Rivers v. USA
Filing
2
ORDER Denying Petition to Vacate under 28 USC 2255. Signed by Judge Roger T. Benitez on 5/1/2019.(All non-registered users served via U.S. Mail Service)(anh)(jrd)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11
MELVIN WARREN RIVERS,
Case No.: 3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
Movant,
12
13
v.
14
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
15
ORDER DENYING MOTIONS
[Docs. 69, 81, 82, 87, 88, 93, 99, 100,
101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110,
111]
Respondent.
16
17
18
19
20
Movant Melvin Warren Rivers moves under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to Vacate, Set Aside,
or Correct his Sentence and claims actual innocence. He also has filed a number of
ancillary motions. Having reviewed the briefing and Movant’s other related filings, the
Court finds an evidentiary hearing is not warranted, and the motions are DENIED.
BACKGROUND
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
In August and September 2013, law enforcement located several online prostitution
ads advertising a 17-year-old minor for commercial sex. The minor-victim’s cellphone
contained communications between she and Movant, including a credit card number used
to post several of the online advertisements. The minor-victim stated she had known
Movant since she was 14 years old. In August 2013, law enforcement arrested Movant for
sex trafficking of the minor-victim.
28
1
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
1
On October 30, 2013, a federal grand jury returned an indictment charging Movant
2
with sex trafficking of children in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591. Before trial, the parties
3
agreed to resolve the case.
4
On July 17, 2014, a superseding information alleging conspiracy to commit sex
5
trafficking of children in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1594 was filed. That same day, Movant
6
pled guilty to the superseding information through a plea agreement with the Government.
7
On April 20, 2015, this Court sentenced Movant to 97 months of custody to be
8
followed by 10 years of supervised release. The Court confirmed the sentence and imposed
9
the proposed conditions of supervised release on May 26, 2015. On June 18, 2015, the
10
Court entered the judgment.
11
On June 17, 2016, Movant filed a § 2255 motion, alleging ineffective assistance of
12
counsel. [Doc. 69.] On September 20, 2016, the Court granted the Government’s motion
13
to waive the attorney-client privilege for the purpose of responding to several allegations.
14
[Doc. 72.] The Government responded to the § 2255 motion and included a declaration by
15
Movant’s Counsel, Gerald McFadden. [Docs. 77, 77-1.]
16
On September 15, 2017, Movant filed a motion to “suppliment [sic] and amend
17
petitioners initial 28 U.S.C. § 2255.” [Doc. 82.] On September 10, 2018, Movant filed a
18
motion for a claim of actual innocence due to newly discovered evidence. [Doc. 88.] On
19
October 31, 2018, the Government responded to both filings. [Doc. 91.]
20
Over the course of litigation, Movant also filed numerous additional motions,
21
including motions for appointment of counsel [Docs. 103, 111], motions to expand the
22
record and to request discovery [Docs. 81, 106], motions for an evidentiary hearing [Docs.
23
93, 104], a motion to take judicial notice [Doc. 87], a Rule 12(c) motion [Doc. 108], and a
24
motion for default judgment [Doc. 110]. For the reasons set forth below, Movant’s motions
25
are DENIED.
26
27
28
2
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
DISCUSSION1
1
2
A.
3
Courts have discretion to appoint counsel for indigent civil litigants upon a showing
4
of exceptional circumstances. See Terrell v. Brewer, 935 F.2d 1015, 1017 (9th Cir. 1991);
5
Bradshaw v. Zoological Soc. of San Diego, 662 F.2d 1301, 1318 (9th Cir. 1981). “A
6
finding of exceptional circumstances requires an evaluation of both the likelihood of
7
success on the merits and the ability of the petitioner to articulate his claims pro se in light
8
of the complexity of the legal issues involved.” Terrell, 935 F.2d at 1017 (9th Cir. 1991)
9
(internal citations omitted); see also Bradshaw, 662 F.2d at 1318. “Neither of these factors
10
is dispositive and both must be viewed together before reaching a decision.” Terrell, 935
11
F.2d at 1017 (internal citations omitted).
