Petrillo v. United States of America et al

Filing 27

ORDER Granting Defendant's 16 Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff has 45 days leave from the date of this Order in which to file an amended complaint. If Plaintiff fails to file an amended complaint within the time provided, the Court will enter a final Order dismissing this civil action. Signed by Judge Gonzalo P. Curiel on 5/24/17. (All non-registered users served via U.S. Mail Service)(dlg)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 10 RONALD PETRILLO, DMD, Case No.: 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS Plaintiff, 11 12 v. 13 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Defendant. 14 [ECF No. 16.] 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 On March 8, 2017, Defendant United States of America filed a motion to dismiss the first amended complaint (“FAC”) of Plaintiff Ronald G. Petrillo, DMD pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), 12(b)(2), and 12(b)(5). (Dkt. No. 16-1.) Having reviewed the motions and applicable law, and for the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss with leave to amend. BACKGROUND 22 Plaintiff is currently a dentist practicing in San Diego. (Complaint, Dkt. No. 14 at 23 24 25 26 11.)1 In 1988, a former patient sued Plaintiff, alleging malpractice. (Id.) While that case was pending, Plaintiff’s insurer cancelled his malpractice coverage, and he was unable to find another provider thereafter. (Id.) Plaintiff eventually prevailed in the malpractice 27 28 1 All citations to the record herein are based upon the pagination provided by the CM/ECF system. 1 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 suit, but the litigation, combined with the fallout of losing malpractice coverage, led to a 2 “‘stress-induced’ acute coronary spasm.” (Id.) Plaintiff sued his ex-insurance provider 3 for intentional infliction of emotional distress. (Id.) In 1993, Plaintiff settled with the 4 insurer for $1.75 million. (Id. at 14.) 5 Plaintiff received $912,000 from the settlement after his attorney deducted fees. 6 (Id. at 5.) Plaintiff argues that, in 1993, “all lawsuit awards under” the personal injury 7 code “were tax exempt,” and thus he was not required to pay any tax on the settlement. 8 (Id. at 4.) 9 In 1997, the IRS audited Plaintiff’s past returns and assessed a 68% tax on the 10 settlement, plus penalties and interest, and demanded $908,000. (Id. at 5.) Plaintiff 11 alleges that the IRS improperly applied a 1996 amendment to the personal injury code, 12 which made awards for “emotional distress” taxable. (Id. at 4.) Plaintiff argues his 13 settlement was still tax-exempt as the amendment only applied retroactively through 14 September 1995. (Id.) 15 Plaintiff filed a written appeal contesting the new assessment and scheduled a 16 meeting with an Appeals Officer. (Id. at 16, 23.) The officer missed the meeting, so 17 Plaintiff asked the officer’s receptionist to re-schedule; according to Plaintiff, the officer 18 failed to do so. (Id. at 23.) Plaintiff admits he “was aware he had [a] ninety-day deadline to have an appeals 19 20 meeting before being thrown to collections,” but he also believed the Appeals Office was 21 obligated to re-schedule a meeting. (Id.) Plaintiff also concedes that he was aware that 22 he would be sent to “collections” if he did not have an appeals meeting and that he would 23 have to “deposit $907,910 with the Tax Court before his case could be heard.” (Id. at 23- 24 24.)2 25 26 27 28 2 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 Plaintiff believes that paying towards the assessed deficiency constitutes an 2 admission that he owes money, and he therefore refuses to pay. (Id. at 21, 30.) Because 3 Plaintiff did not pay the deficiency, the IRS levied Plaintiff’s bank accounts and placed a 4 lien on his home. (Id. at 21-22.) Eventually the bank foreclosed on Plaintiff’s home, and 5 it was placed in auction. (Id. at 28-29.) 6 Plaintiff filed his original complaint on August 26, 2015. (Dkt. No. 1.) On April 7 11, 2016, the complaint was dismissed for want of prosecution. (Dkt. No. 6.) Plaintiff 8 requested that the Court re-open the case and promised to serve Defendant a copy of the 9 complaint and summons. (Dkt. No. 11.) 