Brower v. Campbell Soup Company
Filing
30
ORDER granting 17 Motion to Dismiss; denying 18 Motion for Sanctions; denying 20 Cross-Motion for Sanctions. Signed by Judge Roger T. Benitez on 3/21/2017. (fth)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11
12
13
HAROLD BROWER and MELINDA
FERGUSON, on behalf of themselves, all
others similarly situated, and the general
public,
Case No.: 3:16-cv-01005-BEN-JLB
ORDER:
(1) GRANTING MOTION TO
DISMISS (ECF No. 17);
Plaintiffs,
14
15
v.
16
CAMPBELL SOUP COMPANY,
17
(2) DENYING MOTION FOR
SANCTIONS (ECF No. 18);
Defendant.
(3) DENYING CROSS-MOTION FOR
SANCTIONS (ECF No. 20)
18
19
20
21
Plaintiffs Harold Brower and Melinda Ferguson (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) allege
22
that Defendant Campbell Soup Company’s (“Defendant” or “Campbell Soup”) Chunky
23
Healthy Request Grilled Chicken & Sausage Gumbo is falsely and misleadingly labeled
24
and advertised as healthy when, in fact, it contains artificial trans fat, a substance harmful
25
to human health. (Am. Compl., ECF No. 16). Now before the Court are three motions:
26
(1) Defendant Campbell Soup’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ First Amended
27
Consolidated Class Action Complaint pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
28
12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) (ECF No. 17); (2) Campbell Soup’s Motion for Sanctions under
1
3:16-cv-01005-BEN-JLB
1
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 against Jack Fitzgerald and the Law Office of Jack
2
Fitzgerald, PC (ECF No. 18); and (3) Plaintiffs’ Cross-Motion for Rule 11 Sanctions
3
against Campbell Soup, Dale Giali, and Kirstin Mazzeo (ECF No. 20). Campbell Soup’s
4
primary argument in its motion to dismiss is that Plaintiffs’ claims are preempted by
5
federal law. The Rule 11 motions arise from Defendant’s contention that Plaintiffs’
6
claims are preempted.
7
For the reasons discussed below, the Court GRANTS the motion to dismiss
8
because Plaintiffs’ claims are expressly preempted by federal law. The Court DENIES
9
both motions for Rule 11 sanctions.
10
I.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND1
11
Campbell Soup manufactures, markets, and sells to consumers Healthy Request
12
Chunky Grilled Chicken & Sausage Gumbo soup (the “Product” or “Healthy Request
13
Gumbo”). (Am. Compl. ¶ 1). The Product contains an artificial trans fat in the form of
14
partially hydrogenated soybean oil. (Id.)
15
The consumption of artificial trans fat substantially harms health, and scientific
16
studies demonstrate that there is no threshold intake level of artificial trans fat that does
17
not increase the risk of heart disease. (Id. ¶¶ 2, 14-34). Artificial trans fat consumption is
18
also linked to increased risk of diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. (Id. ¶¶ 2, 26-
19
30). Due to these health risks, in June 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”)
20
announced that partially hydrogenated oils (“PHOs”), the primary dietary source of
21
industrially-produced trans fats, are no longer generally recognized as safe (“GRAS”) for
22
use in human food. (Id. ¶ 34 (citing Final Determination Regarding Partially
23
Hydrogenated Oils, 80 Fed. Reg. 34650 (June 17, 2015))). The FDA gave the food
24
industry three years to remove PHOs from processed foods or receive approval for PHO
25
use. (Id.)
26
27
1
28
The Court is not making any findings of fact, but rather summarizing the relevant
allegations of the complaint for purposes of evaluating Defendant’s motion to dismiss.