Motion for Appointment of Attorney [Docs. 103, 111]
12
As explained in further detail below, the Court finds Movant’s motions to be without
13
merit, and thus, the Court cannot say there is any likelihood of success on the merits.
14
Moreover, Movant fails to demonstrate an inability to represent himself beyond the
15
ordinary burdens encountered by litigants representing themselves pro se. Therefore, the
16
Court finds the exceptional circumstances required for the appointment of counsel are not
17
present. Movant’s motions for appointment of counsel, [Docs. 103 and 111], are DENIED.
18
B.
19
In support of his § 2255 motion timely filed on June 17, 2016, Movant alleges two
20
separate claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. First, he claims his attorney failed to
21
challenge the facts in the complaint, which he contends were misrepresented by police to
22
obtain an arrest warrant for him. Second, he contends ineffective assistance of counsel
Movant’s June 17, 2016 § 2255 Motion [Doc. 69]
23
24
25
26
27
28
1
Having reviewed the record and briefing related to Movant’s § 2255 motions, the
Court finds an evidentiary hearing is not warranted. [Docs. 93, 104.] Movant’s requests
for an evidentiary hearing are DENIED. See United States v. Quan, 789 F.2d 711, 715 (9th
Cir. 1986) (holding that, if it is clear the movant fails to state a claim or has “no more than
conclusory allegations, unsupported by facts and refuted by the record,” a district court
may deny a § 2255 motion without an evidentiary hearing).
3
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
1
because of his attorney’s alleged failure to subpoena “exculpatory” text and Facebook
2
messages between Movant and the minor.
3
Under Section 2255, a movant is entitled to relief if the sentence (1) was imposed in
4
violation of the Constitution or the laws of the United States; (2) was given by a court
5
without jurisdiction to do so; (3) was in excess of the maximum sentence authorized by
6
law; or (4) is otherwise subject to collateral attack. 28 U.S.C. § 2255; United States v.
7
Quan, 789 F.2d 711, 715 (9th Cir. 1986). Here, Movant alleges his sentence was imposed
8
in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel. Strickland v.
9
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984); United States v. Alferahin, 433 F.3d 1148, 1160-
10
61 (9th Cir. 2006). Under the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Strickland, a
11
defendant who complains his attorney provided ineffective assistance must demonstrate
12
both that (1) the attorney’s performance “fell below an objective standard of
13
reasonableness,” and (2) there exists “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
14
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland,
15
466 U.S. at 687-88. Movant fails to satisfy those elements.
16
1. Movant’s Claim About the Complaint’s Misstatement of Facts is Moot
17
Movant first claims his attorney was ineffective because he did not challenge alleged
18
misstatements of fact in the complaint and arrest warrant. Even assuming the existence of
19
a defect, however, such a challenge would have been mooted by a finding of probable cause
20
following the grand jury’s indictment.2 See, e.g., United States v. Holiday, 2010 WL
21
3733890, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 17, 2010) (“[T]he grand jury indictment of Holiday
22
remedied any defect in the complaint.”) (citing Denton v. United States, 465 F.2d 1394,
23
1395 (5th Cir. 1972) (rejecting argument by defendant that his sentence should be vacated
24
25
2
26
27
28
Furthermore, as the Government correctly notes, Movant makes his ineffective
assistance claim by incorrectly identifying Gerald T. McFadden, who was appointed only
after the indictment’s filing. [Doc. 16, Ex. 1 at ¶¶ 1-2.] He should have identified Howard
B. Frank as his first attorney. Nonetheless, regardless of which attorney Movant argues to
be ineffective, his claim lacks merit.
4
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
1
due to a defective complaint and arrest warrant because “the grand jury indictment of
2
Denton following his arrest remedied any defect in the complaint and arrest warrant”)); see
3
also Cusamano v. Donelli, 2010 WL 2653653, at *3, 8 (S.D.N.Y. July 1, 2010) (“The
4
indictment by the grand jury rendered any deficiency in the criminal complaint moot”)
5
(“Assuming, arguendo, that the felony complaint was defective, Movant was prosecuted
6
pursuant to a legally sound grand jury indictment.”). Here, because the grand jury’s
7
indictment of Movant on the sex trafficking charge remedied any alleged defect in the
8
complaint and arrest warrant, Movant’s attorney cannot be ineffective for “[f]ail[ing] to
9
raise a meritless argument.” Boag v. Raines, 769 F.2d 1341, 1344 (9th Cir. 1985).