10 11 On September 14, 2016, the Court vacated the dismissal and permitted Plaintiff to file an amended complaint. (Dkt. No. 12.) Plaintiff filed an amended complaint (the “FAC”) on February 6, 2017. (Dkt. No. 12 13 14.) Plaintiff’s complaint alleges eleven causes of action:3 (1) improper assessment of 14 tax deficiency in violation of Internal Revenue Code § 104(a)(2) (id. at 13-14); (2) 15 improper assessment of tax deficiency in violation of Internal Revenue Code § 7491(a)(1) 16 (id. at 14-19); (3) & (4) defamation stemming from the IRS’s improper assessment (id. at 17 19); (5) tortious interference with Plaintiff’s business and his mortgage (id. at 20-21); (6), 18 (7), & (8) promissory fraud, deceit, and extortion from the IRS’s improper use of its 19 administrative system to “stone-wall” Plaintiff (id. at 22-27); (9) conspiracy to commit 20 mortgage fraud by falsely inflating the value of Plaintiff’s home (id. at 28-29); (10) 21 intentional infliction of emotional distress stemming from the IRS’s continued collection 22 efforts, despite knowing Plaintiff was despondent and depressed (id. at 29); and (11) 23 violation of Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable search and 24 seizure (id. at 29-30). 25 26 27 3 28 The first page of the Complaint lists fourteen causes of action, but the complaint itself only details eleven. 3 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 On March 8, 2017, Defendant brought the instant motion to dismiss for (a) 2 improper service and (b) lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. (Dkt. No. 16.) The motion 3 has been fully briefed. Plaintiff filed an opposition response on April 6, 2017 and 4 Defendant filed a reply on April 14, 2017. 5 6 LEGAL STANDARD Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), a party “may assert . . . lack of subject-matter 7 jurisdiction” by motion. Subject matter jurisdiction cannot be waived and “[i]f the court 8 determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the 9 action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). “In general, dismissal for lack of subject matter 10 jurisdiction is without prejudice.” Missouri ex rel. Koster v. Harris, 847 F.3d 646, 656 11 (9th Cir. 2017). 12 In order to sufficiently “invoke a federal court’s subject-matter jurisdiction . . . . 13 [t]he plaintiff must allege facts, not mere legal conclusions,” that establish the grounds 14 for the court’s jurisdiction. Leite v. Crane Co., 749 F.3d 1117, 1121 (9th Cir. 2014). 15 “[T]he sufficiency of the pleadings to establish subject matter jurisdiction is determined 16 by whether the movant brings a facial or factual challenge.” NewGen, LLC v. Safe Cig, 17 LLC, 840 F.3d 606, 614 (9th Cir. 2016). A facial attack “accepts the truth of the 18 plaintiff's allegations but asserts that they are insufficient on their face to invoke federal 19 jurisdiction.” Leite, 749 F.3d at 1121. “A ‘factual’ attack, by contrast, contests the truth 20 of the plaintiff's factual allegations, usually by introducing evidence outside the 21 pleadings.” Id. 22 “The district court resolves a facial attack as it would a motion to dismiss under 23 Rule 12(b)(6): Accepting the plaintiff’s allegations as true and drawing all reasonable 24 inferences in the plaintiff's favor, the court determines whether the allegations are 25 sufficient as a legal matter to invoke the court’s jurisdiction.” Leite, 749 F.3d at 1121. 26 Any pleadings “filed pro se [are] to be liberally construed.” Erickson v. Pardus, 27 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (internal quotations omitted). However, “pleadings that . . . 28 4 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 [contain] no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of truth.” Ashcroft 2 v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). 3 DISCUSSION 4 Defendant argues that the facts alleged in Plaintiff’s complaint fail to demonstrate 5 that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction to entertain a suit against the United States 6 of America. See Bautista-Perez v. Holder, 681 F. Supp. 2d 1083, 1087 (N.D. Cal. 2009) 7 (“Because Defendant does not seek to rely on any external facts, this is a facial rather 8 than factual challenge to the court’s jurisdiction.”). Specifically, Defendant argues that 9 Plaintiff has failed to point to any statute demonstrating that Congress has waived the 10 United States’ sovereign immunity as to the eleven causes of action brought in the First 11 Amended Complaint. For the following reasons, the Court agrees that principles of 12 sovereign immunity bar Plaintiff’s claims (1) brought under Bivens and (2) in tort. The 13 Court further concludes that Plaintiff’s causes of action brought under the Internal 14 Revenue Code are also barred, but can be remedied if Plaintiff adequately pleads 15 administrative exhaustion. The Court will address each category of claims in turn. 16 17 A. Sovereign Immunity “A court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a claim against the United States if 18 it has not consented to be sued on that claim.” Consejo De Desarrollo Economico De 19 Mexicali, A.C. v. U.S., 482 F.3d 1157, 1173 (9th Cir. 2007). Pursuant to the doctrine of 20 sovereign immunity, “[t]he Government is not liable to suit unless it consents thereto, and 21 its liability in suit cannot be extended beyond the plain language of the statute authorizing 22 it.” Price v. U.S., 174 U.S. 373, 375-76 (1899). Although sovereign immunity is not 23 mentioned in the Constitution, “the doctrine is derived from the laws and practices of 24 [England].” U.S. v. Lee, 106 U.S. 196, 205 (1882). 