Trulove v. San Francisco et al
Filing
86
ORDER by Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers granting in part and denying in part 50 Motion to Dismiss First Amended Complaint. (fs, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 10/12/2016)
1
2
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
3
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
4
5
6
JAMAL RASHID TRULOVE,
Plaintiff,
7
8
9
10
vs.
THE CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO,
et al.
Case No.: 16-050-YGR
ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN
PART MOTION TO DISMISS FIRST AMENDED
COMPLAINT
RE: DKT. NO. 50
Defendants.
11
Plaintiff Jamal Trulove (“Trulove”) brings this action against defendants Michael Androvich,
Northern District of California
United States District Court
12
Maureen D’Amico, Robert Daniele, Francis J. Hagen, Michael E Johnson, Carla Lee, Robert T
13
McMillan, Kevin Noble, Shawn Phillips, Daniel Silver, Michael Slade, James Trail, and the City and
14
County San Francisco (“the City”) (collectively, “Defendants”) for malicious prosecution. In his
15
First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) filed April 8, 2016 (Dkt. No. 43), Trulove alleges eight claims:
16
Counts I-V under 42 U.S.C. section 1983 for violation of his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment
17
rights based upon allegations of fabrication and suppression of evidence; Count VI for violation of
18
the California Bane Act, California Civil Code section 52.1 (against defendants D’Amico, Johnson,
19
and Lee); Count VII for respondeat superior liability under California Government Code section
20
815.2 against the City; and Count VIII under California Government Code section 825.
21
In 2010, a San Francisco Superior Court jury convicted Trulove of the July 23, 2007 murder
22
of Seu Kuka. He was sentenced to a term of 50 years to life in prison. At the time of Trulove’s
23
arrest, over a year after the date of the murder, the affidavit in support of his arrest warrant relied on
24
two witness statements: (1) the statement of Priscilla Lualemaga (“Lualemaga”), obtained days after
25
the murder; and (2) the statement of Latisha Meadows-Dickerson (“Dickerson”), obtained some nine
26
months later. Trulove alleges that, at trial, the prosecution offered no physical or forensic evidence,
27
but only the testimony of Lualemaga.
28
1
Trulove’s conviction was reversed on appeal, on grounds of ineffective assistance of counsel.
2
The California Court of Appeal held that Trulove’s criminal counsel should have objected to the
3
prosecutor’s closing arguments. When Trulove was re-tried in 2015, a different jury could not find
4
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and acquitted him. Trulove spent six years in prison prior to his
5
acquittal.
6
Trulove brings the instant action alleging that the police conduct here violated his
7
Constitutional rights to due process and to a fair trial by fabricating false evidence of his guilt and
8
suppressing exculpatory evidence of his innocence.
9
10
Defendants have filed a Motion to Dismiss on the grounds that:
(1) the Section 1983 claims for denial of due process, malicious prosecution and conspiracy
Northern District of California
based upon fabrication and suppression: (a) as against individual police officer defendants Officer
12
United States District Court
11
Androvich, Officer Hagan, Officer Knoble, Inspector McMillan, Officer Phillips, Officer Trail, and
13
Officer Silver (collectively “the Moving Officers”) allege insufficient facts to state a claim that they
14
personally violated Trulove’s clearly established constitutional rights; and (b) as against Sergeant
15
Daniele and Lieutenant Slade fail to allege a sufficient basis to impose liability on them as
16
supervisors;
17
(2) the California Civil Code section 52.1 (“Bane Act”) claim against defendants Inspector
18
D’Amico, Inspector Johnson, and Officer Lee must be dismissed based on absolute immunity under
19
California Government Code section 821.6 for claims of misconduct in connection with an
20
investigation and prosecution; and
21
(3) the City is absolutely immune from liability on the state law claims under California
22
Government Code under section 821.6, and cannot be sued under California Government Code
23
section 825.
24
Having carefully considered the papers submitted1 and the pleadings in this action,2 and for
25
the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS IN PART AND DENIES IN PART the Motion to Dismiss
26
with leave to amend.
27
1
28
The Court directed the parties to submit supplemental briefs of no more than three pages
each on the issue of conspiracy arising from participation in an investigation. Plaintiff submitted his
three-page brief. Defendants objected and moved to strike the brief as beyond the scope permitted
2
1
2
I.
SUMMARY OF ALLEGATIONS
Trulove alleges that, shortly before 11:00 p.m. on July 23, 2007, Seu Kuka was shot and
projects. (FAC ¶ 27.) Although there were as many as 25 people present at the scene of the crime,
5
only one witness came forward: Priscilla Lualemaga. (Id. ¶ 29.) She was transported to Ingleside
6
Police Station by defendants Lee and Phillips. (Id. ¶ 30.) They placed Lualemaga in a room for two
7
hours, and Lee directed her to look over a bulletin board of photos of suspected gang members,
8
including a photo of Trulove. (Id. ¶¶ 30-32.) Later, sometime around 1:00 a.m., the lead
9
investigators on the homicide, defendants Johnson and D’Amico, conducted an interview of
10
Lualemaga. (Id. ¶ 29.) Lualemaga stated that she recognized a photograph of David Trulove
11
(plaintiff Jamal Trulove’s brother) on the bulletin board, but did not identify or recognize plaintiff.
12
Northern District of California
killed on a sidewalk in front of 140 Blythedale Avenue in San Francisco’s Sunnydale housing
4
United States District Court
3
(Id. ¶¶ 36-37.) Lualemaga reported that she saw, from her second story window at 140 Blythedale,
13
Kuka chasing one man and being shot by another man. (Id. ¶¶ 41–42.) Lualemaga told the inspectors
14
that she “didn’t really get a good look at the shooter” as the fight and shooting happened “so fast.”
