Leland Wheeler v. City of Santa Clara et al
Filing
36
ORDER by Judge Ronald M. Whyte granting 16 Motion to Dismiss. (rmwlc1, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 11/1/2016)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
SAN JOSE DIVISION
United States District Court
Northern District of California
11
12
LELAND WHEELER,
Case No. 16-cv-01953-RMW
Plaintiff,
13
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’
MOTION TO DISMISS
v.
14
15
CITY OF SANTA CLARA, et al.,
Re: Dkt. No. 16
Defendants.
16
This is a civil rights action against the City of Santa Clara and several members of the
17
18
Santa Clara Police Department arising out of the shooting death of Deborah Colbert. For the
19
reasons set forth below, the court grants defendants’ motion to dismiss.
20
I.
21
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Leland Wheeler is the biological son of Deborah Colbert. Id. ¶ 20. Plaintiff was
22
adopted when he was nine months old, but later developed a close relationship with his biological
23
mother. Id. According to the complaint, Deborah Colbert called 911 on April 13, 2014 and told the
24
dispatcher that she had taken pills, had been drinking heavily, and wanted the police to shoot her.
25
Id. ¶ 14. Ms. Colbert also stated that if the police came to her door, she would be wielding a
26
baseball bat. Id. Shortly after the 911 call, officers arrived at Ms. Colbert’s residence and
27
attempted to gain entry. Id. ¶¶ 15-17. Ms. Colbert emerged with a baseball bat, and the officers
28
1
16-cv-01953-RMW
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS
FC
1
fired at Ms. Colbert. Id. ¶ 18. Ms. Colbert was shot and died at the hospital on April 14, 2014. Id.
2
Plaintiff alleges that Ms. Colbert’s death was needless. Id. Plaintiff asserts two § 1983 claims on
3
his own behalf: a Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process claim for deprivation of his
4
right to a familial relationship with his biological mother and a related Monell claim for
5
supervisory liability. Id. ¶¶ 27-31, 32-35. Plaintiff also asserts claims on behalf of Deborah
6
Colbert: a Fourth Amendment excessive force claim, a related Monell claim for supervisory
7
liability, and claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act and Rehabilitation Act. Id. 21-26,
8
32-5, 36-42.
9
II.
10
ANALYSIS
Defendants move to dismiss plaintiff’s substantive due process claims, arguing that
United States District Court
Northern District of California
11
plaintiff has no constitutionally protected liberty interest in the relationship with his biological
12
mother. Defendants also argue that plaintiff cannot assert claims on her behalf. Defendants’
13
motion to dismiss is granted.
Plaintiff’s Individual Claims
14
A.
15
Plaintiff asserts a substantive due process claim under the Fourteenth Amendment and a
16
related Monell claim on his own behalf. “[B]oth the parents and children of a person killed by law
17
enforcement officer” may assert Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process claims based on
18
the “deprivation of their liberty interest arising out of their relationship.” Moreland v. Las Vegas
19
Metro. Police Dep’t, 159 F.3d 365, 371 (9th Cir. 1998), as amended (Nov. 24, 1998). Here,
20
however, plaintiff’s adoption “sever[ed] the relationship of parent and child” between plaintiff and
21
his natural parent. Cal. Prob. Code § 6451(a)). Plaintiff, therefore, lacks a cognizable liberty
22
interest in a relationship with his biological mother. Plaintiff cites several Ninth Circuit cases
23
recognizing the liberty interest in a parent-child relationship. See, e.g., Curnow v. Ridgecrest
24
Police, 952 F.2d 321, 325 (9th Cir. 1991) (confirming that both parents and children had a
25
Fourteenth Amendment liberty interest “the companionship and society” of shooting victim);
26
Crumpton v. Gates, 947 F.2d 1418, 1423–24 (9th Cir. 1991) (permitting action brought by six-
27
year old son of shooting victim who was a two month-old fetus when his father was shot). But
28
2
16-cv-01953-RMW
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS
FC
1
none of these cases found that a cognizable liberty interest in a parent-child relationship that had
2
been legally severed.
3
The court is not convinced by plaintiff’s argument that the parent-child relationship
4
encompasses both natural and adoptive parents under the California Family Code. See Cal. Fam.
5
Code § 7601(b) (“Parent and child relationship” as used in this part means the legal relationship
6
existing between a child and the child’s natural or adoptive parents incident to which the law
7
confers or imposes rights, privileges, duties, and obligations.”) (emphasis added). The Family
8
Code defines the parent and child relationship as the “legal relationship . . . incident to which the
9
law confers or imposes rights, privileges, duties, and obligations.” By referencing a child’s
“natural or adoptive parents,” the Family Code merely recognizes that a child’s legal parental
11
United States District Court
Northern District of California
10
relationship could be with either. Moreover, at least one California court has found that a daughter
12
lacked standing to bring a wrongful death claim as the “child” of her biological father because her
13
adoption by other parents severed the parent-child relationship. See Phraner v. Cote Mart, Inc., 55
14
Cal. App. 4th 166, 171 (1997) (citing Cal. Prob. Code § 6451(a)).
