Estate of Anastacio Hernandez-Rojas et al v. United States of America et al

Filing 325

ORDER denying 145 , 146 , 147 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 184 , 185 , 197 , 201 Motions for Summary Judgment. It is further Ordered that the parties shall jointly contact the chambers of Magistrate Judge Bartick within three days of the filing of this Order to schedule a mandatory settlement conference. Signed by Judge M. James Lorenz on 9/29/2014. (sjt)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 THE ESTATE OF ANASTACIO
HERNANDEZ-ROJAS, by its personal
12 representative DAISY HERNANDEZ, et
al.,
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Plaintiffs,
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v.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
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Defendant.
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Civil No. 11cv522 L (DHB)
ORDER DENYING MOTIONS FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT [doc. nos.
145, 146, 147, 151, 152, 153, 184, 185,
197, 201]

Currently pending are the individual defendants’ motions for summary judgment. The

19 motions are fully briefed and are considered without oral argument.
20 I.

Background

21

On March 23, 2012, Plaintiffs, the Estate of Anastacio Hernandez-Roja, which is for the

22 benefit of the children of decedent (“Anastacio”), filed the operative third amended complaint
23 (“TAC”). [ELECTRONIC CASE FILING ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES AND
24 PROCEDURES M #53.] Plaintiffs assert fourteen causes of action: five of the causes of action
25 are alleged constitutional violations under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents, 403 U.S. 388
26 (1971), and the remaining nine are brought under the Federal Tort Claims Act and the Alien Tort
27 Claims Act. Plaintiffs seek general and special damages, punitive damages, and injunctive or
28 declaratory relief.
11cv522

1

The initial complaint and the first amended complaint were brought against the United

2 States of America and Does 1-50. The second amended complaint [doc. #16] named individual
3 defendants with a numbering system. In their joint motion for protective order, [doc. #41], the
4 parties agreed to use a “star numbering system for each of the individually named defendants at
5 least through the discovery phase of litigation.” Id. at 2. The TAC continued the use of the
6 numbering system. After a telephonic status conference with the magistrate judge, the
7 requirement that the parties use a star numbering system for each individually named defendant
8 was lifted, except as to defendant Gabriel Ducoing. (Order filed July 29, 2013. [doc. # 242]) The
9 magistrate judge ordered supplemental briefing with respect to the continued application of the
10 star numbering system to defendant Ducoing. After full review of the matters presented, the
11 magistrate judge found that the numbering system would no longer apply to Ducoing. In an
12 effort to clarify the identities of the individual defendants, the Court will use the individual
13 defendants’ names rather than the star numbering system.1
14

Plaintiffs allege that their father, Anastacio, a 42-year old Mexican national, died as a

15 result of physical abuse by Defendants. (TAC ¶ 28.)2 On May 28, 2010, United States Border
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1

The following table identifies the individual defendants by title and star number, name,
and motion for summary judgment docket number:
18
Jerry Vales
#201
19 Customs and Border Protection Agent 7663
Border Patrol Agent V325
Gabriel Ducoing
#146
Border Patrol Agent V315
Philip Krasielwicz
#145
20
Immigration Enforcement Agent Piligrino
Andre Piligrino
#185
Immigration Enforcement Agent 7G2186
Harinzo Narainesingh
#184
21
Border Patrol Agent L
Derrick Llewellyn
#152
Customs and Border Protection Agent B
Alan Boutwell
#151
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Customs and Border Protection Officer S
Kurt Sauer
#153
Border Patrol Supervisor Finn
Ishmael Finn
#147
23
Border Patrol Supervisor 1199
Guillermo E. Avila
#197
Border Patrol Supervisor 168
Edward C. Caliri
#197
24
Custom & Border Protection
Ramon DeJesus
#197
25 Supervisor CAQ03175
26
27

2

The Court provides the factual background from allegations in the TAC because many of
the facts as presented by the various defendants are significantly at odds with plaintiffs’ version
28
of events as well as co-defendants’ accounts.
2

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1 Patrol agents arrested Anastacio and his brother on United States land near the Mexican border.
2 (Id. ¶¶ 43-44, 46.) Those agents then transported the men to the Border Patrol Detention Facility
3 and turned them over to two of the defendants, Border Patrol Agent Philip Krasielwicz
4 (“Krasielwicz”) and Border Patrol Agent Gabriel Ducoing (“Ducoing”). (Id. ¶¶ 57, 59.)
5

After Ducoing ordered Anastacio to empty his water jug, the agent allegedly slapped the

6 jug from Anastacio’s hand. (TAC ¶¶ 62, 64.) Following Anastacio’s complaint to the agent
7 about the slap, Ducoing allegedly grabbed Anastacio, pushed him against a wall, and “repeatedly
8 kicked the inside of Anastacio’s ankles.” (Id. ¶¶ 65-67.) Anastacio requested medical treatment
9 and an opportunity to appear before an Immigration judge. (Id. ¶¶ 72-73.) Ducoing did not
10 comply with Anastacio’s requests. (Id. ¶ 74.)
11

After being taken to the processing area, Anastacio complained to two Border Patrol

12 agents about Ducoing's treatment and requested medical attention and the opportunity to appear
13 before an Immigration Judge. (TAC ¶¶ 75-76.) Anastacio then reiterated his complaints and
14 requests to Border Patrol Supervisor Ishmael Finn (“Finn”). (Id. ¶ 78.) In response, Finn ordered
15 Krasielwicz and Ducoing to immediately remove Anastacio from the United States. (Id. ¶ 82.)
16 The agents drove Anastacio to a border area known as “Whiskey 2,” took him out of the car, and
17 allegedly pushed him against the car and “tried to throw him to the ground.” (Id. ¶¶ 86, 88.)
18 Immigration Enforcement Agent Harinzo Naraisnesingh (“Narainesingh”) and Immigration
19 Enforcement Agent Piligrino (“Piligrino”) arrived and struck Anastacio “repeatedly” with
20 batons. (Id. ¶ 89.) Border Patrol Agent Derrick Llewellyn (“Llewellyn”) arrived and allegedly
21 punched Anastacio “repeatedly.” (Id. ¶ 90.) The five agents threw Anastacio to the ground and
22 handcuffed him. (Id. ¶ 91.) While Anastacio was lying on his stomach and in handcuffs, the
23 agents allegedly “punched, kicked and stepped on Anastacio’s head and body.” (Id. ¶ 92.)
24

While this was taking place, a group of civilians formed. (TAC ¶ 93.) The civilians took

25 photographs and videos of the events and screamed for the agents to stop. (Id. ¶¶ 94-95.)
26 Anastacio cried out for help and begged for the agents to stop. (Id. ¶ 98.) Plaintiffs allege that
27 U.S. Customs and Border Protection Supervisor Ramon DeJesus (“DeJesus”) confiscated
28 bystanders’ phones and erased the photographs and videos. (Id. ¶ 96.)
3

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1

Agents Alan Boutwell (“Boutwell”) and Kurt Sauer (“Sauer”), along with the five

2 original agents on the scene, allegedly struck a Anastacio. (TAC ¶ 102.) After Border Patrol
3 Supervisors Guillermo E. Avila (“Avila”) and Edward C. Caliri (“Caliri”) arrived, they allegedly
4 “permitted and encouraged the agents to continue abusing Anastacio.” (Id. ¶¶ 103-105.) Customs
5 and Border Patrol Officer Jerry Vales (“Vales”) shot Anastacio with his Taser gun four or five
6 times. (Id. ¶ 107, 114.) Llewellyn, Boutwell, and Sauer then allegedly beat Anastacio and
7 “ziptied his legs to his already handcuffed hands, putting him in a ‘hog tied’ position on his
8 stomach.” (Id. ¶ 115.)
9

Plaintiffs allege that as a result of these events, Anastacio suffered a heart attack and

10 ultimately died. (TAC ¶¶ 116, 118.) Dr. Glenn Wagner, San Diego County Chief Medical
11 Examiner, performed an autopsy and ruled that the death was a homicide. (Plfs’ Exh. 43.) Dr.
12 Marvin Pietruszka performed another autopsy and found several injuries to Anastacio’s body,
13 including broken ribs and large hematomas. (Plfs’ Exh. 44.) Dr. Pietruszka also ruled the death a
14 homicide and found “the cause of death to be lack of oxygen to the brain brought on by a heart
15 attack.” (Id. ¶ 119.)
16 II.

