Gold v. Berryhill

Filing 20

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION regarding Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment [ECF Nos. 16 and 17 ]. Objections to R&R due by 8/7/2019. Signed by Magistrate Judge Michael S. Berg on 7/23/2019.(jrm)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MICHELLE G., Case No.: 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) Plaintiff, 12 13 v. 14 REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION REGARDING CROSS-MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT [ECF NOS. 16, 17] NANCY A. BERRYHILL, Acting Commissioner of Social Security, 15 16 Defendant. 17 18 This Report and Recommendation is submitted to the Honorable Dana M. Sabraw, 19 United States District Judge, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Civil Local Rule 72.1(c) 20 of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California. On June 18, 21 2018, Plaintiff filed a Complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) seeking judicial review of 22 a decision by the Commissioner of Social Security denying her application for a period of 23 disability and disability insurance benefits. (Compl., ECF No. 1.) 24 Now pending before the Court are the parties’ cross-motions for summary 25 judgment. For the reasons set forth below, the Court RECOMMENDS that Plaintiff’s 26 motion for summary judgment be GRANTED, that the Commissioner’s cross-motion for 27 summary judgment be DENIED, and that Judgment be entered reversing the decision of 28 1 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 the Commissioner and remanding this matter for further administrative proceedings 2 pursuant to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). 3 I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 4 On February 19, 2016, Plaintiff filed an application for a period of disability and 5 disability insurance benefits under Title II of the Social Security Act, alleging disability 6 beginning April 8, 2015. (Certified Admin. R., 230-31, ECF No. 13-5 (“AR”).) After her 7 application was denied initially and upon reconsideration, (id. at 152-56, 159-63), 8 Plaintiff requested an administrative hearing before an administrative law judge (“ALJ”), 9 (id. at 169-70). An administrative hearing was held on September 7, 2017. (Id. at 35- 10 78.)1 Plaintiff appeared at the hearing with counsel, and testimony was taken from her 11 and a vocational expert (“VE”). (Id.) 12 As reflected in his December 7, 2017 hearing decision, the ALJ found that Plaintiff 13 had not been under a disability, as defined in the Social Security Act, from April 8, 2015 14 through the date of the decision. (Id. at 15-30.) The ALJ’s decision became the final 15 decision of the Commissioner on April 20, 2018, when the Appeals Council denied 16 Plaintiff’s request for review. (Id. at 1-6.) This timely civil action followed. 17 II. SUMMARY OF THE ALJ’S FINDINGS 18 In rendering his decision, the ALJ followed the Commissioner’s five-step 19 sequential evaluation process. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520. At step one, the ALJ found 20 that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since April 8, 2015, the 21 alleged onset date. (AR at 17.) At step two, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had the 22 following severe impairments: degenerative disc disease, bilateral carpal tunnel 23 syndrome, a bilateral elbow impairment, depressive disorder and anxiety disorder. (Id.) 24 At step three, the ALJ found that Plaintiff did not have an impairment or combination of 25 26 27 28 1 The Court notes that the Administrative Record in this case contains a duplicate copy of the hearing transcript. (See AR at 79-122; see also id. at 35-78.) This Report and Recommendation will reference the first copy of the transcript in the Administrative Record. (See id. at 35-78.) 2 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 impairments that met or medically equaled the severity of one of the impairments listed 2 in the Commissioner’s Listing of Impairments. (Id. at 24.) 3 4 Next, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff had the residual functional capacity (“RFC”) to do the following: 5 perform light work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(b) except the claimant is limited to occasional bilateral gross handling, fine manipulation, and reaching, and the claimant is further limited to understanding, remembering, and carrying out simple, routine, repetitive tasks, with standard industry work breaks every two hours. 6 7 8 9 (Id. at 26.) 10 At step four, the ALJ adduced and accepted the VE’s testimony that a hypothetical 11 person with Plaintiff’s vocational profile and RFC would be unable to perform any of her 12 past relevant work. (Id. at 29, 43-46.) The ALJ then proceeded to step five of the 13 sequential evaluation process. Based on the VE’s testimony that a hypothetical person 14 with Plaintiff’s vocational profile and RFC could perform the requirements of 15 occupations that existed in significant numbers in the national economy, such as 16 furniture rental consultant, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was not disabled. (Id. at 30.) 17 III. DISPUTED ISSUES 18 19 As reflected in Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff is raising the following issues as the grounds for reversal and remand: 20 1. Whether the ALJ failed to properly evaluate the medical evidence in 21 assessing Plaintiff’s RFC, and specifically the opinions of Plaintiff’s consultative 22 examiners, Dr. Laja Ibraheem and Dr. H. Douglas Engelhorn (Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. 3-9, ECF 23 No. 16-1 (“Pl.’s Mot.”)); and 24 2. Whether the ALJ failed to resolve an apparent conflict between the VE’s 25 testimony and the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”) (id. at 9-10). 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 3 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW 2 Section 405(g) of the Social Security Act allows unsuccessful applicants to seek 3 judicial review of the Commissioner’s final decision. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) (West 2018). 4 The scope of judicial review is limited, and the denial of benefits will not be disturbed if 5 it is supported by substantial evidence in the record and contains no legal error. Id.; 6 Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1110 (9th Cir. 2012). 