced him and the remaining
4
members of his team with South Asian persons who had less experience and were not as qualified
5
as plaintiff. (Id. ¶ 40-41.)
6
With respect to plaintiff Heldt, TCS hired him in June 2012 to service its client Kaiser
7
Permanente as IT Project Manager for an IT governance risk and compliance system named
8
Archer. (Id. ¶ 44, n. 5.) Within one week, TCS removed plaintiff Heldt from this position and
9
assigned him to the generic position of IT Project Manager with the same client Kaiser
Permanente. (Id. ¶ 45.) Plaintiff alleges that this role involved less important responsibilities than
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
his original position and was not commensurate with his advanced IT experience and skills. (Id.)
12
Beginning in October 2012, TCS did not assign plaintiff Heldt any client work, but continued to
13
employ him. (Id. ¶¶ 46-50.) TCS “benched” plaintiff Heldt in this manner twice more throughout
14
his employment, and during each period, plaintiff Heldt continued to apply for various positions
15
within TCS. (Id. ¶¶ 52-60.) Plaintiff Heldt alleges that none of the subsequent positions to which
16
he was assigned by TCS were commensurate with his advanced skills and experience, and that he
17
was denied substantive work at several points. (Id.) Ultimately, TCS terminated plaintiff Heldt in
18
March 2014, citing plaintiff’s time on the “bench,” and his unwillingness to move out of state,
19
which plaintiff Heldt disputes. (Id. ¶ 60.) Plaintiff Heldt alleges that TCS knowingly and
20
intentionally favored persons of South Asian race and national origin, and disfavored those who
21
were not, in its employment decisions with respect to himself throughout his employment, and all
22
others similarly situated. (Id. ¶¶ 79, 84.)
23
With respect to plaintiff Slaight, TCS hired him as a software engineer in April 2012 for an
24
assignment at TCS’s client AXA beginning in October 2012. (Id. ¶¶ 62-64.) Plaintiff alleges that
25
TCS did not provide him any on-site training at AXA and failed to assign him any substantive
26
work for six months, while his South Asian colleagues regularly received substantive work. (Id. ¶
27
64.) Similar to plaintiff Heldt, TCS placed plaintiff Slaight on the “bench” beginning in March
28
2013. (Id. ¶ 65.) Plaintiff Slaight actively pursued new placements with TCS until he was
3
1
terminated less than a month later, in April 2013. (Id. ¶¶ 65-66.) Plaintiff Slaight alleges that
2
TCS knowingly and intentionally favored persons of South Asian race and national origin, and
3
disfavored those who were not, in its employment decisions with respect to himself throughout his
4
employment, and all others similarly situated. (Id. ¶ 84.)
5
Plaintiffs bring two causes of action in the FAC: (1) disparate treatment in violation of
6
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. section 2000e, et seq., (“Title VII”) as to
7
plaintiff Heldt and all others similarly situated; and (2) disparate treatment in violation of the Civil
8
Rights Act of 1866, 42 U.S.C. section 1981 (“Section 1981”) as to plaintiffs Buchanan, Heldt, and
9
Slaight and all others similarly situated. Plaintiffs allege that TCS achieves its discriminatory goal
of maintaining a workforce of primarily persons of South Asian descent, race, and/or national
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
origin by employing at least three methods of discrimination: (a) using the visa process to sponsor
12
a high number of South Asian workers with H-1B, L-1, and B-1 visas; (b) hiring a
13
disproportionate number of South Asian workers who reside in the United States with a
14
discriminatory preference; and (c) discriminating against its non-South Asian employees in
15
employment decisions, including in placement, promotion, demotion, and termination decisions.
16
(Id. ¶¶ 26-30.)
17
TCS now moves to dismiss the FAC under Rule 12(b)(6) on the ground that its use of the
18
visa programs authorized by the laws of the United States cannot be a basis for relief under Title
19
VII or Section 1981 because the lawful issuance of visas establishes as a matter of law that TCS
20
recruits foreign workers in a non-discriminatory manner. Next, TCS asserts that the Court should
21
dismiss the FAC under Rule 12(b)(1) in part for two reasons. First, TCS contends that the Court
22
does not have subject matter jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ claims insofar as plaintiffs allege that
23
TCS misused the visa programs because plaintiffs have not exhausted administrative remedies
24
with the Departments of Justice and Labor. Second, TCS argues that Count I should be dismissed
25
to the extent it is based on discrimination in hiring practices for the reason that plaintiff Heldt –
26
the only plaintiff named in Count I – does not have standing to bring a claim for failure to hire.