Summary Judgment Standard

17

Summary judgment is appropriate under Rule 56(c) where the moving party demonstrates

18 the absence of a genuine issue of material fact and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law.
19 See FED. R. CIV. P. 56(C); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). A fact is material
20 when, under the governing substantive law, it could affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v.
21 Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); Freeman v. Arpaio, 125 F.3d 732, 735 (9th Cir.
22 1997). A dispute about a material fact is genuine if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury
23 could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.
24

A party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial burden of establishing the

25 absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. The moving party can
26 satisfy this burden in two ways: (1) by presenting evidence that negates an essential element of
27 the nonmoving party’s case; or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving party failed to make a
28 showing sufficient to establish an element essential to that party’s case on which that party will
4

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1 bear the burden of proof at trial. Id. at 322-23. “Disputes over irrelevant or unnecessary facts
2 will not preclude a grant of summary judgment.” T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors
3 Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987).
4

“The district court may limit its review to the documents submitted for the purpose of

5 summary judgment and those parts of the record specifically referenced therein.” Carmen v. San
6 Francisco Unified Sch. Dist., 237 F.3d 1026, 1030 (9th Cir. 2001). Therefore, the court is not
7 obligated “to scour the record in search of a genuine issue of triable fact.” Keenan v. Allen, 91
8 F.3d 1275, 1279 (9th Cir. 1996) (citing Richards v. Combined Ins. Co. of Am., 55 F.3d 247, 251
9 (7th Cir. 1995)). If the moving party fails to discharge this initial burden, summary judgment
10 must be denied and the court need not consider the nonmoving party’s evidence. Adickes v. S.H.
11 Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 159-60 (1970).
12

If the moving party meets this initial burden, the nonmoving party cannot defeat summary

13 judgment merely by demonstrating “that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material
14 facts.” Matsushita Electric Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986);
15 Triton Energy Corp. v. Square D Co., 68 F.3d 1216, 1221 (9th Cir. 1995) (“The mere existence
16 of a scintilla of evidence in support of the nonmoving party’s position is not sufficient.”) (citing
17 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 242, 252). Rather, the nonmoving party must “go beyond the pleadings”
18 and by “the depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,” designate “specific
19 facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324 (quoting Fed. R.
20 Civ. P. 56(e)).
21

When making this determination, the court must view all inferences drawn from the

22 underlying facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Matsushita, 475 U.S. at
23 587. “Credibility determinations, the weighing of evidence, and the drawing of legitimate
24 inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge, [when] he [or she] is ruling on
25 a motion for summary judgment.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.
26 III.

Evidentiary Objections

27

Before turning to the merits of defendants’ motions, the Court notes that both parties have

28 submitted objections to various evidentiary materials.
5

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1

A.

Defendants’ Joint Objections to Plaintiffs’ Exhibits

2

Defendants’ joint objections characterize plaintiffs’ evidence as being unsupported

3 assertions, misstatements of testimony, speculative, argumentative, not authenticated, or
4 misleading. (See Objections filed October 1, 2013.)
5

“At summary judgment, a party does not necessarily have to produce evidence in a form

6 that would be admissible at trial.” Nevada Dep't of Corr. v. Greene, 648 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th
7 Cir. 2011) (citing Block v. City of Los Angeles, 253 F.3d 410, 418–19 (9th Cir. 2001)) (internal
8 quotations omitted). The focus is on the admissibility of the evidence's contents, not its form.
9 Fonseca v. Sysco Food Servs.of Arizona, Inc., 374 F.3d 840, 846 (9th Cir. 2004); Fraser v.
10 Goodale, 342 F.3d 1032, 1036 (9th Cir. 2003).
11

Unauthenticated documents cannot be considered in a motion for summary judgment, Las

12 Vegas Sands, LLC v. Nehme, 632 F.3d 526, 533 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Orr v. Bank of America,
13 NT & SA, 285 F.3d 764, 773 (9th Cir. 2002)) (quotation marks omitted), and therefore, lack of
14 proper authentication can be an appropriate objection where the document's authenticity is
15 genuinely in dispute. But an inquiry into authenticity concerns the genuineness of an item of
16 evidence, not its admissibility, Orr, 285 F.3d at 776, and documents may be authenticated by
17 review of their contents if they appear to be sufficiently genuine. Las Vegas Sands, LLC, 632
18 F.3d at 533 (citing Orr, 285 F.3d at 778 n. 24) (quotation marks omitted).
19

“Objections to evidence on the ground that it is irrelevant, speculative, and/or

20 argumentative, or that it constitutes an improper legal conclusion are all duplicative of the
21 summary judgment standard itself” and are thus “redundant” and unnecessary to consider here.
22 Burch v. Regents of Univ. of California, 433 F. Supp.2d 1110, 1119 (E.D. Cal. 2006); see
23 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248 (“Factual disputes that are irrelevant or unnecessary will not be
24 counted.”).
25

In ruling on summary judgment, the Court considers the evidence submitted in support of

26 and opposition to the motion, it does not rely on the parties' characterization of the evidence. See
27 Dalton v. Straumann Co. USA Inc., 2001 WL 590038, at *4 (N.D. Cal. May 18, 2001)
28 (“Statements of undisputed facts, as in this case, are generally unhelpful. It is on the underlying
6

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1 declarations, depositions and exhibits that the court will rely.”).
2

As the case law noted above makes clear, defendants’ objections concerning unsupported

3 assertions or misstatements of testimony, or evidence being speculative or argumentative, or
4 not properly authenticated, or statements that appear to be misleading are without merit at the
5 summary judgment stage. In reviewing the present motions for summary judgment and
6 plaintiffs’ response, the Court has given attention to the evidence presented and the applicable
7 Rules of Evidence. Having therefore considered the objections and case law, the Court overrules
8 defendants’ joint objections.
9
10

B.

Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike Expert Opinions

Within their consolidated opposition to the motions, plaintiffs move to strike the expert

11 reports of Urey Patrick and Gary Vilke, and a declaration by defense expert Mark Kroll. (Opp. at
12 104.) This is procedurally improper under the Civil Local Rules. Because a “motion to strike”
13 buried within an opposition is not a properly filed motion, which requires an independent
14 briefing schedule, defendants are not given an adequate opportunity to respond to the motion and
15 the Court is deprived a full briefing on the matter. Accordingly, the Court will not consider
16 plaintiffs’ request to strike the expert reports and expert declaration.
17 IV.