10
11
2. Any Messages Regarding Knowledge of the Minor’s Age Would Not Negate
Movant’s Mens Rea
12
Next, Movant contends his attorney was ineffective because of his alleged failure to
13
obtain text and Facebook messages showing the minor lied about her age, thereby causing
14
him prejudice. Movant’s claim fails.
15
Movant was charged under § 1591, which permits three potential ways of proving
16
criminal liability as to Movant’s awareness of the child’s status as a minor: (1) he knew
17
she was under eighteen; (2) he recklessly disregarded the fact that she was under eighteen;
18
or (3) he had a reasonable opportunity to observe her. See United States v. Robinson, 702
19
F.3d 22, 29 (2d Cir. 2012) (affirming district court’s jury instruction on the three alternative
20
mens rea requirements of § 1591). Even assuming the existence of text and Facebook
21
messages showing the minor lied about her age to Movant, such messages would not have
22
exculpated Movant because of his reasonable opportunity to observe her. As the Second
23
Circuit held:
24
25
26
27
Because § 1591(a) requires proof of knowledge or reckless disregard—not
both—the government may satisfy its burden by proving knowledge or the
substitute for knowledge under § 1591(c). Accordingly, § 1591(c) supplies
an alternative to proving any mens rea with regard to the defendant’s
awareness of the victim’s age.
28
5
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
1
Id. at 32 (emphasis in original); see also United States v. Rico, 619 Fed. App’x. 595 (9th
2
Cir. 2015) (“find[ing] the Second Circuit’s explication of the provisions persuasive”
3
without deciding the issue and “not[ing], however, that Congress has now amended the
4
statute to comport with the Second Circuit’s approach”) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 1591(c)
5
(2015)).
6
Although “reasonable opportunity to observe” is not defined, courts have held that
7
as little as twenty minutes up to two days is enough to show a reasonable opportunity. See,
8
e.g., United States v. Davis, 711 Fed. App’x. 254, 258 (6th Cir. 2017); United States v.
9
Blake, 868 F.3d 960, 976 (11th Cir. 2017). Here, Movant admitted he understood the
10
factual basis for his plea, including admitting that “[he] had a reasonable opportunity to
11
observe the minor” for a 5-day period between August 15 and August 20, 2013, during
12
which he “rented hotel rooms, provided credit card information and caused ads to be posted
13
on backpage.com for the minor for the purpose of her to engage in commercial sex acts.”
14
[Doc. 41 at p. 14 (Plea Agreement).] The evidence additionally showed that Movant had
15
known the minor since she was 14 years old. [Doc. 48 at p. 4 (PSR).] Finally, as argued
16
by Movant, he had communicated with the minor by text messages and Facebook
17
messages. Thus, even if Movant could have argued a lack of “knowledge” supported by
18
the Facebook and text messages, the evidence showing he had a reasonable opportunity to
19
observe the minor would have easily satisfied § 1591(c)’s mens rea requirement.
20
Accordingly, Movant’s attorney’s alleged failure to obtain the messages did not create “a
21
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
22
proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88.
23
Furthermore, as to the text messages, Movant cannot satisfy the second Strickland
24
prong—that his attorney’s failure to obtain them “fell below an objective standard of
25
reasonableness.” Indeed, Movant’s former counsel explained that he could not retrieve the
26
27
28
6
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
1
text messages because the provider, Verizon, does not maintain text messages on its server,
2
and Movant sold his cellphone on Craiglist prior to his arrest.3 [Doc. 77-1 at ¶ 4.]
3
C.
