Amazon.Com, Inc. v. Straight Path IP Group Inc
Filing
44
REDACTED ORDER 14 Denying Motion to Dismiss; Granting 14 Motion to Transfer Venue. The Clerk shall transfer the file to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia and close the file. Signed by Judge Edward J. Davila on May 28, 2015. (ejdlc3S, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 5/28/2015)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
9
SAN JOSE DIVISION
10
11
AMAZON.COM, INC.,
Case No. 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
United States District Court
Northern District of California
Plaintiff,
12
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S
MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING
MOTION TO TRANSFER VENUE
v.
13
14
STRAIGHT PATH IP GROUP INC,
Re: Dkt. No. 14
Defendant.
15
Presently before the Court is Defendant Straight Path IP Group, Inc.’s (“Straight Path” or
16
17
“Defendant”) Motion to Dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff
18
Amazon.com, Inc.’s (“Amazon” or “Plaintiff”) Complaint for Declaratory Judgment pursuant to
19
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). Docket Item No. 14. Alternatively, Defendant requests
20
a transfer to the Eastern District of Virginia, which it believes is the proper venue for this action.
21
See id.
22
Having reviewed the parties’ submissions, the Court DENIES Defendant’s Motion to
23
Dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and GRANTS Defendant’s Motion to Transfer
24
Venue.
25
I.
26
BACKGROUND
Amazon’s Complaint for declaratory judgment arises from patent infringement actions
27
filed in 2013 in the Eastern District of Virginia by Straight Path. See Dkt. No. 36 at 2. Amazon
28
1
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
alleges that an actual controversy exists between Amazon and Straight Path regarding whether
2
Amazon’s technology infringes U.S. Patent Nos. 6,009,469 (the “’469 patent”), 6,108,704 (the
3
“’704 patent”), and 6,131,121 (the “’121 patent”) (collectively, the “patents-in-suit”). See Dkt.
4
No. 36 at 2. Straight Path has filed numerous suits, in various jurisdictions, against consumer
5
electronic companies based on their sale of Internet-enabled devices (e.g., SmartTVs, Blu-ray
6
players, tablets, or smartphones) with preinstalled video-streaming applications. See id. Among
7
its many targets are Amazon’s technology partners, including LG Electronics, Inc. and its related
8
entities (“LGE”) and VIZIO, Inc. (“VIZIO”), both of whom Straight Path sued in the Eastern
9
District of Virginia. See id. at 3. However, these actions have been stayed pending (1) the
outcome of a currently-pending appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit relating to
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
the patentability of the patents-in-suit, and (2) three requests for inter partes review challenging
12
the patentability of the patents-in-suit. See id. at 4. The parties to the Eastern District of Virginia
13
actions agreed that a stay pending resolution of the inter partes reviews and Straight Path’s appeal
14
would likely narrow the issues and conserve judicial resources. See id.
15
On October 17, Straight Path served its Preliminary Infringement Contentions in the
16
EDVA Actions targeting Amazon Instant Video, among other video-streaming services. See Dkt.
17
No. 23-4 at 5. Amazon Instant Video is an on-demand Internet video service that provides
18
millions of users direct access to over 140,000 movies and television episodes through over 500
19
devices, including SmartTVs, Blu-ray players, game consoles, and smartphones. See Dkt No. 24-
20
8 (Declaration of Saina S. Shamilov in Opposition to Straight Path’s Motion to Dismiss
21
(“Shamilov Decl.”), Ex. A.). These devices are manufactured and sold by myriad electronics
22
companies, including LGE and VIZIO. See id. Ex. B.
23
Amazon designed, developed, and now provides the Amazon Instant Video service
24
through a cloud network it controls and operates. See Dkt. No. 23-4 at 2. That network hosts the
25
video content that the Amazon Instant Video application accesses. See id. at 3. The application is
26
provided by Amazon and is either pre-installed on consumer electronics devices such as LGE and
27
VIZIO’s devices, or made available by Amazon for users to download onto their compatible
28
2
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
devices. See id.
