Cyprain v. Colvin

Filing 21

ORDER granting Plaintiff's 11 Motion for Summary Judgment; denying Defendant's 14 Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment. Court declines to adopt the 19 Report and Recommendation. Court remand this action for further proceedings consistent with this Order. Signed by Judge Cynthia Bashant on 3/7/2017. (cc: Social Security) (jah)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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LENDA CHARMAINE CYPRAIN,

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Case No. 15-cv-02413-BAS-BGS

Plaintiff,

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ORDER:

v.

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(1) SUSTAINING PLAINTIFF’S
OBJECTIONS (ECF No. 20);

CAROLYN W. COLVIN,
Commissioner of the Social Security
Administration,

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(2) DECLINING TO ADOPT
REPORT AND
RECOMMENDATION
(ECF No. 19);

Defendant.

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(3) GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S
MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT (ECF No. 11);

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(4) DENYING DEFENDANT’S
MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT (ECF No. 14);
AND

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(5) REMANDING ACTION FOR
FURTHER PROCEEDINGS

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I.

INTRODUCTION

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Plaintiff Lenda Charmaine Cyprain commenced this action seeking review of

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the Social Security Commissioner’s denial of her application for Supplemental

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Security Income (“SSI”) benefits. After treating Plaintiff for several months, a
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psychologist referred Plaintiff to a psychiatrist for a psychiatric evaluation. The

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psychiatrist diagnosed Plaintiff with major depressive disorder, recurring, severe, but

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without psychosis. In the course of treating Plaintiff, the psychiatrist upgraded the

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severity of Plaintiff’s condition to major depressive disorder, recurring, severe, and

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with psychosis. After observing Plaintiff’s inappropriate suspiciousness or hostility,

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psychomotor agitation, inappropriate affect, easy distractibility, and illogical

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thinking, the psychiatrist also opined that Plaintiff’s condition would severely limit

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her ability to do many work-related activities.

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Separately, in seeking relief for pain and numbness in her hands, Plaintiff

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underwent an electromyography that revealed she had median nerve lesions and

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suffered from severe carpal tunnel syndrome on her right side, as well as mild carpal

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tunnel syndrome on her left side. A neurologist prescribed Plaintiff wrist splints, and

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when her symptoms did not improve, he referred Plaintiff to a hand orthopedist for a

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surgical evaluation.

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Plaintiff then sought SSI benefits based on these impairments, among others.

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The Administrate Law Judge (“ALJ”) rejected Plaintiff’s claim, however, at step two

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of the five-step sequential analysis for disability claims. Although the ALJ

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acknowledged Plaintiff suffers from physical and mental impairments, he found these

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impairments are not legally severe. Therefore, the ALJ concluded Plaintiff’s claim

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could not proceed past step two—the step used as a de minimis screening device to

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dispose of groundless claims.

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After the Social Security Administration’s Appeals Council denied her request

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for review, Plaintiff filed this action challenging the ALJ’s determination. The Court

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referred this matter to the magistrate judge for a Report & Recommendation (“R&R”)

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in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Civil Local Rule 72.1(c)(1). After

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the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, the magistrate judge issued an

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R&R recommending this Court deny Plaintiff’s motion (ECF No. 11) and grant

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Defendant’s motion (ECF No. 14). (ECF No. 19.) Plaintiff objects to the R&R. (ECF

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No. 20.)

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The ALJ erred in rejecting Plaintiff’s claim at step two. There is not a “total

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absence of objective evidence” of a severe medical impairment that would permit

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this Court to affirm a finding of no disability at step two. See Webb v. Barnhart, 433

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F.3d 683, 688 (9th Cir. 2005); see also, e.g., Ortiz v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 425 F.

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App’x 653, 655 (9th Cir. 2011); Styles v. Colvin, No. 14-cv-2229-JAH(WVG), 2016

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WL 1253482, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2016). Accordingly, despite that Plaintiff may

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not succeed in proving that she is entitled to disability benefits, the ALJ should have

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proceeded past step two of the disability analysis. See Webb, 433 F.3d at 688.

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Consequently, for the following reasons, the Court SUSTAINS Plaintiff’s

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objections, DECLINES to adopt the R&R, GRANTS Plaintiff’s motion, DENIES

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Defendant’s motion, and REMANDS this action for further proceedings consistent

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with this order.

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II.

BACKGROUND

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Although the Court declines to adopt the R&R’s conclusions, the Court agrees

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with the R&R’s detailed narrative of Plaintiff’s medical records and the

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administrative proceedings. (See R&R 1:18–2:3, 3:17–16:21.) The Court

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incorporates this narrative here but adds the following synopsis to provide context

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for the Court’s discussion of Plaintiff’s objections.

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A.

Mental Health Treatment
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Psychologist Rachelle Rene, Ph.D.

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A primary care physician referred Plaintiff to psychologist Rachelle Rene,

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Ph.D. for treatment of depression. (Administrative Record (“AR”) 405.) In Dr.

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Rene’s initial assessment, she noted Plaintiff reported symptoms of depression,

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including crying spells, decreased motivation, decreased energy, difficulty sleeping,
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increased weight gain, increased isolation, and restlessness. (Id.) Dr. Rene ultimately

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concluded that Plaintiff “presented as very depressed and anxious,” with symptoms

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that are consistent with (i) major depressive disorder, recurrent, moderate, without

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psychotic features and (ii) generalized anxiety disorder. (AR 406.)

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After her initial assessment, Dr. Rene regularly met with Plaintiff for

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individual treatment sessions. (AR 380, 382–85, 388–93, 395–99, 401–04.)

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Plaintiff’s condition oscillated throughout these sessions. (See id.) At some sessions,

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her condition had improved. (See AR 380, 389, 395, 398.) Plaintiff reported she had

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a “good week” with no suicidal ideation at one session. (AR 380.) At another session,

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she presented in a good mood and stated she felt “a lot better.” (AR 395.) At many

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other sessions, however, Plaintiff’s condition had not improved or had deteriorated.