15
(Id. ¶ 48.) Lualemaga then returned with the inspectors to the bulletin board and stated that the man
16
Kuka was chasing was Joshua Bradley. (Id. ¶¶ 45–46, 52.). Despite the fact that Joshua’s
17
photograph was immediately below Trulove’s on the bulletin board, she again did not identify Jamal
18
19
20
by the Court. The motion to strike is DENIED. While the Court requested authorities rather than
argument, the brief is within the page limit and the argument is minimal. The Court notes that
defendants’ response provided no contrary authorities, was less than a page total, and submitted the
motion on its original papers.
21
2
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Citing Rosales-Martinez v. Palmer, 753 F.3d 890 (9th Cir. 2014), defendants seek judicial
notice of several documents in connection with their motion, including the affidavit used to obtain
the arrest warrant, trial minutes, a declaration of counsel in support of a new trial motion, and a
transcript of a witness statement in the underlying criminal case against plaintiff, along with a copy
of the unpublished decision of the California Court of Appeal reversing his conviction. (Request for
Judicial Notice [“RJN”], Dkt. No. 51.) Plaintiff objects to the RJN as improperly seeking to
introduce evidence outside the pleadings for the truth of the matters stated therein. The Court finds
that, other than the unpublished decision, the documents are not appropriate matters for consideration
in connection with a 12(b)(6) motion. Particularly with respect to the Dickerson statement,
Defendants’ offer of the statement to show that the interview techniques here did not rise to the level
of a Constitutional violation goes far beyond simply comparing the alleged contents of the actual
document to the contents as alleged in the FAC. The RJN is therefore GRANTED as to Exhibit F
only, and is otherwise DENIED.
3
1
Trulove as someone involved in the Kuka shooting or present that night, nor did she indicate in any
2
way that she recognized him as associated with Joshua Bradley. (Id. ¶¶ 34, 47, 53.)
3
Trulove alleges later that night an unidentified plainclothes police officer (“John Doe #1”)
4
also questioned Lualemaga about the murder in the presence of a third party, Oliver Barcenas, who
5
had been brought to the station and handcuffed to a bench near the officers. (FAC ¶¶ 46, 152.)
6
According Barcenas, with Officer Lee standing by, John Doe #1 pointed to a clipboard and asked
7
Lualemaga, “Are you sure it wasn’t Jamal Trulove?” to which Lualemaga responded, “No, I don’t
8
know,” and John Doe #1 appeared frustrated. (Id. ¶¶ 61-64.)
9
Sometime in the early morning hours of July 24, 2007, defendants Johnson and D’Amico
home, along with defendants McMillan, Androvich and Trail and, in an unrecorded and undisclosed
12
Northern District of California
drove Lualemaga home. (FAC ¶ 70.). Later that day, defendant Johnson went back to Lualemaga’s
11
United States District Court
10
conversation, exerted pressure on Lualemaga to identify Trulove as the shooter. (Id. ¶¶ 72-74.)
13
On July 25, 2007, defendants Johnson and D’Amico met Lualemaga at her work and showed
14
her a photograph line-up in their car. (Id. ¶¶ 79, 80.) They recorded some, but not all, of their
15
conversation with Lualemaga. (Id. ¶ 82.) Though they had four photograph line-ups using the
16
standard procedure, they showed Lualemaga a different, improperly suggestive line-up, which used
17
the same photo of Trulove as had been posted on the bulletin board, and depicted him in orange, jail-
18
issued clothing, among other things. (Id. ¶¶ 76–78, 80, 81.) Despite not having recognized him less
19
than 48 hours before, Lualemaga now stated that “he looks like the person that could have shot Seu”
20
and “the shooter, I want to say it’s him.” (Id. ¶ 86.) Despite this identification, Trulove alleges that
21
Lualemaga’s statements about the shooting were inconsistent with the physical evidence about the
22
direction from which the shots were fired. (FAC ¶¶ 164, 168.)
23
Nearly ten months later, with the investigation still pending, defendants Hagan and McMillan
24
were conducting surveillance of a known drug trafficking area in San Francisco in June 2008. (Id. ¶¶
25
96–97.) They saw Latisha Meadows-Dickerson was in the passenger seat of a car in the area. (Id.)
26
When police arrived at the car, Dickerson stuffed a loaded firearm into her pants. (Id.) At the time,
27
Dickerson had two prior convictions for serious felonies. (Id. ¶ 98.) Instead of charging Dickerson
28
with a crime that would have been her “third strike,” defendants Hagan and McMillan asked her if
4
1
she had any information for them. (Id. ¶ 99.) Dickerson told them that she had seen Kuka’s murder.
2
(Id. ¶ 99.) Trulove alleges that, because officers knew Dickerson’s statement was inconsistent with
3
the facts known about the shooting (i.e., Dickerson said it occurred around 5:00 or 6:00 p.m. and was
4
“still light outside,” though it occurred near 11:00 p.m.), they engaged in suggestion to attempt to
5
alter her statement in the unrecorded portions of her interview. (Id. ¶¶ 100-107.) Dickerson also
6
claimed a third man, Tumo Vaovasa, had witnessed the shooting. (Id. ¶ 103.) However, defendants
7
Johnson and D’Amico had interviewed Vaovasa months earlier because Vaovasa was a friend of the
8
victim and wanted to assist in the investigation. (Id. ¶ 104.) Not only did Vaovasa deny witnessing
9
the shooting, he also told the inspectors that, from where he and Dickerson were, they could not see
completely contradicted by credible information from Vaovasa, defendants Johnson and D’Amico
12
Northern District of California
the shooting. (Id.) Trulove alleges that, knowing that Dickerson’s account of the homicide was
11
United States District Court
10
determined to conceal Vaovasa’s statement. (Id. ¶¶ 104, 116, 221.)
Trulove alleges that, defendant Johnson made a number of misrepresentations and omissions
13
14
in his arrest warrant affidavit in August 2008, including omitting the above weaknesses in the
15
witnesses’ identification of Trulove, and concealing information about Vaovasa and Barcenas.