Devices such as SmartTVs and Blu-ray players often come pre-loaded with various
2
3
software applications, including Amazon Instant Video. See id. To launch the Amazon Instant
4
Video application on one of these devices, the user first scrolls through the applications available
5
on the device and then selects the icon corresponding to Amazon Instant Video. See id. At that
6
point, the user is required to register the device with Amazon. See id. This process is illustrated
7
as follows:
8
9
10
United States District Court
Northern District of California
11
12
13
14
15
16
See Shamilov Decl., Ex. D. Once registered, the user has access to and can view thousands of
17
movies and television shows hosted by Amazon and made available through Amazon Instant
18
Video:
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
3
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
See id. Amazon controls the Amazon Instant Video service from application launch, to content
2
selection, to streaming of video, to the user’s viewing experience. See Dkt. No. 23-4 at 4. The
3
process is generally the same, regardless of what device is used to access the Amazon Instant
4
Video service. See id.
5
i.
Indemnification Provisions in Amazon’s Agreements with LGE and VIZIO
6
7
8
9
10
United States District Court
Northern District of California
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
In its Complaint, Amazon alleges that: (1) Straight Path accuses LGE and VIZIO of
18
infringing the ’469, ’704 and ’121 patents through their incorporation of Amazon Instant Video;
19
(2) Straight Path has sought discovery from Amazon to support these infringement claims; (3)
20
pursuant to their respective written agreements with Amazon, LGE and VIZIO have requested that
21
Amazon indemnify them against Straight Path’s claims; (4) Straight Path has initiated suits against
22
other Amazon customers, including Samsung, and could assert substantially similar infringement
23
claims based on Amazon Instant Video; and (5) Amazon has a substantial interest in clearing any
24
uncertainty regarding potential infringement of the Amazon Instant Video service by defeating
25
Straight Path’s claims. Dkt. No. 1 at ¶¶ 8-24.
26
27
28
4
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
II.
LEGAL STANDARD
2
A.
3
Under Rule 12(b)(1), a party may file a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)
4
jurisdiction. A Rule 12(b)(1) motion may be either facial or factual. Wolfe v. Strankman, 392
5
F.3d 358, 362 (9th Cir. 2004). A facial 12(b)(1) motion involves an inquiry confined to the
6
allegations in the complaint, whereas a factual 12(b)(1) motion permits the court to look beyond
7
the complaint to extrinsic evidence. Id. When a defendant makes a facial challenge, all material
8
allegations in the complaint are assumed true, and the court must determine whether lack of
9
federal jurisdiction appears from the face of the complaint itself. Id.
Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, adjudicating only cases which the
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
Constitution and Congress authorize. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375,
12
377 (1994). “A party invoking the federal court’s jurisdiction has the burden of proving the actual
13
existence of subject matter jurisdiction.” Thompson v. McCombe, 99 F.3d 352, 353 (9th Cir.
14
1996). If a court determines that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the
15
action. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3).
16
B.
Motion to Transfer
17
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1404(a), “a district court may transfer any civil action to any other
18
district or division where it might have been brought or to any district or division to which all
19
parties have consented” if such a transfer is convenient to the parties and witnesses. The purpose
20
of § 1404(a) is to “prevent the waste of time, energy, and money and to protect litigants,
21
witnesses, and the public against unnecessary inconvenience and expense.” Van Dusen v.
22
Barrack, 376 U.S. 612, 616 (1964).
23
To determine whether transfer is appropriate, the court first examines whether the action
24
could have been brought in the district to which transfer is sought. See Hatch v. Reliance Ins. Co.,
25
758 F.2d 409, 414 (9th Cir. 1985) (“In determining whether an action might have been brought in
26
a district, the court looks to whether the action initially could have been commenced in that
27
district.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). If the proposed district is a viable one,
28
5
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
the court then goes through an “individualized, case-by-case consideration of convenience and
2
fairness.” Van Dusen, 376 U.S. at 622.
