McKenna v. WhisperText, LLC
Filing
48
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION TO STAY by Magistrate Judge Paul Singh Grewal granting-in-part and denying-in-part #25 . (psglc1S, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 9/29/2014)
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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United States District Court
For the Northern District of California
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NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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SAN JOSE DIVISION
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TONY MCKENNA,
Plaintiff,
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v.
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WHISPERTEXT et al.,
Defendants.
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Case No. 5:14-cv-00424-PSG
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO
DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION
TO STAY
(Re: Docket No. 25)
Plaintiff Tony McKenna filed a class action complaint pursuant to the federal Telephone
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Consumer Protection Act, 47 U.S.C. 227(b)(1)(A)(iii) (TCPA). McKenna brought suit against
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Defendants WhisperText, LLC and WhisperText, Inc. (collectively, “WhisperText”) for making
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unsolicited “text message calls.”1 In a motion to dismiss, WhisperText argues McKenna fails to
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sufficiently allege WhisperText made any call using an “automatic telephone dialing system,” a
required element of McKenna’s claim.2 WhisperText alternatively argues this lawsuit should be
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See Docket No. 8 at 1-2.
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See Docket No. 25.
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Case No. 5:14-cv-00424-PSG
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION TO STAY
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stayed to permit the Federal Communications Commission to consider and rule on several pending
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petitions for declaratory rulings seeking clarification of the TCPA’s contemporary definition of an
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ATDS.3 McKenna opposes.4 In a hearing on September 9, 2014, the court denied WhisperText’s
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motion to stay and granted WhisperText’s motion to dismiss with leave to amend within 14 days of
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this written order.5 This opinion memorializes the September 9 order.
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I. BACKGROUND6
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Around December 19, 2013, McKenna’s cell phone rang. He had received a “text call”
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from “16502412157,” a special purpose “long code” telephone number operated by WhisperText
United States District Court
For the Northern District of California
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and its agents. The message read: “Someone you know has anonymously invited you to join
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Whisper, a mobile social network for sharing secrets. Check out the app here:
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http://bit.ly.HLVr79.” McKenna was irritated to receive what he considered to be spam, and his
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cell phone bill may have increased as a result of receiving the message. The Whisper App enables
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users to anonymously share secrets, as well as to send text messages to contacts inviting them to
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join Whisper.7 WhisperText asserts that, for a time, WhisperText allowed Android Whisper App
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users to send these invitations to contacts anonymously using a telephone number registered to
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WhisperText, such as the message McKenna received.8
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See Docket No. 25.
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See Docket No. 33.
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See Docket No. 44.
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Unless otherwise indicated, all background facts come from McKenna’s amended complaint. See
Docket No. 8.
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See Docket No. 25 at 1-2.
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See id. at 2.
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Case No. 5:14-cv-00424-PSG
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION TO STAY
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
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A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader
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is entitled to relief.”9 If a plaintiff fails to proffer “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is
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plausible on its face,” the complaint may be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief
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may be granted.10 A claim is facially plausible “when the pleaded factual content allows the court
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to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”11
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Accordingly, under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), which tests the legal sufficiency of the claims alleged
in the complaint, “[d]ismissal can be based on the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence
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For the Northern District of California
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of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.”12 “A formulaic recitation of the
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elements of a cause of action will not do.”13
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On a motion to dismiss, the court must accept all material allegations in the complaint as
true and construe them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.14 The court’s review is
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limited to the face of the complaint, materials incorporated into the complaint by reference, and
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matters of which the court may take judicial notice.15 However, the court need not accept as true
allegations that are conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.16
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Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2).
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Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).
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Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 663 (2009).
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Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990).
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Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.
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See Metzler Inv. GMBH v. Corinthian Colls., Inc., 540 F.3d 1049, 1061 (9th Cir. 2008).
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See id. at 1061.
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See Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001); see also Twombly,
550 U.S. at 561 (“a wholly conclusory statement of [a] claim” will not survive a motion to
dismiss).