25 “Under settled principles of sovereign immunity, the United States . . . is immune 26 from suit, save as it consents to be sued . . . and the terms of its consent to be sued in any 27 court define that court’s jurisdiction to entertain the suit.” U.S. v. Dalm, 494 U.S. 596, 28 608 (1990) (internal quotations omitted). Thus, courts lack jurisdiction to hear any case 5 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 brought against the United States unless Congress had waived sovereign immunity. 2 Dunn & Black, P.S. v. U.S., 492 F.3d 1084, 1090 (9th Cir. 2007) (“Only Congress enjoys 3 the power to waive the United States’ sovereign immunity.”) (quoting Army & Air Force 4 Exch. Serv. V. Sheehan, 456 U.S. 728, 734 (1982)). 5 6 B. Bivens claim Plaintiff asserts that the IRS intentionally violated his Fourth Amendment right to 7 be free from “unreasonable search and seizure” by assessing a tax against Plaintiff’s 8 settlement and placing a lien against his assets, despite knowing Plaintiff’s settlement 9 was tax-exempt. (Dkt. No. 14 at 30.) Given this constitutional violation, Plaintiff seeks 10 to sue the United Stated pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. 11 Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). (Id.) Defendant responds by pointing out that 12 Bivens only permits suit against officials in their individual capacity and Plaintiff has 13 failed to name any agents in his complaint. (Dkt. No. 16 at 9.) Additionally, the 14 Government asserts that even if Plaintiff had correctly named an individual in his 15 complaint, his Bivens suit would still be barred because a taxpayer is not permitted to 16 pursue a Bivens action based upon the assessment or collection of taxes. (Id. at 10.) 17 The Court agrees with Defendant. As an initial matter and as the Government 18 points out, Plaintiff has failed to properly plead a Bivens suit because he has not named 19 an individual IRS official, acting in his personal capacity, as a defendant. See, e.g., FDIC 20 v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 486 (1994) (Bivens actions do not lie against the United States, 21 agencies of the United States, or federal agents in their official capacity). Yet moreover 22 and more importantly, plaintiff-taxpayers are simply not permitted to bring Bivens suits 23 based on the assessment or collection of taxes. Adams v. Johnson, 355 F.3d 1179, 1186 24 (9th Cir. 2004) (“Because the Internal Revenue Code gives taxpayers meaningful 25 protections against government transgressions in tax assessment and collection, we hold 26 that Bivens relief is unavailable for plaintiffs’ suit against IRS auditors and officials.”) 27 Here, the gravamen of Plaintiff’s suit is that the IRS unlawfully assessed his tax liability 28 for his emotional distress settlement and unlawfully placed a lien on his home in order to 6 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 satisfy the amount owed. Accordingly and because Plaintiff’s claim arises out of the 2 allegedly improper assessment or collection of his taxes, he cannot bring a Bivens suit 3 against the Government. Accordingly, the Court DISMISSES Plaintiff’s eleventh cause 4 of action with prejudice. Amendment would be futile as Bivens actions are forbidden in 5 the context of taxpayer collection or assessment suits. See Novak v. U.S., 795 F.3d 1012, 6 1020 (9th Cir. 2015) (futility alone is a sufficient basis for denying leave to amend). 7 C. Tort claims 8 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant, in improperly assessing and collecting a tax on 9 Plaintiff’s 1993 settlement, committed a variety of torts including defamation, tortious 10 interference with Plaintiff’s business, fraud, extortion, and intentional infliction of 11 emotional distress. Defendant, in turn, asserts that Plaintiff cannot sue the Government in 12 tort because the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) does not apply to claims arising out of 13 the collection of taxes. (Dkt. No. 16 at 11.) 