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(See AR 382–83, 385, 388, 391–92, 397, 401.) For example, at one session, she

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presented visibly tearful and stated she felt more depressed. (AR 397.) She again

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presented with a sad mood at another session and stated she had stayed in bed since

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the prior session. (AR 391.) In other sessions, she reported suicidal ideation. (AR

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382–83, 388.)

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2.

Psychiatrist George Brolaski, M.D.

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After treating Plaintiff for several months, Dr. Rene referred her to psychiatrist

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George Brolaski, M.D. for a psychiatric evaluation. (AR 376–79.) During the

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evaluation, Plaintiff reported having thoughts of death and suicidal ideation but

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without a plan or present intention. (AR 376.) She also reported experiencing

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auditory hallucinations a few times a month. (Id.) Further, a mental status

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examination revealed a sad and worried facial expression, psychomotor agitation,

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and a depressed mood. (AR 378.) Dr. Brolaski diagnosed Plaintiff with major

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depressive disorder, recurrent, severe, without psychosis, and he assessed her current

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Global Assessment of Functioning (“GAF”) score at 47 (AR 379), indicating she

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“suffered from serious psychological symptoms or impairments,” see Boyd v. Colvin,
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524 F. App’x 334, 336 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of

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Mental Disorders 32–34 (4th ed. Text Revision 2000)).

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After this evaluation, Plaintiff continued to attend outpatient therapy sessions

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with Dr. Rene. (AR 374–75, 455–61, 463, 465–69, 471, 474–77, 480–83, 485–89.)

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When she returned to Dr. Brolaski in the following year, she reported diminished

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sleep of only three to four hours per night. (AR 589.) In seeing Dr. Brolaski over the

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course of the next several months, she also again reported experiencing

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hallucinations. (AR 581–83, 585–86.) During these treatment sessions, Dr. Brolaski

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diagnosed Plaintiff with major depressive disorder, recurrent, severe, with psychosis.

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(AR 581–86, 589.)

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Then, approximately a year and nine months after he first evaluated Plaintiff,

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Dr. Brolaski completed a “Mental Impairment Residual Functional Capacity

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Questionnaire.” (AR 600–05.) In this assessment, Dr. Brolaski noted Plaintiff had

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responded poorly to medication and individual therapy, and he identified her

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prognosis as poor. (AR 600.) Dr. Brolaski also provided his opinion on Plaintiff’s

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ability to do work-related activities in three categories that were further divided into

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a total of twenty-five subcategories. (AR 602–03.) These subcategories included

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activities such as Plaintiff’s ability to “deal with normal work stress” and “maintain

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attention for two hour segments.” (Id.) For twenty-one of these subcategories, Dr.

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Brolaski rated Plaintiff’s abilities as either “seriously limited, but not precluded,” or

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“unable to meet competitive standards.” (Id.) In addition, he indicated Plaintiff had

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“marked” functional limitations in “maintaining social functioning” and

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“maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace.” (AR 604.)

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B.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

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Plaintiff sought treatment from a primary care physician for weakness in her

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hands. (AR 415.) She later reported wrist pain and a numbing in both of her hands to

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the physician. (AR 387, 394.) Plaintiff also reported to Dr. Rene in one of her
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treatment sessions that she was feeling anxious and depressed due to recent numbness

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and tingling in her hands and fingers. (AR 388.)

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Plaintiff thereafter saw neurology resident Galina Nikolskaya for (i) numbness

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in her fingertips and (ii) numbness in her right wrist with associated aching pain. (AR

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441.) After an examination, Ms. Nikolskaya’s impression included likely de

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Quervain’s tenosynovitis and carpal tunnel syndrome in the right wrist. (AR 443.)

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Dr. Omar Ghausi, the attending neurologist, verified Ms. Nikolskaya’s exam and

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assessed Plaintiff with carpal tunnel syndrome that is severe on the right side, mild

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on the left side, and superimposed upon de Quervain’s tenosynovitis. (AR 440.) He

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recommended wrist splints, possible steroid injections, and an electromyography

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(“EMG”) to quantify the severity of Plaintiff’s condition. (Id.)

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The resulting EMG was abnormal. (AR 447.) It revealed median nerve lesions

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at both of Plaintiff’s wrists that are consistent with carpal tunnel syndrome,

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“extremely severe on the right and mild to moderate on the left.” (Id.) Plaintiff later

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returned to Dr. Ghausi because her symptoms had not improved. (AR 558.) He

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referred Plaintiff to see an “ortho hand” for consideration of surgical intervention,

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but stated that she would continue conservative treatments in the meantime. (Id.)

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The ALJ’s Determination

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C.

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The ALJ found Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since

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her application for SSI benefits, satisfying step one of the five-step sequential

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disability analysis. (AR 30.) At step two, after reviewing the medical evidence, the

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ALJ concluded the evidence does not support “a finding that [Plaintiff] has any

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severe impairments.” (AR 35.) The ALJ provided several reasons for concluding

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Plaintiff’s mental impairments are not severe, including a lack of “evidence the

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claimant has required any inpatient psychiatric care.” (AR 36.) The ALJ also rejected

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Dr. Brolaski’s assessment, reasoning it was inconsistent with Dr. Brolaski’s “mild

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clinical findings” and the reports of two consultative examiners. (Id.) In addition, the
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ALJ found factors “bear negatively on Plaintiff’s general credibility,” including that

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she has “given inconsistent statements regarding her mental health issues.” (AR 36–

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37.)

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The ALJ similarly found Plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome is not severe. (AR

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36.) He reasoned in part that there is “no evidence the claimant has received any

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treatment for her carpal tunnel syndrome or that she requires surgery or even the use

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of conservative modalities such as wrist splints.” (Id.) Further, the ALJ generally

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reasoned that “no treating or examining medical source has assessed the claimant as

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wholly incapable of sustaining work activity due to any medical condition.” (Id.)

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D.

The R&R

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The R&R concludes the ALJ did not err in rejecting Plaintiff’s claim at step

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two. (See R&R 33:21–34:1.) It reasons that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s

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determination that Plaintiff’s mental impairments and carpal tunnel syndrome are not

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severe. (Id. 31:4–8, 33:18–20.) Thus, the R&R recommends this Court deny

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Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment and grant Defendant’s cross-motion. (Id.

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33:21–34:1.)

