Erhart v. Bofi Holding Inc.

Filing 77

ORDER re: #70 Joint Motion for Determination of Discovery Dispute No. 4. Court grants in part and denies in part Plaintiff's motion to compel regarding the requests. Unless otherwise specified in this Order, where Court has ordered production, it must take place within 14 days of this Order. Signed by Magistrate Judge Nita L. Stormes on 9/4/2018. (jah)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

10
11

CHARLES MATTHEW ERHART, an
individual,

12
13
14
15

Case No.: 15cv2287-BAS (NLS)
consolidated with
15-cv-2353-BAS-NLS

Plaintiff,

ORDER ON JOINT MOTION FOR
DETERMINATION OF DISCOVERY
DISPUTE NO. 4

v.
BofI HOLDING, INC., an entity d/b/a
BOFI FEDERAL BANK and BANK OF
THE INTERNET,

16

[ECF No. 70]

Defendant.

17
18

BofI FEDERAL BANK, a federal savings
bank

19
20
21
22
23

Plaintiff,
v.
CHARLES MATTHEW ERHART, an
individual,
Defendant.

24
25
26
27
28

Before the Court is the parties’ Joint Motion for Determination of Discovery
Dispute No. 4, wherein Defendant BofI Holding, Inc. (“BofI”) seeks to compel Plaintiff
Charles Erhart (“Erhart”) to produce certain documents responsive to its Requests for
1
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

Production (Set One) and to answer certain requests in its Interrogatories (Set One). ECF

2

No. 70. For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN

3

PART Defendant’s motion to compel.

4
5

I.

RELEVANT FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Erhart and BofI are involved in two separate consolidated actions. Erhart brings

6

this action, alleging whistleblower retaliation action against BofI for violations of the

7

Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer

8

Protection Act, and California state law. ECF No. 32. Erhart alleges that during the

9

course of his employment with BofI as an internal auditor, he found and reported several

10

violations to his superiors and eventually to the appropriate government agencies as a

11

whistleblower. Id. at ¶¶ 9-46, 54-60. He alleges that in return, his superiors attempted to

12

silence him by threatening him, giving him negative performance reviews, and eventually

13

terminating him. Even after termination, Erhart alleges that BofI has continued to

14

defame him, preventing him from obtaining subsequent employment. Erhart alleges that

15

as a result, he has suffered loss in earnings and benefits and physical and emotional

16

distress.

17

In the consolidated case, BofI brings a countersuit against Erhart, alleging that he

18

stole and disseminated BofI’s confidential information and documents. See generally

19

BofI Federal Bank v. Erhart, Case No. 15cv02353-BAS (NLS), ECF No. 12. BofI

20

alleges that Erhart engaged in investigations that exceeded the scope of the matters on

21

which he was assigned during his employment and took BofI’s confidential information

22

by taking documents home or emailing them to his personal accounts. BofI alleges that

23

Erhart publicly disclosed confidential information and caused BofI’s stock price to

24

plummet.

25

The present motion relates to discovery requests propounded in BofI’s Requests

26

for Production (“RFPs”) (Set One) and Interrogatories (“ROGs”) (Set One) to Erhart.

27

These were served on March 30, 2018 and Erhart responded on June 25, 2018. ECF No.

28
2
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

150 at 1. At issue are several of the Requests for Production and Interrogatories, as set

2

forth below.

3

II.

LEGAL STANDARD
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 permits discovery of “any nonprivileged matter

4
5

that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case,

6

considering the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy,

7

the parties’ relative access to relevant information, the parties’ resources, the importance

8

of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense of the

9

proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). Information

10

need not be admissible to be discoverable. Id. Once the propounding party establishes

11

that the request seeks relevant information, “[t]he party who resists discovery has the

12

burden to show discovery should not be allowed, and has the burden of clarifying,

13

explaining, and supporting its objections.” Superior Commc’ns v. Earhugger, Inc., 257

14

F.R.D. 215, 217 (C.D. Cal. 2009); see Blankenship v. Hearst Corp., 519 F.2d 418, 429

15

(9th Cir. 1975) (requiring defendants “to carry heavy burden of showing why discovery

16

was denied”).
“The 2015 amendments to Rule 26(b)(1) emphasize the need to impose ‘reasonable

17
18

limits on discovery through increased reliance on the common-sense concept of

19

proportionality.’” Roberts v. Clark Cty. Sch. Dist., 312 F.R.D. 594, 603 (D. Nev. 2016)

20

(internal citation omitted). The fundamental principle of amended Rule 26(b)(1) is “that

21

lawyers must size and shape their discovery requests to the requisites of a case.” Id.