16
Based on Johnson’s affidavit, Trulove was arrested on October 27, 2008, and the prosecution against
17
him proceeded. At Trulove’s preliminary hearing and trial, the prosecution based its entire case on
18
Lualemaga’s identification of him as the shooter. (FAC ¶ 133.) Lualemaga further testified that she
19
did not initially tell police that Trulove was the shooter because she was afraid of having to testify.
20
(Id. ¶ 137.) Trulove alleges that this explanation of fear was only to hide Defendants’ misconduct.
21
(Id. ¶ 138.) The prosecution never called Dickerson to testify at any proceeding against Trulove.
22
(Id. ¶ 117.)
23
II.
24
APPLICABLE STANDARD
Defendants move to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). A motion under Rule 12(b)(6) challenges
25
the legal sufficiency of the claims alleged. To avoid a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a
26
complaint must “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is
27
plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (“Iqbal”) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp.
28
v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007) (“Twombly”)). Although a pleading does not require “detailed
5
1
factual allegations,” plaintiffs must allege “more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic
2
recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. When considering a
3
motion to dismiss, a court must accept as true all “well-pleaded factual allegations.” Iqbal, 556 U.S.
4
at 679. “[T]o be entitled to the presumption of truth, allegations in a complaint or counterclaim may
5
not simply recite the elements of a cause of action, but must contain sufficient allegations of
6
underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself effectively.”
7
Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011). Further, the “factual allegations . . . must
8
plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief, such that it is not unfair to require the opposing party to be
9
subjected to the expense of discovery and continued litigation.” Id.
10
III.
DISCUSSION
The FAC names twelve individual police officers/inspectors and the City. Defendants move
11
Northern District of California
United States District Court
12
to dismiss nine of those twelve individuals, conceding that the facts alleged against D’Amico,
13
Johnson, and Lee are sufficient to state plausible claims as a pleading matter. However, Defendants
14
contend the allegations against the remaining individual officers are too conclusory and vague to
15
support Trulove’s section 1983 claims. Defendants further contend that Trulove’s state law claims
16
against D’Amico, Johnson, Lee and the City, are barred.
The Court looks first to the Section 1983 claims. Section 1983 creates a right of action
17
18
against individuals acting under color of state law who violate federal constitutional or statutory
19
rights, and thus establishes “a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.” Tatum v.
20
Moody, 768 F.3d 806, 814 (9th Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 2312 (2015) (quoting Hall v.
21
City of L.A., 697 F.3d 1059, 1068 (9th Cir. 2012)). Here, Trulove alleges violation of his Fourth and
22
Fourteenth Amendment rights based upon allegations of fabrication, suppression of evidence, and
23
malicious prosecution, as well as a conspiracy to violate those rights. The Court considers each claim
24
in turn.
25
A.
Section 1983 Fabrication of Evidence Claim Under Devereaux (Count I)
26
Defendants seek to dismiss all claims against individual police officer defendants Officer
27
Androvich, Sergeant Daniele, Officer Hagan, Officer Knoble, Inspector McMillan, Officer Phillips,
28
Officer Trail, Officer Silver, and Lieutenant Slade on the grounds that there are insufficient factual
6
1
allegations to conclude that they personally violated Trulove’s clearly established constitutional
2
rights under Section 1983. To state a claim, Trulove must make plausible allegations both that he
3
was deprived of a constitutional right, and that the right was clearly established such that it would
4
be clear to a reasonable officer that their conduct was unlawful in the situation they confronted, in
5
order to overcome qualified immunity. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009).
6
To state a plausible claim for deliberate fabrication of evidence under Devereaux v. Abbey,
been fabricated; and (2) state facts to show that the fabrication was deliberate. Bradford v.
9
Scherschligt, 803 F.3d 382, 386 (9th Cir. 2015). Deliberate fabrication can be shown directly, such
10
as by proving that the defendant reported information known to be false. Costanich v. Dep't of Soc.
11
& Health Servs., 627 F.3d 1101, 1111–12 (9th Cir. 2010) (evidence that defendant deliberately
12
Northern District of California
263 F.3d 1070, 1076 (9th Cir. 2001), the plaintiff must: (1) identify the evidence alleged to have
8
United States District Court
7
misquoted and misrepresented witness statements in a child abuse report created triable issue of fact
13
on fabrication claim). Deliberate fabrication can also be shown by circumstantial evidence that
14
defendants either: (1) continued an investigation of the plaintiff “even though [they] knew or should
15
have known that [he] was innocent;” or (2) “used investigative techniques that were so coercive and
16
abusive that [they] knew or should have known that those techniques would yield false
17
information.” Bradford, 803 F.3d at 386 (quoting Devereaux, 263 F.3d at 1076). “These methods
18
are not themselves independent causes of action. Rather, they are methods of proving one
19
element—intent—of a claim that the government deliberately fabricated the evidence at issue.” Id.
20
Here, as to the first part of the Devereaux test, Trulove alleges that Defendants fabricated
21
Lualemaga and Dickerson’s identifications of Trulove as the shooter. (FAC ¶ 220.) As to the
22
deliberateness prong of the test, Trulove alleges:
23
(1) direct evidence of deliberate misrepresentation of witness statements by: misrepresenting
24
the strength and circumstances of the witness statements; failing to disclose that Lualemaga had not
25
identified Trulove on two prior occasions when shown his photograph; and neglecting to
26
acknowledge inconsistencies in Dickerson’s statement indicating that she stated the wrong location
27
and wrong time of day for the shooting. (FAC ¶ 220(a).)
28
7
1
(2) circumstantial proof of deliberateness in that Defendants used investigative techniques
2
that were so suggestive or coercive that they knew or should have known that they would yield false
3
information. (FAC ¶ 220(b).)