In addition to the convenience considerations enumerated by § 1404(a), the Ninth Circuit
3
4
has identified other fairness factors that should be weighed by the court when considering a
5
transfer: “(1) the location where the relevant agreements were negotiated and executed, (2) the
6
state that is most familiar with the governing law, (3) the plaintiff’s choice of forum, (4) the
7
respective parties’ contacts with the forum, (5) the contacts relating to the plaintiff’s cause of
8
action in the chosen forum, (6) the differences in the costs of litigation in the two forums, (7) the
9
availability of compulsory process to compel attendance of unwilling non-party witnesses, and (8)
the ease of access to sources of proof.” Jones v. GNC Franchising, Inc., 211 F.3d 495, 498-99
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
(9th Cir. 2000).
“No single factor is dispositive, and a district court has broad discretion to adjudicate
12
13
motions for transfer on a case-by-case basis.” Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Kempthorne, No.
14
08-1339, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 84978, at *8, 2008 WL 4543043 (N.D.Cal. Oct. 10, 2008) (citing
15
Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 29 (1988); Sparling v. Hoffman Constr. Co., Inc.,
16
864 F.2d 635, 639 (9th Cir. 1988)). A transfer may not be appropriate under § 1404(a) if it
17
“would merely shift rather than eliminate the inconvenience.” Decker Coal Co. v. Commonwealth
18
Edison Co., 805 F.2d 834, 843 (9th Cir. 1986). The party moving for transfer of a case bears the
19
burden of demonstrating transfer is appropriate. See Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n v.
20
Savage, 611 F.2d 270, 279 (9th Cir. 1979)), opinion modified, 828 F.2d 1445 (9th Cir. 1987).
21
III.
22
23
DISCUSSION
A.
Subject Matter Jurisdiction
Straight Path argues that Amazon’s declaratory judgment Complaint should be dismissed
24
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Dkt. No. 14 at 1.
25
Specifically, Straight Path argues that there is no actual controversy between Amazon and Straight
26
Path because it has not accused Amazon of infringing the patent-in-suit, nor has Straight Path sent
27
Amazon a cease-and-desist letter or otherwise communicated any intent to sue Amazon. See Dkt.
28
6
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
No. 36 at 4. Straight Path also argues that it has not directed any affirmative acts toward Amazon,
2
and no subject matter jurisdiction exists over Amazon claims. See id. The Court disagrees for the
3
following reasons.
4
Subject matter jurisdiction in declaratory judgment actions asks “whether the facts alleged,
5
under all the circumstances, show that there is a substantial controversy, between parties having
6
adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory
7
judgment.” MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118, 127 (2007). A case or
8
controversy must be “based on a real and immediate injury or threat of future injury that is caused
9
by the defendants - an objective standard that cannot be met by a purely subjective or speculative
fear of future harm.” Prasco, LLC v. Medicis Pharm. Corp., 537 F.3d 1329, 1339 (Fed. Cir.
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
2008). Thus, in the patent context, “jurisdiction generally will not arise merely on the basis that a
12
party learns of the existence of a patent owned by another or even perceives such a patent to pose
13
a risk of infringement, without some affirmative act by the patentee.” Id. When the conduct of
14
the patentee can be “reasonably inferred as demonstrating intent to enforce a patent” against the
15
declaratory judgment plaintiff, subject matter jurisdiction will arise, even when that intent is
16
demonstrated implicitly. Hewlett–Packard Co. v. Acceleron LLC, 587 F.3d 1358, 1363–64 (Fed.
17
Cir. 2009). The burden is on the party asserting declaratory judgment jurisdiction to establish that
18
an Article III case or controversy existed at the time that the claim for declaratory relief was filed
19
and that it has continued since. Danisco U.S. Inc. v. Novozymes A/S, 744 F.3d 1325, 1329 (Fed.
