Shell v. Henderson et al

Filing 1249

OPINION AND ORDER DENYING MOTIONS FOR RECONSIDERATION AND OBJECTIONS TO TAXATION OF COSTS: AFRA's Motion for Reconsideration (#1221) and Motion for Hearing 1247 , Mr. Henderson's Motion to Set Aside Judgment 1231 , Ms. Shell's Motion to Alter Judgment 1238 , and Ms. Shell's Objections (#1243) to the Clerk's taxation of costs are all DENIED. by Chief Judge Marcia S. Krieger on 7/28/14.(msksec, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
Honorable Marcia S. Krieger
Civil Action No. 09-cv-00309-MSK-KMT
SUZANNE SHELL,
Plaintiff,
v.
LEONARD HENDERSON, and
BRENDA SWALLOW,
Defendants.
______________________________________________________________________________
OPINION AND ORDER DENYING MOTIONS FOR RECONSIDERATION
AND OBJECTIONS TO TAXATION OF COSTS
______________________________________________________________________________
THIS MATTER comes before the Court pursuant to former Defendant American
Family Rights Association’s (“AFRA”) Motion for Reconsideration1 (# 1221) of the September
10, 2013 Opinion and Order (# 1220) denying AFRA’s Motion for Attorney Fees (# 869), and
Ms. Shell’s response (# 1230); Defendant Henderson’s Motion to Set Aside Judgment (# 1231),
Ms. Shell’s response (# 1241), and Mr. Henderson’s reply (# 1244); Ms. Shell’s Motion to Alter
Judgment (# 1238), and Mr. Henderson’s response (# 1242); and Ms. Shell’s Objections (# 1243)
to the Clerk’s taxation of costs, and Mr. Henderson’s response (# 1245).
The Court will assume the reader’s familiarity with the extensive proceedings to date in
this action, and will summarize only as necessary to place each motion in context.

1

Also pending is AFRA’s Motion for Hearing (# 1247) on its Motion for Reconsideration.
Because this Order resolves the substantive motion, the motion requesting a hearing is denied as
moot.
1