7 “Substantial evidence means more than a mere scintilla but less than a 8 preponderance. It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as 9 adequate to support a conclusion.” Revels v. Berryhill, 874 F.3d 648, 654 (9th Cir. 2017) 10 (quoting Desrosiers v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 846 F.2d 573, 576 (9th Cir. 11 1988)); see also Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971). Where the evidence is 12 susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, the ALJ’s decision must be upheld. 13 Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1038 (9th Cir. 2008). This includes deferring to 14 the ALJ’s credibility determinations and resolutions of evidentiary conflicts. See Lewis v. 15 Apfel, 236 F.3d 503, 509 (9th Cir. 2001). Even if the reviewing court finds that 16 substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s conclusions, the court must set aside the 17 decision if the ALJ failed to apply the proper legal standards in weighing the evidence 18 and reaching his or her decision. See Batson v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 19 1193 (9th Cir. 2004). 20 21 22 V. DISCUSSION A. The ALJ Failed to Properly Evaluate Opinions of Consultative Examiners Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ did not provide specific and legitimate reasons for 23 discounting the opinions of two consultative examiners. (See Pl.’s Mot. at 3-9; Pl.’s 24 Opp’n Def.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J. and Reply 2-3, ECF No. 19-1 (“Pl.’s Reply”).) Plaintiff 25 contends that the ALJ improperly concluded that both consultative examiners’ opinions 26 were internally inconsistent. (Pl.’s Mot. at 6-8.) Plaintiff further contends that the ALJ 27 erred by assigning little weight to the opinion of Dr. Ibraheem, due to Dr. Ibraheem’s 28 partial reliance on Plaintiff’s self-reported symptoms. (Id. at 6-7.) 4 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 The Commissioner argues that the ALJ properly evaluated the medical opinion 2 evidence. (Def.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J. 4-8, ECF No. 17-1 (“Def.’s Mot.”).) The 3 Commissioner contends that the ALJ’s finding that both consultative examiners’ 4 opinions were internally inconsistent justified discounting those opinions. (Id. at 5, 7.) 5 The Commissioner further asserts that the ALJ’s finding that Dr. Ibraheem relied on 6 Plaintiff’s reported symptoms rather than medical records justified the ALJ’s assigning 7 little weight to Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion. (Id. at 5.) 8 1. 9 Three types of physicians may offer opinions in Social Security cases: “(1) those Applicable law 10 who treat the claimant (treating physicians); (2) those who examine but do not treat the 11 claimant (examining physicians); and (3) those who neither examine nor treat the 12 claimant (nonexamining physicians).” Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 830 (9th Cir. 1995). 13 A treating physician’s opinion is generally given more weight than that of a physician 14 who did not treat the claimant. See id.; 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(1). An examining 15 physician’s opinion is “entitled to greater weight than the opinion of a nonexamining 16 physician.” Ryan v. Comm’r Soc. Sec., 528 F.3d 1194, 1197 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Lester, 17 81 F.3d at 830). 18 Where the examining physician’s opinion is uncontradicted by the opinion of a 19 nonexamining physician, the Commissioner must provide clear and convincing reasons 20 for rejecting the examining physician’s opinion. Lester, 81 F.3d at 830 (citing Pitzer v. 21 Sullivan, 908 F.2d 502, 506 (9th Cir. 1990)). Even if the examining physician’s opinion is 22 contradicted by a nonexamining physician, the examining physician’s opinion may only 23 be rejected for specific and legitimate reasons that are supported by substantial 24 evidence in the record.2 See Ryan, 528 F.3d at 1198; Lester, 81 F.3d at 830-31. 25 26 27 28 2 The Court notes that the opinions of both examining physicians, Dr. Ibraheem and Dr. Engelhorn, were controverted by the opinion a nonexamining reviewing physician, Dr. Jacobs, whose opinion the ALJ assigned a great weight. (See AR at 133-34; see also id. at 27, 130.) Accordingly, the key issue is 5 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 2 3 2. Analysis a. Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion On May 6, 2016, Plaintiff underwent a Psychiatric Consultative Examination with 4 Dr. Ibraheem, a board-certified psychiatrist. (AR at 20, 447-51.) Dr. Ibraheem initially 5 noted that “[t]here are no medical records available for review at this time.” (Id. at 6 448.) He then gathered a history of Plaintiff’s present illness; work history; family, 7 social, and environmental history; medical history; past psychiatric history; current 8 medications; daily activities; conducted a mental status examination; proffered a 9 diagnosis; and provided a functional assessment. (Id. at 447-51.) Dr. Ibraheem 10 specifically stated in his report that he conducted a “complete psychiatric evaluation” of 11 Plaintiff during the examination. (Id. at 447.) Plaintiff reported that she suffered from 12 anxiety and depression, was forgetful, could not concentrate and sleep, and her 13 symptoms “began April 2015 and worsened January 2016 after she had surgery for an 14 ovarian tumor.” (Id.) Plaintiff also reported panic attacks, migraines, loss of appetite 15 contributing to weight loss, compulsiveness, and obsessiveness. (Id. at 447-48.) 16 Dr. Ibraheem stated that Plaintiff was seeing a psychiatrist; was prescribed 17 Cyclobenzaprine, Ropinirole, Atenolol, Naproxen, Hydrocodone, Sumatriptan, Vyvanse, 18 Alprazolam, Citalopram, and Temazepam; and reported that the medications were 19 helping. (Id. at 448-49.) Dr. Ibraheem also noted Plaintiff’s daily activities and her 20 previous work history as an attorney. (Id.) 21 After conducting Plaintiff’s mental status evaluation, Dr. Ibraheem concluded that 22 Plaintiff’s “mood was depressed” and “[a]ffect was tearful,” and noted “psychomotor 23 retardation.” (Id.) Plaintiff was “alert,” able to “recall 1 out of 3 objects within 5 24 25 26 27 28 whether the ALJ provided specific and legitimate reasons based on the substantial evidence in the record for not crediting the opinions of Dr. Ibraheem and Dr. Engelhorn. 6 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 minutes without help,” and to perform Serial Seven and Serial Three tests.3 (Id. at 450.) 