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Case No. 5:14-cv-00424-PSG
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION TO STAY
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“Dismissal with prejudice and without leave to amend is not appropriate unless it is clear . . . that
the complaint could not be saved by amendment.”17
The TCPA provides that a person may not make a call to a cellular phone using an ATDS
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or an artificial prerecorded voice message without the recipient’s prior express consent.18 An
ATDS is “equipment which has the capacity—(A) to store or produce telephone numbers to be
called, using a random or sequential number generator; and (B) to dial such numbers.”19 The
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United States District Court
For the Northern District of California
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TCPA does not require use of the system’s capacity to actually send the unlawful text messages,
but merely the sending of messages from equipment with such a capacity.20 At the same time, the
claim that a defendant used an ATDS must be more than just conclusory.21 The use of long code to
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Eminence Capital, LLC v. Asopeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003).
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See 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii).
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47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(1).
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See Satterfield v. Simon & Schuster, Inc., 569 F.3d 946, 950-51 (9th Cir. 2009) (“a system need
not actually store, produce or call randomly or sequentially generated telephone numbers, it need
only have the capacity to do it . . . When evaluating the issue of whether equipment is an ATDS,
the statute’s clear language mandates that the focus must be on whether the equipment has the
capacity ‘to store or produce telephone number to be called, using a random or sequential number
generator’”) (citation omitted).
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See, e.g., Freidman v. Massage Envy Franchising, LLC, Case No. 3:12–cv–02962–L–RBB,
2013 WL 3026641, *2 (S.D. Cal. June 13, 2013) (dismissing TCPA claim where two plaintiffs
alleged only that they received similar impersonal text messages from the defendant: “[t]he text
messages are generic and impersonal, as Plaintiffs assert, but that is not enough to make the claims
plausible.” A mere “formulaic recitation” of the elements of a cause of action was not enough);
Ibey v. Taco Bell Corp., Case No. 12-cv-583-H-WVG, 2012 WL 2401972, *1, 3 (S.D. Cal. June
18, 2012) (plaintiff opted in and then out of receiving text messages; allegation that message was
sent using ATDS was insufficient where message “did not appear to be random”); Daniels v.
ComUnity Lending, Inc., Case No. 13-cv-488-WQH-JMA, 2014 WL 51275, *5 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 6,
2014) (finding the complaint contained nothing more than a “formulaic recitation” of the elements
of a TCPA claim, and the texts could have been “done by hand”); Knutson v. Reply!, Inc., Case No.
10- CF-1267-BEN-WMc, 2011 WL 291076, *2 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 27, 2011) (dismissing TCPA claim
where complaint contained conclusory allegation that defendant used an auto-dialer, but included
no facts that would permit an inference that the message was sent using equipment with capacity to
store or produce numbers using a random or sequential number generator).
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Case No. 5:14-cv-00424-PSG
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION TO STAY
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transmit generic messages en masse has been found sufficient to allege the use of an ATDS under
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the federal pleading requirements.22 Further, messages need not be sent to completely random
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numbers; an automated system delivering text messages to an uploaded list of hundreds or
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thousands of predetermined numbers also has been considered an ATDS.23
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While Congress has given the FCC broad authority to implement and interpret the TCPA,24
the doctrine of primary jurisdiction gives the court discretion on whether continue or stay a
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United States District Court
For the Northern District of California
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proceeding pending the resolution “of an issue within the special competence of an administrative
agency.”25 “Courts may, under appropriate circumstances, determine that the initial decisionmaking responsibility should be performed by the relevant agency rather than the courts.’”26
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See, e.g., Kramer v. Autobytel, 759 F. Supp. 2d 1165, 1172 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (alleging in the
second amended complaint that the Autobytel automotive referral service engaged B2Mobile to
conduct a text message marketing campaign; B2Mobile “acquires lists of consumer cell phone
numbers from various third parties” and then “sends massive amounts of spam text message
advertisements” to those numbers; and plaintiff received ten unrelated, unsolicited, generic
messages from a short code); Kazemi v. Payless Shoesource Inc., Case No. 3:09-cv-5142-MHP,
2010 WL 963225, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 16, 2010) (dealing with a complaint that included factual
allegations that plaintiffs received multiple unsolicited text messages); Abbas v. Selling Source,
LLC, Case No. 09-cv-3413, 2009 WL 4884471, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 14, 2009) (same).
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See, e.g., In re Rules & Regulations Implementing the TCPA, CG Docket No. 02-278, 18 FCC
Rcd. 14014, 14091-92 (FCC 2003); see also Sterk v. Path, Inc., Case No. 13-cv-2330, at 9-11 (May
30, 2014 Order) (N.D. Ill.).