A. AFRA’s Motion for Reconsideration
After AFRA successfully obtained dismissal of all of Ms. Shell’s statutory and commonlaw claims against it, AFRA moved (# 869) for an award of attorney fees pursuant to C.R.S. §317-201. That statute requires the Court to award attorney fees to a defendant who prevails in an
“action[ ]” sounding in tort by obtaining dismissal at the Fed. R. Civ. P./C.R.C.P. 12(b) stage.
Ms. Shell asserted five federal statutory claims against AFRA, one state statutory claim, and
three tort claims. Deeming the statutory claims to be tort-equivalents, the Magistrate Judge
initially recommended that AFRA’s motion be granted. However, this Court declined to adopt
the recommendation, finding that an award of fees is mandatory under that statute only where
state-law tort claims “predominated” over the statutory claims. See Docket # 1220 at 4, citing
Dubray v. Intretribal Bison Co-Op., 192 P.3d 604, 607 (Colo.App. 2008). This Court concluded
that Ms. Shell’s statutory claims were not the equivalent of torts, and that her six statutory claims
did not predominate over her three tort claims, making an award of fees under C.R.S. § 13-17201 inappropriate.
AFRA then filed the instant Motion for Reconsideration (# 1221), arguing that the Court
erred in applying a “predominance” standard. AFRA contends that the statute requires an award
of fees even if tort claims do not predominate over non-tort claims, so long as the plaintiff
pleaded tort claims “to obtain relief beyond what was available solely under [non-tort theories].”
Citing Crow v. Penrose-St. Francis Healthcare Sys., 262 P.3d 991 (Colo.App. 2011).
Dubray was one of the first cases to address the operation of C.R.S. § 13-17-201 to
hybrid cases where both tort and non-tort claims were asserted simultaneously. The pertinent
rationale of Dubray stated:
Here, contrary to plaintiff's assertion that this was primarily a
contract action, six of his eight claims against defendants, and
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eight of his ten total claims asserted, were pleaded as tort claims.
Plaintiff obviously chose to include these claims to obtain relief
beyond what was available solely under a breach of contract
theory.
192 P.3d at 607. Without further explanation, the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s
determination that the action was one sounding in tort, such that C.R.S. § 13-17-201 applied.
The following year, the Colorado Court of Appeals decided U.S. Fax Law Center, Inc. v.
Henry Schein, Inc., 205 P.3d 512, 517-18 (Colo.App. 2009). There, the plaintiff had pled four
claims, one under federal statutory law, one under state statutory law (which the court apparently
construed as a tort claim), and two under common-law tort principles. In addressing whether this
hybrid claim was subject to the statute, the court concluded that question “is disposed of by
Dubray.” Id. at 517. It went on to state that “Dubray holds [that] when the action contains a mix
of contract and tort claims, fees may be awarded if the action is primarily a tort action, as was the
case in Dubray where all but two of the claims were pleaded as torts.” Id. at 517-18 (emphasis
added). Because Fax Law Center involved four claims, three of which the court construed to be
torts, the Court of Appeals found that the statute applied.
Two years later, the issue surfaced again in Crow. There, an action consisting of four tort
claims and four breach of contract claims was dismissed, and the defendant sought fees under
C.R.S. § 13-17-201. In determining whether the statute applied, the Colorado Court of Appeals
appeared to rely on the second sentence from Dubray quoted above, explaining that”[the
plaintiff] chose to include these tort claims to obtain relief beyond what was available solely
under a breach of contract theory,” and thus concluded that the trial court properly awarded fees.
262 P.3d at 997.
Very recently, the Colorado Court of Appeals decided Castro v. Linz, ___ P.3d ___, 2014
WL 3511791 (Colo.App. July 17, 2014) (slip op.). There, the plaintiff unsuccessfully asserted a
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claim of breach of duty to creditor (which the court found to be a tort) and a claim seeking to
pierce the defendant’s corporate veil (which the court ultimately concluded was not a tort claim),
and the defendant sought an award of fees. Describing the issue to be resolved, the court stated
“When a plaintiff has pleaded both tort and nontort claims, a court must determine, as a matter of
law, whether the essence of the action was one in tort, in order to ascertain if section 13-17-201
applies,” citing to both Crow and Dubray, and later explained that “we must now decide whether
the essence of the entire action was primarily a tort action,” citing to Fax Law Center.
(Emphasis added). The use of terms like “essence of the action” and “primarily” suggest that
Castro urges a “predominance”-type test similar to that of Fax Law Center. But the court
proceeded to find that “[i]n looking at Castro's claim for breach of duty to creditor, Castro only
sought to recover the benefits he was awarded in the workers' compensation action . . . the same
remedy he sought by his piercing the corporate veil claim. Castro did not claim additional tort
damages.” Id.
It is difficult to ascertain a clear analysis that can be readily applied to the circumstances
presented here. Castro, the Court of Appeals’ most recent word on the issue, appears to embrace
both a “predominance” analysis from Fax Law Center and a “additional relief” analysis from
Crow, but does not offer any particular guidance as to how to proceed where those two analyses
yield different outcomes.
Arguably, the most logical sequence to undertake this hybrid analysis is to first apply the
“predominance” test, assessing whether the “essence of the action” is tortious in nature (whether
quantitatively by simple number of claims or based on a more qualitative view of the relative
importance of the claims) or not. The Court would then turn to the question of whether tort
claims were asserted to unlock additional remedies only where the predominance test failed to

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yield a clear answer, such as when the tort- and non-tort claims are equal in number or
significance (as was the case in both Crow and Castro). By contrast, since it will be a fairly
unusual case where the remedies for the tort and non-tort claims are entirely coextensive,
applying the “additional remedies” analysis first would almost always produce a dispositive
result. Moreover, applying the predominance test first also avoids the incongruous situation
where a case composed of numerous statutory claims and a single speculative or ephemeral tort
claim would result in an award of fees upon dismissal simply because the lone tort claim offered
some extra measure of remedies.
Using that analysis, the Court finds that Ms. Shell’s claims here were predominantly nontort, both numerically and qualitatively. Ms. Shell’s claims were primarily predicated upon her
contention that the Defendants, including AFRA, were infringing upon her copyrights by
appropriating her written work. Ms. Shell’s complaints of statutory unfair trade practices were a
secondary theme – i.e. that AFRA was falsely advertising its affiliation with her. The tort claims
asserted by Ms. Shell – theft of trade secrets, tortious interference with business relationships and
an ill-defined civil conspiracy claim – were, at best, only of peripheral significance here. Thus,
under any “predominance” or “essence of the action” test, the Court would find that Ms. Shells’
claims were primarily non-tortious in nature. According to the analysis set forth above, this
conclusion alleviates the need for the Court to consider whether Ms. Shell’s tort claims offered
her remedies not available for her statutory claims. Although it could arguably be said that Ms.
Shell pled these tort claims to expand the scope of her potential remedies, for the reasons stated
above, that fact is rendered irrelevant due to the clear predominance of non-tort claims.
Accordingly, the Court denies AFRA’s motion for reconsideration.