4
Defendants’ motion does not seek to dismiss the fabrication claim as to other officers, such
5
as Lee and Johnson, as to whom it is alleged there is direct evidence of their deliberate
6
misrepresentation of witness statements. Thus, the Court focuses on whether Trulove’s allegations
7
state a plausible claim that the Moving Officers here acted deliberately because they used
8
suggestive or coercive techniques in obtaining the witness statements that they knew or should have
9
known would yield false information. The Court has reviewed the allegations as to each moving
10
defendant and finds the allegations sufficient to state a plausible claim of deliberate fabrication as to
11
some individuals, but not others.
Northern District of California
United States District Court
12
Officers Trail and Androvich and Inspector McMillan are alleged to have met with
13
Lualemaga the day after the shooting at her home, and to have pressured her in that conversation to
14
identify Trulove as the shooter, in an unrecorded conversation. (FAC ¶¶ 72-74.) Inspector
15
McMillan and Officer Hagen are alleged to have coerced Dickerson to say that the shooter was
16
Trulove, enticing her with the incentive of avoiding a “third strike” for the cocaine, heroin, and
17
stolen 9 mm semi-automatic firearm they found on her, and overtly suggesting that she answer
18
questions in a way that would make her testimony consistent with known information (i.e., “It was
19
dark. Was it not? Was it dark?”). (FAC ¶¶ 96-107.) These allegations, along with the more
20
generalized assertion that these defendants acted at the direction of the lead investigators and in
21
active assistance of the investigation, are sufficient to state a plausible claim of deliberate
22
fabrication against them. Cf. Gantt v. City of Los Angeles, 717 F.3d 702, 708 (9th Cir. 2013)
23
(sufficient evidence of coercive interviewing to send fabrication claim to the jury where suspect
24
testified that detectives threatened to charge him with murder if he did not provide information, that
25
officers knew suspect was high on crack at the time of his identification, and told suspect he was not
26
allowed to say they had showed him certain materials). Defendants are correct that aggressive
27
questioning tactics alone do not establish a Constitutional violation. See Devereaux, 263 F.3d at
28
1075, Gausvik v. Perez, 345 F.3d 813, 816-817 (9th Cir. 2003). The allegations here are sufficient
8
1
to state a claim of conduct so coercive that the officers knew they were likely to yield false
2
information, and that the officers knew or should have known that the right being violated was
3
“clearly established.” Devereaux, 263 F.3d at 1074-75 (that “there is a clearly established
4
constitutional due process right not to be subjected to criminal charges on the basis of false evidence
5
that was deliberately fabricated by the government” is “virtually self-evident”). The motion to
6
dismiss the fabrication claim against Inspector McMillan and Officers Trail, Androvich, and Hagen
7
is DENIED.
8
However, the non-conclusory allegations against Officers Knoble, Silver, and Phillips are
9
not sufficient to state a fabrication claim against them. Officer Phillips is alleged to have brought
investigation. It is only Officer Lee who is alleged to have directed Lualemaga to examine the
12
Northern District of California
Lualemaga to the Ingleside Police Station on the night of the murder, and to have assisted in the
11
United States District Court
10
photographs on the bulletin board that night while she waited to be interviewed, and to have
13
participated in questioning in an attempt to coerce or pressure Lualemaga to identify Trulove as the
14
shooter. (See FAC ¶¶ 30, 61-67.)
15
Similarly, the only particular factual allegations against Officers Knoble and Silver are that
16
Knoble took photographs at the crime scene, Silver participated in a later traffic stop and
17
interrogation of Trulove’s brothers, and that they both, as members of a gang task force, suggested
18
Trulove should be investigated in connection with the murder. None of these allegations supports
19
an inference that Knoble or Silver were engaged in coercive investigative techniques that they knew
20
would yield false information. Further, although Trulove alleges on information and belief that
21
“Officers Lee and John Doe #1 and others” engaged in coercive questioning of Lualemaga the night
22
of the shooting (FAC ¶ 66, emphasis supplied), this general allegation is insufficient to state a claim
23
that Knoble, Silver, or Phillips were so engaged.
24
Trulove also contends that all nine officers are liable because they were aware of the others’
25
misconduct (FAC ¶ 56), making them “integral participants” and not “mere bystanders” to the
26
deliberate fabrication. The Ninth Circuit has held that even if an individual’s conduct does not itself
27
rise to the level of a constitutional violation, the individual may still be liable for the violation if
28
they were an “integral participant.” Boyd v. Benton Cty., 374 F.3d 773, 780 (9th Cir. 2004). Even
9
1
so, the Ninth Circuit has rejected a theory that “when the deprivation of the rights is the result of a
2
‘team effort,’ all members of the ‘team’ may be held liable” since it would lump all defendants
3
together and allow liability to attach to “a mere bystander” who had “no role in the unlawful
4
conduct.” Chuman v. Wright, 76 F.3d 292, 294-295 (9th Cir. 1996). Thus, an integral participant
5
must play some individual role rather than simply being part of, for example, an investigative team.
6
In Boyd, the court described such participation as encompassing circumstances where an officer
7
stood at the door of an apartment, armed with his gun, while other officers entered to conduct an
8
unlawful search, or where one officer stood behind another officer as he threw a “flash-bang device”
9
into a suspect’s apartment. Boyd, 374 F.3d at 780. Unlike Boyd or the unpublished decisions cited
the alleged conduct of Knoble, Silver, and Phillips is too distant from the “scene” of the alleged
12
Northern District of California
by Trulove—cases where a group of officers acted in concert at the scene of a single incident—here
11
United States District Court
10
coercive questioning to find that they were “integral participants” in obtaining coerced statements
13
from Lualemaga or Dickerson.
14
Without more, the allegations against these three officers do not state a plausible claim.