4
After the one-year statute of limitations ran from the Court’s June 18, 2015
5
judgment, Movant filed two additional § 2255 motions more than two and three years later,
6
on September 15, 2017 and September 10, 2018. [Docs. 82, 88.] See 28 U.S.C. §
7
2255(f)(1)(A) (“A 1-year period of limitation shall apply to a motion under this section . .
8
. [and] shall run from the latest of—the date on which the judgment of conviction becomes
9
final”). Movant does not assert any basis for finding his subsequent motions timely. See
10
id. at § 2255(f)(1)(B)-(D). Specifically, Movant does not allege any impediment to filing
11
his motions, any right that has been recently recognized by the Supreme Court as
12
retroactive, or that the facts supporting his claim were not available to him at the time of
13
sentencing through the exercise of due diligence. Nor has Movant “obtain[ed] an order
14
from the appropriate court of appeals authorizing the district court to consider the [second
15
or successive] petition[s] as required by 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3) and (4).” Rule 9 of the
16
Rules Governing § 2255 Proceedings.
Movant’s 9/15/2017 and 9/10/2018 § 2255 Motions [Docs. 82, 88]
17
Moreover, Movant’s subsequent motions cannot be deemed amendments to his
18
timely § 2255 motion because they do not “relate back.” Under Federal Rule of Civil
19
Procedure 15(c), an amendment may be deemed timely because of its “relation back” to
20
the original § 2255 motion, only if it clarifies a claim in that motion—that is, when the
21
original motion and amendment involve a “common core of operative facts.” Mayle v.
22
Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 664 (2004) (applying Rule 15(c) to § 2254 petition); see also Rule 12
23
of the Rules Governing § 2255 Proceedings (permitting application of Federal Rules of
24
Civil Procedure to § 2255 proceedings). Within the context of habeas cases, the Supreme
25
26
27
28
Movant’s attorney did have access to the Facebook messages, but as already
discussed, those messages would not have prejudiced the Government’s ability to prove
their case because of the alternative “reasonable opportunity to observe” prong.
3
7
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
1
Court has held that, although the movant’s amendments may arise from the same
2
conviction and sentence, the amendments will not relate back to a timely-filed motion
3
where the amendments “assert[] a new ground for relief supported by facts that differ in
4
both time and type from those the original pleading set forth.” Id. at 649-50.
5
Such is the case here. In his subsequent filings, Movant sets forth two additional
6
claims “supported by facts that differ in both time and type from those [his] original
7
pleading set forth.” Id. First, he claims the sentencing calculations in his plea agreement
8
are incorrect, and counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate the correct guidelines.
9
[Doc. 82.] Second, he asserts an “actual innocence” claim based upon “newly discovered
10
evidence” in the form of the minor-victim’s testimony supporting his defense. [Doc. 88.]
11
Because Movant’s subsequent motions assert entirely new claims for relief, they do not
12
“relate back” to his original motion and thus, are barred by the one-year statute of
13
limitations.4
14
Within the Ninth Circuit, however, the relation back doctrine for habeas claims
15
remains murky. See, e.g., Ross v. Williams, 896 F.3d 958 (9th Cir. 2018) (finding habeas
16
movant’s amended § 2254 petition did not relate back to original pleading), rehearing en
17
banc granted, by Ross v. Williams, 2019 WL 1615300 (9th Cir. Apr. 16, 2019).
18
Accordingly, in the alternative, the Court addresses Movant’s subsequent claims, which
19
the Court finds to be without merit.
20
1. The Sentencing Guidelines Applied to Movant Are Correct
21
Movant argues his attorney was ineffective for failing to “investigate” the “proper”
22
guidelines for his offense, relying upon United States v. Wei Lin, 841 F.3d 823 (9th Cir.
23
24
25
26
27
28
On June 8, 2018, Movant filed a “motion for leave of court to file pro se motion to
amend p[u]rsuant to 15(c) to amend 28 U.S.C. 2255 with all amended pleadings . . .” [Doc.
109.] He did not offer any support for his motion. Nonetheless, the Court has considered
his additional filings in this Order. Accordingly, his motion is DENIED as moot.