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B. Ms. Shell and Mr. Henderson’s Motions to Alter Judgment
Following the default by Defendants Henderson and Swallow on the first day of a
scheduled jury trial, the Court proceeded to conduct a hearing on Ms. Shell’s claims pursuant to
Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2)(B) and (C). In doing so, the Court found: (i) Ms. Shell’s claims against
Ms. Swallow failed because Ms. Shell did not offer any admissible evidence establishing that
Ms. Swallow had distributed Ms. Shell’s trade secrets; and (ii) Mr. Henderson had infringed Ms.
Shell’s copyrights on two occasions, warranting an award of statutory damages in the amount of
$5,000. Both Ms. Shell and Mr. Henderson now move to alter the Court’s judgment in various
respects.
Turning first to Ms. Shell’s motion, Ms. Shell raises a variety of arguments, including: (i)
that the Court did not give her adequate notice of the need to present substantive evidence of her
claims at the Rule 55 hearing and intruded upon her right to a jury trial; (ii) that the Court erred
in entering judgment in favor of Ms. Swallow for several reasons; and (iii) that the Court erred in
not granting prejudgment interest or injunctive relief on the claim against Mr. Henderson.
Although the Court sees no merit in any of Ms. Shell’s contentions, it briefly addresses the
arguments enumerated above.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2) provides that, upon a party’s default, the Court “may conduct
hearings. . . – preserving any federal statutory right to a jury trial – when, to enter or effectuate
judgment, it needs to . . . determine the amount of damages [or] establish the truth of any
allegation by evidence.” It is well-settled that, upon a defendant’s default, “the court, in its
discretion, may require some proof of the facts that must be established in order to determine
liability.” Wright & Miller, et al., Federal Practice and Procedure, Civil 3d § 2688; Dynamis,
Inc. v. Dynamis.com, 780 F.Supp.2d 465, 471-72 n. 8 (E.D.Va. 2011). In doing so, the

6

defaulting defendant is precluded from contesting the plaintiff’s factual allegations, but “[e]ven
after default, however, it remains for the court to consider whether the unchallenged facts
constitute a legitimate cause of action, since a party in default does not admit mere conclusions
of law.” Id. Thus, the Court receives the evidence proffered by the plaintiff as uncontested, and
treats that evidence as true (thus preserving the plaintiff’s right to have a jury perform any
necessary weighing of the evidence), but nevertheless may conclude, much like it does at the
Rule 50 or Rule 56 stage, that the undisputed evidence fails to establish a cognizable claim.
This is precisely the procedure this Court followed.2
Ms. Shell complains that “this Court did not provide me with adequate notice of the
nature and scope of the hearing.” The Court observes that the case was scheduled to begin a jury
trial that day, and thus, Ms. Shell can hardly complain that she was not expecting to put on
evidence that day or that she was unprepared to do so. Indeed, the record reflects that, once the
Court entered the Defendants’ default, it informed Ms. Shell that “we won’t be having a jury trial
today, instead what we’ll be having is a hearing in accordance with Rule 55(b) of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure.” The Court then asked Ms. Shell “would you like to proceed?” Ms.
Shell did not indicate uncertainty about or inquire as to the purpose of the hearing or otherwise
seek clarification about the Court’s expectations; rather, she proceeded to make a brief opening
statement and then stated that “at this time, I will just start with calling witnesses,” which she
proceeded to do. Ms. Shell then spent a full day putting on evidence through several witnesses,
2