14 The Court yet again agrees with Defendant. Though the FTCA waives the United 15 States’ sovereign immunity for specific common law torts, relief under the FTCA is 16 unavailable for “[a]ny claim arising in respect of the assessment or collection of any tax.” 17 28 U.S.C. § 2680(c); see also Bramwell v. U.S. Bureau of Prisons, 348 F.3d 804, 806 18 (9th Cir. 2003) (“the FTCA’s broad waiver of sovereign immunity is subject to thirteen 19 specific exceptions. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2680(a)-(n).”). Accordingly and even taking 20 Plaintiff’s allegations as true, the plain language of the FTCA and its exceptions make 21 clear that no taxpayer may sue the United States for a tort arising out of the assessment or 22 collection of any tax. The torts complained of by Plaintiff arose out of the IRS’s 23 collection of $907,910 in taxes that Plaintiff allegedly owed the Government pursuant to 24 Plaintiff’s emotional distress settlement. As such, the Court lacks jurisdiction to hear any 25 of Plaintiff’s tort-based claims and DISMISSES Plaintiff’s third, fourth, fifth, sixth, 26 seventh, eighth, and tenth causes of action with prejudice. Amendment would be futile 27 because the United States has not waived its sovereign immunity as to torts that arise 28 from collection of tax dollars. 7 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 D. Claims arising under the Internal Revenue Code 2 Plaintiff’s first and second causes of action seek to bring suit against the IRS for 3 improper assessment of a tax deficiency in violation of § 104(a)(2) and § 7491(a)(1) of 4 the Internal Revenue Code. Defendant counters that Plaintiff has failed to identify any 5 federal statute demonstrating that the United States has waived its sovereign immunity 6 for causes of action arising under the Internal Revenue Code. Liberally construed, 7 however, the Court concludes that Plaintiff’s complaint appears to assert a damages claim 8 against the Government under 26 U.S.C. § 7433 and a tax refund under 26 U.S.C. § 7422. 9 Yet for the reasons stated below, and notwithstanding Plaintiff’s conclusory assertion that 10 he “exhausted all administrative remedies,” Dkt. No. 14 at 4, the Court concludes that the 11 complaint does not plead enough to satisfy the Court that Plaintiff has met the 12 administrative requirements that must be followed before filing suit against the United 13 States under the Internal Revenue Code. 14 1. Waiver of Sovereign Immunity & Exhaustion 15 Section 7433 allows a taxpayer to sue the United States for damages “for tax 16 collection activity that violates some provision of the Revenue Code or the regulations 17 promulgated thereunder.” Shwarz v. U.S., 234 F.3d 428, 433 (9th Cir. 2000). 18 Accordingly, Section 7433 is a limited waiver of the Government’s sovereign immunity. 19 Allied/Royal Parking L.P. v. U.S., 166 F.3d 1000, 1003 (9th Cir. 1999). “[Section] 20 7433,” however, “can only be used to attack unlawful collection practices, not the 21 validity or merits of an assessment.” Miller v. U.S., 66 F.3d 220, 222 (9th Cir. 1995) 22 (emphasis in original). Taxpayers may alternatively sue the United States to recover “any 23 internal revenue tax alleged to have been erroneously or illegally assessed or collected” 24 under 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a). See Dunn, 492 F.3d at 1088-89. Likewise, Section 7422 also 25 amounts to a waiver of the United States’ sovereign immunity. See 28 U.S.C. 26 § 1346(a)(1); see also Christian v. U.S., 17 F.3d 393 (Table), 1994 WL 47912, *1 (9th 27 Cir. Feb. 17, 1994) (Section 7422 grants a waiver of sovereign immunity to permit 28 jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1346). 8 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 To bring an action under 26 U.S.C. § 7433, the taxpayer must first exhaust his 2 administrative remedies. 26 U.S.C. § 7433(d)(1) (“Requirement that administrative 3 remedies be exhausted”); see also Christian, 1994 WL 47912 at *2 (affirming district 4 court’s dismissal of taxpayer suit because plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative 5 remedies under § 7433(d)(1) and therefore his “claim for damages against the IRS [was] 6 barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity. Accordingly, the district court properly 7 dismissed his claim for lacked subject matter jurisdiction.”). The same is true of 26 8 U.S.C. § 7422. See Dunn, 492 F.3d at 1090 (“If a person neglects to file an 9 administrative claim as required by § 7422(a), that person has failed to satisfy a necessary 10 condition of the waiver of sovereign immunity under § 1346(a)(1), and, as we have 11 repeatedly held, the district court is necessarily divested of jurisdiction over the 12 action.”).4 13 2. Section 7433 14 Section 7433(d)(1) states that a “judgment for damages shall not be awarded under 15 subsection (b) unless the court determines that the plaintiff has exhausted the 16 administrative remedies available to such plaintiff within the Internal Revenue Service.” 