Garza v. Brinderson Constructors, Inc. et al

Filing 50

ORDER by Judge Ronald M. Whyte granting 37 Motion to Remand; finding as moot 42 Motion to Consolidate Cases.(rmwlc1, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 4/4/2016)

Download PDF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 SAN JOSE DIVISION United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 DANIEL GARZA, Case No. 15-cv-02661-RMW Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND 14 15 16 17 BRINDERSON CONSTRUCTORS, INC., et al., Re: Dkt. Nos. 37, 42 Defendants. Plaintiff Daniel Garza filed a class action complaint in Monterey County Superior Court on 18 April 16, 2015, alleging that defendants failed to provide meal and rest periods, failed to pay 19 premium wages for unprovided meal and rest periods, failed to pay at least minimum wages for all 20 hours worked, failed to pay overtime wages, failed to reimburse for all necessary business 21 expenses, and failed to provide accurate written wage statements. Dkt. No. 1-1. On June 12, 2015, 22 defendants Brinderson L.P., Inc. and Brinderson Constructors, Inc. removed to federal court on the 23 basis of diversity jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act. Dkt. No. 1. Plaintiff now 24 moves to remand. Dkt. No. 37. Brinderson L.P. opposes the motion to remand and also moves to 25 26 27 consolidate this action with Daniel Garza v. Brinderson Constructors, Inc., Brinderson L.P, Brinderson L.P., Inc. and Chevron U.S.A., Inc., N.D. Cal., Case No. 15-cv-05742-HRL. Dkt. Nos. 40, 42. The court grants plaintiff’s motion to remand because Brinderson has not established that 1 28 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC 1 the parties are diverse. Furthermore, even if Brinderson had established diversity jurisdiction, the 2 court finds that the home state controversy exception would require remand. Because the case is 3 remanded, the court does not reach Brinderson’s motion to consolidate. 4 5 I. BACKGROUND Plaintiff originally filed this action in state court, alleging violations of the California 6 Labor Code and the California Business & Professions Code against defendants Brinderson 7 Constructors, Inc., Brinderson, L.P., Inc., and Chevron, Inc. Dkt. No. 1-1. Plaintiff’s allegations 8 include failure to provide meal and rest periods, failure to pay hourly and overtime wages, failure 9 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 13 14 15 to reimburse for cell phone charges and uniforms, and failure to provide accurate wage statements. Id. Before defendants removed to federal court, plaintiff amended the complaint to add an eighth cause of action for civil penalties. See Dkt. No. 1-2. Both the original complaint and the amended complaint indicate that the aggregate claim of the putative class is under the $5,000,000.00 threshold for federal jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005. See Dkt. No. 1-1 ¶ 3; Dkt. No. 1-2 ¶ 3. In the notice of removal, Brinderson L.P., Inc. and Brinderson Constructors, Inc. claim that the jurisdictional requirements 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d) are met because 1) there are 100 or more 16 putative class members; 2) the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $5 million, 17 exclusive of interest and costs; and 3) members of the putative class are citizens of a state different 18 19 20 from defendants. Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 16. Following removal, the parties stipulated to allow plaintiff to file a Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) in order to 1) remove the allegations against Brinderson Constructors, Inc.; 2) 21 correct the naming of defendant “Brinderson L.P., Inc.” to “Brinderson L.P.” and 3) correct the 22 naming of “Chevron, Inc.” to “Chevron U.S.A., Inc.” See Dkt. No. 25. In the SAC, plaintiff 23 alleges that “[t]his Court has subject matter jurisdiction to hear this case because Defendant has 24 removed this case pursuant to the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d).” Dkt. 25 No. 26 ¶ 2. The SAC does not allege an amount in controversy. 26 27 II. ANALYSIS Plaintiff argues that this case must be remanded because Brinderson has failed to establish 2 28 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC 1 1) that the amount in controversy exceeds $5,000,000, and 2) that the parties are diverse. Plaintiff 2 further argues that even if Brinderson could meet the jurisdictional requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 3 1332(d)(2), this court must decline to exercise jurisdiction because of the home state controversy 4 exception. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(4)(B). Brinderson responds that it has met its burden for both 5 the amount in controversy and diversity requirements, and that plaintiff has failed to meet his 6 burden to show that the home state controversy exception applies. 7 Brinderson suggests that this court should view plaintiff’s arguments regarding lack of 8 subject matter with “extreme skepticism” because plaintiff waited six months from removal to 9 move to remand and admitted in the Second Amended Complaint that this court “has subject matter jurisdiction to hear this case because Defendant has removed the case pursuant to the Class 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 Action Fairness Act of 2005, U.S.C. § 1332(d).” Dkt. No. 40 at 5 (citing SAC ¶ 2). While a district 12 court may rely on a judicial admission by plaintiff as to the amount in controversy, the Ninth 13 Circuit has made it clear that “a defect in jurisdiction” cannot “be avoided by waiver or 14 stipulation.” Singer v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 116 F.3d 373, 376-77 (9th Cir. 1997) (citing 15 Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. of North America, 980 F.2d 1261, 1264 (9th Cir.1992)); see also 28 U.S.C. 16 § 1447 (“If at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter 17 jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.”). The court does not read the SAC as a judicial 18 admission as to the amount of controversy or any other fact underlying the existence of subject 19 matter jurisdiction under the CAFA. See Redding v. Hitachi Am., Ltd., 69 F. App’x 887, 888 (9th 20 Cir. 2003) (affirming district court’s holding that defendant’s statement in its answer that “the 21 citizenship of the litigants is diverse” not a factual admission”). The court considers the merits of 22 plaintiff’s subject matter jurisdiction arguments. 23 A. 24 Brinderson, as the removing party, has the burden of establishing a prima facie showing of 25 federal jurisdiction under the CAFA. Serrano v. 180 Connect, Inc., 478 F.3d 1018, 1021 (9th Cir. 26 2007) (citing Abrego Abrego v. The Dow Chem. Co., 443 F.3d 676, 683-85 (9th Cir. 2006)). 27 However, “no antiremoval presumption attends cases invoking CAFA, which Congress enacted to Removal Jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act 3 28 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC 1 facilitate adjudication of certain class actions in federal court.” Dart Cherokee Basin Operating 2 Co., LLC v. Owens, 135 S. Ct. 547, 554 (2014). A “court may properly consider evidence the 3 removing party submits in its opposition to remand, even if this evidence was not submitted with 4 the original removal petition.” Altamirano v. Shaw Indus., Inc., No. C-13-0939 EMC, 2013 WL 5 2950600, at *3 (N.D. Cal. June 14, 2013) (citing Cohn v. Petsmart, Inc., 281 F.3d 837, 840 n. 1 6 (9th Cir. 2002)). 7 1. 8 9 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 13 14 15 Amount in Controversy Plaintiff argues that Brinderson has not established the amount in controversy. Dkt. No. 37 at 5; Dkt. No. 45 at 6. “[T]he proper burden of proof imposed upon a defendant to establish the amount in controversy is the preponderance of the evidence standard.” Rodriguez v. AT & T Mobility Servs. LLC, 728 F.3d 975, 977 (9th Cir. 2013). Brinderson puts forth three separate calculations for the amount in controversy. In its first calculation, Brinderson assumes that each putative class member missed one meal break and one rest period for each workweek. Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 14(e). Based on the average hourly rate for nonexempt employees of $25.27, Brinderson calculates that once per week meal and rest break violations would put a total of $8,082,558.96 at issue. Id. ¶¶ 14(c)-(e). In a second proposed 16 calculation, Brinderson assumes a 100% violation rate for meal breaks, relying on its 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 understanding that “the focus of Plaintiff’s meal break claim is an alleged inability to leave the premises,” which Brinderson claims “would potentially put every meal period at issue.” Dkt. No. 40 at 11 (citing Dkt. No. 40-2 (Jaskowiak Decl.) ¶ 4). According to Brinderson’s payroll data, there were 604,240 shifts over five hours worked by putative class members during the relevant period. Id. at 11 (citing Dkt. No. 40-1 (Marcotte Decl.) ¶ 10). Again using the average hourly rate for putative class members, Brinderson reaches a total of $15,269,144.00 for all shifts over five hours and, to account for possible meal period waivers executed by putative class members, an 24 alternative total of $14,556,985.00 for all shifts of six hours. Id. at 11 and n.6. In its third proposed 25 calculation, Brinderson calculates an amount based on the waiting time penalties sought by 26 plaintiff. Relying on the allegations in the complaint, Brinderson assumes that each “Waiting Time 27 Penalty Class” member suffered a willful violation and calculated claimed penalties of 4 28 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC 1 $6,568,178. Id. at 11. 