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III.

LEGAL STANDARD

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A.

Review of the R&R

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The court reviews de novo those portions of the R&R to which objections are

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made. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). It may “accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part,

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the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge.” Id. But “[t]he statute

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makes it clear that the district judge must review the magistrate judge’s findings and

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recommendations de novo if objection is made, but not otherwise.” United States v.

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Reyna-Tapia, 328 F.3d 1114, 1121 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc); see also Schmidt v.

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Johnstone, 263 F. Supp. 2d 1219, 1226 (D. Ariz. 2003) (concluding that where no

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objections were filed, the district court had no obligation to review the magistrate

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judge’s report).

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B.

Review of a Denial of Social Security Benefits

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A claimant may obtain judicial review of the Commissioner’s final decision to

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deny benefits. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The district court “will disturb the denial of

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benefits only if the decision ‘contains legal error or is not supported by substantial

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evidence.’ ” Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1038 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Orn

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v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007)). “Substantial evidence ‘means such

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relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a

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conclusion.’ The evidence ‘must be more than a mere scintilla,’ but may be less than

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a preponderance.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1110 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation

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omitted) (quoting Valentine v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 690 (9th Cir.

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2009)).

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Further, the ALJ is responsible for determining credibility, resolving conflicts

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in medical testimony, and resolving ambiguities. Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d

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747, 750 (9th Cir. 1989) (citing cases). The court “must uphold the ALJ’s decision

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where the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation.” Andrews

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v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039–40 (9th Cir. 1995).

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IV.

ANALYSIS

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Plaintiff raises two objections to the R&R. First, she argues the R&R

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erroneously recommends that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s determination

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that her mental impairments are not severe. (Objs. 1:14–8:15.) Second, Plaintiff

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similarly disputes the R&R’s conclusion that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s

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finding that her carpal tunnel syndrome is not severe. (Id. 8:17–10:6.) Accordingly,

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the Court will review de novo these portions of the R&R. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).

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“The Social Security Act defines disability as ‘the inability to engage in any

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substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or

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mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or

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can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.’ ” Webb,

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433 F.3d at 686 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A)). “In order to determine whether

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an applicant is disabled, an ALJ must follow a five-step process.” Dominguez v.

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Colvin, 808 F.3d 403, 405 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 416.920). At step one,

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the ALJ examines whether “the claimant did not perform substantial gainful activity

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during the period of claimed disability.” Id. (citing 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4)(i)).

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Here, the ALJ determined Plaintiff satisfied step one and proceeded to step two. (AR

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30.)

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At step two, the ALJ must determine whether the claimant “ha[s] an

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impairment, or a combination of impairments that is ‘severe.’ ” Dominguez, 808 F.3d

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at 405 (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4)(ii)). An impairment is severe if it

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“significantly limits” the claimant’s “physical or mental ability to do basic work

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activities.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.920. “The ‘ability to do basic work activities’ is defined

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as ‘the abilities and aptitudes necessary to do most jobs.’ ” Webb, 433 F.3d at 686

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(quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1521(b)). These abilities include physical functions,

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carrying out simple instructions, use of judgment, and responding appropriately to

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supervision. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1521(b).

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“An impairment or combination of impairments may be found ‘not severe only

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if the evidence establishes a slight abnormality that has no more than a minimal effect

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on an individual’s ability to work.’ ” Webb, 433 F.3d at 686 (emphasis in original)

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(quoting Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1290 (9th Cir. 1996)). Moreover, the Social

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Security Commissioner “has stated that ‘[i]f an adjudicator is unable to determine

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clearly the effect of an impairment or combination of impairments on the individual’s

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ability to do basic work activities, the sequential evaluation should not end with the

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not severe evaluation step.’ ” Id. at 687 (quoting SSR 85–28, 1985 WL 56856 (Jan.

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1, 1985)).

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Consequently, “the step-two inquiry is a de minimis screening device [used]

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to dispose of groundless claims.” Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1290; see also Bowen v. Yuckert,

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482 U.S. 137, 153 (1987) (noting the step-two inquiry is intended to identify

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“claimants whose medical impairments are so slight that it is unlikely they would be

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found to be disabled”); Ortiz v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 425 F. App’x 653, 655 (9th Cir.

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2011) (“Ample authority cautions against a determination of nondisability at step

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two.”). Further, because step two is a de minimis screening device, “an ALJ may find

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that a claimant lacks a medically severe impairment or combination of impairments

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only when his conclusion is ‘clearly established by medical evidence.’ ” Webb, 433

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F.3d at 687 (quoting SSR 85–28, 1985 WL 56856 (Jan. 1, 1985)).

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Severity of Plaintiff’s Mental Impairments

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A.

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The Court begins with the ALJ’s determination that Plaintiff’s mental

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impairments are not severe. In light of the framework discussed above, a court

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reviews this type of determination by analyzing “ ‘whether the ALJ had substantial

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evidence to find that the medical evidence clearly established that’ [the claimant] did

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not have a severe mental impairment.” Davenport v. Colvin, 608 F. App’x 480, 481

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(9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Webb, 433 F.3d at 687).

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To illustrate, in Davenport, the Ninth Circuit held the ALJ did not err in

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concluding that the claimant’s mental impairments were nonsevere. 608 F. App’x at

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481. The court reasoned the record supported this conclusion because the claimant

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“repeatedly stated that he did not feel depressed.” Id. A social worker’s and

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physician’s treatment notes also indicated that the claimant’s “depression and anxiety

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were either mild or improved with treatment.” Id. Further, the court noted that any

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error regarding the ALJ’s step-two determination was harmless because the ALJ

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proceeded to step five and considered the claimant’s mental impairments as part of
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that analysis. Id. Thus, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the ALJ’s determination. Id. at 482;

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see also Spence v. Colvin, 617 F. App’x 752, 753–54 (9th Cir. 2015) (holding the

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ALJ did not err in concluding the claimant lacked a severe mental impairment where

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there was “no objective medical evidence to support . . . suggestions of mental

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limitations” and “none of the medical records contain[ed] evidence of a mental

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limitation”).