22

Both discovery and Rule 26 are intended to provide parties with “efficient access to what

23

is needed to prove a claim or defense, but eliminate unnecessary or wasteful discovery.”

24

Id.

25

The Court has broad discretion in determining relevancy for discovery purposes.

26

Surfvivor Media Inc. v. Survivor Prods., 406 F.3d 625, 635 (9th Cir. 2005); see U.S.

27

Fidelity and Guar. Co. v. Lee Investments L.L.C., 641 F.3d 1126, 1136 (9th Cir. 2011)

28

(“District courts have wide latitude in controlling discovery, and [their] rulings will not
3
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

be overturned in the absence of a clear abuse of discretion.”) (internal quotation and

2

citations omitted). To the extent that the discovery sought is “unreasonably cumulative

3

or duplicative, or is obtainable from some other source that is more convenient, less

4

burdensome, or less expensive,” the court is directed to limit the scope of the request.

5

Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2). Limits should also be imposed where the burden or expense

6

outweighs the likely benefits. Id. How and when to so limit discovery, or to “issue an

7

order to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue

8

burden or expense,” remains in the court’s discretion. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)(1).

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

III.

DISCUSSION
a. Request for Production Nos. 5-9

These requests for production seek the following documents:
REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 5: All DOCUMENTS
reflecting any complaints YOU have filed with the Internal
Revenue Service (“IRS”) concerning Bofl.
REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 6: All DOCUMENTS
reflecting any complaints YOU have filed with the IRS
concerning Greg Garrabrants.
REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 7: All DOCUMENTS
reflecting any complaints YOU have filed with the IRS
concerning Steven Garrabrants.
REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 8: All DOCUMENTS
reflecting any complaints YOU have filed with any government
or regulatory agencies other than the SEC, OCC, OSHA, and
the IRS concerning Bofl.
REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 9: All DOCUMENTS
reflecting any complaints YOU have filed with any government
or regulatory agency other than the IRS concerning Greg
Garrabrants.

26

ECF No. 70-3 at 3-4. The term “YOU” is defined to include Erhart’s attorneys. Id. at 1.

27

The dispute for these RFPs centers on whether documents reflecting communications

28

between Erhart’s attorney, Ms. Gillam, and regulators need to be produced. ECF No. 704
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1
2

1 at 6.
The Court previously ruled on an identical issue in the consolidated case brought

3

by BofI. There, the Court held that the law enforcement privilege did not apply. Case

4

No. 15cv2353-BAS (NLS), ECF No. 64 at 4-5. The Court also held that no privilege for

5

government agencies protected the communications either. Id. at 5-6. However, the

6

Court did hold that the work product doctrine protected these communications and this

7

protection was not waived when Ms. Gilliam sent communications to the third party

8

regulators. Id. at 6-7. The Court sees no reason to revisit these rulings in this case at this

9

time, and the parties do not appear to argue for reconsideration of the prior order. See

10
11

generally ECF No. 70-1 at 6-8.
In the prior order, the Court also addressed whether the work product protection

12

could be overcome by a showing of substantial need by BofI. The Court held that

13

communications between Ms. Gillam and regulators were not even relevant in that case

14

because the consolidated action brought by BofI focused on whether Erhart had illegally

15

disseminated its confidential information publicly. Case No. 15cv2353-BAS (NLS), ECF

16

No. 64 at 8. Because the focus of this case is different—i.e., Erhart alleges that he was

17

retaliated against when he legally engaged in whistleblowing against BofI—the Court

18

will revisit the issue of whether BofI has overcome this protection by showing a

19

substantial need for this information.

20

“The conditional protections afforded by the work-product rule prevent

21

exploitation of a party’s efforts in preparing for litigation.” Admiral Ins. Co. v. U.S. Dist.

22

Court for Dist. of Arizona, 881 F.2d 1486, 1494 (9th Cir. 1989). To overcome the work

23

product protection, BofI must show “that it has a substantial need for materials to prepare

24

its case and cannot, without undue hardship, obtain their substantial equivalent by other

25

means.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(A)(ii). The “substantial needs” test applies differently

26

to “fact” work product as opposed to “core” or “opinion” work product. “Fact work

27

product consists of factual material that is prepared in anticipation of litigation or trial.”