20
Cir. 2014). “It is well-established that, in patent cases, the existence of a case or controversy must
21
be evaluated on a claim-by-claim basis.” Streck, Inc. v. Research & Diagnostic Sys., Inc., 665
22
F.3d 1269, 1281 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
23
Here, Amazon alleges that an actual controversy exists between Amazon and Straight Path
24
regarding whether Amazon’s technology – including the Amazon Instant Video service and
25
application – infringes the patents-in-suit. See Dkt. No. 36 at 2. Amazon argues that by suing
26
Amazon’s customers and expressly asserting infringement claims against Amazon’s technology,
27
28
7
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
Straight Path has engaged in an affirmative act directed at Amazon.1 Specifically, Amazon argues
2
that Straight Path’s infringement contentions, which implicate Amazon’s technology and identify
3
its end-user customers as direct infringers, create a controversy as to Amazon’s potential liability
4
for infringement, thus meeting the case or controversy requirement for declaratory judgment
5
jurisdiction.2 Moreover, Amazon argues that these allegations, at the very least, “impliedly assert
6
indirect infringement” by Amazon. See Microsoft Corp. v. DataTern, Inc., 755 F.3d 899, 903-904
7
(Fed. Cir. 2014).
In DataTern, the Federal Circuit addressed similar issues to those considered in this case.
8
9
DataTern, Inc. (“DataTern”) had previously sued several of Microsoft Corporation’s
(“Microsoft”), SAP AG and SAP America, Inc.’s (collectively, “SAP”) customers, alleging
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
infringement of both of the patents-in-suit. See id. at 902. DataTern had sent these customers
12
claim charts alleging infringement based on the customers’ use of SAP’s and Microsoft’s software
13
products; the claim charts referred extensively to SAP and Microsoft functionality. Id. With
14
respect to SAP, the claim charts as to both patents cited “to SAP-provided [product] user guides
15
and documentation for each element of the representative claims.” Id. With respect to Microsoft,
16
for the first patent (the “‘502 patent”), the claim charts cited to “Microsoft-provided [product]
17
online documentation for each element of the representative claims.” Id. For the second patent
18
(the “‘402 patent”), however, the claim charts cited only to third-party documentation (that is,
19
documentation not provided by Microsoft) for several claim limitations. Id.
20
In assessing whether subject matter jurisdiction existed over SAP’s and Microsoft’s
21
declaratory judgment claims, the DataTern court found it “incorrect” to assume that a supplier has
22
an automatic “right to bring [a] declaratory judgment action solely because their customers have
23
24
25
26
27
28
1
See Dkt. No. 23-4 at 8; see also SanDisk v. STMicroelectronics, Inc., 480 F.3d 1372, 1380-81
(Fed. Cir. 2007) (“In the context of patent infringement, ‘declaratory judgment jurisdiction . . .
[requires] some affirmative act by the patentee’ directed at the accused infringer.”).
2
See Dkt. No. 23-4 at 8; see also Arris Grp., Inc. v. British Telecomms., 639 F.3d 1368, 1375
(Fed. Cir. 2007) (“there is a controversy between the patentee and the supplier as to the supplier’s
liability for induced or contributory infringement based on the alleged acts of direct infringement
by its customers.”).
8
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
been sued for direct infringement.” Id. at 904. It explained that there was no allegation in the case
2
that Microsoft or SAP were liable for direct infringement; as to indirect infringement, it required
3
Microsoft and SAP to point to “allegations by the patentee or other record evidence that establish
4
at least a reasonable potential that such a claim could be brought.” Id. at 904-05.
Ultimately, the Federal Circuit held that there was subject matter jurisdiction over SAP’s
6
claims as to both patents-in-suit. There the DataTern court noted that the claim charts “provided
7
to the SAP customers allege direct infringement of the [patents] based on SAP’s customers’ use of
8
[particular SAP software]” and cited to “SAP-provided user guides and documentation for each
9
claim element.” Id. at 905. Thus, since the charts “show that SAP provides its customers with the
10
necessary components to infringe [the patents-in-suit] as well as the instruction manuals for using
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
5
the components in an infringing manner” SAP had established that a substantial controversy
12
existed as to whether it induced infringement. Id. Subject matter jurisdiction also existed for
13
Microsoft’s claims regarding the ‘502 patent, as the “claim charts cite to Microsoft-provided
14
online documentation for each limitation of [that patent’s] representative claims.” Id. But with
15
respect to Microsoft’s claims regarding the ‘402 patent, the DataTern court held that subject
16
matter jurisdiction did not exist. The Federal Circuit explained that because the claim charts as to
17
this patent “cite exclusively to third-party ... documentation for several key claim limitations” they
18
did not “impliedly assert that Microsoft induced [the direct] infringement” at issue. Id. Likewise,
19
with respect to contributory infringement, the DataTern court found that the claim charts did not
20
impliedly assert that Microsoft’s product was not a staple article or commodity of commerce
21
suitable for substantial non-infringing use. Id. at 906.