In exercising its discretion to require Ms. Shell to put forward her evidence in support of
her claims, in addition to her proof of damages, the Court was mindful of the vague and oftenconclusory assertions in Ms. Shell’s pro se pleadings, the indirect and confusing arguments
offered in dispositive motion briefing from all sides, and the broad inferences that the Court
granted Ms. Shell at the various dispositive stages of the litigation. The Court concluded that a
full presentation of the evidence supporting Ms. Shell’s claims at a Rule 55 hearing was the only
way to ensure that any judgment was based on specific evidence, rather than a party’s conclusory
characterizations of that evidence.
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as well as herself. Although she now contends that she understood that the hearing was solely
for the purposes of determining damages, it is clear from the record that the evidence Ms. Shell
put on at the hearing went far beyond the simple question of damages and comprehensively
addressed the merits of her claims as well. Thus, the Court cannot conclude that Ms. Shell was
surprised or prejudiced by any alleged lack of notice as to the purpose of the Rule 55 hearing.
As to the claims against Ms. Swallow, sounding in copyright infringement, breach of
contract, and misappropriation of trade secrets, there was sufficient evidence that Ms. Shell’s
trade secret materials had been republished by someone, but the essential factual question was
whether Ms. Shell could prove that is was Ms. Swallow who had done so. Neither Ms. Shell nor
any of her witnesses was able to testify as to this issue based on their own personal knowledge;
rather, the entirety of Ms. Shell’s evidence on this point was Exhibit 1008. That exhibit is a
motion to dismiss, filed pro se by William Wiseman, in an action brought against him and others
by Ms. Shell in a state court in California, in which Mr. Wiseman wrote “Brenda Swallow sent
me a pdf file that Shell gave to people at her seminar in Florida . . . .” The Court found this
evidence insufficient as a matter of law to support Ms. Shell’s claims against Ms. Swallow on the
grounds that Mr. Wiseman’s assertion in the brief was inadmissible hearsay.
Ms. Shell argues that the Court should not have rejected Exhibit 1008 on hearsay grounds
sua sponte, as Ms. Swallow was not present at the hearing to assert such an objection. She
further argues that, had the Court given her notice of its intention to disregard the exhibit as
hearsay, she would have “argued that the subject document by Mr. Wiseman was a statement
against interest which qualified for an exception under the hearsay rule” (among other
arguments). The Court finds all of these arguments unavailing.

8

Turning first to Ms. Shell’s complaint that Ms. Swallow’s default effectively waived any
objections to the admission of hearsay, the Court finds that position untenable. Admittedly, a
party may forfeit the ability to raise objections to the admission of hearsay by failing to timely
assert such objections. Fed. R. Evid. 103(a)(1); Talavera ex rel. Gonzalez v. Wiley, 725 F.3d
1262, 1267 (10th Cir. 2013). But that same rule also permits the Court discretion to act sua
sponte to prevent “plain error,” that is, to prevent an error which is “clear” or “obvious” and one
which would “affect substantial rights” by altering the outcome of proceedings. Fed. R. Evid.
103(e); see generally U.S. v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731-35 (1993). Here, the admission of
Exhibit 1008 would clearly have been error. Fed. R. Evid. 802 expressly provides that “hearsay
is not admissible” unless a specific exception applies. Mr. Wiseman’s statements in the brief are
obviously hearsay, in that they are assertions of fact, made by a declarant (Mr. Wiseman), made
other than in open court in this matter, and are offered by Ms. Shell for their truth. Fed. R. Evid.
801(c). (For reasons discussed below, the Court rejects Ms. Shell’s arguments that Mr.
Wiseman’s statements are subject to an exception to the hearsay rule.) Moreover, crediting the
assertions in Exhibit 1008 would affect Ms. Swallow’s substantial rights, in that Exhibit 1008 is
Ms. Shell’s only evidence of an essential element of all of her claims against Ms. Swallow;
simply put, without Exhibit 1008, Ms. Shell’s claims against Ms. Swallow would fail. Thus, the
Court finds that it would have been plain error to consider the contents of Exhibit 1008, and the
Court properly rejected that evidence despite Ms. Swallow’s default and failure to object to the
exhibit’s admission.
Moreover, it is entirely appropriate for a court to refuse to consider clearly inadmissible
hearsay in a Rule 55(b) hearing. Just as a defendant’s default under Rule 55 does not
automatically result in entry of a judgment on a claim that is legally insufficient, no logic