2 In his reply brief, plaintiff argues that Brinderson “fails to cure the fatal flaw in its 3 evidence of the $5,000,000 amount-in-controversy: its assumptions about how many class 4 members missed meal and rest breaks are unfounded.” Dkt. No. 45 at 6. Plaintiff raises no other 5 objections to Brinderson’s calculations. While the court is not convinced that Brinderson has a 6 basis for the assumption a violation for a meal period violation for every shift, the court finds that 7 Brinderson has established by a preponderance of the evidence that the amount in controversy 8 exceeds $5,000,000 through both its weekly violation calculation and its waiting time penalty 9 calculation.1 10 a. 100% Violation Rate Calculation United States District Court Northern District of California 11 Brinderson bases its assumption that a meal break violation occurred during every shift on 12 its understanding that “the focus of Plaintiff’s meal break claim is an alleged inability to leave the 13 premises, which would potentially put every meal period at issue.” Dkt. No. 40 at 11. While such 14 allegations could “potentially” put every meal period at issue, the court finds nothing in the 15 complaint demonstrating that plaintiff alleges a 100% violation rate. The Ninth Circuit held that “a ‘pattern and practice’ of doing something does not 16 17 necessarily mean always doing something,” and that under such circumstances, the defendant 18 “bears the burden to show that its estimated amount in controversy relied on reasonable 19 assumptions.” Ibarra v. Manheim Investments, Inc., 775 F.3d 1193, 1198-99 (9th Cir. 2015) 20 (“While it is true that the complaint alleges that Manheim maintains ‘an institutionalized unwritten 21 policy that mandates’ the employment violations alleged in the complaint, including the denial of 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 Although each of these calculations involves only a subset of plaintiff’s claims, each independently suffices to establish the amount in controversy requirement. See Ibarra v. Manheim Investments, Inc., 775 F.3d 1193, 1198 (9th Cir. 2015) (“Although the complaint alleged multiple labor law violations, including failure to pay minimum wages and overtime, failure to provide meal and rest periods, failure to furnish compliant wage statements, and failure to pay timely wages upon termination, Manheim calculated the potential damages only for its alleged meal and break period violations and contends that the amount in controversy for the meal and break penalties alone exceeds $5 million. If so, for purposes of assessing CAFA jurisdiction, there is no need to calculate damages on other claims.”). 5 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC 1 meal and rest periods, this does not mean that such violations occurred in each and every shift.”). 2 In this case, the SAC alleges that plaintiff Daniel Garza “regularly worked shifts of eight to twelve 3 hours per day, without being afforded a meal break during the first five hours, and/or a second 4 meal break after ten hours, as required by California law.” Dkt. No. 26 ¶ 10 (emphasis added). The 5 SAC further alleges that defendants “maintained a policy or practice” of meal break violations 6 with respect to the class. Dkt. No. 26 ¶ 28. Because the SAC does not allege universal violations, 7 Brinderson has not established a reasonable basis for its assumption of a 100% violation rate. 8 Therefore, Brinderson may not rely on such calculations to meet the amount in controversy 9 requirement. 10 b. Weekly Violation Rate Calculation United States District Court Northern District of California 11 In contrast, the court finds that Brinderson’s assumption that each putative class member 12 missed one meal break and one rest period per workweek is reasonable. Plaintiff correctly points 13 out that that the Ninth Circuit has rejected similar calculations because the defendant “failed to 14 provide any evidence regarding why the assumption that each employee missed two rest periods 15 per week was more appropriate than one missed rest period per paycheck or one missed rest period 16 per month.” See Dkt. No. 45 at 6 (citing Garibay v. Archstone Communities LLC, 539 F. App’x 17 763, 764 (9th Cir. 2013)). The Ninth Circuit did find a basis, however, for an assumption that 18 “each claimant missed at least one rest break and one meal break per week” where the complaint 19 alleged that defendant “regularly and consistently failed to provide uninterrupted meal and rest 20 periods” and class