2 Dr. Ibraheem assessed Plaintiff’s memory, concentration, insight and judgement as 3 “limited,” and Plaintiff’s thought processes and thought content as “distractible.” (Id. at 4 449.) 5 Dr. Ibraheem diagnosed Plaintiff with “Major Depression Recurrent,” 6 “Psychosocial Stressors: Moderate,” and rated Plaintiff’s Global Assessment of 7 Functioning (“GAF”) score at 50. (Id. at 450.) After a functional assessment of Plaintiff, 8 Dr. Ibraheem found as “markedly limited” Plaintiff’s ability to “understand, remember, 9 and carry out complex instructions”; “maintain concentration, attendance, and 10 persistence”; “perform activities within a schedule and maintain regular attendance”; 11 “complete normal workday/workweek without interruption from psych based 12 symptoms”; and “respond appropriately to changes in a work setting.” (Id. at 450-51.) 13 He assessed as “moderately limited” Plaintiff’s “ability to understand, remember, and 14 carry out simple instructions.” (Id. at 451.) Dr. Ibraheem concluded that “[f]rom a 15 psychiatric standpoint, prognosis is guarded.” (Id.) 16 The ALJ stated the following regarding Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion: 17 The undersigned does not concur with Dr. Ibraheem as to his marked limitations because they are internally inconsistent with and not well supported by other matters in his evaluation. As an example of this, the claimant was able to perform Serial 7s and Serial 3s, yet Dr. Ibraheem found that her concentration and persistence was markedly limited. Further, Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion is based mainly on the claimant’s reported symptoms, as he noted there were no medical records available for him to review. His opined marked limitations are inconsistent with the record as a whole and when viewed longitudinally, which fails to establish more than mild to moderate limitations in her mental functions. Accordingly, the undersigned assigns Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion little weight. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 3 “Serial Sevens” and “Serial Threes” are tests used to assess a patient’s concentration, during which a patient is asked to count backward from 100 by sevens or threes. See Salmon v. Astrue, No. 10-CV03636-LHK, 2012 WL 1029329, at *6 n.3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 26, 2012). 7 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 2 (Id. at 21.) The ALJ discounted Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion, in part, because it was based on 3 Plaintiff’s self-reported symptoms. (See id.) “A physician’s opinion of disability 4 ‘premised to a large extent upon the claimant’s own accounts of his symptoms and 5 limitations’ may be disregarded where those complaints have been ‘properly 6 discounted’.” Morgan v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 169 F.3d 595, 602 (9th Cir. 1999). 7 However, “the rule allowing an ALJ to reject opinions based on self-reports does not 8 apply in the same manner to opinion regarding mental illness.” Buck v. Berryhill, 869 9 F.3d 1040, 1050 (9th Cir. 2017). “Psychiatric evaluations may appear subjective, 10 especially compared to evaluation in other medical fields. Diagnoses will always depend 11 in part on the patient’s self-report, as well as on the clinician’s observations of the 12 patient. But such is the nature of psychiatry.” Id. (citing Poulin v. Bowen, 817 F.2d 865, 13 873 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (“[U]nlike a broken arm, a mind cannot be x-rayed.”)). Clinical 14 interviews and mental status evaluations are therefore “‘objective measures’ that 15 ‘cannot be discounted as a ‘self-report.’” Still v. Berryhill, 756 F. App’x 746, 746-47 (9th 16 Cir. 2019) (citing Buck, 869 F.3d at 1049). 17 In this case, Dr. Ibraheem not only documented Plaintiff’s reported symptoms, 18 but also administered several tests, and made his own observations, findings, and 19 diagnoses. (See AR 447-51.) Notably, Dr. Ibraheem emphasized in his report that he 20 conducted a “complete psychiatric evaluation” of Plaintiff. (Id. at 447.) The Court 21 therefore finds that the ALJ improperly discounted Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion due to Dr. 22 Ibraheem’s partial reliance on Plaintiff’s self-reported symptoms. See Buck, 869 F.3d at 23 1050; Still, 756 F. App’x at 746-47; see also Pilgreen v. Berryhill, 757 F. App’x 618, 619 24 (9th Cir. 2019) (finding that the ALJ improperly discounted the opinion of a consultative 25 psychologist who examined plaintiff because the opinion was based on the plaintiff’s 26 subjective reports; noting that the physician conducted a “typical psychological 27 evaluation. That it relied in part on [the claimant’s] self-reports is not a valid reason for 28 rejecting it.”). 8 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 Further, in finding that Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion (that Plaintiff’s concentration and 2 persistence were “markedly limited”) was internally inconsistent with Dr. Ibraheem’s 3 findings, the ALJ only cited Plaintiff’s ability to perform Serial Sevens and Serial Threes 4 tests. (See AR at 21.) The ALJ, however, is required to review the entire record and 5 view the opinion in the context of the entire diagnostic picture. See Holohan v. 6 Massanari, 246 F.3d 1195, 1205 (9th Cir. 2001). In addition to Serial Sevens and Serial 7 Threes tests, Dr. Ibraheem administered other tests during his evaluation of Plaintiff. 8 (See AR at 449-50.) The examination revealed that Plaintiff was able to recall one out of 9 three objects after five minutes without help, and the presence of psychomotor 10 retardation. (Id. at 450.) Dr. Ibraheem also found that Plaintiff was “distractible,” her 11 “mood was depressed,” and “[a]ffect was tearful.” (Id. at 449.) Additionally, Dr. 12 Ibraheem assessed Plaintiff’s GAF score at 50, (id. at 450), which indicates “[s]erious 13 symptoms (e.g. suicidal ideation, severe obsessive rituals, frequent shoplifting) OR any 14 serious impairment in social, occupational, or school functioning (e.g. no friends, unable 15 to keep a job.” Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, at 34 (4th ed.). 