9

warrants deeming a Rule 55 hearing to suddenly abate the Federal Rules of Evidence simply
because the defaulting defendant is not present to interpose evidentiary objections, thus allowing
a plaintiff to prove claims by resort to the most base forms of inadmissible evidence. As the
Second Circuit noted in the seminal case of Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hughes, 449 F.2d 51,
63 (2d Cir. 1971), rev’d on other grounds, 409 U.S. 363 (1973), cited in Wright & Miller, supra,
a defaulting defendant is deemed to admit only “well-pleaded” facts, and facts “which are not
susceptible to proof by legitimate evidence” do not fall within that category. Moreover, as
discussed above, the Court’s role in conducting a Rule 55 hearing is akin to the Court’s
evaluation of evidence for legal sufficiency under Rule 50 or Rule 56. Just as hearsay evidence
is “not suitable grist for the summary judgment mill,” neither is it appropriate for the Court to
rely upon it at the Rule 55 stage, even in the absence of a contemporaneous objection from a
defaulted defendant. See Adams v. American Guarantee and Liability Ins. Co., 233 F.3d 1242,
1246 (10th Cir. 2000).
Ms. Shell proffers that, had she been notified of the Court’s hearsay concerns about
Exhibit 1008, she would have argued that Mr. Wiseman’s statement is subject to an exception
under Rule 804(d)(3), in that the statement is “contrary to [Mr. Wiseman’s] proprietary or
pecuniary interest . . . or expose[d Mr. Wiseman] to to civil or criminal liability.”3 Ms. Shell
contends that, by “admitting he obtained material from defendant Swallow that was protected as
3

To invoke the exceptions of Rule 804, the party proffering the hearsay statement must
also show that the declarant is “unavailable” as defined by Rule 804(a)(5). Ms. Shell’s motion
offers only the most cursory assertion that Mr. Wiseman “has been in hiding . . . with the intent
to defeat my attempts to locate him and/or serve him” and that “I’ve been trying to locate him
without success since he left Georgia for California.” However, the docket in this case reflects
that Ms. Shell served Mr. Wiseman with process in July 2009 at an address in Tulelake,
California (# 246), that Mr. Wiseman participated as a litigant in this case as late as April 2010
(# 407) (then using an address in Augusta, GA), and that the docket reflects Mr. Wiseman with a
current mailing address in Hollywood, CA.
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trade secrets,” Mr. Wiseman “exposed him[self] to civil liability for misappropriation of trade
secrets.” The Court cannot conclude that Mr. Wiseman’s mere receipt from Ms. Swallow of “a
pdf file that Shell gave to people at her seminar” is sufficient to constitute an admission that he
“misappropriated” Ms. Shell’s trade secrets.4 Under Colorado law, “misappropriation” of a trade
secret means “acquisition of a trade secret by a person who knows or has reason to know that the
trade secret was acquired by improper means.” C.R.S. § 7-74-102(2)(a). Nothing in Mr.
Wiseman’s statement indicates that he knew or had reason to know that Ms. Swallow had
acquired the materials she sent him by improper means, much less that Mr. Wiseman recognized
the materials as being trade secrets at all. (Indeed, the pertinent sentence in the brief continues
on to state Mr. Wiseman’s belief that Ms. Shell’s seminar materials were “taken from a
government website.”) Thus, the Court finds no basis to reconsider its decision to exclude
Exhibit 1008 from consideration.
Finally, Ms. Shell complains that the Court should not have entered judgment in favor of
Ms. Swallow as a result of the Rule 55 hearing, relying on In re Villegas, 132 B.R. 742, 746 (9th
Cir. B.A.P. 1991). There, a creditor filed a complaint seeking to set aside a discharge granted to
debtors and the debtors failed to file an answer. The Bankruptcy Court deemed the debtors in
default and convened a hearing, but at the hearing, the creditor conceded that it was not prepared
to proceed. After hearing from the parties (including the debtors), the Bankruptcy Court granted
judgment in favor of the debtors on the creditor’s challenge to the discharge. The Bankruptcy
Appellate Panel reversed, stating