15
Thus, the motion to dismiss the fabrication claim as to Knoble, Silver, and Phillips is GRANTED
16
WITH LEAVE TO AMEND. If he is unable to allege additional facts at this time, Trulove may seek
17
leave to amend if further discovery reveals additional conduct that would give rise to liability for
18
deliberate fabrication by these or other officers. See Gillespie v. Civiletti, 629 F.2d 637, 642 (9th
19
Cir. 1980) (“[W]here the identity of alleged defendants will not be known prior to the filing of a
20
complaint ... the plaintiff should be given an opportunity through discovery to identify the unknown
21
defendants, unless it is clear that discovery would not uncover the identities, or that the complaint
22
would be dismissed on other grounds”).
23
24
25
26
B.
Section 1983 Suppression of Evidence Claims Under Brady
and Tatum (Counts I and IV)
In Count I, Trulove alleges that all defendants violated his Constitutional rights to a fair trial
27
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) by concealing from prosecutors: (1) the exchange at
28
Ingleside Police Station the night of the murder involving Officer Lee, Officer John Doe #1 and
10
1
Lualemaga, as observed by Barcenas; (2) the meeting between Lualemaga, Inspector Johnson,
2
Inspector McMillan, Officer Androvich, and Officer Trail at her home the day after the murder and
3
her questioning at Ingleside Station well past midnight; (3) the statement of witness Vaovasa to
4
Inspector Johnson and Inspector D’Amico that contradicted Dickerson’s statement about the murder
5
and identification of Trulove. In Count IV, Trulove also alleges these same facts support a claim for
6
violation of his due process rights by concealing or failing to turn over exculpatory evidence leading
7
to prolonged detention. Tatum v. Moody, 768 F.3d 806, 814–16 (9th Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 135 S.
8
Ct. 2312 (2015) (regardless of whether Brady covers a claim for failure to disclose exculpatory
9
evidence in the absence of a charge going to trial, there is still a 14th Amendment denial of due
10
11
process claim when such failure to disclose results in a prolonged detention).
In order to state a claim for violation of his Constitutional rights by suppression of evidence,
Northern District of California
United States District Court
12
under Brady and Tatum, plaintiff must allege that defendants were aware of evidence that was
13
material and exculpatory; did not make an adequate disclosure of that evidence to the prosecutor; and
14
did so with “deliberate indifference to or reckless disregard for an accused’s rights or for the truth.”
15
Tennison v. City & Cty. of San Francisco, 570 F.3d 1078, 1089 (9th Cir. 2009). Plaintiff must also
16
allege that the inadequate disclosure prejudiced him. Smith v. Almada, 640 F.3d 931, 939 (9th Cir.
17
2011) (citing Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281–82 (1999)).
18
Defendants argue that Officers Hagan, Knoble, Phillips, and Silver cannot be liable because
19
they are not alleged to have been personally involved in obtaining any of the alleged statements.
20
Trulove does not assert otherwise in his opposition to the motion. The Court, based on its review of
21
the FAC and the lack of opposition, GRANTS the motion to dismiss the suppression claims against
22
Hagen, Knoble, Phillips, and Silver WITH LEAVE TO AMEND.
23
As to Officers Trail and Androvich and Inspector McMillan, Defendants contend that the
24
allegations concerning their unrecorded, undisclosed meeting with Lualemaga the day after the
25
shooting do not show that these officers’ failure to disclose the meeting was culpable. They contend
26
that Inspector Johnson, the lead homicide investigator, was also present and they reasonably could
27
have relied on him to take responsibility for any Brady obligations that might arise as a consequence
28
of the meeting. None of the authorities cited by Defendants suggest that a police officer is excused
11
1
from his Brady responsibilities by the fact that he is not the lead investigator. Nor does Defendants’
2
reframing of the argument in reply—that a claim these officers had Brady obligations is not plausible
3
under the circumstances alleged—persuade the Court that the claim must be dismissed.
4
Defendants’ citation to Tennison does not persuade. In Tennison, the Ninth Circuit held that
5
the decision to disclose or withhold exculpatory evidence is subject to a reckless indifference
6
standard, such that a San Francisco Police Department inspector who heard the recording of a
7
confession given to another officer, but failed to disclose it, could be found liable for his reckless
8
disregard for the civil rights of the accused and for the truth. Tennison, 570 F.3d at 1089-90.
9
10
The motion to dismiss the suppression of evidence claims as to Officers Trail and Androvich,
and Inspector McMillan is therefore DENIED.3
Northern District of California
C.
12
United States District Court
11
Section 1983 Malicious Prosecution (Count II)
A claim for malicious prosecution may be stated not only against prosecutors but also police
13
officers and investigators who wrongfully caused the plaintiff’s prosecution, such as by knowingly
14
providing misinformation, concealing exculpatory evidence, or otherwise engaging in wrongful
15
conduct that was “actively instrumental in causing the initiation of legal proceedings.” Awabdy v.
16
City of Adelanto, 368 F.3d 1062, 1067 (9th Cir. 2004); see also Galbraith v. County of Santa Clara,
17
307 F.3d 1119, 1126 (9th Cir. 2002) (coroner’s reckless or intentional falsification of an autopsy
18
report that plays a material role in the false arrest and prosecution of an individual can support a
19
claim for malicious prosecution against him); Smith v. Almada, 640 F.3d 931, 938 (9th Cir. 2011)
20
(citing Galbraith, malicious prosecution action may be stated against police officers and
21
investigators wrongfully caused prosecution). A claim for malicious prosecution requires that the
22
plaintiff show he was prosecuted with malice, without probable cause, and for the purpose of
23
denying him a specific constitutional right. Awabdy, 368 F.3d at 1066. “Among the ways that a
24
3
25
26
27
28
Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s allegations are equivocal because the FAC alleges that
the conversation the day after the shooting only “possibly” took place. (FAC ¶ 132.) Plaintiff states
that paragraph 132 refers to the possibility that Lualemaga was shown plaintiff’s photograph at the
earlier meeting, not any uncertainty about whether the meeting occurred. While the allegations could
have been clearer in this regard, they are sufficient to put Defendants on notice of plaintiff’s
allegations that the meeting between Inspector Johnson, Inspector McMillan, Officer Androvich, and
Officer Trail at 140 Blythedale Avenue, on July 24, 2007, at approximately 5:00 p.m. (See FAC ¶¶
71-74.)