22
With the holding of DataTern in mind, the Court addresses whether there is a justiciable
23
controversy with respect to the patents-in-suit. At the outset, the Court notes that there is no
24
allegation here that Straight Path ever communicated directly with Amazon in any way, nor that
25
Straight Path ever directly threatened Amazon with suit. If subject matter jurisdiction exists as to
26
some or all of these claims, it must emanate from implicit threats that Straight Path made to
27
Amazon by way of its communications to Amazon’s customers.
28
9
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
Here, Amazon argues that Straight Path’s infringement contentions against LGE and
1
2
VIZIO accuse Amazon Instant Video, which LGE and VIZIO pre-install on their consumer
3
electronics devices. See Dkt. No. 23-4 at 5. Specifically, Amazon argues that in the infringement
4
contentions against LGE, Straight Path accuses the Amazon Instant Video application and
5
Amazon servers with which it interacts: “[T]he Amazon application on the Accused Products
6
communicates with the Amazon server for the purpose of streaming media.” See id. Amazon
7
asserts that in the infringement contentions against VIZIO, Straight Path includes similar
8
allegations identifying Amazon software and Amazon’s end-users as direct infringers of the
9
patents-in-suit. See id. at 6. Therefore, Amazon alleges that Straight Path cites to an Amazon web
page and network traces between Amazon Instant Video application and an Amazon server as
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
purportedly satisfying all elements of the asserted claims. See id. at 5. Amazon argues that this
12
targeting of LGE and VIZIO by Straight Path in their infringement suits is similar to those found
13
to support subject matter jurisdiction in DataTern.
Straight Path contends that under DataTern, the Virginia Action cannot impliedly assert
14
15
induced infringement because they do not use Amazon-provided information to support the
16
alleged infringement of each key claim element. See Dkt. No. 28-16 at 1. Straight Path argues
17
that under DataTern, the Virginia Action is not an affirmative act against Amazon because several
18
of the claim elements in the Virginia Action are supported only with non-Amazon provided
19
material. See id at 3. Therefore, Straight Path asserts they are not affirmative acts capable of
20
supporting declaratory judgment jurisdiction.
However, Amazon cites to Straight Path’s infringement chart targeting LGE and VIZIO
21
22
products running Amazon Instant Video3 and argues that Straight Path identifies Amazon software
23
and servers as “satisfying all elements of the asserted claims.” See Dkt. No. 23-4 at 5. For
24
example, in the infringement contentions against LGE, Straight Path accuses the Amazon Instant
25
Video application and Amazon servers with which it interacts: “[T]he Amazon Application on the
26
27
28
3
See Dkt No. 24-8 (Declaration of Saina S. Shamilov in Opposition to Straight Path’s Motion to
Dismiss (“Shamilov Decl.”), Ex. H).
10
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
Accused Products communicates with the Amazon Server for the purpose of streaming media”4
2
and identifies Amazon’s end-user customers as alleged direct infringers of the patents-in-suit:
3
“Where the Accused Products indirectly meet this limitation, the direct infringer is the device’s
4
end user utilizing the Amazon Instant Video Application on an Accused Product.”5 Further,
5
Straight Path cites to an Amazon web page and network traces (see below) between Amazon
6
Instant Video application and an Amazon servers as allegedly meeting this limitation. See Dkt.
7
No. 23-4 at 5.