16 The ALJ, nevertheless, isolated one test in concluding that Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion was 17 internally inconsistent. (AR at 21.) The ALJ is required to conduct a more 18 comprehensive analysis of the medical opinion in order to discredit it, rather than 19 cherry-pick evidence to characterize the entire opinion as inconsistent. See Ghanim v. 20 Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1164 (9th Cir. 2014) (concluding that ALJ improperly cherry- 21 picked evidence from examining physician’s opinion in determining that the opinion was 22 inconsistent with the physician’s “diagnoses and observation of impairment.”); see also 23 Fanlo v. Berryhill, Case No.: 17cv1617-LAB (BLM), 2018 WL 1536732, at *10 (S.D. Cal. 24 Mar. 28, 2018) (stating that “[t]he ALJ is not permitted to ‘cherry-pick’ only the records 25 that support her position”; citing Robinson v. Barnhart, 366 F.3d 1078, 1083 (10th Cir. 26 2004) (“The ALJ is not entitled to pick and choose from a medical opinion, using only 27 those parts that are favorable to a finding of nondisability.”); Switzer v. Heckler, 742 28 9 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 F.2d 382, 385-86 (7th Cir. 1984) (“[T]he Secretary’s attempt to use only the portions [of 2 a report] favorable to her position, while ignoring other parts, is improper.”)). 3 The ALJ also determined that Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion regarding Plaintiff’s marked 4 limitations was inconsistent with the record as a whole, but offered no concrete 5 examples of these alleged inconsistencies, other than citing the opinion of a reviewing 6 nonexamining physician. (AR at 27.) The fact that Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion was 7 controverted by the opinion of a reviewing nonexamining physician was not a legally 8 sufficient reason for rejecting Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion; rather, it was determinative of 9 the standard to be applied to the ALJ’s proffered reasons for not crediting Dr. 10 Ibraheem’s opinion. See Lester, 81 F.3d at 830 (in the event of conflict in the medical 11 opinion evidence, an ALJ still must provide legally sufficient reasons to reject a treating 12 or examining physician’s opinion); see also Still, 756 F. App’x at 747 (“The opinions of 13 the doctors who merely reviewed part of the paper record, but who neither talked to 14 nor laid eyes on [plaintiff], do not reflect the record as a whole, and thus do not provide 15 substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s decision.”). Further, notes from Plaintiff’s 16 treating physicians, as well as findings of another examining physician, support Dr. 17 Ibraheem’s opinion regarding Plaintiff’s marked limitations. See AR at 464 (containing 18 March 30, 2016 note from Dr. Freeman that “[f]or months [Plaintiff] has had several 19 symptoms such as . . . cognitive deficits, concentration difficulty”); id. at 503, 505 20 (containing May 10, 2016 note from Dr. Wilson that Plaintiff’s anxiety is “affecting her 21 memory and [she has] trouble [with] concentrat[ion]”); see also id. at 539-41 22 (containing May 31, 2016 findings of Dr. Engelhorn that Plaintiff has “severe mental 23 health problems,” cannot “perform complex and detailed work,” is “under severe stress 24 affecting her memory,” has difficulties with concentration, and assessing Plaintiff’s GAF 25 score at 50). The ALJ’s finding is therefore conclusory and does not set for the requisite 26 specific and legitimate reasons that are supported by substantial evidence. See Ryan, 27 528 F.3d at 1198; Lester, 81 F.3d at 830-31; see also Belanger v. Berryhill, 685 F. App’x 28 596, 598 (9th Cir. 2017) (finding that an ALJ’s bare assertion that a medical opinion was 10 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 inconsistent with the record as a whole was “boilerplate” and insufficient to discount an 2 opinion that was otherwise entitled to controlling weight); Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 3 995, 1012-13 (9th Cir. 2014) (stating that ALJ may not criticize a medical opinion using 4 boilerplate language without offering substantive explanations regarding the criticism). 5 For the reasons stated above, the Court finds that the ALJ failed to provide 6 specific and legitimate reasons for discounting Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion. See Pilgreen, 7 757 F. App’x at 619-20 (holding that ALJ erred in discrediting an examining physician’s 8 opinion based on partial reliance on the claimant’s self-reported symptoms, as well as 9 non-examining physician’s disagreement with the examining physician’s opinion); Moe 10 v. Berryhill, 731 F. App’x 588, 591 (9th Cir. 2018) (finding that ALJ erred in concluding 11 that an examining psychiatrist’s opinion was primarily based on claimant’s reported 12 symptoms, where the psychiatrist also relied on clinical observations and tests, including 13 a “full mental status examination” of the claimant). The ALJ therefore failed to properly 14 evaluate Dr. Ibraheem’s opinion. 15 b. Dr. Engelhorn’s opinion 16 On May 24, 2016, Plaintiff underwent another psychiatric evaluation with a 17 board-certified psychiatrist, Dr. Engelhorn. (AR at 21, 537-41.) Dr. Engelhorn noted that 18 there were no medical records for him to review prior to the examination. (Id. at 537.) 19 During the examination, he observed that Plaintiff “present[ed] a rather complicated 20 picture of a variety of medical problems.” (Id. at 537.) Plaintiff reported that she was 21 not working, in part, due to her “emotional health problems.” (Id. at 538.) She 22 discussed separation from her husband, and the “tremendous turmoil and stress 23 associated with this separation and potential divorce.” (Id. at 537.) Plaintiff also told 24 Dr. Engelhorn that “she has struggled with recurrent episodes of depression since the 25 summer of 2015,” and “her periods of depression are, at times, very prolonged and 26 almost steady.” (Id.) Dr. Engelhorn stated that Plaintiff was prescribed Celexa, Restoril, 27 Vyvanse, Requip, Xanax, Imitrex, Norco, Naproxen, Ternormin, and Flexeril. (Id.) 28 11 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 After conducting a mental status examination, Dr. Engelhorn stated that Plaintiff 2 “comes across as being a chronically depressed and sad person. At times she is very 3 emotional and tearful. She is, at times, so emotional that she has some difficulty in 4 organizing a clear and concise history.” (Id. at 539.) Dr. Engelhorn further noted that 5 “[e]ven though anxiety is a major complaint, [Plaintiff] did not come across as being 6 particularly anxious. She does come across as being perhaps somewhat fearful.” (Id.) 7 He also added that Plaintiff “appears to make an honest presentation.” (Id.) 8 Dr. Engelhorn stated that Plaintiff did not have any cognitive impairment, and her 9 “[c]oncentration and attention were adequate as judged by accurate responses to serial 10 sevens.” (Id.) He further found that Plaintiff’s insight and judgement were “somewhat 11 impaired.” (Id.) 12 Dr. Engelhorn diagnosed Plaintiff with “[m]ajor depression, recurrent type (severe 13 form),” “[a]nxiety disorder,” and a “[p]artner relational problem,” and assessed 14 Plaintiff’s GAF score at 50. (Id. at 539-40.) Additionally, Dr. Engelhorn also wrote the 15 following in his report: 16 17 18 19 20 21 I doubt that this patient is currently employable. She is extremely emotionally unstable and rather chronically depressed and suffers from rather severe anxiety and fearfulness. I did not feel she could currently perform complex and detailed work. As judged by her presentation today, she would have difficulty relating to peers and supervisors in the workplace. She would have major problems in dealing with routine adjustments in the workplace. She rarely leaves her home because she is rather fearful and emotionally distressed. This is a patient who has . . . severe mental health problems[.] 22 23 24 25 26 27 (Id. at 540-41.) The ALJ assigned little weight to Dr. Engelhorn’s opinion reasoning as follows: The undersigned does not concur with Dr. Engelhorn’s opinions, as they are internally insistent with and not well supported by the other matters in his consultation. As an example of this, he found that the claimant had severe anxiety, yet he reported, “she did not come across as being particularly 28 12 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 anxious” (Exhibit 5F, page 3). Accordingly, the undersigned gives this opinion little weight. 2 3 (Id. at 21.)4 4 Dr. Engelhorn stated in his May 24, 2016 opinion that Plaintiff reported anxiety as 5 her major complaint. (Id. at 539.) He diagnosed Plaintiff with “anxiety.” (Id.) This 6 diagnosis was supported by Dr. Engelhorn’s findings during the consultation, (see id. at 7 539-40), and is consistent with Plaintiff’s medical records, (see AR at 343, 345 8 (containing March 11, 2015 pre-operation consultation notes from Dr. Polanco listing a 9 diagnosis of “[a]nxiety with secondary insomnia”); id. at 359 (containing June 9, 2015 10 notes from Dr. Yiphantides, diagnosing “anxiety,” and advising Plaintiff to follow up with 11 her primary care physician or psychiatrist to help manage her anxiety symptoms); id. at 12 367-69 (containing September 18, 2015 notes from Dr. Polanco diagnosing “anxiety,” 13 stating that Plaintiff received counseling during the appointment and was prescribed 14 Citalopram for anxiety); id. at 373 (containing November 11, 2015 notes from Dr. Born, 15 listing “anxiety” diagnosis and prescribing Valium in response to complaints of “severe 16 anxiety”); id. at 481, 484 (containing April 8, 2016 notes from Dr. Wilson describing 17 Plaintiff’s psychiatric condition as “[l]ots of anxiety”); id. at 503, 505 (containing May 10, 18 2016 notes from Dr. Wilson listing “anxiety” diagnosis); id. at 544 (containing July 6, 19 2016 notes from Dr. Wilson stating that Plaintiff complained of anxiety and panic 20 attacks). Notably, the ALJ also stated in his written opinion that “throughout the record, 21 the claimant’s treating physicians and psychiatrist noted the claimant’s anxious and 22 23 4 24 25 26 27 28 The ALJ also discounted Dr. Ibraheem’s and Dr. Engelhorn’s opinions because their consultations occurred in May 2016, reasoning that “[b]oth consultations in such close proximity are insufficient in the context of the record as a whole to establish ongoing limitations longitudinally over a 12-months period that are more restrictive than found above.” (AR at 21.) The Court notes that both consultations were conducted at the request of the state agency (id. at 447, 537), and both physicians conducted psychiatric evaluations of Plaintiff, (see id. at 447-51, 537-41). Notably, both opinions were consistent in finding that Plaintiff had marked limitations. (See id.) Accordingly, the proximity in time between both consultations does not constitute a specific and legitimate reason for discounting Dr. Ibraheem’s and Dr. Engelhorn’s opinions. 13 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 depressed mood” and found that Plaintiff’s “depression and anxiety are severe 2 impairments, which is supported by the medical record as a whole and claimant’s 3 complaints of depression, anxiety, and panic attacks to her treating physicians.” (Id. at 4 28 (emphasis added).) 5 An ALJ is required to consider the entire record and view an examining physician’s 6 opinion in light of the entire diagnostic picture. See Holohan, 246 F.3d at 1205. 7 Moreover, an ALJ may not cherry-pick the evidence in an examining physician’s opinion 8 without also considering the broader context of the doctor’s observations and overall 9 diagnosis. See Ghanim, 763 F.3d at 1164; see also Robinson, 366 F.3d at 1083; Switzer, 10 742 F.2d at 385-86. The Court finds that the ALJ did not provide specific and legitimate 11 reasons for discounting Dr. Engelhorn’s opinion. See Nguyen v. Chater, 100 F.3d 1462, 12 1465 (9th Cir. 1996) (“Where the purported existence of an inconsistency is squarely 13 contradicted by the record, it may not serve as the basis for the rejection of an 14 examining physician’s conclusions.”); see also Quiambao v. Berryhill, No. 17-CV-02305- 15 BAS-RBB, 2018 WL 3584462, at *11 (S.D. Cal. July 26, 2018) (finding that ALJ improperly 16 cherry-picked evidence from the record to characterize a medical opinion as 17 inconsistent); Henderson v. Berryhill, Case No. EDCV 16-1995 AJW, 2017 WL 3399998, at 18 *3 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 8, 2017) (finding that ALJ erred by overstating an internal 19 inconsistency). The ALJ therefore did not properly evaluate the opinion of Dr. 20 Engelhorn. 21 B. 22 Testimony and the DOT 23 The ALJ Failed to Resolve an Apparent Conflict Between the Vocational Expert Plaintiff contends that the ALJ failed to resolve an apparent conflict between the 24 VE testimony and the DOT. (Pl.’s Mot. at 9-10; Pl.’s Reply at 3-5.) Plaintiff argues that 25 according to the DOT, the duties of a furniture rental consultant require Level 3 26 Reasoning, and that requirement conflicts with her RFC limitation to simple or repetitive 27 tasks. (Pl.’s Mot. at 10.) Plaintiff also contends that a job of a furniture rental 28 consultant involves Level 3 Reasoning duties that are “essential, integral, or obvious.” 