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In contrast, in Ortiz v. Commissioner of Social Security, 425 F. App’x 653, 655

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(9th Cir. 2011), the Ninth Circuit concluded the ALJ improperly rejected the

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claimant’s application for SSI benefits at step two. The court noted “the ALJ relied

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on two mental evaluations diagnosing [the claimant] with depressive and anxiety

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disorders but not ruling out either a learning disability or borderline intellectual

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functioning.” Id. Therefore, it reasoned this evidence was “not the ‘total absence of

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objective evidence of severe medical impairment’ that would permit us to affirm ‘a

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finding of no disability at step two.’ ” Id. (quoting Webb, 433 F.3d at 688).

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Accordingly, the Ninth Circuit remanded the case “to permit the ALJ to continue the

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sequential analysis.” Id.; see also Delgado v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 500 F.

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App’x 570, 570 (9th Cir. 2012) (concluding the ALJ erred in not proceeding past step

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two where the claimant’s treating physician opined that the claimant’s “ability to

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make occupational, performance, and personal/social adjustments are fair to poor”).

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In this case, the ALJ’s conclusion that Plaintiff’s mental impairments are not

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severe relies on two determinations discussed in separate paragraphs of the ALJ’s

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decision. First, the ALJ found there is “a lack of evidence to support a finding of a

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severe mental impairment.” (AR 36.) Second, the ALJ rejected Plaintiff’s treating

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psychiatrist’s opinions that indicate her mental impairments severely limit her ability

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to perform many work-related activities. (Id.) Plaintiff’s first objection challenges

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both of these determinations. (Objs. 2:20–3:8, 4:11–8:15.)

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//

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//
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1.

Lack of Evidence of a Severe Mental Impairment

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The ALJ provided several reasons to support his conclusion that there is a lack

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of evidence that Plaintiff’s mental impairments are severe. (AR 36.) Plaintiff

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contends that all of the ALJ’s articulated reasons are “legally untenable or factually

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untrue” and therefore cannot support the ALJ’s decision. (Objs. 2:18–4:8.) The Court

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will examine each reason in turn.

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First, the ALJ reasoned “[t]here is no evidence the claimant has required any

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inpatient psychiatric care.” (AR 36.) Plaintiff argues this rationale cannot justify the

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ALJ’s nonseverity determination because the law does not require inpatient

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psychiatric care for a mental impairment to be considered severe. (Objs. 2:20–3:3.)

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The Court agrees. Inpatient psychiatric treatment is not a prerequisite to a finding of

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severity at step two. E.g., Corthion v. Colvin, No. CV-15-00837-PHX-GMS, 2017

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WL 68910, at *4 (D. Ariz. Jan. 6, 2017); Johnson v. Colvin, No. ED CV 13-1476-

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JSL E, 2014 WL 2586886, at *5 (C.D. Cal. June 7, 2014); Matthews v. Astrue, No.

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EDCV 11–01075–JEM, 2012 WL 1144423, at *9 (C.D. Cal. April 4, 2012). That

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Plaintiff did not check herself into a psychiatric ward does not constitute substantial

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evidence to support the ALJ’s conclusion that her mental impairments are nonsevere.

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“Indeed, the Ninth Circuit has criticized the use of lack of treatment to reject mental

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complaints, both because mental illness is notoriously under-reported and because it

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is a questionable practice to chastise one with a mental impairment for the exercise

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of poor judgment in seeking rehabilitation.” Matthews, 2012 WL 1144423, at *9

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(citing Regennitter v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 166 F.3d 1294, 1299–00 (9th Cir.

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1999)); see also Nguyen v. Chater, 100 F.3d 1462, 1465 (9th Cir. 1996) (cautioning

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against relying upon a claimant’s failure to seek treatment for a mental disorder and

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noting “it is common knowledge that depression is one of the most underreported

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illnesses in the country because those afflicted often do not recognize that their

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condition reflects a potentially serious mental illness”). Thus, the ALJ’s conclusion

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that Plaintiff’s mental impairments are not severe cannot rest on this first rationale.
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Second, the ALJ rationalized that Plaintiff’s mental impairments are not severe

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because she has “consistently performed well on mental status testing, showing no

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signs of psychosis or significant deficits of mood, behavior, or cognitive

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functioning.” (AR 36.) The record does not support this rationale. When Dr. Brolaski

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initially evaluated Plaintiff and performed a mental status examination, he observed

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Plaintiff’s agitated motor activity, sad and worried facial expression, and depressed

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mood. (AR 378.) He later noted in his mental impairment assessment Plaintiff’s

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“blunt, flat, or inappropriate affect,” “psychomotor agitation or retardation,”

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“persistent disturbances of mood or affect,” “illogical thinking,” and other deficits.

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(AR 601.) In addition, Dr. Rene found mood and affect defects in many of her mental

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status examinations during her therapy sessions with Plaintiff. (AR 375, 382–83, 388,

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391, 395, 397–98, 401, 408, 460, 467, 480–81, 487, 533.) For example, her initial

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mental status examination revealed a sad expression, pressured speech, a depressed

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and anxious mood, an inability to concentrate, and poor insight. (AR 408.)

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Moreover, Plaintiff’s positive performance on some mental status

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examinations does not constitute substantial evidence for rejecting her claim at step

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two. For instance, Plaintiff performed well in one session with Dr. Rene when “she

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had a good week,” (AR 380), before she later “fell into a depressive mood again” and

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appeared with a tearful affect, (AR 375). But, even when Plaintiff’s positive

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performances are acknowledged, there is not substantial evidence to support the

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statement that she “consistently performed well” on these examinations. (See AR

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375, 378, 382–83, 388, 391, 395, 397–98, 401, 408, 460, 467, 480–81, 487, 533.)

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Further, the Ninth Circuit has repeatedly cautioned that reports of improvement in

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the mental health context must be “interpreted with an awareness that improved

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functioning while being treated and while limiting environmental stressors does not

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always mean that a claimant can function effectively in a workplace.” Garrison v.

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Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1017 (9th Cir. 2014); see also, e.g., Ryan v. Comm’r of Soc.