27
28
4
1
Finally, TCS also moves to strike two categories2 of allegations in the FAC as impertinent
2
and immaterial: (i) statistical data comparing the demographics of TCS workers to the
3
demographics of the entire United States; and (ii) the class period for plaintiff Heldt’s Title VII
4
claim. The Court addresses each motion in turn.
5
II.
A. Legal Standard
6
7
MOTION TO DISMISS UNDER FEDERAL RULE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 12(b)(6)
A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the claims alleged in
8
the complaint. Ileto v. Glock, Inc., 349 F.3d 1191, 1199-1200 (9th Cir. 2003). “Dismissal can be
9
based on the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a
cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990).
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
All allegations of material fact are taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to the
12
plaintiff. Johnson v. Lucent Techs., Inc., 653 F.3d 1000, 1010 (9th Cir. 2011). To survive a
13
motion to dismiss, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a
14
claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting
15
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 557 (2007)). For purposes of evaluating a motion to
16
dismiss, the Court "must presume all factual allegations of the complaint to be true and draw all
17
reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party." Usher v. City of Los Angeles, 828 F.2d
18
556, 561 (9th Cir. 1987). Any existing ambiguities must be resolved in favor of the pleadings.
19
Walling v. Beverly Enters., 476 F.2d 393, 396 (9th Cir. 1973).
B. Analysis
20
21
TCS argues that plaintiffs fail to state claims under both Title VII and Section 1981 to the
22
extent plaintiffs base those claims on TCS’s alleged use of the visa programs to recruit foreign
23
workers to achieve its goal of discrimination against persons who are not South Asian. TCS
24
contends that this basis for plaintiffs’ claims is “self-defeating” because TCS’s use of the visa
25
program establishes that its recruitment is non-discriminatory. (MTD at 6:6-7.) TCS relies on H-
26
27
28
2
TCS also moves, in the alternative, to strike allegations relevant to the claims it
separately moves against in its motion to dismiss. (MTS at 1.)
5
1
1B visa program regulations to conclude that it does not discriminate because for a non-immigrant
2
worker to obtain a visa, “a showing must be made that the potential visa holder will not displace
3
an American worker.” (MTD at 5:16-18.) This suggestion is tenuous at best.3 For purposes of a
4
motion to dismiss, the complaint cabins the allegations. TCS’s attempt to recast the FAC as a bald
5
attack on its business model is the result of a skewed reading of the FAC. TCS’s argument that its
6
use of the visa programs must be non-discriminatory by definition and plaintiffs can never show
7
that the named plaintiffs (or any class members) were discriminated against as a result of TCS’s
8
use of the visa programs is also misplaced. See Koehler, et al. v. Infosys Technologies Ltd., Inc.,
9
et al., — F.Supp. 3d — , 2015 WL 2168886, at *7 (E.D. Wisc. May 8, 2015) (rejecting the
defendants’ argument that plaintiffs cannot invoke Title VII or Section 1981 to challenge their visa
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
practices). For purposes of the motion, the FAC has sufficient allegations of discriminatory
12
conduct to put TCS on notice of the basis for the claim.
13
Next, TCS argues that the attestations made for the H-1B visas preclude plaintiffs from
14
ever making the required showing that the named plaintiffs (or putative class members) are
15
similarly situated to the visa holders it allegedly favors in hiring and employment practices. See
16
Chuang v. University of Cal. Davis Bd. of Trustees, 225 F.3d 1115, 1123 (9th Cir. 2000) (a prima
17
facie case of discrimination under McDonnell Douglas includes a showing that “similarly situated
18
individuals outside of [the plaintiff’s] protected class were treated more favorably.”) In other
19
words, TCS argues that the visa application process prevents visa holders from being similarly
20
situated to plaintiffs, i.e. comparators, as required to make a prima facie showing of discrimination
21
under Title VII and Section 1981. See id.
22
In opposition, plaintiffs argue that TCS’s argument is inapposite because plaintiffs are not
23
pursuing its claims under the McDonnell Douglas framework under which comparators would be
24
necessary. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973) (establishing the
25
framework under which a plaintiff must initially establish a prima facie case of employment
26
3
27
28
The argument is also premature and not appropriately addressed on a Rule 12 motion.