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See Docket No. 25 at 5; Docket No. 34 at 7; 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(2) (“The Commission shall
prescribe regulations to implement the requirements of this subsection”); Satterfield, 569 F.3d at
953 (“Congress has delegated the FCC with the authority to make rules and regulations to
implement the TCPA”).
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Clark v. Time Warner Cable, 523 F.3d 1110, 1114-15 (9th Cir. 2008) (considering four factors:
“(1) [a] need to resolve an issue that (2) has been placed by Congress within the jurisdiction of an
administrative body having regulatory authority (3) pursuant to a statute that subjects an industry or
activity to a comprehensive regulatory authority that (4) requires expertise or uniformity in
administration.”) (citing Syntek Semiconductor Co. v. Microchip Tech. Inc., 307 F.3d 775, 781 (9th
Cir. 2002).
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Davel Commc’ns, Inc. v. Qwest Corp., 460 F.3d 1075, 1086 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Syntek
Semiconductor Co., 307 F.3d at 780).
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Case No. 5:14-cv-00424-PSG
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION TO STAY
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However the doctrine “does not require that all claims within an agency’s purview be decided by
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the agency.”27 Rather, the doctrine applies in limited circumstances when an issue in federal court
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“requires resolution of an issue of first impression, or of a particularly complicated issue that
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Congress has committed to a regulatory agency.”28 In assessing whether the doctrine of primary
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jurisdiction applies, courts generally consider whether (1) the issue is within the “‘conventional
experience of judges,’ or ‘involves technical or policy considerations within the agency’s particular
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field of expertise,’ (2) the issue ‘is particularly within the agency’s discretion,’ and (3) ‘there exists
a substantial danger of inconsistent rulings.’”29 The court additionally must “balance the parties’
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For the Northern District of California
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needs to resolve the action expeditiously against the benefits of obtaining the federal agency’s
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expertise on the issues.”30
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III. DISCUSSION
A.
McKenna Fails to State a Claim that WhisperText Used an ATDS
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McKenna claims the facts in this case are not seriously in dispute, and that the details of the
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technology WhisperText used to send the text message at issue remain to be determined by
discovery.31 But McKenna’s amended complaint cites little more than the following basic facts:
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Brown v. MCI WorldCom Network Services, Inc., 277 F.3d 1166, 1172 (9th Cir. 2002).
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Id.; see also Pimental v. Google, Inc., Case No. 4:11-cv-02585, 2012 WL 1458179, at * 2 (N.D.
Cal. Apr. 26, 2012).
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Id. (quoting Maronyan v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 658 F.3d 1038, 1048-49 (9th Cir.
2011)).
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Id. (citing Nat’l Comm’ns Ass’n, Inc. v. AT&T Co., 46 F.3d 220, 223 (2d Cir. 1995) (cited in
Maronyan, 658 F.3d at 1049)).
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See Docket No. 33 at 2; but see Johansen v. Vivant, Inc., Case No. 12-cv-7159, 2012 WL
6590551, *3 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 18, 2012) (dismissing TCPA claim for failure to sufficiently allege use
of ATDS; stating that while courts should not “burden plaintiffs unduly by requiring pleading of
technical details impossible to uncover without discovery,” plaintiffs must allege “facts easily
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Case No. 5:14-cv-00424-PSG
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION TO STAY
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(1) his receipt of a message from a long-code number operated by WhisperText, and (2) the
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contents of the message.32 This long-code number could just be a telephone number, and the
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generic message alone certainly does not satisfy McKenna’s pleading burden.33 McKenna’s claims
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that WhisperText engaged in “mass transmission of wireless spam” that “were necessarily sent by a
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machine that had the capacity to store the numbers of the group members and the capacity to dial
those numbers automatically”34 are therefore insufficiently conclusory. McKenna suggests that
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“[i]n the event that the Court finds that Plaintiff’s claims are in any way insufficient under Fed. R.
Civ. P. 8, Plaintiff respectfully requests leave to amend to add further detail or otherwise take such
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For the Northern District of California
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steps required to cure any defects found by this Court. Courts should ‘freely give leave [to amend]
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when justice so requires.’”35 The court agrees with McKenna and so gives McKenna leave to
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amend within 14 days.