representatives had testified in depositions that they were “never” allowed to 21 take meal or rest breaks. Campbell v. Vitran Exp., Inc., 471 F. App’x 646, 649 (9th Cir. 2012). In 22 this case, plaintiff does not allege that class members were “never” permitted breaks, but plaintiff 23 does allege that he “regularly” missed meal breaks and that defendants maintained a “policy or 24 practice” of both meal and rest break violations. See Dkt. No. 26 ¶¶ 10, 28, 37, 56. Brinderson’s 25 assumption of one violation per week is reasonable based on the allegations of the SAC. See, e.g., 26 Arreola v. Finish Line, No. 14-CV-03339-LHK, 2014 WL 6982571, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 9, 27 2014) (finding that pleading “regular or consistent practice” supports assumption that every class 6 28 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC 1 member “experienced at least one violation once per week”). Therefore, Brinderson’s calculations 2 based on weekly violations are sufficient to establish the threshold amount by a preponderance of 3 the evidence. 4 c. Waiting Time Penalty Calculation 5 Moreover, Brinderson also establishes that the threshold amount is met by its third 6 calculation. The SAC defines the putative “Waiting Time Penalties Class” as “[a]ll Hourly 7 Employee Class members who separated from their employment with Defendants during the 8 period beginning three years before the filing of this action and ending when final judgment is 9 entered.” Dkt. No. 26 at 3, ¶ 12. The “Hourly Employee Class” is defined as “[a]ll persons employed by Defendant in hourly or non-exempt positions in California during the Relevant Time 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 Period.” Id. The SAC does not narrow the subclass further, alleging that “at all relevant times, 12 Defendants have failed to timely pay Waiting Times Penalties Class members all of their final 13 wages.” Id. ¶ 79. Plaintiff alleges that the violations were willful. Id. ¶ 81. Relying on these 14 definitions and allegations, Brinderson reaches a potential amount in controversy of $6,568,178. 15 Dkt No. 40 at 11. Brinderson notes that this estimate does not include the additional penalties 16 sought by plaintiff. Id. 17 In Garibay, the Ninth Circuit rejected an assumption “that each employee would be 18 entitled to the maximum statutory penalty” where defendant provided “no evidence supporting 19 that assertion.” Garibay, 539 F. App’x at 764. In this case, however, the allegations in the 20 complaint support Brinderson’s contention. Plaintiff has not submitted any argument or evidence 21 disputing this calculation with his reply, nor does plaintiff offer any alternative calculation in a 22 lower amount for waiting time penalties. See Ibarra v. Manheim Investments, Inc., 775 F.3d at 23 1197 (if defendant’s asserted amount in controversy is challenged, “both sides submit proof and 24 the court decides, by a preponderance of the evidence, whether the amount-in-controversy 25 requirement has been satisfied.”) (quoting Dart, 135 S.Ct. at 554). Therefore, the court finds that 26 Brinderson’s waiting time penalty calculation is sufficient to satisfy the amount in controversy 27 requirement. 7 28 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC 1 2. Diversity Under the CAFA, this court has diversity jurisdiction over a class action in which the 2 3 amount in controversy exceeds $5,000,000 if “any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a State different from any defendant.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2)(A). The parties do not dispute that the 4 remaining defendants—Brinderson L.P. and Chevron U.S.A., Inc.—are citizens of California. 5 Plaintiff argues that Brinderson has established that any plaintiff is citizen of a state other than 6 California. See Dkt. No. 40 at 8-9; Dkt. No. 45 at 5-6. 7 As the party asserting diversity jurisdiction, Brinderson bears the burden of proof on 8 diversity of citizenship. See Kanter v. Warner-Lambert Co., 265 F.3d 853, 857-58 (9th Cir. 2001) 9 (“[T]he party asserting diversity jurisdiction bears the burden of proof.”). Brinderson must 10 establish diversity of citizenship by a preponderance of the evidence. See Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 980 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 F.2d 564, 567 (9th Cir. 1992) (“court may demand that the party alleging jurisdiction justify his allegations by a preponderance of evidence”) (quoting McNutt v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 189 (1936)); Williams v. Sugar Hill Music Publ’g, Ltd., No. C 05-03155 CRB, 2006 WL 1883350, at *6 (N.D. Cal. July 7, 2006) (“burden of establishing diversity is on the party seeking to invoke it and it