28

Kintera, Inc. v. Convio, Inc., 219 F.R.D. 503, 507 (S.D. Cal. 2003). On the other hand,
5
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

opinion work product applies to materials that may “reveal the theories, opinions or

2

mental impressions” of an attorney representing the party. Id. (opinion work product can

3

include items such as “an attorney’s legal strategy, intended lines of proof, evaluation of

4

the strengths and weaknesses of the case, and the inferences drawn from interviews of

5

witnesses”).

6

Opinion work product receives “nearly absolute immunity and can be discovered

7

only in very rare circumstances.” Garcia v. City of El Centro, 214 F.R.D. 587, 591 (S.D.

8

Cal. 2003); Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(B) (“If the court orders discovery of those materials,

9

it must protect against disclosure of the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or

10

legal theories of a party’s attorney or other representative concerning the litigation.”). “A

11

party seeking opinion work product must make a showing beyond the substantial

12

need/undue hardship test required under Rule 26(b)(3) for non-opinion work product.”

13

Holmgren v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 976 F.2d 573, 577 (9th Cir. 1992). To

14

obtain “opinion” work product, a party must show that the mental impressions of counsel

15

are “at issue” and “the need for the material is compelling.” Id.

16

On the other hand, to overcome fact work product protection, BofI would have to

17

show that it has a substantial need for the information and that it would suffer undue

18

hardship if unable to obtain it. Fletcher v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 194 F.R.D. 666, 670-71

19

(S.D. Cal. 2000). The substantial need inquiry involves “1) whether the information is an

20

essential element in the requesting party’s case and 2) whether the party requesting

21

discovery can obtain the facts from an alternate source.” Id. at 671 (noting that common

22

examples might be “test results that cannot be duplicated,” “photographs taken

23

immediately after an accident where the accident scene has since changed,” or

24

“contemporaneous statement taken from, or made by, parties or witnesses”). The part of

25

this inquiry focusing on the alternate source depends “in large part, on whether the work

26

product is unique.” Id. The undue hardship inquiry examines the “the burden obtaining

27

the information from an alternate source would impose on the party requesting

28

discovery.” Id.
6
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

The information that BofI targets here—documents reflecting any complaints

2

Plaintiff filed with various government and regulatory agencies—is factual in nature.

3

These requests are not seeking the mental impressions or opinions of Plaintiff’s counsel.

4

Thus, the Court will evaluate these requests under the substantial need and undue burden

5

test. Fletcher, 194 F.R.D. at 670-71.

6

As to substantial need, the heart of Plaintiff’s complaint centers on his retaliation

7

claims against BofI, including under Sarbane-Oxley and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street

8

Reform and Consumer Protection Act. ECF No. 32 at ¶¶ 72-99. To make out a prima

9

facie case under Sarbane-Oxley’s whistleblower provision, 18 U.S.C. § 1514A, the

10

plaintiff must show that: (1) he engaged in protected activity or conduct; (2) his employer

11

knew or suspected, actively or constructively, that he engaged in the protected activity;

12

(3) he suffered an unfavorable personnel action; and (4) the circumstances were sufficient

13

to raise an inference that the protected activity was a contributing factor in the

14

unfavorable action. Tides v. The Boeing Co., 644 F.3d 809, 814 (9th Cir. 2011). The

15

“protected activity” covered includes “any conduct which the employee reasonably

16

believes constitutes a violation of section 1341 [mail fraud], 1343 [wire fraud], 1344

17

[bank fraud], or 1348 [securities or commodities fraud], any rule or regulation of the

18

Securities and Exchange Commission, or any provision of Federal law relating to fraud

19

against shareholders . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 1514A. An employee qualifies for protection

20

when he or she provides information or assistance either to a federal regulatory or law

21

enforcement agency, Congress, or any “person with supervisory authority over the

22

employee.” § 1514A(a)(1)(A)-(C).1; Digital Realty Tr., Inc. v. Somers, 138 S. Ct. 767,

23

773 (2018). To recover under § 1514A, an aggrieved employee must exhaust

24

administrative remedies by “filing a complaint with the Secretary of Labor.”

25

§ 1514A(b)(1)(A). The retaliation claim under the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and

26

Consumer Protection Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(h) similarly protects an individual who

27

reports violations of securities law to the SEC. Digital Realty, 138 S. Ct. at 773-74. In

28

order to qualify for protection under this Act, an employee must establish he qualifies as
7
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

a “whistleblower” as defined in the Act—he must have made a complaint to the SEC. Id.