4

Even if the Court deemed Mr. Wiseman’s admission of receiving the materials as a
statement against his interest, the Court cannot say that Mr. Wiseman’s identification of Ms.
Swallow as the person he received the materials from is similarly a statement against Mr.
Wiseman’s interests.
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we find no authority that would allow a trial court to enter
judgment in favor of the defaulting party following such a hearing.
To enter such a judgment against the non-defaulting party because
of the failure to sustain its burden of proof would make the hearing
under Rule 55(b)(2) the same as a trial on the merits. In this
regard, the [creditors] were, in essence, forced to trial without
having the benefit of the procedural protection offered by the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, including the opportunity to
conduct discovery in accordance with these rules.
Id. at 746-47. The appellate court reversed the entry of judgment and remanded the action “to
allow [the creditor] the opportunity to conduct discovery and present their case at trial.” Id. at
747.
Villegas stands for the proposition that a court should not impulsively grant judgment in
favor of a defaulting party upon the non-defaulting party’s inability to prove claims or damages
at a Rule 55 hearing conducted at an early stage of the litigation. See e.g. In re Dugger, 2012
WL 2086562 (9th Cir. B.A.P. Jun. 8, 2012) (unpublished) (emphasizing that “the stated purpose
for the Villegas rule is to avoid forcing the non-defaulting party to trial without having . . . the
opportunity to conduct discovery”). However, this is not the situation present here.
Discovery was completed long ago and a trial was set to begin when Ms. Swallow
defaulted. Unlike the situation in Villegas, where proceedings had just begun, this case was at its
terminal stage when the Court conducted the Rule 55 hearing, and Ms. Shell can hardly complain
that her inability to prove her claims at the Rule 55 hearing was due to an inadequate opportunity
to engage in discovery or other pre-trial proceedings. Indeed, at the conclusion of the Rule 55
hearing, Ms. Shell had had a full opportunity to develop and present her case against Ms.
Swallow, and the legal insufficiency of her evidence compelled the Court to enter judgment in
favor of Ms. Swallow. Ms. Shell does not explain what alternative procedure the Court could
have undertaken in such circumstances, for there is none. Nor has she come forward in the

12

instant motion proffering additional evidence that, had it been presented at the Rule 55 hearing,
would have cured the defects in her claims against Ms. Swallow. Accordingly, the Court sees no
impediment to entering judgment in favor of Ms. Swallow at the conclusion of the Rule 55
hearing.
Ms. Shell’s motion also offers a variety of arguments directed against the Court’s
judgment in favor of Ms. Shell and against Mr. Henderson. The Court finds all of these
arguments to be without merit, but expressly acknowledges only one: an argument that the Court
erred in finding Mr. Henderson liable for two instances of direct infringement, but then “counted
it as only one infringement.” It is not clear what statements by the Court in its ruling lead Ms.
Shell to the conclusion that the Court somehow combined the two instances of infringement,
except perhaps the fact that the Court ultimately awarded damages only once. As 17 U.S.C. §
504(c)(1) provides, when a copyright holder elects to receive statutory damages, such an award
reflects “all infringements involved in the action with respect to any one work.” Because the
Court found both instances of infringement involved the same work, albeit at different times, the
Court made only one award of statutory damages.
The Court has reviewed the remaining arguments made by Ms. Shell and finds them each
to be without merit.5 Accordingly, the Court denies Ms. Shell’s motion to alter judgment in its
entirety.