8
9
10
United States District Court
Northern District of California
11
12
13
14
15
Here, Straight Path alleges that “[t]he Vizio Product executes the Amazon Application and
16
17
forwards to the Amazon Server a network protocol address currently assigned to the first process
18
upon connection to the server; for example, the TCP SYN packet as observed in the network trace
19
test performed on the device includes the network protocol address currently assigned to the first
20
process” and that “the Amazon Application on the Vizio Product transmits to an Amazon Server a
21
query as to whether a second process is connected to the computer network to stream media.” See
22
Shamilov Decl., Ex. I at 6-7.
Indeed, in its infringement contentions, Straight Path explicitly identifies Amazon Instant
23
24
Video on LGE (see below) as satisfying the elements of the asserted claims and Amazon’s end-
25
users as direct infringers of the patents-in-suit. See Shamilov Decl., Exs. H-K.
26
27
4
5
28
11
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
See Shamilov Decl., Ex. H at 2-3.
See id. at 2.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Straight Path also cites to a screen shot taken from the Amazon website and alleges that “the
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
Amazon Application on the Accused Products communicates with the Amazon Server for the
12
purpose of streaming media. For example, the LG Product is able to interface with the Amazon
13
Servers in order to stream videos.” See Shamilov Decl., Ex. H at 2-3.
14
Similarly, in its infringement contentions against VIZIO, Straight Path includes materially
15
identical allegations, again identifying Amazon software (see below) and servers as purportedly
16
satisfying the elements of the asserted claims and Amazon’s end-users as direct infringers of the
17
patents-in-suit. See Shamilov Decl., Exs. I-K.
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
12
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
Therefore, similar to DataTern, Straight Path relies on Amazon’s provided material for
2
each asserted claim element and not solely on third-party documentation for several key claim
3
limitations. See DataTern at 905. Although Straight Path asserted that it never approached
4
Amazon regarding licensing and never accused Amazon of infringement, Straight Path’s
5
infringement claims against LGE and VIZIO were based on LGE and VIZIO’s use of Amazon’s
6
products.
7
8
9
10
United States District Court
Northern District of California
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Accordingly, substantial controversy existed because Straight Path’s infringement claims
13
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
against LGE and VIZIO strongly support the conclusion that the Court has jurisdiction.
2
Moreover, Amazon’s obligation to indemnify LGE and VIZIO alone creates a standing for
3
jurisdiction. Therefore, the Court DENIES Straight Path’s Motion to Dismiss for lack of subject
4
matter jurisdiction.
5
B.
Transfer
6
Straight Path argues that this Court should decline jurisdiction in favor of Straight Path’s
7
case addressing similar issues in the Eastern District of Virginia because of judicial efficiency and
8
economy. The Court agrees for the following reasons.
9
Under DataTern, the Federal Circuit has held that when “a case has already been filed
against … customers in the Eastern District of Texas … [Plainitff] cannot seek a declaration from
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
a New York court on behalf of customers they must indemnify where a suit against these very
12
customers on all the same issues was already underway in a Texas court.” See Futurewei Techs.,
13
Inc. v. Acacia Research Corp., 737 F.3d 704, 708 (Fed. Cir. 2013). Similarly, Amazon’s
14
Complaint arises from the patent infringement action in the Eastern District of Virginia, in which
15
Straight Path accused Amazon’s customers, LGE and VIZIO, of patent infringement on all the
16
same issues as in this case. See Dkt. No. 1. Therefore, by agreeing to indemnify any one of their
17
customers, Amazon could defend its customers and efficiently and effectively participate in the
18
Virginia Action. See DataTern at 904.
19
As to whether this action could have been brought in the Eastern District of Virginia,
20
Straight Path is based in Virginia and Straight Path has demonstrated that a similar case against
21
LGE and VIZIO is already pending in Virginia. See Dkt. No. 14 at 2. The Virginia court will
22
already have to commit significant resources to learning the relevant technology in this case.
23
Amazon’s case in this Court would require two federal district courts to duplicate work. Thus,
24
Straight Path has met its burden on this level of the analysis. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1391(b)(1), (2),
25
(c)(2) (designating that a civil action may be brought in “a judicial district in which any defendant
26
resides” or “a judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to
27
the claim occurred,” and specifying that, for venue purposes, a corporation shall be deemed to
28
14
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
reside, if a defendant, in any judicial district in which such defendant is subject to the court’s
2
personal jurisdiction.”).