4
8
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
1
2016).5 There are several reasons why this claim does not merit § 2255 relief. In Wei Lin,
2
the Ninth Circuit discussed the Sentencing Guidelines for a conviction under § 1594(c),
3
and concluded for the first time that the appropriate base offense level for a conspiracy
4
conviction under § 1594(c) is not 34 under § 2G1.1, but instead, is 14 under the “otherwise”
5
category in § 2G1.1. The reasoning is complicated and somewhat novel. Of course,
6
Movant’s sentencing hearing occurred in 2015, 18 months before the Ninth Circuit’s
7
decision in Wei Lin. That his attorney did not predict this decision can hardly be called
8
ineffective assistance.
9
More importantly, although Wei Lin involved sex trafficking, Movant’s case is
10
distinguishable because it involved sex trafficking of a minor. Consequently, Wei Lin
11
interpreted a § 1594(c) conviction for conspiring to engage in sex trafficking under
12
§ 1591(a). For that crime, Sentencing Guideline § 2G1.1 applied. Unlike Wei Lin,
13
however, Movant pleaded guilty to § 1594(c) for conspiracy to engage in the sex trafficking
14
of a minor – a crime for which a minimum mandatory term of 10 years would apply under
15
§ 1591(a) and (b)(2). For that crime, Sentencing Guideline § 2G1.3 applies and supplies a
16
base offense level of 30. Simply put, Wei Lin did not decide a case of conspiracy to engage
17
in the sex trafficking of a minor and does not show that this Court miscalculated Movant’s
18
Sentencing Guidelines. Thus, Movant fails to carry his burden of showing the first
19
Strickland prong—that his attorney’s performance regarding his sentencing fell below an
20
objective standard of reasonableness.
21
In addition, Movant expressly agreed that his base offense level was 30 in his plea
22
agreement. At the time of the plea deal, Movant had been indicted and was facing trial for
23
violating § 1591(a) and (b)(2), carrying the minimum mandatory 10 prison term. His
24
counsel adroitly worked out a plea bargain resulting in a plea to a superceding indictment
25
26
27
28
Movant reiterates the same arguments about Wei Lin in his “Motion: To Take
Judicial Notice and Motion to Reduce Sentence,” [Doc. 99]. The motion is DENIED for
the same reasons as discussed herein.
5
9
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
1
on the simple conspiracy charge of § 1594(c). The plea bargain had the effect of permitting
2
Movant to escape a 10 year minimum mandatory sentence. As it turned out, he received a
3
lesser sentence of 97 months. In other words, Movant fails to demonstrate prejudice under
4
the second Strickland prong. Because Movant received a sentence of 97 months, which is
5
23 months less than the ten-year mandatory minimum sentence he would have faced for a
6
guilty verdict at trial, he suffered no prejudice. See also Jackson v. United States, 2017
7
WL 1408174 (W.D. Wa. 2017), denying certificate of appealability, by United States v.
8
Jackson, 2017 WL 5197492 (9th Cir. 2017) (finding no ineffective assistance of counsel
9
where movant was sentenced prior to Wei Lin and where movant would have been subject
10
to a 15-year mandatory minimum sentence but for his counsel’s plea deal negotiation).
11
None of this makes a difference, however, because Beckles v. United States, 137
12
S.Ct. 886 (2017) forecloses Movant’s argument. There, the Supreme Court held that “the
13
advisory Guidelines do not fix the permissible range of sentences. To the contrary, they
14
merely guide the exercise of a court’s discretion in choosing an appropriate sentencing
15
within the statutory range.” Id. at 892 (emphasis added). Consequently, for § 2255
16
proceedings, even if one can show a Guidelines calculation error, Beckles explains that the
17
calculation error does not warrant relief. It is only the sentence, itself, with which § 2255
18
is concerned, not the correctness of the calculation of the Sentencing Guidelines as a
19
starting point for sentencing. Therefore, this claim for § 2255 relief is unpersuasive.
20
2. Constructive Amendment is Not Cognizable For Attack On A Guilty Plea
21
Movant also filed what the Court construes as a supplemental reply brief or traverse.