Qualified Immunity

18

The doctrine of qualified immunity shields government officials from civil liability so

19 long as their conduct does not violate clearly established constitutional rights of which a
20 reasonable person would have been aware under the circumstances. See Pearson v. Callahan,
21 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009). Qualified immunity balances the need to hold public officials
22 accountable for irresponsible exercises of power and the need to shield officials from
23 harassment, distraction, and liability for reasonable performance of their duties. See id. Qualified
24 immunity analysis is a two-step process: courts must determine whether a plaintiff alleges a
25 constitutional violation, and whether the right at issue was clearly established at the time of the
26 alleged violation. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001). Which of the two steps should be
27 addressed first rests in the sound discretion of the court. Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236.
28
7

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1

A.

First Amendment Retaliation Claim

2

Defendants argue that plaintiffs’ first amendment retaliation claim should be dismissed

3 because any use of force claims must be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment objective
4 reasonableness standard. In so contending, defendants rely on Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386
5 (1988). Graham provided that “[A]ll claims that law enforcement officers have used excessive
6 force – deadly or not – in the course of an arrest, investigatory stop, or other “seizure” of a free
7 citizen should be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment . . . .” Id. at 395. In other words, the
8 Fourth Amendment, not the First Amendment, is the only proper basis for an excessive force or
9 false arrest claim. Although correct, plaintiffs’ retaliation claim alleges a First Amendment
10 violation and does not assert a retaliation claim based on the Fourth Amendment. Therefore,
11 defendants’ motion seeking dismissal of the retaliation claim under the First Amendment is
12 denied.
13
14

1.

Constitutional Violation

The First Amendment forbids government officials from retaliating against individuals

15 for speaking out. Blair v. Bethel Sch. Dist., 608 F.3d 540, 543 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Hartman v.
16 Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 256 (2006); see also, U.S. v. Poocha, 259 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. 2001)(The
17 First Amendment protects verbal criticism, challenges, and profanity directed at police officers.).
18

To recover under a Bivens action for such retaliation, a plaintiff must prove: (1) he

19 engaged in constitutionally protected activity; (2) as a result, he was subjected to adverse action
20 by the defendant that would chill a person of ordinary firmness from continuing to engage in the
21 protected activity, and (3) there was a substantial causal relationship between the constitutionally
22 protected activity and the adverse action. Id.; see also Skoog v. County of Clackamas, 469 F.3d
23 1221, 1232 (9th Cir. 2006) (To prevail on a First Amendment retaliation claim, a plaintiff must
24 show that 1) the defendant's action “would chill or silence a person of ordinary firmness from
25 future First Amendment activities” and 2) the defendant's “desire to cause the chilling effect was
26 a but for cause of the defendant's action.”); see also Ford v. City of Yakima, 706 F.3d 1188, 1193
27 (9th Cir. 2013). The Ninth Circuit has held that “retaliatory police action such as an arrest or
28 search and seizure would chill a person of ordinary firmness from engaging in future First
8

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1 Amendment activity.” Ford, 706 F.3d at 1193.
2
3

a.

Chilled Speech

In the present case, plaintiffs allege that while at the Processing Center, Anastacio

4 requested medical care and complained about physical mistreatment by agents. Anastacio asked
5 Ducoing why he had kicked him. (Ducoing Decl., Exh. D.) Krasielwicz overheard the
6 conversation that occurred between Anastacio and Ducoing. (Krasielwicz Depo., Exh. C.) Jose
7 Galvan, a non-party, was fingerprinting Anastacio when Anastacio “complained about his ankle,
8 saying he had pins in his ankle. (Galvan Decl., Exh. F) Krasielwicz called Supervisor Finn.
9 When Anastacio told Finn that one of his agents had kicked his ankle and complained of his
10 mistreatment and requested medical care, Finn told Anastacio he would be returned to Mexico
11 immediately, bypassing standard procedures. This statement is supported by both Ducoing and
12 Krasielwicz (Id.; Krasielwicz Decl.) In his deposition, Finn states that a supervisor, such as
13 himself, is obligated to report any complaints to the Office of the Inspector General; however,
14 Finn also declares that he had never received a complaint during his tenure that began in 2009.
15 Finn noted that “it’s a common practice if a prisoner is making complaint against an agent, then
16 obviously, that agent is not going to have any more contact with that prisoner. (Plft’s Exh. 7.)
17 Finn ordered both Ducoing and Krasielwicz to escort Anastacio to Whiskey 2.
18

In his deposition, Finn also stated that when a prisoner asks for medical care – the right to

19 see a doctor or medical technician – it is the discretion of the agent or supervisor to determine
20 whether medical care is offered. Further, Finn acknowledged that he did not allow Anastacio to
21 have any medical treatment although he remembered “first hearing of the leg injury from
22 Anastacio himself.” (Id.) But Finn denied that Anastacio told him that his ankle had been kicked
23 by one of the agents that day. The declaration of Robinson Ramirez, however, states that he
24 heard Anastacio tell Finn that one of the agents had hurt his ankle. (Finn, Exh. 5.) Galvan also
25 told Finn that Anastacio was kicked by Ducoing or Krasielwicz. Finn acknowledges that
26 Anastacio was not combative but he “was being argumentative.” He additionally denies
27 Anastacio ever asked to use the phone. It is therefore undisputed that Anastacio did not receive
28 medical care; nor did Finn process, investigate, or report Anastacio’s claim of mistreatment.
9

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1 Anastacio also asked repeatedly to use a phone but that too was denied. Agent Cardenas noted
2 that Krasielwicz repeatedly told Anastacio to be quiet and stop talking. (Cardenas Decl.)
3

Ultimately, once they arrived at the border crossing – “Whiskey 2" – Ducoing and

4 Krasielwicz contend in their declarations or depositions that Anastacio’s behavior changed as the
5 handcuffs were removed, e.g., he was not throwing punches but was pushing the agents and
6 would not go down. (Ducoing & Krasielwicz Decls.) It is unclear whether Anastacio was
7 protesting his mistreatment and crying out in pain when he was next subjected to baton strikes
8 by Piligrino and Narainesingh, who along with Ducoing and Krasielwicz, also grappled with
9 Anastacio to take him to the ground. According to Krasielwicz, Piligrino and Narainesingh, they
10 all fell to the ground, with Anastacio falling on Krasielwicz’s legs. (Krasielwicz Decl.)
11 Krasielwicz states that only one of the ICE agents was hitting Anastacio with a baton. Anastacio
12 was screaming “ayuda me” which means “help me” in English. (Krasielwicz Decl., Narainesingh
13 Depo.) Krasielwicz and Ducoing both requested that the baton strikes cease. (Ducoing &
14 Krasielwicz Decls.)
15

Another Border Patrol Agent, Llewellyn, arrived and the five agents took Anastacio to the

16 ground on his stomach and succeeded in getting Anastacio in handcuffs behind his back. (Id.)
17 During this time Anastacio “continued to scream for help in Spanish.” (Ducoing & Krasielwicz
18 Decls.) Ducoing then states that he called Finn to tell him what had transpired and was told to
19 bring Anastacio back so charges could be pressed and a caged unit would be sent. (Id.) When
20 Ducoing returned to Anastacio, who remained face down and handcuffed behind the back, the
21 agents still were physically holding him down. (Ducoing Decl.)
22

The caged unit arrived and according to Ducoing, “we picked” up Anastacio who “started

23 kicking and fighting us again.” (Id.) Ducoing states that Anastacio arched his back and hit his
24 head against the window when they attempted to get him in the caged unit. At that point,
25 Ducoing stated “we” knew we could not put him in the vehicle so they laid Anastacio on the
26 ground, on his stomach, while still handcuffed. Ducoing and Krasielwicz assert that they stepped
27 away from Anastacio at that point while the other officers continued to hold Anastacio face
28 down on the ground. (Krasielwicz & Ducoing Decl.)
10

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1

In deposition testimony, Sergio Gonzalez-Gomez, who was on the bridge watching the