12
1
plaintiff can rebut a prima facie finding of probable cause is by showing that the criminal
2
prosecution was induced by…fabricated evidence, or other wrongful conduct undertaken in bad
3
faith.” Id. at 1067; see also Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485 F.3d 463, 483-84 (9th Cir. 2007)
4
(evidence that officers gave false statements about defendant’s gang affiliation and his “combative
5
stance” in arrest reports relied upon by prosecutor in filing charges could establish their “integral
6
participation” for malicious prosecution liability).
7
Defendants contend that the only allegations of false representations to prosecutors involve
8
defendant Johnson’s arrest warrant affidavit, and that there are no allegations to support a malicious
9
prosecution claim as to Hagan, Knoble, Phillips, Silver, Trail, Androvich, and McMillan.4
10
Defendants argue that the FAC does not allege facts to show that these officers were integrally
11
involved in providing false statements.
Northern District of California
United States District Court
12
To the contrary, and as stated above, the allegations here are sufficient to state claims that at
13
least some of the individual defendants—Trail, Androvich, McMillan and Hagen—acted to fabricate
14
or suppress evidence, conduct which was instrumental in causing the initiation of a murder
15
prosecution against Trulove. The motion to dismiss the malicious prosecution claim is therefore
16
GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND as to defendants Knoble, Phillips, and Silver, and DENIED as to
17
defendants Trail, Androvich, McMillan, and Hagen.
18
D.
Section 1983 Conspiracy (Count III)
19
“A civil conspiracy is a combination of two or more persons who, by some concerted action,
20
intend to accomplish some unlawful objective for the purpose of harming another which results in
21
damage.” Gilbrook v. City of Westminster, 177 F.3d 839, 856 (9th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation
22
omitted). A plaintiff need not allege that each participant knew “the exact details of the plan, but
23
each participant must at least share the common objective of the conspiracy.” Franklin v. Fox, 312
24
F.3d 423, 441 (9th Cir. 2002). “Whether defendants were involved in an unlawful conspiracy is
25
generally a factual issue and should be resolved by the jury, so long as there is a possibility that the
26
27
28
4
The Motion argues that there are “no facts alleged to support the conclusion that any of
these seven other officers” were involved. (Motion at 16:16-17, emphasis supplied.) The Court
understands this argument to include the individual Moving Officers other than Daniele and Slade,
who are only addressed in the 1983 supervisory liability section of the motion.
13
1
jury can infer from the circumstances (that the alleged conspirators) had a meeting of the minds and
2
thus reached a understanding to achieve the conspiracy’s objectives.” Mendocino Envtl. Ctr. v.
3
Mendocino Cty., 192 F.3d 1283, 1301–02 (9th Cir. 1999) (internal citations and quotations omitted).
4
In addition to the factual allegations summarized above, Trulove alleges that Defendants
5
engaged in and facilitated acts in furtherance of a conspiracy, including acting in concert to: suggest,
6
coerce, and fabricate witness identifications; conceal that the Lualemaga identification was tainted
7
and given in exchange for a promise of payment of living expenses; and fail to document the
8
conversations with Lualemaga that would have shown she was pressured to identify Trulove. (FAC
9
¶ 237.) Defendants argue that Trulove’s allegations of conspiracy, particularly of concerted action to
cooperation with one another only plausibly shows that the officers were working together to solve a
12
Northern District of California
violate his Constitutional rights, are too conclusory. Defendants contend that the officers’
11
United States District Court
10
case, not to deprive Trulove of his constitutional rights.
13
Trulove has alleged active participation by defendants Trail, Androvich, McMillan, and
14
Hagen, along with the non-moving police defendants, in deprivation of Trulove’s rights based on
15
fabrication and suppression of evidence. Trulove alleged that these officers acted together, at the
16
direction of defendants Johnson and D’Amico, and based on a suspicion of Trulove’s gang
17
affiliation. (FAC ¶¶ 32, 55-57.) Trulove offers specific factual allegations that these defendants: (1)
18
acted in concert to fabricate Lualemaga’s identification of Trulove, using pressure and faulty line-up
19
tactics, along with promises of compensation; (2) participated in the fabrication of an even less
20
reliable statement from Dickerson; and (3) acted to conceal details and contradictory evidence that
21
would have undermined those identifications. (FAC ¶¶ 220-222, 237.) These allegations are
22
sufficient, at the pleading stage, to state a claim for conspiracy against Trail, Androvich, McMillan,
23
and Hagen, and the motion to dismiss the conspiracy count against them is DENIED.
24
The non-conclusory allegations against Knoble, Silver, and Phillips, on the other hand, are
25
not sufficient to give rise to an inference that they were aware of the fabrication or suppression in
26
which the other officers are alleged to have taken an active role. Certainly, there are circumstances
27
under which a person may be liable as a co-conspirator if they acted in concert with others and
28
knew or should have known that their actions contributed to a constitutional violation. See
14
evidence, including the fact that city police officers had worked closely in planning and conducting
3
investigation with FBI agents who used misleading information to obtain search warrants, along
4
evidence police officers contributed misinformation and publicized inaccurate information, was
5
sufficient to create a triable issue about those officers’ liability as co-conspirators); Crowe v. Cty. of
6
San Diego, 608 F.3d 406, 440 (9th Cir. 2010) (allegations that psychologist advised detectives and
7
helped devise a tactical plan later implemented by officers in violation of defendant’s constitutional
8
rights was sufficient to plead a “tacit ‘meeting of the minds’” for conspiracy liability); Grega v.