For the reasons discussed, infra, the Court finds the FAC contains sufficient allegations of
discrimination.
6
discrimination). The Court agrees. Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit precedent indisputably hold
2
that the McDonnell Douglas framework is not the exclusive avenue to establish a prima facie case
3
of employment discrimination. Gross statistical disparities4 or direct evidence of discrimination
4
can each alone be sufficient to make a prima facie showing. See Piva v. Xerox Corp., 654 F.2d
5
591, 596 (9th Cir. 1981) (citing Hazelwood School District v. United States, 433 U.S. 299, 307-08
6
(1977)) (“Gross statistical disparities between the composition of an employer’s work force and
7
the composition of an employer's work force and the composition of the general population in a
8
proper case may constitute, by themselves, prima facie proof of a pattern or practice of
9
discrimination.”); Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 511 (2002) (“the McDonnell
10
Douglas framework does not apply where, for example, a plaintiff is able to produce direct
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
1
evidence of discrimination”). Therefore, plaintiffs need not allege that comparators exist to state
12
claims under Title VII or Section 1981.
13
Accordingly, TCS’s motion to dismiss the FAC in part under Rule 12(b)(6) is DENIED.
14
III.
A. Legal Standard
15
16
MOTION TO DISMISS UNDER FEDERAL RULE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 12(b)(1)
A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) is a challenge to the court's subject matter
17
jurisdiction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction,” and
18
it is “presumed that a cause lies outside this limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins.
19
of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). The party invoking the jurisdiction of the federal court bears
20
the burden of establishing that the court has the requisite subject matter jurisdiction to grant the
21
relief requested. Id. A challenge pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) may be facial or factual. See White v.
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
4
TCS concedes in reply that gross statistical disparities may be sufficient to make a prima
facie showing of discrimination in certain cases, but argues that this is not the proper case.
Notably, TCS cites only cases decided on summary judgment, not a Rule 12 motion, to support its
argument. (MTD Reply at 7-8.) Indeed, this argument concerns a burden of proof – not a
pleading standard – and is therefore premature. See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506,
511 (2002) (“an employment discrimination plaintiff need not plead a prima facie case of
discrimination” to survive a Rule 12 motion); Maduka v. Sunrise Hospital, et al., 375 F.3d 909,
912-13 (2004) (same); see also Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1201, 1213-16 (9th Cir. 2011)
(Swierkiewicz is still good law after the more demanding standards announced in Twombly and
Iqbal.)
7
1
Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1242 (9th Cir.2000). In a facial attack, the jurisdictional challenge is
2
confined to the allegations pled in the complaint. See Wolfe v. Strankman, 392 F.3d 358, 362 (9th
3
Cir. 2004). The challenger asserts that the allegations in the complaint are insufficient “on their
4
face” to invoke federal jurisdiction. See Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th
5
Cir.2004). To resolve this challenge, the court assumes that the allegations in the complaint are
6
true and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the party opposing dismissal. See Wolfe, 392
7
F.3d at 362.
B. Analysis
8
TCS moves to dismiss in part under Rule 12(b)(1) on two grounds: (i) the Court does not
10
have subject matter jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ claims related to TCS’s use of the visa programs;
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
9
and (ii) the claim under Title VII (Count I) should be dismissed to the extent it is based on
12
discrimination in hiring practices because plaintiff Heldt does not have standing to bring a claim
13
for failure to hire. The Court considers TCS’s arguments in turn.
1. The Administrative Remedies TCS Cites Are Inapplicable
14
15
TCS moves to dismiss plaintiffs’ claims to the extent they allege that TCS has misused the
16
visa program, arguing that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear these claims.
17
Specifically, TCS contends that plaintiffs must first exhaust administrative remedies with the
18
Departments of Justice and Labor in order to have this Court adjudicate claims of misuse of the
19
visa program. See Biran v. JP Morgan Chase & Co., 2002 WL 31040345 (S.D. N.Y. Sept. 12,
20
2012) (holding plaintiff required to exhaust administrative remedies before filing suit for
21
employer’s overuse of visa program). In opposition, plaintiffs argue that TCS misconstrued their
22
allegations, and that they do not allege that TCS has misused the visa program.5
23
In light of plaintiffs’ affirmative denial that TCS misused the visa program, TCS
24
acknowledges that their argument may be moot, but then summarily states that “jurisdiction over
25
5
26
27
28
While the FAC does not directly allege that TCS misuses the visa process, it does contain
an allegation that TCS is “currently being investigated by the federal government for visa abuse.”