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B.
There is Insufficient Reason to Stay Under the Doctrine of Primary Jurisdiction
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WhisperText separately seeks to stay this case until the FCC considers two issues before it:
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“(1) whether the equipment used to send a message must have a current capacity to store or
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produce randomly or sequentially generated numbers, without further modification, to qualify as
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an ATDS under the TCPA; and (2) whether the provider of a software application ‘makes’ a call
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available to them on the basis of personal knowledge or discovery” to support general ATDS
allegations).
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See Docket No. 8 at ¶ 18; Docket No. 34 at 2-3.
See Ibey, 2012 WL 2401972 at *3; Daniels, 2014 WL 51275 at *5; Freidman, 2013 WL
30266141 at *2.
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Docket No. 33 at 5-6; see also Docket No. 8 at ¶¶ 16, 19, 27, 29.
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See Docket No. 33 at 9, n.3 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2)); Doe v. U.S., 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th
Cir. 1995) (plaintiff should be given leave to amend unless it is clear the complaint cannot be cured
by different or more detailed allegations); Qarbon.com Inc. v. eHelp Corp., 315 F. Supp. 2d 1046,
1048 (N.D. Cal. 2004).
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Case No. 5:14-cv-00424-PSG
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION TO STAY
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for purposes of the TCPA when a user sends a text message invitation that is processed through or
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facilitated by the software application.”36 WhisperText refers to four petitions submitted to the
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FCC seeking clarification on the use of an ATDS and “sender” in the context of group texting.37
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The problem with the pending submissions is that it is entirely unclear whether the FCC
will issue a ruling pertinent to this case, since it is not obliged to resolve those four issues38 and it
is not “actively considering” the precise issue here.39 Despite opportunities to do so, the FCC has
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not previously ruled on the issues posed by those cases, so there is little indication they will do so
anytime soon.40 When the FCC has ruled on group texting applications in the recent past, it has
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For the Northern District of California
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See Docket No. 25 at 5-8, 11-16; Docket No. 34 at 1.
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See Docket No. 25 at 3, 5-8, 11-16; Public Notice, Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau
Seeks Comment on Petition for Expedited Declaratory Ruling from YouMail, Inc., CG Docket No.
02-278 (Aug. 9, 2013 ; In re Rules & Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer
Protection Act of 1991, CG Docket. No. 02-278 (Apr. 19, 2013); Public Notice, Consumer and
Governmental Affairs Bureau Seeks Comment on Petition for Expedited Declaratory Ruling and/or
Expedited Rulemaking from the Professional Association for Customer Engagement, CG Docket
No. 02-278 (Nov. 19, 2013); In re Rules & Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer
Protection Act of 1991, CG Docket No. 02-278 (Oct. 18, 2013); Public Notice, Consumer and
Governmental Affairs Bureau Seeks Comment on Petition for Expedited Declaratory Ruling filed
by Glide Talk, Ltd., CG Docket No. 02-278 (Dec. 2, 2013); In re Rules & Regulations
Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, CG Docket No. 02- 278 (Oct. 28,
2013); Public Notice, Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau Seeks Comment on Petition for
Expedited Declaratory Ruling Filed by TextMe, Inc., CG Docket No. 02-278 (Apr. 7, 2014); In re
Rules & Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, CG Docket
No. 02-278 (Mar. 18, 2014).
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See Docket No. 25 at 8; Docket No. 33 at 19. Commissioner O’Rielly’s blog and GroupMe
Ruling lamentations that the TCPA rules are not clear and TCPA lawsuits have increased in the
past year indicate no clear sentiments of other members of the FCC.
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See, e.g., Clark, 523 F.3d at 1110 (regarding an issue of first impression).
See Docket No. 34 at 8 (“issues posed by the YouMail, TextMe, PACE, and Glide Talk
petitions—(1) whether equipment qualifies as an ATDS under the TCPA only if it could store or
produce randomly or sequentially generated numbers at the time of the call at issue, without further
modification, i.e., whether the TCPA’s reference to “capacity” in the definition of an ATDS refers
to the equipment’s current capacity; and (2) whether a software application provider “makes” a call
for purposes of the TCPA when a user sends a text message invitation to a friend or contact
through the application”).
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Case No. 5:14-cv-00424-PSG
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS AND DENYING MOTION TO STAY
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