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Sec., 528 F.3d 1194, 1201 (9th Cir. 2008) (“Nor are the references in [a doctor]’s
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notes that [the claimant]’s anxiety and depression were ‘improving’ sufficient to

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undermine the repeated diagnosis of those conditions[.]”); Holohan v. Massanari,

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246 F.3d 1195, 1205 (9th Cir. 2001) (“That a person who suffers from severe panic

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attacks, anxiety, and depression makes some improvement does not mean that the

5

person’s impairments no longer seriously affect her ability to function in a

6

workplace.”). Plaintiff’s positive performance on some of her many mental status

7

examinations does not substantiate the conclusion that the medical evidence “clearly

8

establishe[s]” that Plaintiff’s mental impairments only amount to a “slight

9

abnormality that has no more than a minimal effect on [her] ability to work.” See

10

Webb, 433 F.3d at 686–87. Hence, the Court concludes the ALJ’s second rationale

11

does not support rejecting Plaintiff’s mental impairments as nonsevere.

12

Third, the ALJ reasoned the evidence does not support a finding of severity

13

because Plaintiff “has been inconsistent in her complaints depending on to whom she

14

is speaking.” (AR 36.) The ALJ provided one example—he noted Plaintiff “generally

15

denied issues with suicidal ideation or psychosis and frequently reported feeling fine

16

or experiencing improvement in her depression” during her visits with Drs. Rene and

17

Brolaski, but then “alleged problems with auditory hallucinations” during Dr.

18

Soliman’s evaluation. (Id.) This basis, too, is insufficient to reject Plaintiff’s claim at

19

step two. As mentioned above, the Court recognizes Plaintiff sporadically reported

20

improvement in her symptoms, but these occasional periods of improvement do not

21

support discounting the many instances where she exhibited symptoms of severe

22

depression. (See AR 375, 378, 382–83, 388, 391, 395, 397–98, 401, 408, 460, 467,

23

480–81, 487, 533.) See also Ryan, 528 F.3d at 1200–01 (reasoning references in a

24

physician’s treatment notes that the claimant’s anxiety and depression were

25

“improving” was not “sufficient to undermine the repeated diagnosis of those

26

conditions”).

27

In addition, the ALJ’s implication that Plaintiff reported auditory

28

hallucinations only when being examined by agency examiner Dr. Soliman is
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1

unfounded. Plaintiff reported auditory hallucinations to both Drs. Rene and Brolaski.

2

(AR 376, 474, 571, 581–86.) For example, Dr. Brolaski recorded in a treatment note

3

that Plaintiff was not sleeping well because of auditory hallucinations. (AR 581.) As

4

another example, Dr. Rene reported in one treatment note that Plaintiff had reported

5

“hearing voices” for a few weeks. (AR 474.) Therefore, the ALJ’s perceived

6

inconsistency in Plaintiff’s reporting of this symptom is not reasonable. Because the

7

ALJ’s third reason is not supported by substantial evidence, it also cannot serve as a

8

justification for finding Plaintiff’s mental impairments are not severe.

9

In sum, although the ALJ provided several reasons for concluding there is a

10

lack of evidence that Plaintiff’s mental impairments are severe, these rationales do

11

not survive scrutiny.

12
13

2.

Rejection of Treating Psychiatrist’s Opinions

14

The ALJ’s step-two determination is also dependent on his rejection of

15

Plaintiff’s treating psychiatrist’s assessment of her ability to perform work-related

16

activities. (See AR 36.) Plaintiff argues the reasons set forth by the ALJ for not

17

granting any weight to Dr. Brolaski’s assessment are not supported by substantial

18

evidence. (Objs. 4:9–8:15.)

19

In the Ninth Circuit, courts “distinguish among the opinions of three types of

20

physicians: (1) those who treat the claimant (treating physicians); (2) those who

21

examine but do not treat the claimant (examining physicians); and (3) those who

22

neither examine nor treat the claimant (nonexamining physicians).” Lester v. Chater,

23

81 F.3d 821, 830 (9th Cir. 1995). “The opinions of treating doctors should be given

24

more weight than the opinions of doctors who do not treat the claimant.” Reddick v.

25

Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 725 (9th Cir. 1998). Further, the Ninth Circuit has explained

26

Where the treating doctor’s opinion is not contradicted by another
doctor, it may be rejected only for “clear and convincing” reasons
supported by substantial evidence in the record. Even if the treating
doctor’s opinion is contradicted by another doctor, the ALJ may not
reject this opinion without providing “specific and legitimate reasons”

27
28

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1
2
3
4

supported by substantial evidence in the record. This can be done by
setting out a detailed and thorough summary of the facts and conflicting
clinical evidence, stating his interpretation thereof, and making findings.
The ALJ must do more than offer his conclusions. He must set forth his
own interpretations and explain why they, rather than the doctors’, are
correct.

5

Orn, 495 F.3d at 632 (citations omitted). In addition, the “ALJ need not accept the

6

opinion of any physician, including a treating physician, if that opinion is brief,

7

conclusory, and inadequately supported by clinical findings.” Thomas v. Barnhart,

8

278 F.3d 947, 957 (9th Cir. 2002).

9

Here, Dr. Brolaski’s opinions conflicted with those of the two state agency

10

examiners, Drs. Trimble and Soliman. The ALJ proceeded to reject Dr. Brolaski’s

11

opinions altogether, noting “they are not found to be persuasive or controlling.” (AR

12

36.) Consequently, the Court must examine whether the ALJ provided “specific and

13

legitimate reasons” for rejecting Dr. Brolaski’s opinions that are supported by

14

substantial evidence in the record. See Orn, 495 F.3d at 632.

15

In rejecting Dr. Brolaski’s opinions, the ALJ first rationalized that “Dr.

16

Brolaski’s highly restrictive assessment is inconsistent with his own mild clinical

17

findings and those of his facility.” (AR 36.) However, it is unclear which, if any, of

18

Dr. Brolaski’s clinical findings are mild. (See AR 376–79, 581–86, 589, 600–05.)