(FAC ¶ 26.) Plaintiffs now disavow any attempt to base their claims on misuse of the visa
program. To clarify their position, plaintiffs shall make clear in their amended complaint that they
do not allege any misuse or abuse of the visa program. See Section V, infra.
8
1
the proper use of the visa program would also be lacking.” (Dkt. No. 65, “MTD Reply” at 9, n. 8.)
2
TCS provides no authority for the proposition that plaintiffs’ allegations regarding TCS’s use of
3
the visa process to achieve its discriminatory goals effectively deprives this Court of subject
4
matter jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ Title VII and Section 1981 claims otherwise properly before the
5
Court. In fact, TCS only cites cases addressing subject matter jurisdiction where plaintiffs’ claims
6
are based on the misuse of the visa process. See, e.g., Biran, 2002 WL 31040345 (finding the
7
court lacked subject matter jurisdiction where plaintiff alleged violations of the Immigration and
8
Nationality Act). Plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss for the visa allegations for lack of subject matter
9
jurisdiction is DENIED.
10
United States District Court
Northern District of California
11
2. Plaintiff Heldt Has Article III Standing To Bring Title VII Claim
TCS contends that, because TCS hired plaintiff Heldt, he does not have standing to bring a
12
failure to hire claim. Plaintiff Heldt is the only named plaintiff asserting a claim under Title VII,
13
and so TCS argues that the Title VII claim must be dismissed to the extent plaintiff Heldt
14
challenges TCS’s allegedly discriminatory hiring practices. TCS is correct that a named plaintiff’s
15
individual standing is a threshold issue. See Lierboe v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 350 F.3d
16
1018, 1022 (9th Cir. 2003). In that regard, it is undisputed that plaintiff Heldt has standing to
17
pursue claims under Title VII for adverse employment actions, including his termination. (Dkt.
18
No. 59, “MTD Oppo.” at 16-17; MTD Reply at 12:4-5.) Plaintiff Heldt alleges injury in fact with
19
respect to several adverse employment actions and that the injury is causally connected to TCS.
20
Nothing more is required to maintain his cause of action for discrimination against TCS under
21
Title VII at this juncture. See In re VeriSign, Inc., 2005 WL 88969, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 13,
22
2005) (“In the class action context, Article III standing simply requires that the class
23
representatives satisfy standing individually.); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 547 F.2d 466, 469-70 (9th
24
Cir. 1976) (holding that the plaintiff had standing to bring a claim under Title VII to redress racial
25
and ethnic discrimination, and declining to address whether the plaintiff was an adequate class
26
representative under Rule 23).
27
28
TCS’s argument conflates the standing requirements for plaintiff Heldt to bring a claim
under Title VII with his ability to represent a class of persons not hired by TCS. Once standing is
9
1
established, “[w]hether the class representatives may then represent the claims of the class is a
2
separate inquiry.” In re Verisign, 2005 WL 88969 at *5. TCS puts its cart before the horse in an
3
attempt to have the Court disqualify plaintiff Heldt as a class representative for certain claims at
4
the pleading stage. The Court declines. Regardless of whether plaintiff Heldt may be a suitable
5
representative of a class of persons who were not hired by TCS, the parties agree he has standing
6
to bring a Title VII claim. This alone is dispositive of TCS’s motion under Rule 12(b)(1). TCS’s
7
motion to dismiss on this ground is DENIED.
8
9
10
IV.
MOTION TO STRIKE
A. Legal Standard
Motions to strike are not favored and “should not be granted unless it is clear that the
United States District Court
Northern District of California
11
matter to be stricken could have no possible bearing on the subject matter of the litigation.”
12
Colaprico v. Sun Microsystem, Inc., 758 F.Supp. 1335, 1339 (N.D.Cal. 1991). When a court
13
considers a motion to strike, it “must view the pleading in a light most favorable to the pleading
14
party.” In re 2TheMart.com, Inc. Sec Lit., 114 F Supp.2d 955, 965 (C.D.Cal. 2000). A court may
15
only strike portions of a complaint in four limited circumstances, namely where it finds the
16
pleading to contain “redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
17
12(f). A matter is “immaterial” where it is “has no bearing on the controversy before the Court.”