5

Ms. Shell makes a passing mention of, but does not elaborate upon, an argument that the
Court erred in not granting her injunctive relief against Mr. Henderson. At the hearing, the only
injunctive relief that Ms. Shell requested was “that Mr. Henderson be required to divest himself
of everything to do with AFRA and no longer have any participation in AFRA.” Nothing in the
Copyright Act purports to permit the Court to grant affirmative relief of this type. In any event,
the factual record did not necessarily establish that Mr. Henderson has any ongoing involvement
with AFRA or is otherwise continuing to be involved with posting Ms. Shell’s copyrighted
information at the present time (all testimony concerning Mr. Henderson was phrased in the past
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Turning to Mr. Henderson’s motion, Mr. Henderson raises a number of arguments, none
of which have merit. He contends that the Court failed to consider evidence submitted with
filings prior to the Rule 55 hearing, failing to recognize that such evidence was not properly
before the Court for purposes of the Rule 55 hearing and that a party in default is, by definition,
precluded from putting on evidence to contradict or supplement a plaintiff’s presentation. Mr.
Henderson raises certain defenses, such as statute of limitations, but once again, a defendant’s
default precludes that defendant from raising any affirmative defenses. In any event, the Court
found infringements by Mr. Henderson as late as 2007, clearly within the statute of limitations.
The Court denies Mr. Henderson’s motion in its entirety.
C. Taxation of costs
Following entry of judgment in her favor against Mr. Henderson, Ms. Shell filed a Bill
of Costs pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1920. On October 30, 2013, the Clerk of the Court taxed costs
(# 1240) in favor of Ms. Shell in the amount of $7,658.33.
Ms. Shell objects to certain aspects of the Clerk’s taxation of costs and related issues.
First, Ms. Shell contends that she is entitled to addition costs, beyond those identified in 28
U.S.C. § 1920, by operation of C.R.S. § 13-17-202. That statute provides that “If the plaintiff
serves an offer of settlement in writing at any time more than fourteen days before the
commencement of the trial that is rejected by the defendant, and the plaintiff recovers a final
judgment in excess of the amount offered, then the plaintiff shall be awarded actual costs
accruing after the offer of settlement to be paid by the defendant.”
Ms. Shell claims that she made written offers to Mr. Henderson to settle the case in
October 2008, in February 2012, and in a filing in March 2013 (# 1091). She does not attach

tense), and thus, there is no basis for the Court to award Ms. Shell prospective injunctive relief
against him.
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copies of the 2008 and 2012 offers, but she describes the former as “request[ing] contractual
terms addressing the issues in my complaint without demanding a dollar amount,” and the latter
as “requesting that we negotiate a contract to establish terms to settle the case and cited the terms
I wanted.” The filing at Docket # 1091 makes reference to Ms. Shell offering, and Mr.
Henderson preliminarily accepting (and subsequently rejecting) “a consent judgment and
permanent protective order,” but again, does not tender a copy of that offer or otherwise describe
its terms.6
By definition, an offer of settlement under C.R.S. § 13-17-202 must be quantitative in
nature; an offer to agree to non-monetary terms (much less an offer to negotiate such terms) can
never result in “a final judgment in excess of the amount offered” if no ascertainable amount is
actually offered. Indeed, the Colorado Court of Appeals has held that “nonmonetary conditions
[in] a settlement offer may remove the offer from the statute’s reach.” See Strunk v. Goldberg,
258 P.3d 334, 336 (Colo.App. 2011). Because Ms. Shell has failed to establish the terms of her
offer(s), much less its compliance with the statutory requirements and a demonstration that the
amount of the offer is less than the $ 5,000 Ms. Shell ultimately recovered, her request for costs
pursuant to C.R.S. § 13-17-202 is denied.
The Court then turns to the specific items of costs taxed under 28 U.S.C. § 1920 that Ms.
Shell disputes. First, she objects to the Clerks’ refusal to tax travel costs for her witnesses: Ms.
Shell sought several hundred dollars in airfare expenses for two of her witnesses, but the Clerk of
the Court reduced that amount to $ 113 for each witness, reflecting mileage for a round-trip of
100 miles “in light of jurisdictional limits of the district under FRCP 45.” Although the 100-mile
6

Docket # 1091 makes clear that Ms. Shell initially tendered the terms of her offer to Mr.
Henderson in writing on a Saturday afternoon and withdrew the offer in the early evening of the
following day. This fails to comply with C.R.S. § 13-17-202(1)(a)(V), which requires that a
valid offer “remain open for at least fourteen days from the date of service.”
15

rule enjoyed longstanding favor in the past, see Farmer v. Arabian Oil Co., 379 U.S. 227, 234-35
(1964), the modern rule permits the Court to tax travel costs beyond the 100-mile rule at its
discretion, but warns that “parties who obtain a witness from outside the 100-mile limit without
advance approval do so at their peril.” Tilton v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 115 F.3d 1471, 1475
(10th Cir. 1997). Ms. Shell argues that the Court “had advance knowledge that some of my
witnesses were coming from out-of-state,” but does not (and cannot) indicate that the Court ever
opined as to the taxability of any travel costs for those witnesses. Ms. Shell also states that the
Court “previously ordered that no witness would be permitted to testify by telephone,” but this
appears to be a misreading of the Court’s August 17, 2013 Order (# 1207) that categorically
refused to permit parties to appear by telephone. No party ever requested leave to have
witnesses appear by telephone. Moreover, Ms. Shell states that “remote appearance fees were
more costly than airfare and lodging,” but offers no evidence in support of this somewhat
remarkable proposition. Accordingly, the Court finds no abuse of discretion by the Clerk in
deciding to tax travel costs only to the extent of the 100-mile rule.
Next, the Clerk awarded Ms. Shell the subsistence costs for her three witnesses from
September 28 to September 30, but refused to tax additional subsistence costs for these witnesses
for October 1 or 2.7 Given that the hearing concluded on September 30, the Court sees no error
in this award. Ms. Shell argues that she anticipated that the trial, had it proceeded, would have
lasted five days, but offers no explanation as to why the witnesses could not have been released
to return home at the conclusion of the hearing. In another portion of the motion, Ms. Shell does
make reference to the fact that she “purchased non-refundable airline tickets” for these witnesses,