must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence”). “To demonstrate citizenship for diversity purposes a party must (a) be a citizen of the United States, and (b) be domiciled in a state of the United States.” Lew v. Moss, 797 F.2d 747, 749 (9th Cir. 1986). A person is domiciled “in a location where he or she has established a fixed 19 habitation or abode in a particular place, and [intends] to remain there permanently or 20 indefinitely.” Id. at 749–50. “A person residing in a given state is not necessarily domiciled there, 21 and thus is not necessarily a citizen of that state.” Kanter, 265 F.3d at 857; see also Mondragon v. 22 23 24 25 Capital One Auto Fin., 736 F.3d 880, 885-86 (9th Cir. 2013) (noting that Ninth Circuit has “not yet” adopted the presumption that evidence of a person’s residence is “prima facie evidence of the person’s domicile”). Rather, a person’s domicile is determined by a number of factors, none of them controlling, including: “current residence, voting registration and voting practices, location 26 of personal and real property, location of brokerage and bank accounts, location of spouse and 27 8 28 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC 1 family, membership in unions and other organizations, place of employment or business, driver’s 2 license and automobile registration, and payment of taxes.” Lew, 797 F.2d at 750. 3 Brinderson asserts at least one current, non-exempt California employee is a citizen of a 4 state other than California. Dkt. No. 40 at 9. Brinderson relies on the declaration of its Human 5 Resources Business Partner to show that an unnamed employee class member is a citizen of 6 Washington. The declaration states that the following personnel records establish the employee’s 7 Washington domicile: “(1) IRS Form W-4s that were executed by this individual on November 25, 8 2013, December 14, 2014, February 10, 2015, and May 12, 2015 identifying a Sedro Woolley, 9 Washington address as his home address; (2) a Brinderson ‘Hire Authorization Form’—which is a form used to assign an individual to a specific job—which was executed by this individual on 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 September 18, 2015 and contains the same Sedro Woolley, Washington address as his home 12 address; (3) a copy of a Washington driver’s license with an issuance date of April 11, 2013 that 13 contains the same Sedro Woolley, Washington address as his address; and (4) a copy of a motor 14 vehicle title application and registration certificate from Washington with an issuance date of 15 April 2011.” Id.at 9. 16 The W-4s and Hire Authorization Form suggest that the employee maintains a residence in 17 Washington. The same home address appears in documents evidencing the employee’s 2013 18 Washington driver’s license and 2011 automobile registration, also in Washington. The evidence 19 regarding residence, driver’s license, and automobile registration weigh in favor of a finding of 20 domicile in Washington. 21 However, plaintiff challenges Brinderson’s residence showing, arguing that it is 22 implausible on its face that the employee worked at any of Brinderson’s California locations while 23 commuting from a residence hundreds of miles away in Sedro Woolley, Washington. See Dkt. No. 24 45 at 5-6. The complaint restricts the class to those employed by Brinderson in California. See 25 Dkt. 26 ¶ 12. Place of employment is another factor relevant to domicile, and in this case, the 26 unnamed employee must be employed in California, which weighs against a finding of 27 Washington domicile. 9 28 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC The court concludes that Brinderson’s evidence is not sufficient to establish the 2 employee’s Washington citizenship by a preponderance of the evidence. Brinderson is the only 3 party with access to the unnamed employee, and is in the best position to establish the employee’s 4 state of citizenship. Yet Brinderson did not submit a declaration from the employee regarding the 5 employee’s residency or intent to remain. While Brinderson’s evidence does suggest that the 6 employee maintains a residence in Washington, Brinderson has not established that the employee 7 intends to reside in Washington indefinitely. See, e.g., Kanter, 265 F.3d at 857 (9th Cir. 2001) (“A 8 person residing in a given state is not necessarily domiciled there, and thus is not necessarily a 9 citizen of that state.”); Int’l Cultural Exch. Grp. v. Harifa, Inc., No. 5:14-CV-03014-PSG, 2014 10 WL 5454380, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 27, 2014) (“Neither the complaint nor any declaration from 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 1 Lin or Chu speaks to intent and thus does not prove that either Lin or