18
In re 2TheMart.com, 114 F.Supp.2d at 965. Allegations have been found “impertinent” where
19
they are “not responsive or irrelevant to the issues that arise in the action and which are
20
inadmissible as evidence.” Id. A court must deny the motion to strike if there is any doubt
21
whether the allegations in the pleadings might be relevant in the action. Id. Where the moving
22
party cannot demonstrate the material will prejudice a party, “courts frequently deny motions to
23
strike even though the offending matter literally was within one or more of the categories set forth
24
in Rule 12(f).” New York City Employees’ Retirement System v. Barry, 667 F.Supp.2d 1121, 1128
25
(N.D. Cal. 2009) (internal quotations omitted).
26
27
28
B. Analysis
TCS requests that the Court strike portions of the FAC related to statistical data comparing
the demographics of TCS workers to the demographics of the entire United States as well as the
10
1
class period for the Title VII claim.6 Even a cursory review of TCS’s arguments, however, shows
2
they are nothing more than substantive attacks on plaintiffs’ allegations not appropriate for
3
resolution on a motion to strike under Rule 12(f). Indeed, TCS does not assert anywhere in their
4
papers that the class period allegations are “redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous” as
5
required by Rule 12(f), and their motion on that ground is therefore DENIED.7
6
With respect to the statistical data, TCS contends that it is immaterial and impertinent8
because it “has no relationship to the claims pled.” (MTS at 3:8-9.) However, it is quite obvious,
8
as discussed above, that such statistical data may be relevant to describe, at a minimum, the
9
defendant’s practices. Whether it ultimately may “constitute, by [itself], prima facie proof of a
10
pattern and practice of discrimination” is not before the Court. See Piva, 654 F.2d at 596. Rule
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
7
12(f) is not the proper vehicle to rid a complaint of allegations the defendant admits plaintiffs may
12
“utilize…at some point in this case.” (MTS Reply at 4:4-5.) TCS’s motion on this ground is
13
likewise DENIED.
14
V.
15
Defendant’s motion to dismiss the FAC in part and defendant’s motion to strike portions of
16
17
18
CONCLUSION
the FAC are DENIED.
Plaintiffs are directed to file an amended complaint no later than September 28, 2015,
which must clarify the following:
19
6
20
21
22
23
Additionally, TCS moves to strike the allegations relating the claims it separately moved
to dismiss, incorporating by reference its arguments in the motion to dismiss, “to the extent such
arguments are more appropriately viewed under Rule 12(f).” (MTS at 1:15-21.) In reply, TCS
recognizes plaintiffs’ position that the incorporated arguments are inappropriate for resolution on a
motion to strike. (Dkt. No. 67, “MTS Reply” at n. 1.) For the reasons set forth in Sections II and
III, supra, these arguments fail under Rule 12(b). The Court declines to address them under the
more stringent framework of Rule 12(f).
7
24
25
26
27
28
The Court acknowledges that TCS places its discussion of the class period allegations
under a heading in its motion to strike, and reply in support, entitled “Plaintiffs’ Irrelevant And/or
Impertinent Allegations.” (MTS at 3; MTS Reply at 2.) This summary statement, without more,
is insufficient to carry TCS’s burden under Rule 12(f).
8
In reply, TCS further contends that these allegations are “irrelevant.” However,
relevance alone is not the appropriate inquiry. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). Relevance is only
germane to the extent that the material is also inadmissible. See In re 2TheMart.com, 114
F.Supp.2d at 965.
11
1
The scope of persons to be included in the proposed class and subclasses;
2
Whether the causes of action allege discrimination on the basis of race, national
origin, or both; and
3
4
Plaintiffs’ disavowal that they allege any misuse or abuse of the visa programs.
5
Plaintiffs are cautioned not to conflate their definitions with respect to ethnicity, race, and/or
6
national origin.
7
8
9
Defendant shall file a responsive pleading no more than fourteen (14) days after plaintiffs
file their amended complaint.
This order terminates Docket Nos. 47, 50.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
Dated: September 18, 2015
12
13
______________________________________
YVONNE GONZALEZ ROGERS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT JUDGE
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
12
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?