2 incident, stated he told his friend Humberto Navarrete, "You know what? We've got to help out
3 here. They're asking for help. " Q Who was asking for help? A Well, the decedent.” (Gonzalez4 Gomez Depo. at 66.) Osvaldo Chavez also testified that Anastacio was screaming for help,
5 “ayuda” in Spanish. All of the civilian witnesses to the events testify similarly. Avila noted that
6 Anastacio was yelling “you are hurting me” and “you are killing me.” (Avila Decl.) But only
7 Avila states that Anastacio was using foul language. (Id.)
8

Vales arrived with his Taser and told everyone to stay away from Anastacio. (Id.) Only

9 Narainesingh heard Vales give Anastacio a warning that he was going to be tasered. Krasielwicz
10 states that Vales told Anastacio to “stop resisting.” (Id.) Ducoing and Krasielwicz both
11 acknowledge they could no longer could see Anastacio on the ground when Vales first deployed
12 the Taser but according to Ducoing, after the first Taser shot, Anastacio stood up and started
13 yelling again. (Id.) What Anastacio was screaming was left unsaid by Ducoing and Krasielwicz.
14 The audio of Allison Young videotape provides evidence that Anastacio continued to do no
15 more than ask for help. At that point, Vales tasered Anastacio again and Anastacio went down to
16 the ground, rolling 20-25 feet breaking the taser wires. (Id.). According to Ducoing, Anastacio
17 was continuing to scream but was on his back and because Anastacio was not “complying with
18 orders,” Vales attempted to drive stun3 Tasers can be deployed in either dart mode or drive-stun
19 mode Anastacio. (Id.) Ducoing stated that Anastacio was rolled over again. Ducoing does not
20 mention when Anastacio’s legs were ziptied by Boutwell and Sauer, but states Anastacio lost
21 consciousness.
22

Supervisor DeJesus arrived during the use of the Taser. He noted that multiple agents

23 were holding Anastacio down even though he was face down and handcuffed. (DeJesus Depo. at
24 I-003.) Additionally, DeJesus agreed with the question: “[u]p until the time when that drive stun
25 was either applied or attempted to be applied, your testimony, as I understand it, is Anastacio
26 was constantly resisting.” (Id.) It is undisputed the Supervisor defendants, Avila, Caliri and
27
28

3

Tasers can be deployed in either dart or probe mode, or in drive stun mode. Drive stun
mode is deployed with the Taser directly against the target's body.
11

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1 DeJesus, did not act to intervene in the situation, and it is further uncontested that they heard
2 Anastacio’s cries for help, as did Boutwell and Sauer and the other defendants.
3

Anastacio’s questioning of the various agents for what he perceived to be physical

4 mistreatment and an unlawful attack and crying out for help falls “squarely within the protective
5 umbrella of the First Amendment and any action to punish or deter such speech ... is
6 categorically prohibited by the Constitution.” Duran v. City of Douglas, 904 F.2d 1372, 1378
7 (9th Cir. 1990). Taking plaintiffs’ allegations as true, along with the deposition and declaration
8 testimony, and the videotape recorded by Allison Young, Anastacio was repeatedly calling out
9 “help me” rather than offering resistance and because of his continued pleas for assistance,
10 defendants physically abused Anastacio. Thus, a reasonable jury could conclude that all the
11 officers’ acts “would chill or silence a person of ordinary firmness from future First Amendment
12 activities.” A rational jury could find that defendants chilled the future exercise of First
13 Amendment rights when Anastacio was seized and repeatedly injured.
14
15

b.

Causation

In order to show a constitutional violation under the First Amendment, there must be a

16 substantial causal relationship between the constitutionally protected activity and the adverse
17 action. Plaintiffs correctly point out that the issue of causation is generally for the trier of fact but
18 they further contend that they have provided sufficient evidence for the jury to infer that the
19 defendants’ retaliatory motive was the cause of their actions.
20

The causation element of a First Amendment retaliation claim requires plaintiffs to show

21 that protected conduct was the substantial or motivating factor underlying the defendant's
22 adverse action. Brodheim v. Cry, 584 F.3d 1262, 1271 (9th Cir.2009) “To show the presence of
23 this element on a motion for summary judgment, [plaintiff] need only “put forth evidence of
24 retaliatory motive, that, taken in the light most favorable to him, presents a genuine issue of
25 material fact as to [defendants’] intent . . . . Id. (quoting Bruce v. Ylst, 351 F.3d 1283, 1289 (9th
26 Cir. 2003).“Recognizing that the ultimate fact of retaliation for the exercise of a constitutionally
27 protected right rarely can be supported with direct evidence of intent, . . . courts have found
28 sufficient complaints that allege a chronology of events from which retaliation may be inferred.”
12

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1 Murphy v. Lane, 833 F.2d 106, 108 (7th Cir. 1987) (quoting Benson v. Cady, 761 F.2d 335, 342
2 (7th Cir. 1985)). “[T]iming can properly be considered as circumstantial evidence of retaliatory
3 intent.” Pratt v. Rowland, 65 F.3d 802, 808 (9th Cir. 1995).
4

Here, plaintiffs have presented sufficient evidence that raises and supports a First

5 Amendment retaliation claim. The various video and deposition evidence demonstrates that
6 Anastacio repeatedly, indeed almost constantly, asked for help and cried out in pain while unable
7 to move or act aggressively. The retaliation for his utterances and cries is demonstrated
8 beginning with Anastacio’s initial complaints about Ducoing hurting his ankle, the denial of
9 medical care, to Finn’s decision to immediately deport Anastacio after being told of his injury in
10 contravention of policy, the continuing use of physical force, being tasered multiple times while
11 face down on the ground, handcuffed, surrounded by multiple officers. This provides a
12 reasonable inference that plaintiffs’ protected act was a substantial factor underlying defendants’
13 adverse acts and a jury could so find. Plaintiffs have provided facts that “would chill or silence a
14 person of ordinary firmness from future First Amendment activities” and defendants’ desire to
15 cause the chilling effect was a substantial cause of the defendant's action.
16
17

2.

Clearly Established Right

As the Court has determined, plaintiffs have alleged a constitutional violation –

18 retaliation in violation of the First Amendment – against all the defendants; therefore, the next
19 question is whether the right at issue was clearly established at the time of the alleged violation.
20 Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001).
21

It is clearly established that police officers may not use their authority to retaliate against

22 protected speech, even if probable cause to arrest exists. Ford at 1195–96. In Duran v. City of
23 Douglas, Ariz., 904 F.2d 1372, 1378 (9th Cir. 1990), the Court held that it was clearly
24 established that police officers may not use their authority to punish an individual for exercising
25 his First Amendment rights. And Skoog v. Cnty. of Clackamas, 469 F.3d 1221, 1235 (9th Cir.
26 2006) clearly established that a police action motivated by retaliatory animus was unlawful, even
27 if probable cause existed for that action.” Thus, Ninth Circuit precedent has long provided notice
28 to law enforcement officers that it is unlawful to use their authority to retaliate against
13

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1 individuals for their protected speech.
2
3

3.

Conclusion

Taking as true plaintiffs’ allegations along with plaintiffs’ and defendants’ evidence,

4 plaintiffs have alleged a violation of Anastacio’s clearly established First Amendment right “to
5 be free from police action motivated by retaliatory animus.” Ford, 706 F.3d at 1196. Further,
6 that right was clearly established at the time of the incident. Accordingly, none of the defendants
7 are entitled to summary judgment on qualified immunity.
8

B.