Chu is anything more than a 12 resident of Georgia.”). Weighing the evidence of residence against the employment evidence, the 13 court finds it equally likely that the unnamed employee is domiciled in California. Furthermore, 14 Brinderson has made no showing that the employee is a citizen of the United States—which is 15 also required for establishing the employee’s Washington citizenship. Lew, 797 F.2d at 749 (“To 16 demonstrate citizenship for diversity purposes a party must (a) be a citizen of the United States, 17 and (b) be domiciled in a state of the United States.”) (emphasis added). While the evidence 18 submitted presents a close question, Brinderson has not carried its burden to establish diversity 19 jurisdiction. 20 B. 21 Furthermore, even if Brinderson has established diversity by a preponderance of the 22 evidence, the court finds it appropriate to permit plaintiff to clarify that the class definitions 23 include only California citizens and to remand on the basis of the home state exception. 24 Home State Controversy Exception to CAFA Diversity Jurisdiction The CAFA includes several statutory exceptions to diversity jurisdiction, including the 25 “home state exception” and the “local controversy exception.” In this case, plaintiff relies on the 26 home state exception. Dkt. No. 37 at 8-9; Dkt. No. 45 at 1. Under the home state exception, a 27 “district court shall decline to exercise jurisdiction” if at least two-thirds of the putative class 10 28 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC 1 members and the “primary” defendants are citizens of the state in which the action was filed. 28 2 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(4)(B). The parties do not dispute that all defendants are California citizens; 3 therefore, there is no dispute that the “primary defendants” are citizens of California. Brinderson 4 claims, however, that plaintiff has waived the home state exception and the plaintiff has not met its 5 burden to show that at least two-thirds of the putative class members are California citizens.2 6 1. Waiver Brinderson argues that plaintiff has waived any exception to CAFA jurisdiction by not 7 8 bringing this motion within a reasonable time. Dkt. No. 40 at 5, 12. There is no statutory time limit 9 for bringing a motion to remand based on an exception to CAFA jurisdiction, but other circuit courts have held that such motions must be brought in a reasonable time, and Ninth Circuit case 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 law suggests the same analysis. Gold v. New York Life Ins. Co., 730 F.3d 137, 142 (2d Cir. 2013) 12 (holding that home state exception is not jurisdictional and that parties invoking \exception must 13 do so within reasonable time); Graphic Commc’ns Local 1B Health & Welfare Fund A v. CVS 14 Caremark Corp., 636 F.3d 971, 975-76 (8th Cir. 2011) (local controversy exception is not 15 jurisdictional and must be raised within a reasonable time); see Visendi v. Bank of Am., N.A., 733 16 F.3d 863, 869 (9th Cir. 2013) (stating that “local controversy” exception is not jurisdictional”); 17 Kamm v. ITEX Corp., 568 F.3d 752, 757 (9th Cir. 2009) (holding that motion to remand based on 18 forum selection clause—a non-procedural-defect, non-jurisdictional motion—must be raised 19 within a reasonable time).3 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 While plaintiff relies on the “home state exception,” Brinderson’s opposition brief refers only to “local controversy” exception. The two concepts are distinct under the statute, but each exception would require plaintiff to prove that at least two-thirds of the proposed class is comprised of California citizens. Therefore, the analysis for purposes of this motion is the same, and the court will treat Brinderson’s arguments as if made with respect to the home state exception. 3 Plaintiff argues that waiver of an exception to CAFA jurisdiction also requires a showing of prejudice. Dkt. No. 45 at 2. However, the cases cited by plaintiff do not suggest that the court must consider prejudice in determining whether a motion to remand was brought within a reasonable time. See Winston v. Superior Court, 196 Cal. App. 3d 600, 602 (Ct. App. 1987) (holding that trial court abused discretion by denying relief from inadvertent waiver of right to jury trial where there had been no prejudice to other party); Jarvis v. Allstate Ins. Co., 2013 WL 587325 at *3 (D. Mont. 2013) (considering waiver of right to rely on exclusion provision of insurance policy); Fisher v. BNP Paribas, 791 F.2d 691, 694 (9th Cir. 1986) (“party seeking to prove waiver of a right to arbitration must demonstrate,” among other things, prejudice to opposing party). 