19

Upon initially evaluating Plaintiff, Dr. Brolaski diagnosed Plaintiff with major

20

depressive disorder, recurring, severe, but without psychosis. (AR 379.) In treating

21

her, he later modified her diagnosis to major depressive disorder, recurring, severe,

22

and with psychosis. (AR 581–85, 589.) These clinical findings are not mild; rather,

23

they warranted Plaintiff being prescribed a total of six different antidepressants,

24

mood stabilizers, and anti-psychotics. (See AR 600.) Dr. Rene, the other member of

25

Dr. Brolaski’s facility that provided mental health treatment to Plaintiff, similarly did

26

not make mild findings. (See AR 374–75, 380, 382–85, 388–93, 395–99, 401–06,

27

455–61, 463, 465–69, 471, 474–77, 480–83, 485–89.) Accordingly, the ALJ’s first

28
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1

rationale for rejecting Dr. Brolaski’s opinions is not a specific and legitimate reason

2

that is supported by substantial evidence.

3

Second, the ALJ reasoned Dr. Brolaski’s assessment is “inconsistent with the

4

absence of more intensive treatment.” (AR 36.) Yet, the ALJ does not explain, and it

5

is not clear to the Court, what would constitute “more intensive treatment” in these

6

circumstances other than inpatient psychiatric care. Further, as mentioned above,

7

inpatient psychiatric care is not a prerequisite to a finding of severity at step two. It

8

follows that Dr. Brolaski could form the opinion that Plaintiff’s mental impairments

9

significantly impact her ability to do many work activities without her undergoing

10

inpatient psychiatric treatment. The Court also notes Plaintiff’s mental health

11

treatment, which included outpatient therapy sessions and various psychotropic

12

medications, was not “conservative” or lacking in intensity. See, e.g., Mason v.

13

Colvin, No. 1:12-cv-00584 GSA, 2013 WL 5278932, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 18, 2013)

14

(reasoning treatment was not “conservative” where claimant took prescription

15

antidepressants and anti-psychotic medication for almost two years to treat

16

depression, anxiety, and hallucinations, and, though not hospitalized during this time,

17

received mental health treatment by a psychiatrist and a psychiatric social worker for

18

a fourteen month period); Matthews, 2012 WL 1144423, at *9 (reasoning

19

psychotropic medications and outpatient therapy are not conservative treatment).

20

Therefore, the Court concludes the ALJ’s second reason for rejecting Dr. Brolaski’s

21

opinions is not a specific and legitimate reason that is supported by substantial

22

evidence

23

Third, the ALJ noted Dr. Brolaski’s assessment is inconsistent with the

24

“findings and assessments of the consultative examiners.” (AR 36.) “Even when

25

contradicted by an opinion of an examining physician that constitutes substantial

26

evidence, the treating physician’s opinion is ‘still entitled to deference.’ ” See Orn,

27

495 F.3d at 632–33. Thus, it is the inconsistency between (i) Dr. Brolaski’s opinions

28

and (ii) Drs. Trimble’s and Soliman’s opinions that triggered the ALJ’s obligation to
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1

provide specific and legitimate reasons to reject Dr. Brolaski’s opinions altogether.

2

That Dr. Brolaski’s opinions are inconsistent with those of the consultative examiners

3

is insufficient alone to justify rejecting his opinions. See, e.g., Kingsley v. Berryhill,

4

No. 2:14-CV-1157 DB, 2017 WL 416113, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 30, 2017) (finding

5

the ALJ did not provide specific and legitimate reasons for rejecting a treating

6

psychologist’s opinion where the ALJ merely stated the opinion was “not consistent

7

. . . with the opinions of the examining and non-examining physicians”); Jaquez v.

8

Colvin, No. CV 15-3838 AJW, 2016 WL 3031730, at *4 (C.D. Cal. May 25, 2016)

9

(noting examining psychiatrist’s “contrary opinion, standing alone,” did not justify

10

disregarding a treating source opinion, “which still must be evaluated using the

11

factors set forth in the regulations”); Franco v. Colvin, No. CV-14-01670-PHX-JJT,

12

2016 WL 1241881, at *9 (D. Ariz. Mar. 30, 2016) (reasoning an examining

13

physician’s “contradictory medical opinion [was] not alone enough to establish a

14

specific and legitimate reason supported by substantial evidence to reject [the

15

claimant’s treating physician]’s opinion”). Therefore, this stated reason is

16

insufficient.1

17

Next, the ALJ reasoned: “The treating physician appears to have taken the

18

claimant’s subjective allegations at face value and merely reiterated those allegations

19

in his report and when making his assertion regarding the claimant’s ability to work.”

20

(AR 36.) The ALJ also separately concluded Plaintiff’s self-reports were not credible.

21

(AR 36–37.) “If a treating provider’s opinions are based ‘to a large extent’ on an

22

applicant’s self-reports and not on clinical evidence, and the ALJ finds the applicant

23

not credible, the ALJ may discount the treating provider’s opinion.” Ghanim v.

24

Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1162 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Tommasetti, 533 F.3d at 1041).

25
26
27
28

The ALJ similarly reasoned that Dr. Brolaski’s opinions do “not appear to take into
account the other factors, which must be considered by the undersigned, such as the other medical
reports and opinions . . . .” (AR 36.) Again, however, Dr. Brolaski’s opinions could not be rejected
simply because there is contradictory evidence in the record. See Orn, 495 F.3d at 632–33. Thus,
this basis is not a specific and legitimate reason for rejecting Dr. Brolaski’s opinions.
1

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1

That said, “when an opinion is not more heavily based on a patient’s self-reports than

2

on clinical observations, there is no evidentiary basis for rejecting the opinion.” Id.

3

(citing Ryan, 528 F.3d at 1199–00).

4

Here, although the ALJ stated Dr. Brolaski “appears to have taken” Plaintiff’s

5

self-reports at face value and “merely reiterated those allegations” when making his

6

opinions, (AR 36), “the ALJ offered no basis for his conclusion that these opinions

7

were based more heavily on [Plaintiff]’s self-reports,” see Ghanim, 763 F.3d at 1162.

8

Further, substantial evidence does not support the conclusion that Dr. Brolaski

9

formed his opinions by “merely” reiterating Plaintiff’s subjective allegations. In

10

addition to providing the opinions at issue, Dr. Brolaski treated Plaintiff and recorded

11

mental status examination results, which are analogous to the results of a physical

12

examination for a physical impairment.2 In his initial assessment, Dr. Brolaski noted

13

Plaintiff’s facial expression was sad and worried, her motor activity was agitated, her

14

mood was depressed, and her thought content included suicidal ideation. (AR 378.)