22
See [Doc. 100 (“Supplement and Amend Attachment to Petitioners initial reply to
23
Government response filed on 10/19/16”)]. The Court construes his filing to argue a
24
constructive amendment occurred because he pled guilty under the reckless or knowledge
25
of mens rea theories for § 1594(c), rather than the reasonable opportunity to observe theory.
26
In support, Movant cites United States v. Davis, 854 F.3d 601, 604 (9th Cir. 2017). In
27
Davis, the Ninth Circuit concluded “a constructive amendment occurred because ‘the crime
28
charged [in the indictment] was substantially altered at trial, so that it was impossible to
10
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
1
know whether the grand jury would have indicted for the crime actually proved.’” Id. at
2
605 (citing United States v. Adamson, 291 F.3d 606, 615 (9th Cir. 2002) (emphasis added)).
3
The case against Movant, however, could not be “substantially altered at trial” because
4
there was no trial. Rather, Movant pled guilty. Thus, the Court is not persuaded that a
5
constructive amendment claim is available to Movant here.
6
Notably, the Ninth Circuit has not addressed whether a constructive amendment
7
argument is cognizable for a defendant’s attack on his guilty plea. Of the courts that have
8
addressed that issue, however, most seem to have found such an argument unavailable
9
within that context. See, e.g., United States v. Barrientos, 263 F.3d 162, n. 3 (5th Cir.
10
2001) (noting that “constructive amendment inquiries typically are conducted in the
11
context of jury trials and guilty verdicts, not guilty pleas,” and thus, declining to ground its
12
mandate on the defendant’s constructive amendment argument); Montstream v.
13
Superintended, Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, 2011 WL 284461, at *6 (W.D.N.Y.
14
Jan. 4, 2011) (“There is no clearly established Supreme Court precedent stating that a
15
constructive amendment claim is cognizable in the context of a defendant’s guilty plea,”
16
and “it seems unlikely that a constructive amendment claim is available to petitioner after
17
his guilty plea”); cf. United States v. Iacaboni, 363 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir. 2004) (evaluating a
18
constructive amendment claim in the context of a guilty plea).
19
Accordingly, because Movant attacks a guilty plea, rather than a jury verdict at trial, his
20
constructive amendment argument fails.
21
22
This Court agrees.
3. Movant’s Allegedly “Newly Discovered Evidence” is Not Newly Discovered and
Does Not Exculpate Him
23
Liberally construing Movant’s pro se claim that he is “actually innocent,” Thomas
24
v. Ponder, 611 F.3d 1144, 1150 (9th Cir. 2010), Movant seems to contend that he is
25
factually innocent of the conspiracy to sex traffic children crime for which he entered a
26
guilty plea. [Doc. 88.] Movant’s allegedly “newly discovered evidence,” however, has
27
little bearing on his guilt because it all concerns the minor-victim’s declaration that Movant
28
11
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
1
is “innocent.”6 Specifically, Movant offers the victim’s signed declaration stating that
2
Movant “didnt [sic] know my true age at the time”; that Movant was her boyfriend, and
3
her mother did not agree with the relationship and called the police; and that Movant “is
4
innocent of sex trafficking.” [Doc. 88 at p. 6.]
5
First, the minor-victim’s assertion that she told a detective she did not actually
6
engage in commercial sex acts has no bearing on Movant’s guilt. “Case law makes clear
7
that ‘commission of a sex act or sexual contact’ is not an element of a conviction under 18
8
U.S.C. § 1591,” and the Ninth Circuit has “clarified that a conviction for sex trafficking of
9
minors under 18 U.S.C. § 1591 does not require that victim actually commit a sex act.”
10
United States v. Hornbuckle, 784 F.3d 549, 554 (9th Cir. 2015). As the Government
11
argues, the online prostitution advertisements offering the minor for commercial sex acts
12
combined with her initial statement to police where she stated she posted online
13
advertisements for commercial sex acts supports Movant’s conviction.7 [Doc. 48 (PSR) at
14
¶¶ 7, 11.]