11 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC 1 Brinderson’s argues that plaintiff waited an unreasonable amount of time—173 days— 2 after removal before filings its motion to remand, “especially in light of his active litigation of this 3 case in federal court and the fact that the Motion to Remand is not based on any new 4 developments in the case.” Dkt. No. 40 at 12. Plaintiff argues that the delay cannot be deemed 5 unreasonable because the litigation is still in the early stages and because “any delay was fully 6 justified by the need to ensure that the proper parties were in the case,” which only happened when 7 Chevron USA Inc. was added by stipulation on October 28, 2015. Dkt. No. 45 at 2. The court finds that the timing of plaintiff’s motion was not unreasonable because it was 9 filed 35 days after the Second Amend Complaint and while this case is still in the early stages of 10 motions practice and discovery. See Graphic Commc'ns Local 1B Health & Welfare Fund "A" v. 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 8 CVS Caremark Corp., No. CIV. 09-2203 MJD/JSM, 2011 WL 5826687, at *3 (D. Minn. Oct. 13, 12 2011), report and recommendation adopted sub nom. Graphic Commc'ns Local 1B Health & 13 Welfare Fund A v. CVS Caremark Corp., No. CIV. 09-2203 MJD/JSM, 2011 WL 5827182 (D. 14 Minn. Nov. 18, 2011) (finding three months after removal reasonable given early stage of 15 litigation); cf. Barfield v. Sho-Me Power Elec. Co-op., No. 2:11-CV-04321-NKL, 2014 WL 16 1343092, at *2 (W.D. Mo. Apr. 4, 2014) (finding twenty-six month delay unreasonable where 17 discovery has been extensive and parties had “invested hundreds of hours on motions to dismiss, a 18 motion to sever, issues of class certification, and motions for summary judgment, as well as many 19 ongoing procedural details”). 20 21 2. Two-Thirds Citizenship Requirement Plaintiff argues that it has met its burden so show that that more than two-thirds of the 22 putative class members are California citizens because 1) all class members are California 23 employees, 2) Brinderson’s California facilities are all located “such that commuting from a 24 different state would only be possible by helicopter or private jet,” and 3) Brinderson has only 25 identified one California employee that it contends is domiciled outside of the state. Dkt. No. 45 at 26 1. Although it is very likely that two-thirds of the putative class members are California citizens, 27 these allegations are not sufficient to meet plaintiff’s burden of proof on a CAFA exception. 12 28 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC 1 In considering the two-thirds requirement of the local controversy exception, the Ninth 2 Circuit held that “there must ordinarily be at least some facts in evidence from which the district 3 court may make findings regarding class members’ citizenship.” Mondragon, 736 F.3d at 884. In 4 Mondragon, the Ninth Circuit rejected the district court’s finding that the class definitions—which 5 limited putative class membership to consumers who purchased and registered cars in 6 California— were sufficient to establish the two-thirds citizenship requirement for local 7 controversy exception. 736 F.3d at 881-884. The Ninth Circuit acknowledged that the district 8 court’s inference from the class definitions was “understandable;” yet the court concluded that 9 there was “simply no evidence in the record to support a finding that the group of citizens outnumbers the group of non-citizens by more than two to one,” noting that cars may have been 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 “purchased and registered in California by members of the military, by out-of-state students, by 12 owners of second homes, by other temporary residents who maintained legal citizenship in other 13 states, and by person who live in California but are not U.S. citizens.” Id. 884. 14 Similarly in this case, some of Brinderson’s California employees may commute from 15 other states, may temporarily reside in California while maintaining legal citizenship in other 16 states, or may be California residents who are not U.S. citizens. This court cannot infer citizenship 17 based on plaintiff’s current California employee class definitions alone. See Serrano v. Bay Bread 18 LLC, No. 14-CV-01087-TEH, 2014 WL 1813300, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 6, 2014), certificate of 19 appealability denied (Aug. 22, 2014) (plaintiffs did not meet burden on local controversy 20 exception because they “failed to put forth any evidence, and instead rely solely on the fact that 21 the plaintiff class was employed in California”); Aviles v. Quik Pick Express, LLC, No. CV-15- 22 5214-MWF (AGR), 2015 WL 5601824, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 23, 2015) (“putative class definition 23 regarding California residents, rather than citizens, is insufficient alone to establish the two-thirds 24 California citizens requirement”). Even accepting plaintiff’s representation that the Brinderson 25 locations within California make commuting from another state unlikely, plaintiff has not 26 submitted evidence to show that two-thirds of the putative class members are not temporary 27 California residents or non-U.S. citizens. As it is plaintiff’s burden to show an exception to CAFA 13 28 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC 1 jurisdiction, plaintiff cannot rely on Brinderson’s failure to identify class members who are 2 citizens of other states. 