Excessive Force and Wrongful Death

9

Plaintiffs bring their excessive force cause of action under the Fourth Amendment against

10 defendants Krasielwicz, Ducoing, Piligrino, Narainesingh, Llewellyn, Sauer, and Boutwell.
11 (TAC at 18.)
12
13

1.

Constitutional Violation

All claims that law enforcement officers used excessive force, either deadly or

14 non-deadly, in the course of an arrest, investigatory stop, or other seizure of a citizen are to be
15 analyzed under the Fourth Amendment and its standard of objective reasonableness. See
16 Blanford v. Sacramento County, 406 F.3d 1110, 1115 (9th Cir. 2005); Quintanilla v. City of
17 Downey, 84 F.3d 353 (9th Cir. 1996); see also Drummond v. City of Anaheim, 343 F.3d 1052,
18 1056 (9th Cir. 2003); Robinson v. Solano County, 278 F.3d 1007, 1009 (9th Cir. 2002) (en
19 banc). “An objectively unreasonable use of force is constitutionally excessive and violates the
20 Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable seizures.” Torres v. City of Madera, 648
21 F.3d 1119, 1124 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394–96 (1989); see
22 also Arpin v. Santa Clara Falley Transp. Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 921 (9th Cir. 2001)(The Fourth
23 Amendment provides an objective reasonableness standard in the excessive force context.”)
24

Determining the reasonableness of an officer's actions is a highly fact-intensive task for

25 which there are no per se rules. Scott, 550 U.S. at 383 As the Supreme Court noted in Graham,
26 “police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments – in circumstances that are
27 tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving – about the amount of force that is necessary in a
28 particular situation,” Graham, 490 U.S. at 397, and “these judgments are sometimes informed by
14

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1 errors in perception of the actual surrounding facts.” Torres, 648 F.3d at 1124. Thus, the
2 Graham Court adopted “the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene ... in light of the
3 facts and circumstances confronting him.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. “Standing in the shoes of
4 the ‘reasonable officer,’ [the court asks] whether the severity of force applied was balanced by
5 the need for such force considering the totality of the circumstances, including (1) the severity of
6 the crime at issue, (2) whether the suspect posed an immediate threat to the safety of the officers
7 or others, and (3) whether the suspect was actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest
8 by flight. Torres, 658 F.3d at 1124 (citing Graham, 490 U.S. at 396.) The most important of
9 these factors is whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or
10 others. Chew v. Gates, 27 F.3d 1432, 1441 (9th Cir. 1994). “[Courts] balance the nature and
11 quality of the intrusion on the individual's Fourth Amendment interests against the
12 countervailing governmental interests at stake.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. Thus, the Fourth
13 Amendment reasonableness standard requires a court to balance the amount of force applied
14 against the need for the use of that force. Billington v. Smith, 292 F.3d 1177, 1185 (9th Cir.
15 2002).
16

In circumstances where the individual against whom the alleged excessive force was used

17 is unable to testify because he has died, it is well-established that the court may not simply
18 accept what may be a self-serving account by the police officer.” Scott v. Henrich, 39 F.3d 912,
19 915 (9th Cir. 1994). Rather, [i]t must also look at the circumstantial evidence that, if believed,
20 would tend to discredit the police officer's story, and consider whether this evidence could
21 convince a rational factfinder that the officer acted unreasonably.” Id. Thus, “[t]he judge must
22 carefully examine all the evidence in the record, such as medical reports, contemporaneous
23 statements by the officer and the available physical evidence, as well as any expert testimony
24 proffered by the plaintiffs, to determine whether the officers’ stories is internally consistent and
25 consistent with other known facts.” Smith v. City of Hemet, 394 F.3d 689, 701 (9th Cir. 2005)
26

As the Torres Court noted, “[t]he standard on summary judgment review requires that we

27 “draw all reasonable inferences in favor of . . . the nonmoving party,” and prohibits us from
28 “substitut[ing] [our] judgment concerning the weight of the evidence for the jury.” Torres, 648
15

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1 F.3d at 1125 (quoting Raad v. Fairbanks N. Star Borough Sch. Dist., 323 F.3d 1185, 1194 (9th
2 Cir. 2003) “Because the reasonableness standard ‘nearly always requires a jury to sift through
3 disputed factual contentions, and to draw inferences therefrom, [the Ninth Circuit has] held on
4 many occasions that summary judgment or judgment as a matter of law in excessive force cases
5 should be granted sparingly.’” Id. (quoting Santos v. Gates, 287 F.3d 846, 853 (9th Cir.2002)
6 (citing Liston v. Cnty. of Riverside, 120 F.3d 965, 976 n. 10 (9th Cir.1997)).
7
8

a.

Nature and Quality of Intrusion

The gravity of a particular intrusion on an individual's Fourth Amendment rights depends

9 on the type and amount of force inflicted. Chew v. Gates, 27 F.3d 1432, 1440 (9th Cir. 1994).
10 Here, it is undisputed that Anastacio was unarmed, no contraband was found in his possession,
11 and he was placed in handcuffs for all of the encounters with defendants except during his
12 transport from the Processing Center to Whiskey 2. Taking as true that Ducoing kicked
13 Anastacio’s ankles, Anastacio told Finn about his medical needs which Ducoing and Krasielwicz
14 were aware of, Ducoing and Krasielwicz permitted the intrusive beating of plaintiff by Piligrino
15 and Narainesingh with batons even though moments earlier they indicated that all was well.
16 Llewellyn also participated with Ducoing, Krasielwicz, Piligrino, and Narainesingh in beating
17 and kicking Anastacio, and holding him on the ground with their body weight pressing on his
18 back and neck. Vales then tasered Anastacio even though Anastacio remained handcuffed, face
19 down, and as the video and civilian witnesses attest, passive but for crying out for help. Sauer
20 and Bauer acknowledge that they restrained Anastacio’s legs after he was tasered, and they then
21 ziptied an unresponsive Anastacio’s legs. The autopsy report of Dr. Glenn Wagner noted
22 abrasion/contusions of face, forehead, abdomen, hands and lower legs, the paraspinal soft tissue
23 of the neck showed acute muscular hemorrhage, and the anterior abdominal wall shows acute
24 hemorrhage, and the soft tissue adjacent to the adrenal gland was also hemorrhagic. and listed
25 manner of death, homicide. Dr. Pietruszka’s autopsy report indicates Anastacio had five broken
26 ribs, extensive hematomas, contusions and abrasions.
27

The type and amount of force used was a grave intrusion on Anastacio’s Fourth

28 Amendment rights.
16

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1
2
3

b.

Governmental Interests
1.

Severity of the Crime

Plaintiffs contend that the crime of illegally crossing the border is a non-severe, non-

4 violent crime. But defendants each argue that the actual crime to which they were responding
5 was assault on an officer or officers, a felony crime. The officers all allege that Anastacio was an
6 out-of-control individual who was, at all times, violent and unresponsive to their commands. The
7 deposition testimony of Ashley Young and the video recordings she took, along with the
8 depositions of Sergio Gonzalez-Gomez and Humberto Navarrete strongly counter the officers’
9 testimony during the height of the altercation. A reasonable jury could find that Anastacio did
10 not assault any of the officers but rather was reacting to the infliction of unwarranted and severe
11 pain.
12
13

2.

Immediate Threat to Safety

Although the officers all contend that Anastacio posed a great threat to the safety of

14 officers, a reasonable jury could find that an unarmed, handcuffed man, who was face down on
15 the ground, was not a threat to Ducoing, Krasielwicz, Piligrino, Narainesingh or Llewellyn or
16 when Boutwell, Sauer or Vales arrived surrounding Anastacio. The sheer number of officers
17 available at the scene demonstrates rather strongly that there was no objectively reasonable
18 threat to the safety of any one other than Anastacio.
19

3.