15
Plaintiff also argues that he did not choose to sever the relationship with his biological
16
mother, and in fact made a concerted effort to maintain a relationship. But a close relationship is
17
not sufficient to establish a constitutional interest in the decedent’s companionship and society.
18
See Bell v. City of Milwaukee, 746 F.2d 1205, 1247 (7th Cir. 1984) overruled on other grounds by
19
Russ v. Watts, 414 F.3d 783 (7th Cir. 2005) (“Obviously many human relationships stem from the
20
‘emotional attachments that derive from the intimacy of daily association,’ but we are unwilling to
21
attach constitutional significance to such attachments outside the closely guarded parent-child
22
relationship.”); see also Ward v. City of San Jose, 967 F.2d 280, 283-84 (9th Cir.1991) (adopting
23
the rule of Bell and finding no cognizable liberty interest for siblings). Nor is the court persuaded
24
by plaintiff’s citation to Moore v. City of E. Cleveland, Ohio, 431 U.S. 494 (1977), which
25
addressed a constitutionally protected liberty interest in “freedom of personal choice in matters of
26
marriage and family life,” rather than a liberty interest in the companionship and society of a
27
parent. Id. at 499.
28
3
16-cv-01953-RMW
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS
FC
B.
1
Plaintiffs’ Survivor Claims
Plaintiff brings § 1983 excessive force claims under the Fourth Amendment and Monell, as
2
well claims under Americans with Disabilities Act and Rehabilitation Act, on behalf of his
3
mother. The parties do not dispute that plaintiff lacks the capacity to pursue survivor claims under
4
5
California’s survivorship statute. Only a decedent’s “personal representative” or “successor in
interest” may assert a survivor claim in California. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 337.30. Plaintiff does
6
not claim to be either.
7
Plaintiff argues that California’s state statute should not apply, and asks the court to instead
8
apply a federal common law rule of survivorship that would permit his claims to proceed. See Dkt.
9
No. 23 at 9. Plaintiff contends that the California statute does not control with respect to his
10
United States District Court
Northern District of California
11
12
13
§ 1983 claims because it is inconsistent § 1983’s underlying policy goals. See Robertson v.
Wegmann, 436 U.S. 584, 589-90 (“survival of civil rights actions under § 1983” governed by state
statutes unless state law is ‘inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States’”)
(quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1988)).1 Plaintiff further argues that defendants’ motion does not establish
14
that the California survivorship rule applies to the federal ADA and Rehabilitations Act claims he
15
asserts on behalf of his biological mother.
16
Plaintiff does not, however, identify any source of federal common law that would permit
17
a survivor claim by a plaintiff with no legal relationship to the decedent. In each case cited by
18
plaintiff, the right of the plaintiff to bring survivor claims on behalf of the decedent was
19
undisputed. See, e.g., Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 16 (1980) (survivor claim brought by mother
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
1
The court is not persuaded by this argument. “A state statute cannot be considered ‘inconsistent’
with federal law merely because the statute causes the plaintiff to lose the litigation.” Robertson,
436 U.S. at 593. Like the Louisiana statute at issue in Robertson, section 337.30 reasonably limits
the class of persons who may pursue survivor claims on behalf of a decedent, but it does not affect
the adequacy of the remedies available to such persons. Id. at 592 (finding compensation to “one
who is merely suing as the executor of the deceased’s estate” not required and noting that “even an
official aware of the intricacies of Louisiana survivorship law would hardly be influenced in his
behavior by its provisions”). Therefore, the court is not convinced that section 337.30 reduces the
compensation or deterrence effects of § 1983—even when applied to claims based on an alleged
violation that caused death. Cf., e.g., Chaudhry v. City of Los Angeles, 751 F.3d 1096, 1104 (9th
Cir. 2014) (finding that prohibition against pre-death pain and suffering damages limited recovery
“too severely” to be consistent with § 1983’s compensation and deterrence goals.).
4
16-cv-01953-RMW
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS
FC
1
on “behalf of the estate of her deceased son”); Chaudhry, 751 F.3d at 1102 (claims brought on
2
behalf of estate); Guyton v. Phillips, 532 F. Supp. 1154, 1156 (N.D. Cal. 1981) disapproved of on
3
other grounds by Peraza v. Delameter, 722 F.2d 1455 (9th Cir. 1984) (“action is brought on
4
behalf of the deceased minor by his mother as the Administratrix of the Estate”). The court
5
concludes, therefore, that even if federal law applies, plaintiff lacks capacity to assert claims on
6
Deborah Colbert’s behalf.
7
III.
8
9
10
United States District Court
Northern District of California
11
12
13
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, defendants’ motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim is granted.
Plaintiff’s request for leave to amend is denied as futile.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: November 1, 2016
______________________________________
Ronald M. Whyte
United States District Judge
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
5
16-cv-01953-RMW
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS
FC
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?