14 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 (Pl.’s Reply at 4.) Plaintiff further asserts that the ALJ’s acceptance of the VE’s deviation 2 from the DOT without an explanation from the VE regarding the basis for the deviation 3 constitutes reversible error because “the record is clear that [Plaintiff’s] mental health 4 history did not allow her to function at the level she used to function at.” (Pl.’s Reply at 5 5; see also Pl.’s Mot. at 10.) 6 The Commissioner argues that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s finding that 7 Plaintiff could perform work existing in significant numbers. (Def.’s Mot. at 8-10.) The 8 Commissioner contends that the DOT’s description of a furniture rental consultant’s 9 duties “shows that a level of reasoning beyond the ability to perform simple, routine, 10 and repetitive tasks is not essential, integral, or obvious part of the occupation,” and 11 thus, there was no apparent conflict between the VE testimony the DOT. (See id. at 9). 12 The Commissioner also alleges that even if a conflict existed, the ALJ’s failure to inquire 13 into the conflict constituted harmless error in light of the record as a whole. (Id. at 9- 14 10.) 15 1. 16 At step five of the sequential evaluation process, “the Commissioner has the 17 burden ‘to identify specific jobs existing in substantial numbers in the national economy 18 that [a] claimant can perform despite [his] identified limitations.’” Zavalin v. Colvin, 778 19 F.3d 842, 845 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Johnson v. Shalala, 60 F.3d 1428, 1432 (9th Cir. 20 1995)); see also 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(g). In determining if other suitable work exists that 21 the claimant may be able to perform, the ALJ is to primarily rely on the DOT, and may 22 also rely on the testimony of vocational experts who testify about specific occupations 23 that a claimant can perform in light of his or her RFC. See Zavalin, 778 F.3d at 845-46; 24 Valentine v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 689 (9th Cir. 2009). 25 Applicable law An ALJ may not “rely on a vocational expert’s testimony regarding the 26 requirements of a particular job without first inquiring whether the testimony conflicts 27 with the [DOT].” Massachi v. Astrue, 486 F.3d 1149, 1152 (9th Cir. 2007); see also Social 28 Security Ruling (“SSR”) 00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704 (Dec. 4, 2000). Pursuant to SSR 00-4p, 15 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 the ALJ has an affirmative duty to inquire into the existence of potential conflicts 2 between the VE’s testimony and the DOT, and obtain an explanation from the VE 3 regarding any conflicts that do exist. See SSR 00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704; Rounds v. 4 Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 807 F.3d 996, 1003 (9th Cir. 2015); Massachi, 486 F.3d at 5 1152-53. If there is conflict between the VE’s testimony and the DOT, “the ALJ must 6 then determine whether the vocational expert’s explanation for the conflict is 7 reasonable and whether a basis exists for relying on the expert rather than the DOT.” 8 Massachi, 486 F.3d at 1153. Failure to conduct such inquiry is analyzed under the 9 harmless error standard. See Zavalin, 778 F.3d at 848; see also Massachi, 486 F.3d at 10 1154 n.19 (stating that the error is harmless where “there [is] no conflict, or if the 11 vocational expert ha[s] provided sufficient support for her conclusion so as to justify any 12 potential conflicts.”). 13 2. 14 The ALJ found that Plaintiff has the RFC to “understand[], remember[], and carry[] Analysis 15 out simple, routine, repetitive tasks, with standard industry work breaks every two 16 hours.” (AR at 26.) The VE categorized Plaintiff’s past relevant work as follows: 17 “Lawyer, (sedentary, [actually performed at heavy by the claimant], skilled, with an SVP 18 of 8), as found in Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) at code 110.107-010.” (Id. at 19 29.) The ALJ found that, “[b]ased on the claimant’s testimony, the record as a whole, 20 and the vocational expert testimony, . . . with the residual functional capacity discussed 21 above, the claimant is unable to perform past relevant work as actually or generally 22 performed.” (Id.) 23 During the administrative hearing, the ALJ asked the VE to consider a hypothetical 24 individual of Plaintiff’s age, education, and work experience, who is limited to 25 “understanding, remembering, and carrying out simple, routine, repetitive tasks.” (Id. 26 at 47.) The VE testified that such an individual could perform the work of a furniture 27 rental consultant, DOT 295.357-018. (Id.) Relying on the VE’s testimony regarding the 28 availability of work in significant numbers that accorded with Plaintiff’s RFC, the ALJ 16 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 determined that Plaintiff would be able to perform the duties of a furniture rental 2 consultant (DOT 295.357-018). (Id. at 30.) The ALJ stated in his written opinion that he 3 had “determined that the vocational expert’s testimony is consistent with the 4 information contained in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.” (Id.) 5 The DOT provides that the job of a furniture rental consultant (295.357-018) 6 requires Level 3 Reasoning, which the DOT defines as ability to “[a]pply commonsense 7 understanding to carry out instructions furnished in written, oral, or diagrammatic 8 form” and to “[d]eal with problems involving several concrete variables in or from 9 standardized situations.” DOT 295.357-018, 1991 WL 672589. The Ninth Circuit has 10 specifically held that there is an apparent conflict between a claimant’s RFC to perform 11 “simple, repetitive tasks” and the demands of Level 3 Reasoning. See Zavalin, 778 F.3d 12 at 847 (holding that “there is an apparent conflict between the residual functional 13 capacity to perform simple, repetitive tasks, and the demands of Level 3 Reasoning”); 14 see also Lewis v. Berryhill, 708 F. App’x 919, 920 (9th Cir. 2018) (“We have held that an 15 apparent conflict exists between a limitation to ‘simple, routine, or repetitive tasks’ and 16 ‘the demands of Level 3 Reasoning.’”). Accordingly, the Court finds that in this case, 17 there was an apparent conflict between Plaintiff’s RFC to perform “simple, routine, 18 repetitive tasks” and Level 3 Reasoning requirement of the job of a furniture rental 19 consultant.5 See id. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 5 The Commissioner argues that “a level of reasoning beyond the ability to perform simple, routine, and repetitive tasks is not essential, integral or obvious part of the [furniture rental consultant] occupation.” (Def.’s Mot. at 9 (citing Gutierrez v. Colvin, 844 F.3d 804, 808 (9th Cir. 2016).) In Gutierrez, the court concluded that plaintiff’s overhead reaching limitation was not obviously implicated in the duties of a cashier because a typical cashier “never has to [reach overhead].” Gutierrez, 844 F.3d at 809. The Court has reviewed the DOT’s lengthy description of the furniture rental consultant’s duties and concludes that in this case, unlike in Gutierrez, common experience is not so easily applied to conclude that the position “obviously or essentially” does not involve Level 3 Reasoning. See Lamear v. Berryhill, 865 F.3d 1201, 1205 (9th Cir. 2017) (“To avoid unnecessary appeals, the ALJ should ordinarily ask the VE to explain in some detail why there is no conflict between the DOT and the applicant’s RFC.”). The Court therefore finds the Commissioner’s arguments unavailing. 17 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 In light of the apparent conflict, the ALJ was required to ask the VE to explain why 2 a person with Plaintiff’s limitation could nevertheless meet the demands of Level 3 3 Reasoning. See SSR 00-4p, at *2, 2000 WL 1898704 (requiring the ALJ to “elicit a 4 reasonable explanation for the conflict before relying on the VE . . . evidence to support 5 a determination or decision about whether [the claimant] was disabled.”); Zavalin, 778 6 F.3d at 843-44 (holding that because “an apparent conflict [existed] between [plaintiff’s] 7 limitation to simple, routine, or repetitive tasks, on the one hand, and the demands of 8 Level 3 Reasoning, on the other hand,” the ALJ was required to reconcile the conflict); 9 see also Lewis, 708 F. App’x at 920 (concluding that in light of the conflict, the ALJ was 10 required to “elicit a reasonable explanation for the conflict before relying on the [VE] 11 evidence to support a determination or decision about whether [the claimant] is 12 disabled.”). The Court has reviewed the administrative hearing transcript and notes that 13 at the beginning of the VE’s testimony, the ALJ asked the VE the following: “If your 14 testimony is inconsistent with the DOT will you tell me whether or not I ask?” (AR at 15 43.) The VE replied that he would. (Id.) The ALJ subsequently asked the VE if an 16 individual “limited to understanding, remembering, and carrying out simple, routine, 17 repetitive tasks” could still perform work as a furniture rental consultant, and the VE 18 replied, “Yes, that’s correct.” (Id. at 47.) This exchange was the only inquiry the ALJ 19 made into any conflict between the VE’s testimony and the requirements of the 20 furniture rental consultant position, as defined in the DOT. Because the ALJ failed to 21 recognize a conflict, (see id. at 30), he did not ask the VE to explain why a person with 22 Plaintiff’s limitation could nevertheless meet the demands of Level 3 Reasoning. The 23 ALJ therefore erred when he did not reconcile this apparent conflict. See Lewis, 708 F. 24 App’x at 920 (quoting SSR 00-4p, 2000 WL 1898704, at *2) (finding that the ALJ erred 25 when he failed to “elicit a reasonable explanation for the conflict before relying on the 26 27 28 18 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 [VE] evidence to support a determination or decision about whether [claimant] is 2 disabled.”). 3 The Commissioner contends that the ALJ’s alleged failure to inquire into the 4 conflict constituted harmless error in light of Plaintiff’s educational and work 5 background, as well as her “cognitive ability to perform unskilled work.” (See Def.’s 6 Mot. at 9-10.) “[A]n ALJ’s error is harmless where it is ‘inconsequential to the ultimate 7 nondisability determination.’” Molina, 674 F.3d at 1115 (quotation omitted); see also 8 Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 682 (9th Cir. 2005) (finding that an ALJ’s error that 9 produced a favorable result for the claimant was harmless). 10 As an initial matter, “there is no rigid correlation between reasoning levels and 11 the amount of education that a claimant has completed.” Zavalin, 778 F.3d at 847. 12 “While [the claimant’s] educational background is relevant, the DOT’s reasoning levels 13 clearly correspond to the claimant’s ability because they assess whether a person can 14 ‘apply’ increasingly difficult principles of rational thought and ‘deal’ with increasingly 15 complicated problems.” Id. Although Plaintiff is highly educated, (AR at 282), and 16 worked in the past as an attorney, (id. at 291), Plaintiff’s RFC, as well as Plaintiff’s 17 medical records discussed in detail above, indicate that she has diminished capacity to 18 carry out mentally demanding tasks. (Id. at 26); see also Zavalin, 778 F.3d at 845, 848 19 (finding that plaintiff’s previous success in mathematics did not automatically 20 demonstrate his ability to perform work demanding Level 3 Reasoning after being 21 limited to simple, routine, repetitive tasks). Notably, during the administrative hearing 22 in this case, the VE testified that a hypothetical individual limited to understanding, 23 remembering, and carrying out simple, routine, repetitive tasks would be precluded 24 from performing Plaintiff’s past work; and the ALJ ultimately found that Plaintiff was 25 precluded from her past relevant work as an attorney, despite her education and prior 26 work experience as an attorney. (AR at 44.) 27 /// 28 /// 19 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 Further, the DOT describes the furniture rental consultant’s position as follows: 2 Rents furniture and accessories to customers: Talks to customer to determine furniture preferences and requirements. Guides or accompanies customer through showroom, answers questions, and advises customer on compatibility of various styles and colors of furniture items. Compiles list of customer-selected items. Computes rental fee, explains rental terms, and presents list to customer for approval. Prepares order form and lease agreement, explains terms of lease to customer, and obtains customer signature. Obtains credit information from customer. Forwards forms to credit office for verification of customer credit status and approval of order. Collects initial payment from customer. Contacts customers to encourage followup transactions. May visit commercial customer site to solicit rental contracts, or review floor plans of new construction and suggest suitable furnishings. May sell furniture or accessories. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 DOT 295.357-018, 1991 WL 672589. The DOT’s description of the furniture rental consultant position requires 14 performing tasks that involve “several concrete variables in or from standardized 15 situations” that are characteristic of Level 3 Reasoning. See DOT, App. C, 1991 WL 16 688702. Plaintiff, however, is limited to simple, routine, repetitive tasks, which are 17 more characteristic of Level 2 Reasoning, which requires an ability to “[a]pply 18 commonsense understanding to carry out detailed but uninvolved written or oral 19 instructions[,]” and “[d]eal with problems involving a few concrete variables in or from 20 standardized situations.” See id. (emphasis added); see also Zavalin, 778 F.3d at 847 21 (noting that the claimant’s “limitation to simple, routine tasks is at odds with Level 3’s 22 requirements because ‘it may be difficult for a person limited to simple, repetitive tasks 23 to follow instructions in ‘diagrammatic form’ as such instructions can be abstract.’”); 24 Hackett v. Barnhart, 395 F.3d 1168, 1176 (10th Cir. 2005) (noting that Level 2 Reasoning 25 “appears more consistent” with a claimant’s RFC limited to simple, routine tasks than 26 Level 3 Reasoning); Adams v. Astrue, No. C 10–2008 DMR, 2011 WL 1833015, at *4 (N.D. 27 Cal. May 13, 2011) (“The ability to deal with problems involving multiple variables may 28 20 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 be inconsistent with a limitation to ‘simple, repetitive tasks’ because the multiplicity of 2 the variables can complicate the simplicity of the tasks.”). 3 The ALJ’s decision in this case does not include any explanation for his conclusion 4 that Plaintiff could perform a job that appears to be beyond the RFC that the ALJ 5 assessed for Plaintiff. Based on the record before it, the Court therefore cannot 6 determine whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s finding that Plaintiff could 7 perform the work of the furniture rental consultant. The ALJ’s failure to inquire into the 8 existence of any conflict between the VE’s testimony and the DOT is therefore not 9 harmless error. See Zavalin, 778 F.3d at 848 (citing Massachi, 486 F.3d at 1154) 10 (concluding that the ALJ’s failure to reconcile the apparent conflict between VE 11 testimony and the DOT was not harmless error, where the court was unable to 12 determine from “mixed record” whether substantial evidence supported ALJ’s step-five 13 finding that plaintiff could perform other work identified by the VE). 14 For the reasons stated above, the Court finds that an apparent conflict existed 15 between the VE’s testimony and the requirements of the DOT, and the ALJ had a duty to 16 resolve the conflict. See Zavalin, 778 F.3d at 847. The Court further finds that the ALJ’s 17 failure to identify and reconcile the apparent conflict is not harmless error. See id. at 18 848; Massachi, 486 F.3d at 1154. 19 20 VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The reviewing court may enter a “judgment affirming, modifying, or reversing” 21 the Commissioner’s decision. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The reviewing court may also remand 22 the case to the Social Security Administration for further proceedings. Id. The reviewing 23 court has discretion in determining whether to remand for further proceedings or award 24 benefits is within the discretion of the Court. See Salvador v. Sullivan, 917 F.2d 13, 15 25 (9th Cir. 1990); McAllister v. Sullivan, 888 F.2d 599, 603 (9th Cir. 1989). Remand for 26 further proceedings is warranted where additional administrative proceedings could 27 remedy defects in the decision. See Kail v. Heckler, 722 F.2d 1496, 1497 (9th Cir. 1984). 28 Remand for the payment of benefits is appropriate where no useful purpose would be 21 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 served by further administrative proceedings, where the record has been fully 2 developed, or where remand would unnecessarily delay the receipt of benefits to which 3 the disabled plaintiff is entitled. See Hoffman v. Heckler, 785 F.2d 1423, 1425 (9th Cir. 4 1986); Bilby v. Schweiker, 762 F.2d 716, 719 (9th Cir. 1985); Kornock v. Harris, 648 F.2d 5 525, 527 (9th Cir. 1980). 6 Here, Plaintiff contends that the Court “should reverse and award benefits” or, in 7 the alternative, “reverse and remand for further proceedings,” (see Pl.’s Mot. at 10-11; 8 see also Pl.’s Reply at 5), and the Commissioner maintains that the appropriate remedy 9 in the event of reversal would be a remand for further administrative proceedings, (see 10 Def.’s Mot. at 11). The Court has concluded that remand for further proceedings is 11 warranted because additional administrative proceedings could remedy the defects in 12 the ALJ’s decision. 13 For the foregoing reasons, the Court RECOMMENDS that Plaintiff’s motion for 14 summary judgment be GRANTED, that the Commissioner’s cross-motion for summary 15 judgment be DENIED, and that Judgment be entered reversing the decision of the 16 Commissioner and remanding this matter for further administrative proceedings 17 pursuant to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). 18 IT IS ORDERED that no later than August 7, 2019, any party to this action may file 19 written objections with the Court and serve a copy on all parties. The document should 20 be captioned “Objections to Report and Recommendation.” 21 /// 22 /// 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 22 18cv1323-DMS(MSB) 1 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that any reply to the objections shall be filed with the 2 Court and served on all parties no later than August 14, 2019. The parties are advised 3 that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to raise those 4 objections on appeal of the Court’s order. See Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th 5 Cir. 1998); Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153, 1157 (9th Cir. 1991). 6 7 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: July 23, 2019 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 23 18cv1323-DMS(MSB)

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