17 26 U.S.C. § 7433. “The IRS, in turn, has promulgated regulations that mandate that 18 damages actions under Section 7433 may not be maintained unless the taxpayer has filed 19 an administrative claim.” Hallinan v. U.S., 498 F. Supp. 2d 315, 317 (D.D.C. 2007) 20 (citing 26 C.F.R. § 301.7433–1). The relevant regulations state that a taxpayer seeking 21 damages under § 7433 must submit an administrative claim (1) “in writing to the Area 22 Director, Attn: Compliance Technical Support Manager of the area in which the taxpayer 23 24 25 26 27 28 4 The Court observes that while the Ninth Circuit has repeatedly held that failure to exhaust under § 7422 divests a court of jurisdiction on sovereign immunity grounds, see Dunn, 492 F.3d at 1090, n.4, it is not equally clear whether failure to exhaust under 26 U.S.C. § 7433(d) is jurisdictional and, therefore, whether it is properly raised in a 12(b) motion. See Clift v. U.S. I.R.S., 214 F. Supp. 3d 1009, 1012 (W.D. Wash. 2016). Regardless, “Even if the failure to exhaust administrative remedies is not technically jurisdictional, dismissal for failure to exhaust [is]s still proper.” See Clark v. U.S., 462 Fed. App’x 719, 71 n.1 (9th Cir. 2011); see also Christian, 1994 WL 47912, at *2. 9 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 currently resides”; (2) provide personal information of the taxpayer making the claim; (3) 2 state the “grounds, in reasonable detail, for the claim”; (4) include a “description of the 3 injuries incurred by the taxpayer filing the claim”; (5) “the dollar amount of the claim”; 4 and (6) the “signature of the taxpayer.” 26 C.F.R. § 301.7433–1(e). The regulations go 5 on to state that no § 7433 claim shall lie against the United States until the IRS renders a 6 decision on the claim or until six months have passed since the date the claim was 7 properly filed. Id. § 301.7433–1(d). Moreover, “a civil action under paragraph (a) of this 8 section must be brought in federal district court within 2 years after the date the cause of 9 action accrues.” Id. § 301.7433–1(f). 10 Plaintiff does not allege that he filed an administrative claim in accordance with 26 11 C.F.R. § 301.7433–1(e). The complaint states that he “filed a timely, written, formal 12 appeal,” but it fails to provide enough detail for this Court to conclude that the “appeal” 13 met the requirements of § 301.7433–1(e). Accordingly, and absent any non-conclusory 14 factual allegations that Plaintiff exhausted his administrative remedies, the Court 15 DISMISSES Plaintiff’s first and second causes of action insofar as they are asserted 16 under 26 U.S.C. § 7433. See Hallinan, 498 F. Supp. 2d at 318 (dismissing taxpayer 17 complaint brought under Section 7433 because plaintiff failed to present any non- 18 conclusory factual allegations that demonstrated administrative exhaustion). To the 19 extent Plaintiff wishes to amend his complaint to rectify this defect, the Court warns that 20 Plaintiff must specifically show how, in accordance with the procedures laid out in 26 21 C.F.R. § 301.7433–1, he exhausted his administrative remedy. Only by satisfying the 22 Court that he administratively exhausted, may Plaintiff proceed with his suit against the 23 United States. 24 3. Section 7422 25 Section 7422 of the Internal Revenue Code provides that “[n]o suit or proceeding 26 shall be maintained in any court for the recovery of any internal revenue tax alleged to 27 have been erroneously or illegally assessed or collected . . . until a claim for refund or 28 credit has been duly filed with the Secretary, according to the provisions of law in that 10 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 regard, and the regulations of the secretary established in pursuance thereof.” 26 U.S.C. 2 § 7422. In order to bring suit under § 7422, the individual must first pay the full amount 3 of the contested penalty assessment and then file a claim for “refund or credit.” Thomas 4 v. U.S., 755 F.2d 728, 729 (9th Cir. 1985) (citing Flora v. U.S., 357 US. 63 (1958)); see 5 also Duda v. U.S., 79 Fed. Cl. 129, 132 (2007) (“A tax refund suit . . . may not be 6 maintained . . . unless a taxpayer fully paid the assessed income tax and timely filed a 7 refund claim with the IRS.”) (emphasis added).5 To properly file a “claim for refund or credit” the taxpayer must do so “within 8 9 three years from the time the return was filed or two years from the time the tax was paid, 10 whichever period expires later,” 26 U.S.C. § 6511(a) (limitations on credit or refund), and 11 must wait until the IRS either rejects the claim or until six months pass without the IRS 12 rendering a decision before filing in district court. 