15

He similarly noted in his assessment rejected by the ALJ that Plaintiff had a “blunt,

16

flat, or inappropriate affect,” “psychomotor agitation,” “inappropriate suspiciousness

17

or hostility,” and “easy distractibility.” (AR 601.) Dr. Brolaski also included his

18

diagnosis of major depressive disorder, as well as decisions regarding Plaintiff’s

19

prescriptions, in his evaluations and treatment notes. (AR 377–79, 581–86, 600.)

20

Thus, although Dr. Brolaski’s evaluation, treatment notes, and assessment discuss

21

Plaintiff’s self-reports, they also include his “observations, diagnoses, and

22

prescriptions.” See Ghanim, 763 F.3d at 1162. Accordingly, because (i) “the ALJ

23

offered no basis for his conclusion” that Dr. Brolaski formed his opinions by merely

24
25
26
27
28

As one court has noted: “The results of a mental status examination provide the basis for
a diagnostic impression of a psychiatric disorder, just as the results of a physical examination
provide the basis for the diagnosis of a physical illness or injury.” Clester v. Apfel, 70 F. Supp. 2d
985, 990 (S.D. Iowa 1999). During the examination, “the doctor records his or her observations and
impressions about the patient’s mental functions by describing such things as appearance, activity,
mood and affect, speech and language, thought content, perceptual disturbances, insight, judgment,
and neuropsychiatric functions.” Id.
2

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1

incorporating Plaintiff’s subjective allegations, and (ii) Dr. Brolaski’s opinions are

2

supported by his observations and diagnoses, the Court concludes substantial

3

evidence does not support rejecting Dr. Brolaski’s opinions on this basis. See id.3

4

Aside from the reasons discussed above, the ALJ does not state any other

5

reason for rejecting Dr. Brolaski’s opinions. Consequently, the Court does “not

6

consider whether any other record evidence might provide an adequate basis for

7

rejecting” Dr. Brolaski’s opinions. See Ghanim, 763 F.3d at 1162 n.7.4 In sum,

8

because the ALJ did not provide specific and legitimate reasons for rejecting Dr.

9

Brolaski’s opinions that are supported by substantial evidence, the ALJ erred in

10

rejecting these opinions. See, e.g., id. at 1162–63.

11

***

12
13

In light of the foregoing, the ALJ erred in rejecting Plaintiff’s mental

14

impairment as nonsevere. The ALJ’s reasons for concluding there is a lack of

15

evidence of a severe mental impairment are unsupported by the record, and the ALJ

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Further, because the Court ultimately concludes the ALJ erred in rejecting Dr. Brolaski’s
opinions, the Court need not reach whether the ALJ’s credibility determination withstands review.
Even if Plaintiff was exaggerating her symptoms, when Dr. Brolaski’s opinions are considered in
addition to the other treatment evidence in the record, the medical evidence does not “clearly
establish[]” that Plaintiff lacks “a severe mental impairment.” See Davenport, 608 F. App’x at 481
(quoting Webb, 433 F.3d at 687). In other words, when Dr. Brolaski’s opinions are afforded the
appropriate weight, there is not substantial evidence to conclude the medical evidence clearly shows
Plaintiff’s mental impairments are “slight abnormalit[ies]” that only have a “minimal effect” on her
ability to work. See Webb, 433 F.3d at 686.
4
The Court acknowledges Dr. Brolaski did not provide narrative language to support his
opinions in his mental impairment assessment. (See AR 602–03.) However, even where a treating
physician’s opinions are “in the form of check-box questionnaires, that is not a proper basis for
rejecting an opinion supported by treatment notes.” Esparza v. Colvin, 631 F. App’x 460, 462 (9th
Cir. 2015) (citing Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1014). Although Dr. Brolaski’s assessment lacks narrative
language, his opinions, as discussed above, are supported by his initial evaluation, his treatment
notes containing his diagnosis, and his recorded observations. In addition, the ALJ did not state he
was invoking his ability to reject an opinion that is “brief, conclusory, and inadequately supported
by clinical findings.” See Thomas, 278 F.3d at 957. Accordingly, concluding the ALJ did not err
on this basis is not appropriate. See Ghanim, 763 F.3d at 1162 n.7; accord Orn, 495 F.3d at 630
(providing the Court “review[s] only the reasons provided by the ALJ in the disability
determination”).
3

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1

erred in rejecting Dr. Brolaski’s opinions. This case is not one where “none of the

2

medical records contain[] evidence of a mental limitation,” see Spence, 617 F. App’x

3

at 754, or where the claimant’s physician has indicated the claimant’s depression was

4

“either mild or improved with treatment,” see Davenport, 608 F. App’x at 482.

5

Rather, in light of Dr. Brolaski’s opinions and the other treatment evidence before

6

the ALJ, the ALJ did not have “ ‘substantial evidence to find that the medical

7

evidence clearly established that’ [Plaintiff] did not have a severe mental

8

impairment.” See Davenport, 608 F. App’x at 481 (quoting Webb, 433 F.3d at 687).

9

Thus, the ALJ should have proceeded past step two of the five-step analysis. See

10

Webb, 433 F.3d at 688.

11

Severity of Plaintiff’s Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

12

B.

13

Plaintiff’s second objection argues the ALJ erred in finding her carpal tunnel

14

syndrome is not severe because the ALJ’s finding “improperly discredits clinical and

15

diagnostic evidence to the contrary.” (Objs. 8:17–19.) The Court therefore analyzes

16

“whether the ALJ had substantial evidence to find that the medical evidence clearly

17

established that” Plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome was not severe. See Webb, 433

18

F.3d at 687.

19

To illustrate this inquiry, in Webb, the claimant sought disability benefits based

20

on back pain, hypertension, knee pain, and other physical ailments. 433 F.3d at 687.