2
3:16-cv-01005-BEN-JLB
1
Despite the health risks associated with trans fats, Campbell Soup markets Healthy
2
Request Gumbo as a healthy product. (See id. ¶¶ 35-45, 50-52). The Product’s
3
packaging includes the following labels: (1) “Healthy Request;” (2) “Heart Healthy;” (3)
4
“COOKED WITH CARE;” (4) “Made with Lean Chicken Meat;” (5) American Heart
5
Association (“AHA”) “CERTIFIED” emblem and “Meets Criteria for Heart-Healthy
6
Food;” and (6) vignettes of vegetables and grains. (Id. ¶ 50). The labeling omits
7
information about the presence of trans fats and their health effects. (Id. ¶ 51). The
8
Product’s packaging also fails to disclose that Campbell Soup paid for the AHA
9
certification emblem. (Id. ¶¶ 42-43, 54). Plaintiffs contend that the Product’s labels,
10
taken individually and as a whole, are false and misleading because they suggest that the
11
Product is healthy when, in fact, the presence of trans fats makes it detrimental to health.
12
(Id. ¶¶ 50, 52).
13
Plaintiffs purchased and consumed Healthy Request Gumbo in reliance on the
14
health and wellness claims conveyed through the Product’s labeling. (Id. ¶¶ 59-63).
15
They have been injured by spending money on a product that was worth less than what
16
Plaintiffs paid for it. (Id. ¶ 68). Had Plaintiffs known about the presence and detrimental
17
health effects of artificial trans fat in Healthy Request Gumbo, Plaintiffs would not have
18
purchased the Product or would not have purchased as much of it. (Id. ¶¶ 67, 69-71).
19
Plaintiffs have also been injured by their increased risk of heart disease and other
20
morbidity as a result of consuming Healthy Request Gumbo. (Id. ¶ 62).
Plaintiffs bring a complaint alleging violations of California’s Unfair Competition
21
22
Law (“UCL”), False Advertising Law (“FAL”), and Consumer Legal Remedies Act
23
(“CLRA”), and breaches of express warranties and the implied warranty of
24
merchantability under California’s Commercial Code.
25
///
26
///
27
///
28
///
3
3:16-cv-01005-BEN-JLB
1
II.
DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS
2
A. Legal Standard
3
A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) must be
4
granted where the pleadings fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.2 When
5
considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court must “accept as true facts alleged and draw
6
inferences from them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Stacy v. Rederite Otto
7
Danielsen, 609 F.3d 1033, 1035 (9th Cir. 2010). A plaintiff must not merely allege
8
conceivably unlawful conduct but must allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that
9
is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim
10
is facially plausible ‘when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to
11
draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.’”
12
Zixiang Li v. Kerry, 710 F.3d 995, 999 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
13
U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
14
supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
15
B. Request for Judicial Notice
16
Defendant asks the Court to take judicial notice of a copy of the packaging label
17
for Healthy Request Gumbo in use during the class period. (See Request for Judicial
18
Notice (“RJN”) Ex. A). Federal Rule of Evidence 201 authorizes a court to take judicial
19
notice of facts “not subject to reasonable dispute because [they] . . . can be accurately and
20
readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed.
21
R. Evid. 201(b). A court may take judicial notice of documents “whose contents are
22
alleged in a complaint and whose authenticity no party questions, but which are not
23
physically attached to the plaintiff’s pleading.” Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1076
24
25
26
27
28
2
Defendant also moves to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) on the
basis that Plaintiffs lack standing. Because the Court considers the preemption argument
under Rule 12(b)(6) controlling, the Court need not evaluate the complaint under Rule
12(b)(1).
4
3:16-cv-01005-BEN-JLB
1
(9th Cir. 2005). Here, Plaintiffs’ entire case theory depends on the labels on Healthy
2
Request Gumbo, to which they refer extensively in their complaint. Plaintiffs do not
3
dispute the authenticity of the image provided by Defendant. Accordingly, the Court
4
takes judicial notice of Exhibit A to the Declaration of Dale J. Giali.
5
C. Analysis
6
Campbell Soup contends that Plaintiffs’ claims are expressly preempted by the
7
Poultry Products Inspection Act (“PPIA”) and the Federal Meat Inspection Act
8
(“FMIA”).3 It argues that where, as here, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (“USDA”)
9
has pre-approved a particular label, the PPIA and FMIA bar a state from deeming the
10
label false, misleading, or otherwise unlawful.