Flight

20
21

Actively Resisting Arrest or Attempting to Evade Arrest by

Defendants contend that Anastacio was actively resisting arrest throughout his time at

22 Whiskey 2. However, the video evidence submitted provides, at a minimum, that Anastacio was
23 not resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest.
24
25

4.

Presence of a warning: Presence of a warning

“[T]he giving of a warning or failure to do so is a factor to be considered in applying the

26 Graham balancing test.” Dearly, 272 F.3d at 1284. “[Warnings should be given, when feasible,
27 if the use of force may result in serious injury.” Id. Vales repeatedly told Anastacio to stop
28 resisting but such a statement is not a warning to Anastacio that he would be tasered. Defendant
17

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1 Narainesingh alone testified that Vales told Anastacio to “Stop resisting, I’m going to TASER
2 you.” (Plfs’ Exh. 8 at 55). Assuming that “stop resisting” can function as a warning or Vales
3 actually said “I’m going to TASER you,” it was given to a man who was face down, on the
4 ground, was passive, was crying out “help me,” with his hands cuffed behind his back. Taking
5 plaintiffs’ allegations as true, a reasonable jury could find that the “warning” did not appear to
6 be based on seeking Anastacio’s compliance or stopping an immediate threat to officers, but was
7 instead used to cover Vales’ intent to use unnecessary and excessive intermediate force, the
8 Taser, on Anastacio.
9

Balancing the nature and quality of the intrusion and the governmental interest, the use of

10 force by each defendant was not objectively reasonable.
11
12

2.

Clearly Established

As discussed above, “[t]he relevant, dispositive inquiry in determining whether a right is

13 clearly established is whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was
14 unlawful in the situation he confronted.” Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 198 (2004)(quoting
15 Saucier 533 U.S. at 201–202). “The contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a
16 reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.” Id.
17

In the case of Drummond ex rel. Drummond v. City of Anaheim, 343 F.3d 1052, 1059 (9th

18 Cir. 2003), the Court held that some force was justified in restraining a mentally ill individual so
19 he could not injure himself or officers, but once he was handcuffed and lying on ground without
20 offering resistance, officers who knelt on him and pressed their weight against his torso and neck
21 despite his pleas for air used excessive force. As the Drummond Court further pointed out: “The
22 officers—indeed, any reasonable person—should have known that squeezing the breath from a
23 compliant, prone, and handcuffed individual despite his pleas for air involves a degree of force
24 that is greater than reasonable.” Id. In the present case, several years after Drummond was
25 announce, the officers here had notice that once Anastacio was on the ground, prone,
26 handcuffed, and not resisting the officers, they could not hold Anastacio down by pressing their
27 weight against him and when they did not remove the pressure, despite Anastacio’s cries for
28 help, the force used was unreasonable. The right to be free from excessive force under facts
18

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1 similar to the present case, was clearly established at the time of the incident.
2

Defendant Vale also argues, along with the other defendants, that the use of a Taser was

3 not clearly established in May 2010. Plaintiff contends that the controlling law at the time of the
4 incident was set forth in Bryan v. MacPheron, 630 F.3d 805 (9th Cir. 2010). In Bryan, the Court
5 concluded that the officer “used excessive force when, on July 24, 2005, he deployed his X26
6 Taser in dart mode to apprehend [plaintiff] for a seatbelt infraction, where Bryan was obviously
7 and noticeably unarmed, made no threatening statements or gestures, did not resist arrest or
8 attempt to flee, but was standing inert twenty to twenty-five feet away from the officer. See
9 Bryan v. MacPherson, 608 F.3d 614, 618 (9th Cir. 2010). The Court continued by noting that the
10 X26 taser and similar devices, when used in dart mode, constitute an “intermediate, significant
11 level of force that must be justified by the governmental interest involved.” Id. at 622.
12 Nevertheless, the Court also concluded that defendant was entitled to qualified immunity
13 “because this principle was not clearly established in 2005 when defendant deployed his Taser
14 on plaintiff.” See id. at 629. The Bryan Court also noted that “use of the X26 taser and similar
15 devices in dart mode constitutes an intermediate, significant level of force that must be justified
16 by the governmental interest involved.” Bryan, 608 F.3d at 622.
17

As plaintiffs correctly note, the original Bryan decision was withdrawn and superseded on

18 denial of reh’g, 630 F.3d 805 (9th Cir. 2010). In the 2010 decision, which was issued shortly
19 after the death of Anastacio, the Court re-affirmed that defendant was entitled to qualified
20 immunity because the use of a Taser was not clearly established in 2005, when the defendant
21 used the Taser on plaintiff. As the 2010 Bryan decision further noted: “although we did not alter
22 our holding that Officer MacPherson used excessive force on Bryan, we concluded that, based
23 on “recent statements [in other circuit opinions] regarding the use of tasers, and the dearth of
24 prior authority,” a “reasonable officer in Officer MacPherson's position could have made a
25 reasonable mistake of law regarding the constitutionality of the taser use in the circumstances
26 Officer MacPherson confronted in July 2005.” Id. at 629. Therefore, the later Bryan decision did
27 not reverse that the use of the X26 taser and similar devices in dart mode constitutes an
28 “intermediate, significant level of force that must be justified by the governmental interest
19

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1 involved.” Bryan, 608 F.3d at 622. As a result, on May 28, 2010, the use of a Taser on a suspect
2 who was neither a flight risk nor a immediate threat to officers was clearly established.
3

Further, the testimony of defendants4 supports that their training indicated that the use of

4 a Taser could likely subject a person to positional restraint asphyxia. (See e.g., Plaintiffs’ Exh.
5 52, Sauer Depo. at 44.) In Drummond, the Court noted that “[a]lthough such training materials
6 are not dispositive, we may certainly consider a police department's own guidelines when
7 evaluating whether a particular use of force is constitutionally unreasonable.” Id. at 1059.
8

In sum, the record shows that Vales was on notice that the use of a Taser as a pain

9 compliance device on an individual who was already knocked to the ground, was handcuffed,
10 and compliant had a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury. Viewing the evidence in
11 the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, Vales had “fair warning” that the force he used, multiple
12 deployments of the Taser, was constitutionally excessive even absent a Ninth Circuit case
13 presenting the same set of facts.
3.

14
15

Conclusion

The Ninth Circuit has repeatedly cautioned lower courts to take care in deciding

16 excessive force cases at the summary judgment stage. The standard on summary judgment
17 review requires that the Court “draw all reasonable inferences in favor of plaintiffs’, the
18 nonmoving party,” and prohibits “substitut[ing] [our] judgment concerning the weight of the
19 evidence for the jury's.” Raad v. Fairbanks N. Star Borough Sch. Dist., 323 F.3d 1185, 1194 (9th
20 Cir.2003). Because an excessive force claim almost always requires a jury to sift through
21 disputed factual contentions and police misconduct cases almost always turn on the jury's
22 credibility determinations, summary judgment in excessive force cases is granted sparingly.
23 Given the disputed issues of material fact addressed above, the Court will deny summary
24
25

4

The Court notes that Vales declined to answer questions at his deposition on the basis of
his Fifth Amendment right to avoid incrimination. During his deposition, Vales was asked about
26
a basic certification course in the use of the Taser and a test he took on November 19, 2008,
27 entitled “United States Customs and Border Protection Electric Control Device Basic
Certification Courts.” The question asked was whether Vales was taught as part of his Taser
28 training that if the subject stops resisting an officer, the use of the Taser must stop. (Plaintiffs’
Exh. 51.)
20

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1 judgment on the ground of qualified immunity.
2

D.