3 The cases cited by plaintiff, Romo v. Panda Rest. Grp., Inc., No. CV 12-00996 GAF OPX, 4 2012 WL 3930346 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 7, 2012) and Kastroll v. Wynn Resorts, Ltd., No. 2:09-CV- 5 2034-LDG-VCP, 2013 WL 496409 (D. Nev. Feb. 6, 2013), are unavailing. These cases not only 6 predate the Mondragon decision, they also involve some type of residency evidence beyond class 7 definitions for the putative employee classes. See Romo, 2012 WL 3930346 at *4 (“likelihood that 8 4,620 members of [estimated 14,000 California employees] are not California citizens, particularly 9 given the statistical data [regarding interstate migration patterns], is highly unlikely”); Kastroll, 2013 WL 496409 at *4 (considering “documented residencies of current employees”). 11 United States District Court Northern District of California 10 Furthermore, as plaintiff points out, the Romo court appears to have initially inferred California 12 residency based on California employment— an inference which is not permitted in the absence of 13 additional evidence. See Serrano v. Bay Bread, 2014 WL 1813300 at *2 (“fact that the plaintiff 14 class was employed in California” not sufficient to “establish the initial domicile of the class 15 members”). 16 However, plaintiff also requests leave to amend his complaint to clarify that the class is 17 intended to be a class of California citizens and asks the court to remand on that basis. Dkt. No. 45 18 at 1 n.1. In Mondragon, the Ninth Circuit indicated that “pure inference regarding the citizenship 19 of prospective class members may be sufficient if the class is defined as limited to citizens of the 20 state in question.” 736 at 881-82. The Ninth Circuit has also held that “plaintiffs should be 21 permitted to amend a complaint after removal to clarify issues pertaining to federal jurisdiction 22 under CAFA.” Benko v. Quality Loan Serv. Corp., 789 F.3d 1111, 1117 (9th Cir. 2015). Several 23 district courts in this circuit have permitted clarifying amendments that restrict a class to a state’s 24 “citizens.” See, e.g., Turner v. Corinthian Int'l Parking Servs., Inc., No. C 15-03495 SBA, 2015 25 WL 7768841, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 3, 2015) (denying motion to remand without prejudice to 26 ability to renew after filing amended complaint clarifying class definition); In re Anthem, Inc., No. 27 15-CV-2873-LHK, 2015 WL 5265686, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 9, 2015) (granting motion to remand 14 28 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC 1 after considering clarifying amendment because citizenship of class “only became relevant when 2 Defendants sought removal”); Aviles, 2015 WL 5601824 at *5 (granting to leave for clarifying 3 amendment where all claims for relief arise under California law and all allegations involve 4 performing services for defendant in California). 5 This court, therefore, concludes that leave to amend is appropriate in this case, and that 6 such amendment serves as an additional basis for remand. See Smilow v. Anthem Blue Cross Life 7 & Health Ins. Co., No. CV 15-4556-MWF(AGRX), 2015 WL 4778824, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 13, 8 2015) (granting leave to amend, deeming complaint “amended to refer to California “citizens” 9 rather than “residents,” and granting motion to remand). 10 United States District Court Northern District of California 11 III. CONCLUSION For these reasons, the court grants plaintiff’s motion and remands the case to Superior 12 Court of the State of California for the County of Monterey. Accordingly, the court does not 13 consider Brinderson’s motion to consolidate. 14 15 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: April 4, 2016 ______________________________________ Ronald M. Whyte United States District Judge 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 15 28 15-cv-02661-RMW ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND FC

Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.


Why Is My Information Online?