3
i.
4
Convenience of the Parties
“The convenience of the parties is … an important factor in determining whether to allow a
5
transfer of venue.” Jarvis v. Marietta Corp., No. C 98–4951, 1999 WL 638231 MJJ, at *4 (N.D.
6
Cal. Aug. 12, 1999). In weighing this factor, “courts do not consider the convenience to parties
7
that have chosen to bring a case in a forum where they do not reside.” Brown v. Abercrombie &
8
Fitch Co., No. 13–CV–05205 YGR, 2014 WL 715082, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2014) (citing
9
Flint v. UGS Corp., No. C07–04640 MJJ, 2007 WL 4365481, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 12, 2007)).
10
Here, Straight Path argues that it would be more convenient to litigate this case in the
United States District Court
Northern District of California
11
Eastern District of Virginia because Amazon’s complaint is grounded in an obligation to
12
indemnify customers already sued in Eastern District, where the underlying customer suit is
13
pending. See Dkt. No. 14 at 2. However, because Amazon is headquartered in Seattle,
14
Washington and not in the Northern District, this Court does not consider the convenience to it.
15
Therefore, this factor weighs in favor of transfer.
16
17
ii.
Plaintiff’s Choice of Forum
Although maintaining venue would be marginally more convenient for Amazon, it is
18
inconvenient for Straight Path’s witnesses who reside in Virginia. This factor weighs strongly in
19
favor of the transfer. See Amini Innovation Corp. v. JS Imps., Inc., 497 F. Supp. 2d 1093, 1111
20
(CD. Cal. 2007) (“The convenience of witnesses is often the most important factor in determining
21
whether a transfer pursuant to § 1404 is appropriate.”).
22
As to the factors outlined in Jones, Amazon’s choice of this district favors maintaining the
23
case here. But while this factor can sometimes be a weighty one under other circumstances, it is
24
afforded less deference when the action is brought in a district in which the operative facts did not
25
occur and in which the Plaintiff does not reside. See Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Ins.
26
Co., 472 F. Supp. 2d 1183, 1191 (S. D. Cal. 2007) (“However, ‘[i]f the operative facts have not
27
occurred within the forum and the forum has no interest in the parties or subject matter,’ the
28
15
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
plaintiff’s choice receives ‘minimal consideration.’ ” (quoting Lou v. Belzberg, 834 F.2d 730, 739
2
(9th Cir. 1987)).
3
Here, Amazon is headquartered in Seattle while Straight Path is from Virginia. See Dkt.
No. 23-4 at 1; see also Dkt. No. 14 at 2. However, Straight Path has already filed a suit in the
5
Eastern District of Virginia that will adjudicate similar issues raised by Amazon’s declaratory
6
judgment complaint. See Dkt. No. 14 at 2. Amazon’s action arises from indemnification requests
7
and allegations in the Virginia Actions. See id. Therefore, Amazon’s claim involves a resident of
8
the Eastern District of Virginia, and stems from conduct (Straight Path’s action against LGE and
9
VIZIO) that occurred within that district. In light of the fact that Amazon is not a resident of the
10
Northern District and that Amazon’s claim stems from conduct that did not occur in this District,
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
4
this Court accords Amazon’s choice of forum minimal deference.
12
iii.
Location Where Relevant Agreements Negotiated and Executed
13
In the Ninth Circuit, the location where the relevant agreements were negotiated and
14
executed is a factor a court may consider in deciding a motion to transfer. Jones, 211 F.3d at 498.
15
Here, the factor relating to the negotiation or execution of contracts is irrelevant since it is not
16
alleged that Amazon’s agreements with LGE and VIZIO are at issue. Therefore, this factor is
17
neutral.
18
iv.