2

at 776-782. In addition, he must establish that he engaged in conduct enumerated in

3

§ 78u–6(h)(1)(A). Thus, what complaints Erhart made to what governmental and

4

regulatory agencies is implicated and a central issue for at least these claims.

5

Part of the substantial needs analysis also looks at whether the information sought

6

may come from other sources. Plaintiff asserts here that he already has agreed to produce

7

and has produced his own communications with the various law enforcement agencies.

8

ECF No. 70-1 at 8. However, Plaintiff makes no representation that Ms. Gillam’s

9

communications are entirely redundant of Plaintiff’s communications and fails to address

10

whether her communications may provide additional information as to the nature of the

11

complaints Plaintiff made to these agencies. To the extent that they do provide additional

12

information, BofI does not have any other source for that information.

13

Similarly, as to undue burden, the information sought here with regards to the

14

actual complaints made by Erhart is not the type of information that BofI could easily

15

obtain elsewhere. The communications themselves, reflecting the complaints Erhart

16

made at the time, are likely the best evidence of the substance of the complaints. Cf.

17

Smith v. Coulombe, No. 2:11-CV-531-SU, 2013 WL 428363, at *6–7 (D. Or. Feb. 4,

18

2013) (ordering production over work product protection of internal investigation report

19

in retaliation action brought by police officer alleging corruption, including

20

communications between the independent investigator and the city attorney involved in

21

the investigation).

22

Accordingly, the Court will GRANT IN PART this request. Plaintiff should

23

produce responsive documents reflecting communications between Ms. Gillam and law

24

enforcement agencies. These RFPs seek to substantiate the actual complaints that

25

Plaintiff made to the agencies, so if the communications include any mental impressions

26

or opinions of counsel, such information may be redacted in the production. In addition,

27

the production may exclude any communications that contain information that is wholly

28

redundant of those already produced from Erhart.
8
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

b. Request for Production No. 15

2

Request for Production No. 15 seeks the following documents:

3

All Bofl DOCUMENTS YOU provided to any third party.

4

ECF No. 70-3 at 4. BofI argues that this request targets documents that Erhart stole from

5

BofI and wrongfully disseminated. ECF No. 70-1 at 9. Erhart counters that this request

6

is too broad, without any limitation as to what sort of documents are covered, what kind

7

of third parties are covered, and without time limitation. Id.

8
9

BofI makes clear in this motion that it is seeking only documents containing its
confidential information that Erhart was not permitted to disseminate but did

10

disseminate to third parties not authorized to receive such information. The Court finds

11

that this request is relevant to the issues and claims in this case. BofI states that Erhart

12

represented during the meet and confer that he has no further documents to produce. Id.

13

If it is true that Erhart has already produced all documents relevant to this request as

14

interpreted by the Court in this order, Erhart is ordered to confirm this with BofI. If not,

15

Erhart must produce any responsive documents that have not already been produced.

16

Accordingly, the Court GRANTS IN PART this request, subject to the limitations set

17

forth above.

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

c. Request for Production No. 18
Request for Production No. 18 seeks the following documents:
All DOCUMENTS concerning YOUR treating physicians,
caregivers, and any other person or entity that has provided
YOU with any type of medical treatment in the past five years.
ECF No. 70-3 at 5. BofI argues these documents are related to Erhart’s claims of
physical and mental distress and injuries, which he put at issue in the case. ECF No. 70-1
at 9-10. BofI additionally states that during the meet and confer, Erhart agreed to
produce some documents responsive to this request and did so, but BofI did not have the
opportunity to review such documents before this motion deadline.

28
9
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

Erhart states that he has reasonably produced documents reflecting his damages,

2

including emotional distress and medical leave. ECF No. 70-1 at 10. In addition, Erhart

3

opposes this request which he characterizes as asking for “unfettered” access to his

4

medical records, stating that it is overbroad by asking for all his medical records over the

5

past five years and objecting on grounds of privacy and privilege. Id. at 12.

6

As a threshold matter, the Court does not condone this practice (which appears to

7

have occurred on several of these requests) where Erhart has produced documents on the

8

eve of the deadline to file this motion. This does not fairly give the receiving party the

9

time to review the documents to see if the dispute is resolved. However, the proper way

10

to remedy this unfortunate situation is for the receiving party to file a motion for

11

extension of time as to the joint discovery dispute deadline so that it has time to review

12

the production and decide if the dispute has been resolved. Otherwise, as here, the Court

13

is left with an unclear picture of what has been produced and what is still in dispute.