21

The ALJ found the claimant lacked a severe impairment or combination of

22

impairments, ending the analysis at step two. Id. The Ninth Circuit reversed. Id. at

23

688. It recognized the medical record depicted “an incomplete picture of [the

24

claimant]’s overall health during the relevant period,” but the court reasoned the

25

record contained “evidence of problems sufficient to pass the de minimis threshold

26

of step two.” Id. at 687. Moreover, the court reasoned that, unlike a prior decision

27

where it affirmed a finding of no disability at step two, there was not a “total absence

28

of objective evidence” of a severe medical impairment or combination of
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1

impairments. Id. at 688. The Ninth Circuit therefore remanded the case for the ALJ

2

to proceed past step two. Id.; see also Ukolov v. Barnhart, 420 F.3d 1002, 1006 (9th

3

Cir. 2005) (concluding the ALJ did not err in rejecting claim at step two where even

4

the claimant’s doctor was hesitant to conclude that any of the claimant’s symptoms

5

and complaints were medically legitimate).

6

In this case, the Court agrees that the ALJ erred in terminating Plaintiff’s claim

7

at step two in light of Plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome. The ALJ provided two

8

reasons for concluding Plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome is not severe, but these

9

reasons are not substantiated by the record. First, the ALJ reasoned there “is no

10

evidence the claimant has received any treatment for her reported carpal tunnel

11

syndrome or that she requires surgery or even the use of conservative modalities such

12

as wrist splints.” (AR 36.) There is indeed evidence, however, that Plaintiff received

13

treatment for her carpal tunnel syndrome. After diagnosing Plaintiff with severe

14

carpal tunnel syndrome on the right side and mild carpal tunnel syndrome on the left

15

side, Dr. Ghausi recommended wrist splints, possible steroid injections, and an EMG

16

to evaluate the severity of Plaintiff’s condition. (AR 440.) The EMG revealed median

17

nerve lesions at both of Plaintiff’s wrists consistent with carpal tunnel syndrome,

18

“extremely severe on the right and mild to moderate on the left.” (AR 447.) Further,

19

after Dr. Ghausi prescribed wrist splints, Plaintiff’s treating physician noted her right

20

hand pain and wrist splint and recommended a treatment plan involving Lyrica, a

21

pain medication. (See AR 464.) Last, when Plaintiff returned to Dr. Ghausi because

22

her symptoms had not improved, he referred her to see an orthopedist for

23

consideration of surgical intervention and stated she would continue with

24

conservative treatments in the meantime. (AR 558.) Hence, the record does not

25

substantiate the ALJ’s first rationale for rejecting Plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome

26

as nonsevere.

27

Second, the ALJ reasoned Plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome is not severe

28

because “apart from that single mention of carpal tunnel in the evidence, no further
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1

complaints regarding wrist pain are cited in the evidence.” (AR 36.) The record does

2

not support this rationale either. As noted above, Plaintiff initially sought treatment

3

from her primary care physician for weakness in her hands, and she later reported

4

wrist pain as well as numbing in both of her hands. (AR 387, 394, 415.) Plaintiff also

5

reported to Dr. Rene that she was feeling depressed due to recent numbness and

6

tingling in her hands and fingers. (AR 388.) Finally, after Dr. Ghausi diagnosed

7

Plaintiff with carpal tunnel syndrome in his initial evaluation, Plaintiff returned to

8

Dr. Ghausi to seek treatment for “no change in symptoms of hand pain and

9

numbness.” (AR 558.) Thus, the record does not corroborate the ALJ’s second reason

10

for finding Plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome is nonsevere.

11

In addition, immediately after discussing Plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome,

12

the ALJ reasoned that “no treating or examining medical source has assessed the

13

claimant as wholly incapable of sustaining work activity due to any medical

14

condition.” (AR 36.) But that statement does not adhere to the standard for step two

15

of the disability analysis. Plaintiff did not have to demonstrate her condition rendered

16

her “wholly incapable of sustaining work activity” to survive step two—the minimal

17

screening device used to dispose of groundless claims. See Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1290.

18

Rather, the ALJ could find her impairment was “not severe only if the evidence

19

establishe[d] a slight abnormality that has no more than a minimal effect on

20

[Plaintiff]’s ability to work.” See Webb, 433 F.3d at 686. If the ALJ was “unable to

21

determine clearly the effect of” Plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome on her “ability to

22

do basic work activities, the sequential evaluation should not [have] end[ed] with the

23

not severe evaluation step.” See Webb, 433 F.3d at 687.

24

In sum, the only reasons provided by the ALJ for rejecting Plaintiff’s carpal

25

tunnel syndrome as nonsevere are not substantiated by the record. There is not

26

substantial evidence for the ALJ to have found “that the medical evidence clearly

27

established that” Plaintiff’s impairment was “a slight abnormality that has no more

28
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1

than a minimal effect on [her] ability to do work.” See Webb, 433 F.3d at 686–87.

2

Therefore, the ALJ should have proceeded past step two. See id. at 688.

3
4

V.

CONCLUSION

5

In light of the foregoing, the ALJ erred in rejecting Plaintiff’s application for

6

disability benefits at step two of the five-step sequential analysis. There is not a “total

7

absence of objective evidence” of a severe medical impairment in this case that would

8

permit the Court to affirm the ALJ’s finding of no disability at step two. See Webb,

9

433 F.3d at 688; see also Ortiz, e.g., 425 F. App’x at 655. The Court does not suggest

10

that Plaintiff will prevail in proving that she is disabled and entitled to SSI benefits.

11

Yet, the “ALJ should have continued the sequential analysis beyond step two because

12

there was not substantial evidence to show that [Plaintiff]’s claim was ‘groundless.’ ”

13

See Webb, 433 F.3d at 688 (quoting Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1290).

14

Accordingly, the Court SUSTAINS Plaintiff’s objections to the R&R (ECF

15

No. 20) and DECLINES to adopt the R&R (ECF No. 19). Further, the Court

16

GRANTS Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 11) and DENIES

17

Defendant’s cross-motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 14). Finally, the Court

18

REMANDS this action for further proceedings consistent with this order. See 42

19

U.S.C. § 405(g).

20

IT IS SO ORDERED.

21
22

DATED: March 7, 2017

23
24
25
26
27
28
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