26 U.S.C. § 6532(a) (referencing suits 13 or proceedings brought under Section 7422(a)). 14 Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that he exhausted his administrative remedies 15 required under 26 U.S.C. § 7422. The complaint does not allege that Plaintiff ever paid 16 the assessed deficiency, to say nothing of whether he filed a “claim for refund or credit.” 17 In fact, the complaint instead suggests that Plaintiff never paid the deficiency. Dkt. No. 18 14 at 24 (“Petrillo had to deposit $907,910 with the Tax Court before his case could be 19 heard. [¶] This prohibited Petrillo from taking his case to Tax Court.”). Accordingly and 20 because Plaintiff has failed to allege any facts that, taken as true, show he fully paid the 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 5 Plaintiff argues that the “full payment rule” is unfairly prohibitive, and that he should be given an opportunity to adjudicate his case without paying it. (Id. at 23-24). Unfortunately, this Court is not at liberty to assess the “inherent fairness” of the rule as the Supreme Court has expressly refused to recognize a partial-payment remedy. See Flora v. U.S., 357 U.S. 63, 75 (1958) (“It is suggested that a part-payment remedy is necessary for the benefit of a taxpayer too poor to pay the full amount of the tax. Such an individual is free to litigate in the Tax Court without any advance payment. Where the time to petition that court has expired . . . the requirement of full payment may in some instances work a hardship. But since any hardship would grow out of an opinion whose effect Congress in successive statutory revisions has made no attempt to alter . . . [whether] amelioration is required it is now a matter for Congress, not this Court.”) 11 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 assessed deficiency, the Court also DISMISSES Plaintiff’s first and second causes of 2 action insofar as they are asserted under 26 U.S.C. § 7422. See Thomas, 755 F.2d at 729 3 (failure to pay penalty amount strips the district court of jurisdiction to hear the suit). 4 The Court will grant Plaintiff leave to amend to cure this defect, but warns that Plaintiff’s 5 complaint must include non-conclusory allegations demonstrating that (1) he fully paid 6 the assessed deficiency and that he (2) properly filed a “claim for a refund” as required by 7 26 U.S.C. § 7422 and in accordance with the Treasury Code regulations, see, e.g., 26 8 C.F.R. § 301.6402–2 (claims for credit or refund). 9 E. Conspiracy to commit mortgage fraud 10 Plaintiff’s ninth cause of action is for conspiracy to commit mortgage fraud. This 11 cause of action has no clear legal authority. To the extent that Plaintiff is asserting a tort 12 for conspiracy to commit mortgage fraud, such a claim is barred for the reasons stated 13 above. A Bivens action is also not available for the reasons stated above. Accordingly 14 and because Plaintiff has not identified any relevant legal authority granting him the right 15 to, (1) bring a cause of action, (2) against the United States, for conspiracy to commit 16 mortgage fraud, the Court DISMISSES the claim with leave to amend. If and when 17 Plaintiff chooses to amend his complaint, he must state which legal authority, state or 18 federal, permits him to bring such a claim against the United States. Absent such a 19 showing, however, the Court must dismiss the claim for lack for lack of subject matter 20 jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim. 21 22 IMPROPER SERVICE Defendant also argues that Plaintiff has “failed to comply with Fed. R. Civ. P. 4 23 [as] he has not served a copy of either his Complaint or Amended Complaint with a 24 summons on the Attorney General of the United States.” (Dkt. No. 16 at 15.). 25 Accordingly, Defendant argues, Plaintiff’s action should be alternatively dismissed under 26 Rule 12(b)(2) and 12(b)(5) for lack of proper service and personal jurisdiction. (Id.) 27 //// 28 //// 12 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 A. Rule 12(b)(5) 2 Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(5), a party “may assert . . . insufficient service of 3 process” by motion. “A defendant who has notice of an action against him may force the 4 plaintiff to prove that service has been made . . . .” S.E.C v. Internet Solutions. for Bus. 5 Inc., 509 F.3d 1161, 1166 (9th Cir. 2007). A plaintiff properly serves the United States 6 by (1) “deliver[ing] a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the United States 7 attorney for the district where the action is brought” and (2) by “send[ing] a copy of each 8 . . . to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington D.C.