14

As the Court has stated previously, on issues of privilege in this case, it will

15

examine privilege assertions under both federal and state law. See Case No. 15cv2353-

16

BAS (NLS), ECF No. 65 at 4-5. Under federal law, there is no physician-patient

17

privilege protecting medical records from discovery. Fritsch v. City of Chula Vista, 187

18

F.R.D. 614, 633 (S.D. Cal 1999). However, “The Supreme Court has recognized a

19

limited privacy interest in the confidentiality of one’s medical records, derived implicitly

20

from the United States Constitution.” Soto v. City of Concord, 162 F.R.D. 603, 618

21

(N.D. Cal. July 17, 1995) (citing Whalen v. Roe, 429 U.S. 589, 599-600 (1977)). But this

22

right to privacy is not absolute. Id. When determining whether to order a production of

23

medical records, “a court must balance the requesting party’s interest in reviewing the

24

records against the patient’s right to maintain the medical records as private.” Larson v.

25

Bailiff, No. 13cv2790-BAS (JLB), 2015 WL 4425660, at *5 (S.D. Cal. July 17, 2015)

26

(citing Soto, 162 F.R.D. at 619).

27
28

California law also recognizes a medical records privilege that allows a patient to
refuse to disclose, or prevent another from disclosing, confidential communications with
10
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

a physician in the course of the patient-physician relationship. Johnson v. Northwest

2

Airlines, Inc., No. 08cv2272 VRW, 2009 WL 839044, at *3 (N.D. Cal. March 30, 2009).

3

If this privilege were found to apply, it would “operate[] as a bar to discovery of even

4

relevant information.” Slagle v. Superior Court, 211 Cal. App. 3d 1309, 1313 (1989).

5

However, “one who has placed in issue his physical condition” cannot invoke the

6

privilege. Johnson, 2009 WL 839044, at *3. If waiver is found to apply, it is limited to

7

the medical conditions that the litigant has placed at issue, not to his or her entire medical

8

history. Id.

9

In his complaint, Erhart alleges that he suffered “severe physical and emotional

10

distress” as a result of the retaliation, wrongful termination, and defamation that he

11

suffered. ECF No. 32 at ¶¶ 75, 81, 94, 123, 156. Erhart previously had asserted a claim

12

of intentional infliction of emotional distress, but this claim was dismissed by the Court

13

and Erhart never amended his complaint to reintroduce it. See ECF Nos. 44, 46.

14

In light of the allegations in his complaint, the Court finds that Erhart has not

15

waived the medical privilege protecting his medical records under California state law.

16

The remaining claims in Erhart’s complaint only involves “garden-variety” emotional

17

distress claims. Such claims are not sufficient to waive the privilege. Compare EEOC v.

18

Peters’ Bakery, 301 F.R.D. 482, 487 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (despite finding medical records

19

relevant, holding that the “right to privacy in medical records found in the federal and

20

California constitutions [] was not waived by assertion of a garden variety claim for

21

emotional distress”) and EEOC v. Serramonte, 237 F.R.D. 220, 224 (N.D. Cal. 2006)

22

(finding no waiver with “garden-variety claim of emotional distress”), with Weingard v.

23

Harland Fin. Solutions, Inc., No. 11cv3109, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 60966, at *4-6 (N.D.

24

Cal. May 1, 2012) (finding waiver of privilege in case involving more than “garden-

25

variety emotional distress damages claims” in light of claims for CFRA violations and

26

intentional infliction of emotional distress). In addition, similar to the request in Peters’

27

Bakery, the request here, though time limited, is not at all limited in scope. 301 F.R.D. at

28

487 (declining to order production, noting “the Court is aware that in the ordinary course
11
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

of a person’s medical history, ordinary medical records could contain treatment for

2

physical conditions wholly unrelated to any conceivable claim in this case, such as

3

gynecological records, screening and/or treatment for cancer, injuries, and other common

4

but unrelated matters”).

5

Moreover, in light of Erhart’s representation to the Court that he will produce

6

documents reflecting his damages, including emotional distress and medical leave, the

7

Court will not compel Erhart to produce any further documents at this time. Accordingly,

8

the Court DENIES the motion as to this request.

9
10
11
12

Request for Production No. 23
Request for Production No. 23 seeks the following documents:
All DOCUMENTS reflecting YOUR employment from March
1, 2015 to the present.