9
Pettengill, 123 F. Supp. 3d 517, 542 (D. Vt. 2015) (prosecutor’s role in conspiracy sufficiently
10
alleged where his review of file and “intimate” involvement in investigation could give rise to
11
inference that he knew or should have known that crime scene photograph falsely depicted the
12
Northern District of California
Mendocino Envtl. Ctr. v. Mendocino Cty., 192 F.3d 1283, 1303 (9th Cir. 1999) (circumstantial
2
United States District Court
1
scene).5 But allegations that these officers were part of a gang task force, identified Trulove as a
13
potential suspect, and assisted in the investigation, without more, do not give rise to an inference that
14
they knew of and tacitly agreed to an unlawful objective. The motion to dismiss is GRANTED WITH
15
LEAVE TO AMEND as to Knoble, Silver, and Phillips on this claim as well.
16
E.
Section 1983 Supervisory Liability Against Daniele and Slade (Count V)
17
Defendants do not dispute Trulove’s allegations suffice against defendants Johnson and
18
D’Amico in their roles as supervisors of the investigation. Instead, Defendants argue the allegations
19
against defendants Sergeant Daniele and Lieutenant Slade are not pleaded with sufficient
20
particularity to establish supervisory liability under section 1983.
21
A plaintiff states a claim for supervisor under section 1983 if he alleges either: (1) the
22
supervisor’s personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation; or (2) a sufficient causal
23
connection between the supervisor’s wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation. Starr, 652
24
F.3d at 1207. “The requisite causal connection can be established…by setting in motion a series of
25
acts by others, or by knowingly refus[ing] to terminate a series of acts by others, which [the
26
27
28
5
Trulove’s argument and authorities to the effect that officers can be liable for conspiracy if
they are aware of the unlawful conduct and fail to intervene does not address the pleading defect
here: failure to allege that these defendants facts to support an inference that they were aware of the
unlawful conduct.
15
1
supervisor] knew or reasonably should have known would cause others to inflict a constitutional
2
injury.” Id. at 1207-08 (internal citations and quotations omitted).
Here, Trulove alleges that Slade and Daniele were the responsible supervisors for Ingleside
3
4
Station on the night of the shooting, when Barcenas is alleged to have witnessed Officer John Doe #1
5
pressuring Lualemaga to identify Trulove, therefore is likely to have been aware of that conversation
6
and of Lee and Phillips’ suggestive questioning of Lualemaga with the photo board. Trulove also
7
alleges that SFPD policy required these officers to monitor, direct, and evaluate officers, in addition
8
to reviewing and signing off on their reports. Trulove contends that this states a plausible claim that
9
Daniele and Slade would have known about improper conduct by John Doe #1, Lee, and Phillips on
10
the night of the shooting, which suffices to state a claim that Daniele and Slade had personal or
11
constructive knowledge of constitutional violations committed by their subordinates.
These allegations, without more, are not sufficient to allege a sufficient causal connection
Northern District of California
United States District Court
12
13
between conduct, or failure to act, by Daniele and Slade and the alleged constitutional violations
14
here. Trulove does not allege facts indicating that Daniele and Slade were aware of potential
15
constitutional violations that night, or that they reasonably should have been aware of such conduct
16
under the circumstances other than the fact of their supervisory status. See Chavez v. United States,
17
683 F.3d 1102, 1110-11 (9th Cir. 2012) (conclusory allegations that supervisor had general
18
responsibilities to review and approve subordinates’ conduct did not support a conclusion that he
19
knew or had reason to know about improper border stops). The motion to dismiss as to Daniele and
20
Slade is therefore GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND.
21
F.
22
California Bane Act, Civil Code 52.1 Claim (Counts VI and VII)
In Counts VI and VII of the FAC, Trulove alleges a state law claim under California Civil
23
Code section 52.1, commonly referred to as the Bane Act. Trulove alleges that D’Amico, Johnson,
24
Lee and John Doe #1 interfered or attempted to interfere with his constitutional and legal right by use
25
of threats, intimidation, or coercion of Lualemaga, and that the City is vicariously liable for that
26
conduct under California Government Code section 815.2. (FAC ¶¶ 254, 255.) He alleges that as a
27
result of those threats, he was “wrongly prosecuted, detained, and incarcerated” in violation of the
28
Constitution, and that these violations were accompanied by threats, intimidation, or coercion. (FAC
16
1
¶ 256.) The claim is against Inspector D’Amico, Inspector Johnson, and Officer Lee, and against the
2
City and County of San Francisco by virtue of respondeat superior.6
3
Defendants argue that this claim is barred by the absolute immunity of Government Code
4
section 821.6. Section 821.6 states: “A public employee is not liable for an injury caused by his
5
instituting or prosecuting any judicial or administrative proceeding within the scope of his
6
employment, even if he acts maliciously and without probable cause.” Cal. Gov. Code § 821.6.
7
When a public employee is immune from liability under section 821.6, the public entity employer is
8
also immune. Cal. Gov. Code § 815.2; Amylou R. v. Cty. of Riverside, 28 Cal. App. 4th 1205, 1208-
9
1209 (1994).
10
Defendants contend that immunity under Government Code 821.6 is not limited to claims of
Northern District of California
malicious prosecution but also extends to other causes of action arising from conduct protected under
12
United States District Court
11
the statute, citing several California appellate court decisions so holding. See, e.g. Cty. of Los
13
Angeles v. Superior Court (West), 181 Cal. App. 4th 218, 230-231 (2009) (immunity barred Civil
14
Code section 52.1 claim). Trulove counters that the California Supreme Court has taken a “narrow
15
interpretation of [section] 821.6’s immunity, confining its reach to malicious prosecution actions.”
16
Sullivan v. County of Los Angeles, 12 Cal.3d 710, 721 (1974) (holding lower court improperly
17
dismissed false imprisonment claim, which is not shielded by § 821.6 immunity).
18
“When interpreting state law, a federal court is bound by the decision of the highest state
19
court.” Hewitt v. Joyner, 940 F.2d 1561, 1565 (9th Cir. 1991); see also Vestar Dev. II, LLC v. Gen.