Right of Association Claim

3

Plaintiffs’ fifth cause of action for familial association is asserted against all defendants

4 except the United States.
5
6

1.

Violation of a Constitutional Right

Plaintiffs allege that defendants’ excessive use of force and deadly force deprived them of

7 the familial association with their father. The potential constitutional violation involves
8 Anastacio’s children’s Fourteenth Amendment due process right to associate with their father.
9 See Curnow v. Ridgecrest Police, 952 F.2d 321, 325 (9th Cir.1991)(“The Ninth Circuit
10 recognizes that a parent has a constitutionally protected liberty interest under the Fourteenth
11 Amendment in the companionship and society of his or her child ....”); see also Moreland v. Las
12 Vegas Metro. Police Dep't, 159 F.3d 365, 371 (9th Cir.1998).
13

In order to address whether defendants committed a constitutional violation, the Court

14 must first decide the appropriate standard of culpability to apply to determine whether
15 defendants' conduct “shocks the conscience” under the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process
16 Clause. See County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 846(1998). Then, the Court must
17 determine whether each defendants’ conduct meets that standard of culpability. “The level of
18 culpability required to meet the conscience-shocking standard depends on the context.” See id. at
19 850 (“[d]eliberate indifference that shocks in one environment may not be so patently egregious
20 in another”). In determining whether “deliberate indifference” is sufficient to shock the
21 conscience, or whether the more demanding standard of “purpose to harm” is required, “the
22 ‘critical consideration [is] whether the circumstances are such that actual deliberation is
23 practical.’” Porter v. Osborn, 546 F.3d 1131, 1137 (9th Cir. 2008)(quoting Moreland v. Las
24 Vegas Metro. Police Dep't, 159 F.3d 365, 372 (9th Cir.1998)). Where an officer faces “fast
25 paced circumstances presenting competing public safety obligations, the purpose to harm
26 standard must apply.” Id. at 1139. At the other end of the continuum is the “deliberate
27 indifference” standard. This standard requires a meaningful opportunity for actual deliberation.
28 Id. at 1138; see also Wilkinson v. Torres, 610 F.3d 546, 554 (9th Cir. 2010).
21

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1

Defendants here argue they are not liable for a due process violation without plaintiffs

2 establishing the “purpose to harm” standard. But plaintiffs contend the deliberate indifference
3 standard is appropriate because the evidence shows that the situation was one in which “actual
4 deliberation [was] practical.” Porter, 546 F.3d at 1137. “A court may determine at summary
5 judgment whether the officer had time to deliberate (such that the deliberate indifference
6 standard applies) or instead had to make a snap judgment because he found himself in a quickly
7 escalating situation (such that the purpose to harm standard applies), “so long as the undisputed
8 facts point to one standard or the other.” Chien Van Bui v. City and County of San Francisco,
9 2014 WL 3725843, *14 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (quoting Duenez v. City of Manteca, 2013 WL
10 6816375, at *14 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 23, 2013).
11

Defendants acknowledge that approximately 20 minutes passed between the time

12 Anastacio arrived at Whiskey 2 and the time he was tasered and had his legs ziptied.
13 Narainesingh testified that after the handcuffs were placed on Anastacio and he was face down,
14 on the ground, Narainesingh, Krasielwicz, Piligrino and Ducoing held Anastacio down with their
15 knees and hands during this time. The video evidence shows that when Vales arrived, Anastacio
16 was continuing to cry out in pain and was seeking assistance but was inactive. Thus, this was a
17 situation that was de-escalating over a significant amount of time. This evidence supports a
18 finding that defendants had ample time to deliberate and plan how to deal with Anastacio.
19 Accepting plaintiffs’ evidence as true, there was sufficient time for defendants to consider with
20 deliberation whether to continue to hold Anastacio forcefully face down, to taser him several
21 times, and to place his legs in zipties before finally turning him on his back. Because the
22 circumstances permitted the defendants time to fully consider the potential consequences of their
23 conduct, deliberate indifference is the appropriate standard.
24

“Deliberate indifference occurs when an official acted or failed to act despite his

25 knowledge of a substantial risk of serious harm.” Solis v. County of Los Angeles, 514 F.3d 946,
26 957 (9th Cir. 2008). “Whether [the officers] had the requisite knowledge of a substantial risk is a
27 question of fact subject to demonstration in the usual ways, including inference from
28 circumstantial evidence, and a factfinder may conclude that [the officers] knew of a substantial
22

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1 risk from the very fact that the risk was obvious. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825 842 (1994),
2 The Court therefore considers whether plaintiffs have alleged facts which, when taken as true,
3 demonstrate that defendants created a substantial risk of serious harm by forcibly holding
4 Anastacio down for an extended period of time while his hands were cuffed behind his back, and
5 he was not resisting. And finding this situation, whether Vales tasered Anastacio several times
6 despite his knowledge of a substantial risk of serious harm and whether the supervisory
7 defendants, Avila, Caliri and DeJesus, failed to intervene in the tasering of a passive, handcuffed
8 man who was faced down on the ground. Here, a jury could reasonably find that the defendants
9 acted with deliberate indifference when Narainesingh and Piligrino used batons on Anastacio as
10 he was being held by Ducoing and Krasielwicz; when Narainesingh, Piligrino, Ducoing and
11 Krasielwicz, and Llewellyn took Anastacio to the ground and held him there; and when Sauer
12 and Boutwell ziptied his legs while his arms were cuffed behind him.
13

A person deprives another of a constitutional right, where that person does an affirmative

14 act, participates in another's affirmative acts, or omits to perform an act which that person is
15 legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.” Dietzmann v.
16 City of Homer, 2010 WL 4684043, *18 (D. Alaska 2010) (quoting Hydrick v. Hunter, 500 F.3d
17 978, 988 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir.1978)). The
18 “requisite causal connection can be established not only by some kind of direct personal
19 participation in the deprivation, but also by setting in motion a series of acts by others which the
20 actor knows or reasonably should know would cause others to inflict the constitutional injury.”
21 Dahlia v. Rodriguez, 735 F.3d 1060, 1078 (9th Cir. 2013)(quoting Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d
22 740, 743-44 (9th Cir.1978)).
23

Here, the appropriate standard to be applied is the deliberate indifference standard

24 because the evidence, including video and deposition testimony of bystanders, shows that the
25 situation was one in which “actual deliberation [was] practical. If the plaintiffs’ allegations are
26 believed, the events both before and at Whiskey 2 occurred over a 20 minute period where
27 Anastacio was incapacitated for most of that time, the situation was not escalating, and
28 Anastacio could not flee or harm anyone.
23

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1
2

2.