13

ECF No. 70-3 at 5. BofI argues that this request targets information that is relevant to

14

Erhart’s allegations that he suffered a loss of earnings, wages, and other employment

15

benefits and his request for damages related to the same. ECF No. 70-1 at 3. BofI states

16

that Erhart produced responsive documents on the same day this motion was due so it did

17

not have time to review the document production. Id. Regardless, BofI argues that a

18

dispute still remains as to the following categories of documents that Erhart has stated he

19

will not produce during the meet and confer: severance agreements, personnel file,

20

disciplinary actions, and conversations with human resources. Id. BofI argues that this

21

information is relevant because it demonstrates Erhart’s performance as an employee and

22

his mitigation of damages. Id.

23

As to severance payments, the Court agrees that this information could be relevant

24

to Erhart’s claims of loss of earning, wages, and benefits and mitigation of damages.

25

Erhart objects to producing this information because he argues that such documents are

26

sensitive and must remain confidential. Federal courts do recognize a general right to

27

privacy that can be raised in response to discovery requests. Shaw v. Experian Info. Sols.,

28

Inc., 306 F.R.D. 293, 301 (S.D. Cal. 2015). However, this privacy right is not an
12
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

absolute bar to discovery, and “the resolution of a privacy objection requires a balancing

2

of the need for the particular information against the claimed privacy right.” Id. On

3

balance, the Court finds that the balance tips in favor of the need for this information. In

4

light of the protective order in place, any sensitive information may be labeled

5

confidential or attorneys eyes only and could be protected from disclosure beyond the

6

purpose of this litigation.1 See Mohideen v. Calnet, Inc., No. 13CV799 MMA NLS, 2014

7

WL 1028638, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 14, 2014).

8
9

The Court, however, finds that the rest of the categories of documents—Erhart’s
personnel file, disciplinary actions, and conversations with human resources—are not

10

relevant. Erhart has already agreed to produce documents related to his mitigation

11

efforts. ECF No. 70-1 at 13. Even to the extent that BofI disputes why it terminated

12

Erhart’s employment with BofI, the Court does not see the relevance of Erhart’s

13

subsequent job performance. Accordingly, the motion as to this request is GRANTED

14

IN PART and DENIED IN PART.

15

d. Request for Production Nos. 27 and 28

16

These requests for production seek the following documents:

17

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 27: All
DOCUMENTS that relate to any requests YOU made for
disability insurance.

18
19

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 28: All
DOCUMENTS that relate to any requests YOU made for
unemployment insurance benefits.

20
21
22

ECF No. 70-3 at 6. BofI argues that the information sought in these two requests are

23

relevant to Erhart’s claim of physical and mental suffering, and any information in his

24
25
26
27
28

1

Erhart suggests that there may be an issue with disclosure of these agreement because such agreements
“tend to” contain confidentiality provisions. However, Erhart does not squarely state that he has any
such agreements where this issue actually exists and the Court notes that such confidentiality provisions
often contain exceptions for where disclosure is required by law or by court order. To the extent this
actually becomes an issue, the parties may raise it with the Court at that time.
13
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

applications for these benefits may be relevant to its defense. ECF No. 70-1 at 15. Erhart

2

objects on variety of grounds, including privacy, overbroadness, and the collateral source

3

rule. Id. at 16.

4

First, the Court does not find that the collateral source rule bars discoverability of

5

the information sought here. The test for discoverability is not admissibility, but whether

6

the information sought is “reasonably calculated to lead to such evidence.” Fed. R. Civ.

7

P. 26; see Surfvivor Media, Inc. v. Survivor Prods., 406 F.3d 625, 635 (9th Cir. 2005)

8

(“Relevant information for purposes of discovery is information “reasonably calculated to

9

lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.”). So, without reaching the question of

10

whether the collateral source rule applies here, such documents may nevertheless be

11

relevant under discoverability. See Equal Employment Opportunity Comm’n v. Autozone,

12

Inc., No. 12-C-303, 2013 WL 12180861, at *7 (E.D. Wis. Aug. 21, 2013) (“The EEOC

13

argues that, because the collateral source rule applies, the information that the defendants

14

seek is not relevant. Whether the collateral source rule applies does not need to be

15

decided today. That is for another day. In the meantime, the documents withheld on the

16

basis of the collateral source rule are discoverable. Although the EEOC maintains that

17

these documents are not relevant, it strikes the court that these documents ‘appear

18

reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.’”); see also

19

Armstrong v. Hy-Vee, Inc., No. 4:15CV3085, 2016 WL 1228577, at *1 (D. Neb. Mar. 28,

20

2016) (“Typically, unemployment information and records are relevant to claims of

21

wrongful termination and are proper discovery requests.”). Here, it seems that the

22

request as to disability insurance could be relevant at least to Erhart’s claims of physical

23

and emotional distress. Also, the request as to unemployment benefits could also lead to

24

admissible evidence—for example, what Erhart wrote in the application may corroborate

25

or refute what he says happened with his employment at BofI.