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9 4(i). Failure to serve both the U.S. Attorney and the Attorney General requires a court to 10 “dismiss the action without prejudice . . . or order that service be made within a specified 11 time.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). 12 B. Analysis 13 After reviewing the record, the Court finds that Plaintiff properly served the United 14 States Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of California. (Dkt. No. 11 at 5, 8.) 15 This satisfies the first requirement of Rule 4(i). Plaintiff, however, has failed to satisfy 16 the section requirement of Rule 4(i), directing plaintiffs to “send a copy . . . to the 17 Attorney General of the United States at Washington D.C.” 18 It seems Plaintiff mistakenly believed that serving the United States Attorney’s 19 office was akin to serving the United States Attorney General. Plaintiff’s service 20 processor reported that Plaintiff requested delivery of the complaint and summons to the 21 “U.S. Attorney General,” but Plaintiff only listed the United States Attorney office’s San 22 Diego address. (Dkt. No. 11 at 8.) As a result, the United States Attorney for the 23 Southern District of California was properly served, but not the Attorney General’s office 24 in Washington, D.C. 25 26 27 28 13 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 Though the United States is clearly aware of the suit, Defendant is correct that 2 “actual notice cannot cure defective service.” (Dkt. No. 16 at 14 (citing Wuchter v. 3 Pizzutti, 276 U.S. 13, 24 (1928)); see also Benny v. Pipes, 799 F.2d 489, 492 (9th Cir. 4 1986) (“[N]either actual notice nor simply naming the defendant in the complaint will 5 provide personal jurisdiction.”) Accordingly, the Court also GRANTS Defendant’s 6 motion to dismiss for improper service and for lack of personal jurisdiction without 7 prejudice. If Plaintiff is to proceed with his suit, he must ensure a copy of the complaint 8 and summons are served on both the United States Attorney for the Southern District of 9 California and the U.S. Attorney General in Washington D.C in compliance with Fed. R. 10 Civ. P. 4(i). The Court additionally notes that, if Plaintiff seeks to sue the IRS, Plaintiff 11 must also effectuate service on the agency. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(2) (“To serve a United 12 States agency or corporation . . . a party must serve the United States and also send a 13 copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the agency”) 14 (emphasis added). 15 CONCLUSION 16 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss 17 Plaintiff’s FAC under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), 12(b)(2), and 12(b)(5). (Dkt. No. 16.) 18 Plaintiff may amend his Complaint to cure those deficiencies that the Court has identified 19 as being subject to leave to amend. 20 Plaintiff has forty-five (45) days leave from the date of this Order in which to file 21 an amended complaint that cures all the deficiencies of pleading identified by this Order. 22 Any amended complaint must be complete by itself without reference to the original 23 pleading. Defendants not named and any claim not re-alleged in the amended complaint 24 will be considered waived. See Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 25 896 F.2d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1989) (“[A]n amended pleading supersedes the original.”); 26 Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 986, 928 (9th Cir. 2012) (noting that claims, 27 dismissed with leave to amend, that are not re-alleged in an amended pleading may be 28 “considered waived if not repled.”). 14 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS 1 If Plaintiff fails to file an amended complaint within the time provided, the Court 2 will enter a final Order dismissing this civil action based on lack of subject matter 3 jurisdiction, failure to state a claim, and/or his failure to prosecute in compliance with a 4 Court order requiring amendment. See Lira v. Herrera, 427 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 5 2005) (“If a plaintiff does not take advantage of the opportunity to fix his complaint, a 6 district court may convert the dismissal of the complaint into dismissal of the entire 7 action.”). 8 9 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: May 24, 2017 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 15 3:15-cv-1894-GPC-NLS

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