20
Dynamics Corp., 249 F.3d 958, 960 (9th Cir. 2001). The court “must determine what meaning the
21
state’s highest court would give the statute in question.” Goldman v. Standard Ins. Co., 341 F.3d
22
1023, 1026 (9th Cir. 2003). Taking into consideration the statute and its legislative history, the Ninth
23
Circuit recently determined that “the California Supreme Court would adhere to Sullivan even
24
though California Courts of Appeal have strayed from it.” Garmon v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 828 F.3d
25
26
27
28
6
The FAC is not clear as to whether Count VII’s claim for the City’s liability under
Government Code 815.2 is meant to apply only the Bane Act claim or to all the foregoing claims.
The Court construes it as alleged to apply only to the Bane Act. The City cannot be liable for section
1983 claims based solely on a respondeat superior theory, and the parties do not argue otherwise.
See Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978) (“a municipality
cannot be held liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor—or, in other words, a municipality
cannot be held liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior theory”) (emphasis in original).
17
1
837, 847 (9th Cir. July 5, 2016). In Garmon, a witness brought a claim for injury to her privacy
2
rights against a prosecutor for publicizing her private medical information in the course of her son’s
3
criminal trial. Id. at *1. The Ninth Circuit held that such a claim was not one for malicious
4
prosecution, and therefore not subject to the immunity stated in section 821.6. Id. at *7.
Here, Trulove’s claim is for a Bane Act violation based upon use of threats and coercion
5
upon malicious prosecution conduct, i.e., fabrication and suppression of evidence in the course of an
8
investigation. Thus, the claim is one for “injury caused by [defendants’] instituting or prosecuting
9
any judicial or administrative proceeding within the scope of [their] employment” as encompassed in
10
section 821.6’s grant of immunity. Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Bane Act claim is GRANTED.
11
Because leave to amend appears futile as a matter of law, no leave to amend is granted as to this
12
Northern District of California
resulting in wrongful prosecution and detention. While Sullivan controls, the claim here is still based
7
United States District Court
6
claim.
13
G.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Duty to Indemnify Claim Against the City (Count VIII)
Finally, Defendants move to dismiss Count VIII of the FAC, which alleges a claim under
California Government Code section 825(a). Section 825(a) provides, in part:
(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, if an employee or former
employee of a public entity requests the public entity to defend him or her against
any claim or action against him or her for an injury arising out of an act or
omission occurring within the scope of his or her employment as an employee of
the public entity and the request is made in writing not less than 10 days before
the day of trial, and the employee or former employee reasonably cooperates in
good faith in the defense of the claim or action, the public entity shall pay any
judgment based thereon or any compromise or settlement of the claim or action to
which the public entity has agreed.
Cal. Gov’t Code § 825(a).
23
The City does not dispute that section 825 governs its obligations should any judgment or
24
settlement involving the individually named defendants in this action be entered. However, they
25
argue that this section does not give rise to a separate claim by Trulove. The Court agrees.
26
“Indemnity does not provide additional rights to plaintiffs.” Williams v. Horvath, 16 Cal. 3d 834,
27
28
18
1
845 (1976) (holding that public entities could be required to indemnify employees in section 1983
2
cases). Section 825 gives a separate claim for indemnity to the defendant, not the plaintiff. Id.7
Defendants’ motion to dismiss Claim VIII is, therefore, GRANTED. Because leave to amend
3
4
appears futile as a matter of law, no leave to amend is granted as to this claim.
5
IV.
CONCLUSION
6
Accordingly, the Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART as follows:
7
(1) Claim I – Section 1983 based upon fabrication:
8
as to defendants Knoble, Silver, and Phillips the motion is GRANTED WITH LEAVE
9
TO AMEND,
as to defendants Trail, Androvich, McMillan, and Hagen the motion is DENIED;
10
11
Northern District of California
United States District Court
12
(2) Claim I – Section 1983 based upon Brady suppression; and Claim IV – Section 1983
based Tatum suppression:
13
as to defendants Hagen, Knoble, Silver, and Phillips the motion is GRANTED WITH
14
LEAVE TO AMEND,
15
as to defendants Trail, Androvich, and McMillan the motion is DENIED;
16
(3) Claim II- Section 1983 malicious prosecution claim
17
as to defendants Knoble, Silver, and Phillips the motion is GRANTED WITH LEAVE
18
TO AMEND,
19
as to defendants Trail, Androvich, McMillan, and Hagen the motion is DENIED;
20
(4) Claim III – Section 1983 Conspiracy:
21
as to defendants Knoble, Silver, and Phillips the motion is GRANTED WITH LEAVE
22
TO AMEND,
23
as to defendants Trail, Androvich, McMillan, and Hagen the motion is DENIED;
24
(5) Claim V – Section 1983 supervisory liability as against defendants Daniele and Slade, the
25
motion is GRANTED WITH LEAVE TO AMEND;
26
27
7
28
Further, permitting a direct claim against the City based upon the conduct of its employees
here would, in effect, result in respondeat superior liability of the City for a section 1983 claim,
which that statute does not allow. See Monell, supra.
19
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Northern District of California
United States District Court
12
13
(6) Claim VI and VII – California Bane Act liability: the motion is GRANTED WITHOUT
LEAVE TO AMEND.
(7) Claim VIII – Cal. Government Code section 825 indemnity against the City: the motion
is GRANTED WITHOUT LEAVE TO AMEND.
Plaintiff shall file an amended complaint within fourteen days of this Order. Defendants
shall file a response to the operative complaint within twenty-eight days of this Order.
A case management conference is scheduled for Monday, December 5, 2016 at 2:00 p.m. in
the United States Federal Courthouse in Oakland, California.
This terminates Docket No. 50.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: October 12, 2016
_______________________________________
YVONNE GONZALEZ ROGERS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT JUDGE
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
20
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?