Causation

Defendants contend that plaintiffs’ Fifth Amendment claim must fail because plaintiffs

3 cannot establish causation. Plaintiffs assert that they need to show that defendants’ conduct was
4 a substantial factor in causing Anastacio’s death, i.e., that evidence shows that the acts were so
5 closely related to the deprivation of the plaintiff's rights as to be the moving force that caused the
6 ultimate injury – in this case, Anastacio’s death.
7

The substantial factor standard...has been embraced as a clearer rule of causation [than the

8 "but-for" test] - one which subsumes the "but-for" test while reaching beyond it to satisfactorily
9 address other situations, such as those involving independent or concurrent causes in fact.”
10 Sementilli v. Trinidad Corp., 155 F.3d 1130, 1136 (9th Cir. 1998) (Nelson, J., concurring),
11 quoting Rutherford v. Owens-Illinois, Inc., 16 Ca1.4th 953, 969 (1997).
12

Dr. Wagner’s initial autopsy gave a diagnosis of anoxic encephalopathy due to

13 resuscitated cardiac arrest, due to acute myocardial infarct, due to physical altercation with law
14 enforcement officers and with contributing facts of hypertensive cardiomyopathy and acute
15 methamphetamine intoxication. Based on Dr. Wagner’s diagnosis, defendants contend there is
16 no showing that their behaviors were a substantial factor in causing Anastacio’s death. Further,
17 defendants argue that plaintiffs’ expert cannot demonstrate substantial factor causation and
18 therefore, plaintiffs have failed to make a showing sufficient to establish an element essential to
19 their case which entitles defendants to summary judgment.
20

Plaintiffs rely on the medical opinion of Dr. Pietruszka to show Anastacio’s injuries and

21 death, including but not limited to those from the Taser, were caused to a reasonable degree of
22 medical probability by defendants’ actions. Both Dr. Pietruszka’s and Dr. Wagner’s diagnoses
23 suggests concurrent causes of fact. There is nothing in case law that suggests that when multiple
24 factors are involved in injury or death, that a single cause must be asserted to meet the
25 substantial factor test as defendants suggest here. Nevertheless, the Supervisory defendants point
26 to Dr. Pietruszka’s deposition testimony where he states that he is unable to opine to a
27 reasonable degree of medical probability that the taser in this case caused Mr. Hernandez’ [sic]
28 death in the sense that it was a but-for cause of death. (Supervisory Defendants’ Exh. 17.)
24

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1

Defendants overlook that Dr. Pietruszka, in his deposition, stated:

2

[W]e don’t know what would have happened had they just left him alone, not
tasered him, gotten him to a hospital in enough time . . . . I think that is the
cumulation of all the factors player – played a role, And I – it’s difficult to – to
eliminate or separate the factors completely. . . . And just as in many – many
questions that deal with multiple – either multiple injuries or multiple complex
physiologic processes, we cannot separate and remove any of those processes from
the ultimate effect because they play some role, they – they cause some effect
which may have been sufficient to – to cause the ultimate effect. So I – I believe
that just cannot be separated.

3
4
5
6
7

(Dr. Pietruszka’s Depo. at 171-172.)

8

As pointed out by plaintiffs, the Ninth Circuit recently found that the trial court erred by

9 weighing the evidence and concluding that defendants’ conduct was not a substantial factor in
10 the decedent death. Krechman v. County of Riverside, 723 F.3d 1104 (9th Cir. 2013). In
11 Krechman, defendants argued that plaintiff died of natural causes unrelated to plaintiff’s
12 interaction with police by presenting expert testimony. Plaintiff also provided expert testimony
13 demonstrating that the decedent’s death was caused by excessive force. There was evidence of
14 blunt-impact injuries on the torso, head, arms, and legs; bleeding in an internal muscle of the
15 victim’s ear; and the victim's heart was enlarged, which put him at a higher risk for cardiac
16 arrhythmia. He also testified that the confrontation itself was a stressor that contributed to the
17 arrhythmia that caused the victim’s death. Another expert for the plaintiffs testified that there are
18 two ways the encounter with police could have led to the victim's death: depending on what the
19 jury believed the facts to be, the officers' actions could have caused “restraint asphyxia,
20 compressing the chest for too long with too much weight” or the altercation could have caused
21 an “adrenaline increase causing a cardiac arrhythmia from the stress of the exertion and the fear
22 and pain associated with the restraint process.”
23

Here, the expert testimony is conflicting, as it was in Krechman. Because there is no

24 undisputed evidence concerning Anastacio’s cause of death or even the cause of his injuries, the
25 Court cannot find that defendants’ are entitled to summary judgment. Further, because plaintiffs
26 have come forward with expert testimony concerning substantial factor causation, plaintiffs have
27 made a showing sufficient to establish an essential element to their case.
28 / / /
25

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1
2

3.

Conclusion

Based on the medical expert testimony, the Court concludes that plaintiffs have presented

3 evidence that defendants’ actions were a substantial factor in causing Anastacio’s injuries and
4 death sufficient to create a material issue of dispute. Therefore, defendants’ motion for summary
5 judgment on plaintiffs’ associational claims are denied.
6

E.

FAILURE TO SUPERVISE AND TO INTERVENE

7

Plaintiffs allege in their fourth cause of action that the Supervisory defendants Avila,

8 Caliri and DeJesus failed to properly supervise and intervene when they arrive at Whiskey 2 and
9 found Anastacio being tasered while face down, his hands cuffed behind him, and not resisting.
10 “Liability under section 1983 [or Bivens] arises only upon a showing of personal participation by
11 the defendant.” Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir.1989). “[O]fficers [nonetheless]
12 have a duty to intercede when their fellow officers violate the constitutional rights of a suspect or
13 other citizen.” Cunningham v. Gates, 229 F.3d 1271, 1289 (9th Cir.2000). However, “officers
14 can be held liable for failing to intercede only if they had an opportunity” to do so. Id.
15

The Supervisory defendants assert that when they arrived at the scene, they saw officers

16 struggling with a suspect who was violently resisting arrest, “not for a minor border crossing
17 violation, but for the serious federal felony of physically assaulting [Ducoing and Krasielwicz]
18 when he struck at them and pinned [Ducoing] against the fence near the return gate.” (Avila,
19 Caliri and DeJesus MSJ Ps&As at 18.) There is no evidence that any of the Supervisor
20 defendants had any knowledge of the earlier incident to which they refer.
21

In his declaration, Avila noted that his “role as supervisor was to observe and must sure

22 that nothing too crazy happened.” (Avila Decl.) As a result of his observation, he “believed that
23 the officers were acting appropriately.” (Id.) Caliri and DeJesus agree. But the videotape
24 recording of the events along with civilian eye witnesses provide evidence that is directly
25 contrary to the Supervisory defendants’s contention that Anastacio was acting violently or
26 aggressively. Further, it is undisputed that the Supervisory defendants had the opportunity to
27 intervene.
28

As pointed out throughout this discussion, there are a multitude of factual issues in
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1 dispute in this action. The Court will not grant summary judgment to the Supervisory defendants
2 in such a situation.
3 IV.

Conclusion

4

Based on the foregoing discussion, defendants’ motions for summary judgment on the

5 issue of qualified immunity are DENIED as follows:
6

1.

Re: Plaintiffs’ First Amendment Retaliation claim, the motion is DENIED as to all

7 individual defendants;
8

2.

Re: Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment Excessive Force claim is DENIED as to the

9 Ducoing, Krasielwicz, Piligrino, Narainesingh, Llewellyn, Vales, Boutwell, and Sauer;
10

3.

Re: Plaintiffs’ Right of Association claim, the motion is DENIED as to Ducoing,

11 Krasielwicz, Piligrino, Narainesingh, Llewellyn, Vales, Boutwell, and Sauer; and the
12 Supervisory defendants, Avila, Caliri, and DeJesus.
13

4.

The Supervisory defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the claim of failure

14 to supervise and to intervene is DENIED.
15

It is further Ordered that the parties shall jointly contact the chambers of Magistrate Judge

16 Bartick within three days of the filing of this Order to schedule a mandatory settlement
17 conference.
18

IT IS SO ORDERED.

19
20 DATED: September 29, 2014
21
M. James Lorenz
United States District Court Judge

22
23
COPY TO:
24
HON. DAVID H. BARTICK
25 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
26 ALL PARTIES/COUNSEL
27
28

27

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