11
Congress enacted the PPIA and FMIA to prevent the interstate distribution of
12
adulterated and misbranded poultry and meat. 21 U.S.C. §§ 452, 602. The statutes
13
prohibit the sale of products with false or misleading labeling or marking. 21 U.S.C. §§
14
457(c), 607(d); see also Del Real, LLC v. Harris, 636 F. App’x 956, 957 (9th Cir. 2016)
15
(“[W]e have previously interpreted the legislative history of the FMIA and PPIA as
16
clearly show[ing] the intent of Congress to create a uniform national labeling standard.”).
17
Pursuant to those statutes, the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (“FSIS”)
18
inspects and approves product labels. 9 C.F.R. § 412.1(a). A label must be approved
19
before products bearing that label are sold in interstate commerce. Id. It is undisputed
20
that FSIS approved Healthy Request Gumbo’s label. (See Mot. at 5-6; Opp’n at 13; RJN
21
Ex. A).
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
3
Healthy Request Gumbo includes both chicken and meat (see RJN Ex. A), therefore the
provisions of the FMIA and PPIA apply. See 21 U.S.C. § 601 et seq. (FMIA applies to
“meat,” which includes pork); 21 U.S.C. §§ 453(e), (f) (PPIA applies to “poultry” and
“poultry products”).
5
3:16-cv-01005-BEN-JLB
The PPIA and FMIA include identical express preemption provisions.4 Those
1
2
statutes preempt state law if (1) the state law imposes marking, labeling, packaging, or
3
ingredient requirements; and (2) these requirements are “in addition to, or different than”
4
than the requirements imposed under federal law. See 21 U.S.C. §§ 467(e) (PPIA); 678
5
(FMIA); Barnes v. Campbell Soup Co., No. C 12-05185 JSW, 2013 WL 5530017, * 5
6
(N.D. Cal. July 25, 2013) (dismissing UCL, FAL, and CLRA claims against Campbell
7
Soup’s Natural Chicken Tortilla soup as preempted under the PPIA and FMIA). State
8
statutory and common law can impose requirements that satisfy the first prong. See
9
Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc., 552 U.S. 312, 324 (2008). With respect to the second
10
condition, a state requirement is additional or different than federal requirements if it is
11
not “equivalent” or “parallel.” Riegel, 552 U.S. at 330; Bates v. Dow Agrosciences LLC,
12
544 U.S. 431, 447 (2005).
13
To determine whether Plaintiffs’ claims are expressly preempted by these statutes,
14
a court “must consider the theory of each claim and determine whether the legal duty that
15
is the predicate of that claim is inconsistent” with federal law. Metrophones Telecomms.,
16
Inc. v. Global Crossing Telecomms., Inc., 423 F.3d 1056, 1075 (9th Cir. 2005) (internal
17
quotations omitted). Here, all of Plaintiffs’ claims relate to mislabeling Healthy Request
18
Gumbo as a healthy product. Thus, Plaintiffs seek to apply the UCL, FAL, CLRA, and
19
Commercial Code in a way that would impose labeling requirements, implicating the first
20
condition of the express preemption provisions. Meaunrit v. The Pinnacle Foods Grp.,
21
LLC, No. C 09-04555 CW, 2010 WL 1838715, at *6 (N.D. Cal. May 5, 2010).
22
23
The question then is whether the state law requirements are additional or different
than the federal requirements. Several courts have held that they are, see, e.g., Meaunrit,
24
25
4
26
27
28
The Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution empowers Congress to make federal
laws that preempt state law. See U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2 (“[T]he Laws of the United
States . . . shall be the supreme Law of the Land.”). One type of preemption is express
preemption, which occurs “when a [federal] statute explicitly addresses preemption.”
Reid v. Johnson & Johnson, 780 F.3d 952, 959 (9th Cir. 2015).