15
Second, and as previously discussed, Movant’s actual knowledge of the minor-
16
victim’s age is not relevant to his guilt because of the reasonable opportunity to observe
17
prong. See supra, United States v. Rico, 619 Fed. App’x. 595 (9th Cir. 2015). Finally,
18
Movant’s claimed innocence is belied by the strong evidence showing his awareness of
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Moreover, Movant’s evidence is not “newly discovered,” as he admits in his filing
entitled, “Declaration of Melvin Warren Rivers.” [Doc. 88 at p. 5, n.1 (“During my first
meeting with my attorney, I informed him that I was innocent . . . [and, as proof,] I informed
him that he could contact my witness [the victim-minor].”) (emphasis added)].
7
For the same reasons discussed in this section, Movant’s motions to expand the
record and to request discovery are DENIED. [Docs. 81, 106.] Movant seeks to expand
the record with “[t]ranscripts, audio or video recording of the allege [sic] victims
interview” and “[t]o request discovery” regarding the same. [Doc. 81 at p. 1.] As already
discussed, even if true, the victim’s alleged interview statement that Movant was
“innocent” of commercial sex trafficking has no bearing on his guilt.
6
12
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
1
pimping and trafficking, including Movant’s rap video entitled, “Treat Her Like a
2
Prostitute,” which starred the minor-victim. [Doc. 91 at p. 10-11.]
3
4
For the previous reasons, Movant’s § 2255 Motion and Amendments, [Docs. 69, 82,
88], are DENIED.
5
D.
6
Finally, the Court addresses Movant’s remaining outstanding motions. [Docs. 87,
7
108, 110.] First, Movant moves the Court “to take Judicial Notice of 2 Missing Motions
8
in Docket Sheet.” [Doc. 87.] Because both missing motions are reflected on the docket
9
for this case in Docs. 108 and 113, Movant’s motion is DENIED as moot. [Doc. 87.]
Movant’s Remaining Ancillary Motions
10
On June 18, 2018, Movant also filed a “Motion rule 12(c) for Judgment on all
11
pending pleading (fed. R. civ. P. 12(c) and hold a evidentiary hearing.” [Doc. 108.]
12
Because a motion for judgment on the pleadings is not applicable in the habeas context,
13
the Court construes Movant’s motion as seeking the Court’s ruling on his pending habeas
14
pleadings. Because this Order addresses those pleadings, the motion is DENIED as moot.
15
On May 2, 2018, Movant filed a motion to proceed in forma pauperis to obtain free
16
transcripts of pre-trial proceedings. [Doc. 107.] On April 24, 2019, Movant filed a related
17
motion for “free post/pre trial transcripts for pending 2255.” [Doc. 101.] As discussed
18
previously, because there is no evidentiary dispute that could lead to habeas relief for
19
Movant, the Court finds there is no need for the requested transcripts or in forma pauperis
20
status. These motions are DENIED as moot.
21
Finally, in support of his motion for a default judgment, [Doc. 110], Movant argues
22
the Government failed to respond to the Court’s October 22, 2018 Order. In light of the
23
Government’s response on October 31, 2018, [Doc. 91], however, default judgment is not
24
appropriate, and the motion is DENIED as moot.
25
CONCLUSION
26
For the previous reasons, Movant does not establish he received ineffective
27
assistance or was prejudiced by the assistance, even if he did. In accordance with the
28
13
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
1
conclusions set forth above, the Motions to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct the Sentence are
2
DENIED.
3
A court may issue a certificate of appealability where the movant has made a
4
“substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right,” and reasonable jurists could
5
debate whether the motion should have been resolved differently or that the issues
6
presented deserve encouragement to proceed further. See Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S.
7
322, 335 (2003).
8
Therefore, a certificate of appealability is DENIED.
9
The Court finds Movant does not make the necessary showing.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
10
11
DATED: May 1, 2019
____________________________
HON. ROGER T. BENITEZ
United States District Court Judge
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
14
3:16-cv-1604-BEN
3:13-cr-3954-BEN-1
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?