26
27

As to Erhart’s concerns regarding privacy, the Court finds that the balance tips in
favor of the need for this information, particularly, as discussed above, in light of the

28
14
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

protective order in place. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the motion as to RFP Nos.

2

27 and 28.

3
4
5

e. Documents Erhart Contends Have Already Been Produced or Are in
BofI’s Possession
BofI argues that Erhart has stated that he has already produced certain documents

6

responsive to RFP Nos. 1-4, 11, 16-17, 19-22, 24-26, 29-34, and 36-44, but that these

7

documents were not produced in a code compliant way. ECF No. 70-1 at 16. In

8

particular, in response to the TRO entered in BofI v. Erhart, Erhart returned stolen

9

documents by providing a bag of documents, two USB drives, his personal computer, and

10

the password to his personal Gmail account. Id. at 16-17. BofI argues that this document

11

dump does not comply with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34(b)(E)(i)’s requirement

12

that produced documents be “organize[d] and label[ed]” to “correspond to the categories

13

in the request.” Id. at 17. Erhart responds by pointing to the other part of the Rule

14

34(b)(E)(i), permitting documents to be alternatively produced “as they are kept in the

15

usual course of business.” Since the information was already produced in response to the

16

TRO, Erhart also points to Rule 34(b)(E)(iii), which states that “[a] party need not

17

produce the same electronically stored information in more than one form.”

18

Despite these disagreements, it appears that Erhart has already agreed to reproduce

19

some of the documents. Both BofI and Erhart represent that Erhart agreed during the

20

meet and confer process that he would review his Gmail account and personal computer

21

and bates stamp and produce documents responsive to these requests. ECF No. 70-1 at

22

17, 18. Despite this concession, BofI still brings this issue to the Court because it did not

23

receive these documents before this joint motion was due. Because Erhart has agreed to

24

go through this exercise and is bound by the representations made to the opposing party

25

and the Court, there is nothing left for the Court to adjudicate. See Diagnostics, LP v.

26

Innovacon, Inc., 16-cv-0698-CAB (NLS), 2018 WL 1001097, at *5 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 21,

27

2018) (“[I]t is appropriate that the Court hold the parties to the agreements reached

28

during [the meet and confer] process.”). Thus, this request is DENIED AS MOOT.
15
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

f. Documents Erhart Has Agreed to Produce

2

BofI argues that Erhart has also stated that he will produce “non-privileged,

3

responsive documents” for RFP Nos. 1-4, 11, 16-17, 19-22, 24-26, 29-34, and 36-44, but

4

failed to do so until the eve of the deadline to file this motion. ECF No. 70-1 at 18.

5

Erhart responds that it has agreed to produce these documents and has done so, leaving

6

nothing for the Court to adjudicate. Id. at 19. The Court agrees—BofI puts forth no

7

reasons as to why it believes the production is not complete as to these requests and the

8

Court gives credence to Erhart’s representations to the Court that it has produced these

9

documents. See Frieri v. Sysco Corp., 16-cv-01432-JLS (NLS), 2017 WL 3387713, at

10

*10 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 4, 2017) (“Defendant also agreed to produce documents responsive

11

to this request. Defendant is bound by its agreement to produce.”). Thus, this request is

12

DENIED AS MOOT.

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

g. Interrogatory Nos. 1 and 2
These interrogatories seek the following responses:
INTERROGATORY NO. 1: IDENTIFY all persons,
excluding YOUR attorney, with whom YOU have had
COMMUNICATIONS, from September 23, 2013 to the
present, concerning any wrongdoing YOU perceived by Bofl,
including but not limited to allegations of wrongdoing alleged
by YOU in YOUR COMPLAINT.
INTERROGATORY NO. 2: For each person identified in
YOUR response to Interrogatory No. 1, DESCRIBE YOUR
COMMUNICATIONS.

22

ECF No. 70-4 at 2. BofI argues that Erhart has improperly limited his response to

23

exclude government regulators, and moves to compel Erhart to answer as to regulators

24

that he or his attorney, Ms. Gillam, have communicated with. ECF No. 70-1 at 19.