6
3:16-cv-01005-BEN-JLB
1
2010 WL 1838715, at *7, and this Court agrees. The statutes prohibit “false or
2
misleading” labels. 21 U.S.C. §§ 457, 607. FSIS reviewed Healthy Request Gumbo’s
3
labeling to consider whether it is false or misleading and subsequently approved the label.
4
“The agency apparently found no fault” with Campbell Soup’s labeling of Healthy
5
Request Gumbo. Meaunrit, 2010 WL 1838715, at *7. “Nevertheless, a jury could
6
conclude that the labels should disclose more information or employ different language,
7
in which case it would introduce requirements in addition to or different from those
8
imposed by the USDA.” Id.; see also Riegel, 552 U.S. at 325 (explaining that a jury
9
would not evaluate a product’s design in the same way as regulators). Therefore,
10
Plaintiffs’ claims impose additional or different requirements than the PPIA and FMIA
11
and are preempted. Because Plaintiffs’ claims are preempted, they cannot state a
12
plausible claim and the motion to dismiss must be GRANTED.5
13
III.
CROSS-MOTIONS FOR RULE 11 SANCTIONS
14
Defendant brings a motion for sanctions under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11,
15
contending that Plaintiffs’ attorney, Jack Fitzgerald, violated his certifications under that
16
rule when he filed the complaint. It contends that the complaint is legally baseless
17
because Plaintiffs’ claims are expressly preempted by federal law, a conclusion which
18
numerous courts have recognized. Campbell Soup argues that Mr. Fitzgerald was aware
19
that the claims are preempted because, in pre-complaint correspondence, its counsel
20
detailed the company’s position to him in a letter. According to Campbell Soup, Mr.
21
Fitzgerald’s attempt to challenge the straightforward application of the express
22
preemption provisions is sanctionable. It seeks an award of $25,000 for itself, which
23
24
25
Plaintiffs argue that their claims are not expressly preempted because the USDA’s label
approval process is not sufficiently formal to have preemptive effect. They do not
present any case law to directly support this proposition. Instead, they cite case law
discussing other statutes and regulatory schemes. Given this difference, the Court finds
these cases unpersuasive.
5
26
27
28
7
3:16-cv-01005-BEN-JLB
1
represents part of its attorneys’ fees in preparing the Rule 11 motion, and a penalty of
2
$60,000 to be paid to the Court.
3
Plaintiffs responded with their own motion for Rule 11 sanctions. They argue that
4
their claims are not preempted because FSIS’s allegedly cursory label review and
5
approval process cannot be given preemptive effect. They primarily rely on a 2015 Ninth
6
Circuit decision about false food labeling, Reid v. Johnson & Johnson, 780 F.3d 952 (9th
7
Cir. 2015). That case did not concern the PPIA, FMIA, or FSIS approval. Rather, it
8
involved a different labeling law, the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”), and the
9
FDA’s regulations and actions pursuant to that statutory authority. Plaintiffs contend,
10
however, that the reasoning of Reid should apply here. They argue that because they
11
present good arguments against preemption, Defendant has filed a frivolous sanctions
12
motion, which itself is a sanctionable event.
13
Although the Court ultimately agrees that Plaintiffs’ claims are preempted, their
14
arguments against preemption are not frivolous or legally baseless. Campbell Soup’s
15
motion for Rule 11 sanctions is DENIED.
16
The Court also DENIES Plaintiffs’ cross-motion. Defendant filed its motion in
17
reliance on federal statutory law and case law finding similar claims preempted under the
18
PPIA and FMIA, and it ultimately won on its preemption argument. Its decision to file a
19
Rule 11 motion was not baseless.
20
21
CONCLUSION
Defendant’s motion to dismiss is GRANTED. (ECF No. 17). Defendant’s motion
22
for Rule 11 sanctions is DENIED. (ECF No. 18). Plaintiffs’ cross-motion for Rule 11
23
sanctions is DENIED. (ECF No. 20).
24
25
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: March 21, 2017
26
27
28
8
3:16-cv-01005-BEN-JLB
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?