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It appears that the Clerk may have taxed additional subsistence days for one of Ms.
Shell’s witnesses, but, absent a clear explanation for this decision, the Court is inclined to
assume that it was simply an oversight by the Clerk.
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apparently with a return date on or after October 2, but the decision to purchase non-refundable
tickets instead of those that could be changed to accommodate unexpected changes in the
schedule is nothing more than a strategic decision by Ms. Shell for which Mr. Henderson should
not be held responsible via costs.
Ms. Shell objects to the Clerk’s refusal to tax $ 325.63 in costs for “toner and printer
drum” pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1920(3)’s allowance for “fees and disbursements for printing and
witnesses.” The Court observes that the Bill of Costs in the record does not include any receipts
for the purchase of toner or a printer drum, nor does Ms. Shell offer anything but the most
conclusory assertion that these printing costs were attributable to her claims against Mr.
Henderson, as opposed to the numerous other Defendants she named in this action. Under these
circumstances, the Court cannot conclude that the Clerk abused his discretion in refusing to tax
these costs.
Similarly, Ms. Shell requested more than $ 1,500 in postage costs, but the Clerk taxed
only $64. Ms. Shell essentially concedes that the remaining costs reflected postage costs for
mailing her responses to Mr. Henderson’s motions to all Defendants in this action. These costs
are, in large part, attributable to Ms. Shell’s own decision to name a wealth of Defendants in this
action besides Mr. Henderson, and the Court cannot say that the Clerk abused his discretion in
declining to tax these additional costs against Mr. Henderson.
Ms. Shell objects to the Clerk’s refusal to tax legal research costs, parking expenses, and
“skip trace” fees (for locating other defendants). It is well-settled that costs of this type do not
fall within the terms of 28 U.S.C. § 1920, and thus, may not be awarded. Sorbo v. United Parcel
Serv., 432 F.3d 1169, 1179-80 & n. 10 (10th Cir. 2005).

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Finally, Ms. Shell objects to the Clerk’s refusal to tax $ 240 in costs for “audio recordings
of [one or more] hearing[s],” which Ms. Shell states she “obtained to ensure my compliance with
the court’s requirements,” as “this option was less expenses than purchasing transcripts of every
hearing.” Although 28 U.S.C. § 1920(2) permits the taxation of costs for “fees for printed or
electronically recorded transcripts necessarily obtained for use in the case,” that standard does
not allow taxation of costs for transcripts that are merely obtained for a party’s convenience. In
re Williams Securities Litigation, 558 F.3d 1144, 1147-48 (10th Cir. 2009). Ms. Shell’s
explanation of the purpose of her obtaining these audio recordings describes her convenience in
comparing her recollection of court instructions with the contents of the recording, rather than
her “necessarily obtaining” them for the purpose of demonstrating a contested fact. Accordingly,
the Clerk properly refused to tax this cost.
For these reasons, the Court overrules Ms. Shell’s objections to the Clerk’s taxation of
costs in their entirety.

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CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, AFRA’s Motion for Reconsideration (# 1221) and Motion for
Hearing (# 1247), Mr. Henderson’s Motion to Set Aside Judgment (# 1231), Ms. Shell’s Motion
to Alter Judgment (# 1238), and Ms. Shell’s Objections (# 1243) to the Clerk’s taxation of costs
are all DENIED.

Dated this 25th day of July, 2014.
BY THE COURT:

Marcia S. Krieger
Chief United States District Judge

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