25

Erhart first objects, arguing that BofI’s request for communications related to his

26

attorney is unintelligible in light of the phrase “excluding your attorney” used in

27

Interrogatory No. 1. The Court disagrees—the use of this phrase is clearly meant to

28

exclude communications between Erhart and his attorney, not communications between
16
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

his attorney and others. The interrogatories define “YOU” to include Erhart and “any

2

other entity or person acting on YOUR behalf or at YOUR direction, including YOUR

3

attorneys.” ECF No. 70-4 at 3.

4

Erhart also objects on the same privilege and work product protection issues

5

brought up previously with RFPs 5-9. Consistent with the Court’s ruling as to the RFPs,

6

the Court finds that identification of the persons with whom Ms. Gillam communicated

7

with is factual in nature, and does not implicate attorney opinions and impressions. Thus,

8

the Court GRANTS this request as to Interrogatory No. 1.

9

As to Interrogatory No. 2, Erhart objects additionally on the grounds that it is a

10

compound interrogatory because it seeks information regarding each person identified in

11

the previous interrogatories, thereby exceeding the number of permissible interrogatories.

12

ECF No. 70-1 at 20. In addition, he argues that requiring him to describe the

13

communications with the various individuals is unduly burdensome. The Court agrees

14

and sustains these objections. This interrogatory is compound. See Withers v.

15

eHarmony, Inc., No. CV 09-2266-GHK(RCX), 2010 WL 11520197, at *3 (C.D. Cal.

16

Apr. 1, 2010) (finding interrogatory compound and exceeding number permitted when it

17

requested information regarding “each person identified” in a prior response). Moreover,

18

in light of the communications themselves already being ordered produced above, this

19

interrogatory is unduly burdensome on Plaintiff. Accordingly, the Court DENIES this

20

request as to Interrogatory No. 2.

21

h. Interrogatory No. 8

22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Interrogatory No. 8 seeks the following response:
State all facts that support YOUR contention in paragraph 24 of
YOUR COMPLAINT that Bofl was engaged in “noncompliance and illegal conduct.”
ECF No. 70-4 at 3. Erhart responded in part “See . . . the transcripts of the Depositions of
Mr. Erhart, equally available to Defendant.” ECF No. 70-6 at 15. Based on this
response, BofI requests that the Court allow the use of Erhart’s July 11, 2017 and August

17
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1

30, 2017 deposition transcripts in the California State case against Erhart’s former

2

girlfriend, BofI v. Cornell, San Diego Superior Court Case No. 37-2016-00016599-CU-

3

NP-CTL, for all purposes in this case. ECF No. 70-1 at 20. Erhart opposes this request,

4

stating that he meant his deposition testimony only in this action and not in the other

5

action to which he was not a party. Id.

6

BofI is correct in pointing out that the Court previously granted a joint motion by

7

the parties to consider the deposition of Plaintiff’s mother, Pamela Erhart, in the BofI

8

Federal Bank v. Pamela Erhart, Case No. 2016-CV-000008, pending in the District

9

Court of Jefferson County, Kansas, to be considered as it was taken in this case and used

10

for all purposes. See Case No. 15cv2353, ECF Nos. 62, 63. However, that motion was a

11

joint motion, where the parties were in agreement that, rather than spending the time and

12

expense of deposing Ms. Erhart in the California case, they were agreeable to having the

13

deposition used in the California case for all purposes. Id.

14

Here, unlike with Ms. Erhart, Plaintiff opposes the request, and does not agree that

15

those Cornell depositions should be treated as if taken in this case. In light of this

16

opposition, BofI does not offer any legal authority or compelling reason as to why the

17

Court should grant its request at this time. This dispute does not seem related to the

18

interrogatory response itself—the issue raised by BofI here is not the discoverability of

19

the transcripts. If BofI already has the deposition transcripts in question, it has access to

20

the information already; if BofI does not, BofI may request them from Erhart. The issue

21

of how the deposition transcripts may be used in this case, including how they may be

22

used for trial, is not a discovery issue but an issue of admissibility more appropriate to

23

pretrial motions. Accordingly the Court DENIES the motion as to this interrogatory.

24

//

25

//

26

//

27

//

28

//
18
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)

1
2

IV.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons as set forth above, the Court GRANTS IN PART AND DENIES

3

IN PART Plaintiff’s motion to compel regarding the above requests. Unless otherwise

4

specified above, where the Court has ordered production, it must take place within 14

5

days of this order.

6
7

IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: September 4, 2018

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
19
15cv2287-BAS (NLS)