The Respective Parties’ Contacts With the Forum
19
Both parties’ contacts with the forum is also relevant to the transfer inquiry. Jones, 211
20
F.3d at 498. Here, Amazon has had some contact with the Northern District of California; it is
21
home to one of Amazon’s development facility. See Dkt. No. 23-4 at 1. However, Straight Path
22
appears to have had no contact with the Northern District of California. Accordingly, because
23
Amazon appears to have some contacts with the Northern District while Straight Path does not,
24
this factor is also neutral.
25
v.
26
The differences in the Costs of Litigation in the Two Forums
Finally, while convenience to the parties’ attorneys is “not an appropriate factor for the
27
Court to consider when deciding a motion to transfer,” see Wilson v. Walgreen Co., No. C–11–
28
16
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
2930 EMC, 2011 WL 4345079, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 14, 2011), the “differences in the costs of
2
litigation in the two forums” is relevant, Jones, 211 F.3d at 498–99. Here, counsel for Amazon is
3
located in the Northern District of California. However, Straight Path and its counsel are located
4
in the Eastern District of Virginia. Although not directly addressed in the opposition, for both
5
parties, the cost of litigation between California and Virginia has little significance since both
6
should be prepared to litigate in either state. Thus this factor weighs in favor of transfer.
7
8
9
vi.
Convenience to the Witnesses
“The relative convenience to the witnesses is often recognized as the most important factor
to be considered in ruling on a motion under § 1404(a).” Saleh v. Titan Corp., 361 F. Supp. 2d
1152, 1160 (S.D. Cal. 2005). In addition, “[w]hile the convenience of party witnesses is a factor
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
to be considered, the convenience of non-party witnesses is the more important factor.” Id. The
12
moving party bears the burden of identifying the relevant witnesses and why it would be more
13
convenient for them to testify in another venue. Florens Container v. Cho Yang Shipping, 245 F.
14
Supp. 2d 1086, 1093 (N.D. Cal. 2002).
15
Although maintaining venue might be marginally more convenient for Amazon (Seattle
16
headquarters), it is considerably inconvenient for Straight Path’s witnesses who reside in Virginia.
17
This factor, arguably the most important of them all, weight strongly in favor of the transfer. See
18
Amini Innovation Corp. v. JS Imps., Inc., 497 F. Supp. 2d 1093, 1111 (C.D. Cal. 2007) (“The
19
convenience of witness is often the most important factor in determining whether a transfer
20
pursuant to § 1404 is appropriate.”).
21
22
vii.
Interest of Justice
Finally, the Court finds that the applicable interest of justice factors favor transfer. In
23
evaluating the interest of justice, a court may consider public interest factors such as court
24
congestion, the local interest in deciding local controversies, conflicts of laws, and burdening
25
citizens in an unrelated forum with jury duty. Decker Coal Co. v. Commonwealth Edison Co.,
26
805 F.2d 834 (9th Cir. 1986).
27
28
Here, the Virginia court will already have to commit significant resources to learning the
17
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
1
relevant technology in this case. However, allowing this case to continue in California will only
2
duplicate the workload of the courts, and could result in intervention here by manufacturers not
3
indemnified by Amazon. There is no need for this Court to duplicate the work of the Virginia
4
court and risk conflicting decision by sister courts. Thus, the Court finds that this factor tips in
5
favor of transfer.
6
On balance, the judicial efficiency and convenience considerations applicable to an
7
analysis under § 1404(a) weigh in favor of transferring this action to Eastern District of Virginia.
8
Accordingly, Straight Path’s Motion to Transfer is GRANTED.
9
IV.
10
CONCLUSION
Thus, to avoid extra expense and delay for both parties, the court finds that transfer, rather
United States District Court
Northern District of California
11
than dismissal, is appropriate here. Accordingly the court DENIES Defendant’s Motion to
12
Dismiss and GRANTS Defendant’s Motion to Transfer. The Clerk shall transfer the file to the
13
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia and close the file.
14
15
16
17
18
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: May 28, 2015
______________________________________
EDWARD J. DAVILA
United States District Judge
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
18
Case No.: 5:14-cv-04561-EJD
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING MOTION TO
TRANSFER VENUE
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?