J. Lee Browning Belize Trust v. Aspen Mountain Condominium Association et al
Filing
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ORDER denying 34 Motion to Dismiss. By Judge Raymond P. Moore on 09/09/2015. (athom, )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
Judge Raymond P. Moore
Civil Action No. 13BcvB03519BRMBMJW
J. LEE BROWNING BELIZE TRUST, BY JUDI B. FRANCIS, Trustee,
Plaintiff,
v.
ASPEN MOUNTAIN CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION, INC., a Colorado Corporation,
Defendant.
______________________________________________________________________________
ORDER ON
DEFENDANT ASPEN MOUNTAIN CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION, INC.’S
MOTION TO DISMISS PURSUANT TO FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6)
(ECF No. 34)
______________________________________________________________________________
THIS MATTER is before the Court on Defendant Aspen Mountain Condominium
Association, Inc.’s (the “Association”) Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and
12(b)(6) (the “Motion”) (ECF No. 34), seeking dismissal of Plaintiff J. Lee Browning Belize
Trust’s (the “Trust”) Complaint1 based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction and failure to state a
claim. Upon consideration of the Association’s Motion, Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendant
Aspen Mountain Condominium Association’s Renewed Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 45),
Defendant Aspen Mountain Condominium Association, Inc.’s Reply to Plaintiff’s Opposition to
Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) (ECF No. 48),
the Court file, the applicable rules and case law, and being otherwise fully advised, the Motion is
DENIED for the reasons stated herein.
1
The First Amended Complaint for Declaratory Judgment, Injunctive Relief and Damages (ECF No. 33).
I.
FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The parties’ dispute arises from the Association’s amendment of the Condominium
Declaration (“Amended Declaration”) which covers the Aspen Mountain Condominiums,
including condominium Unit 1-A now owned by the Trust. The Amended Declaration resulted in
the reallocation of Unit 1-A’s ownership interests in the Association’s common elements and a
corresponding increase in Unit 1-A’s share of assessments for common element costs and overall
administration expenses. The Association contends its actions were required and allowed by, and
consistent with, the Colorado Common Interest Ownership Action (“CCIOA”) at C.R.S.
§ 38-33.3-217, as amended in 2006, and the Amended Declaration.
In response to – or as a result of – the Association’s actions, three lawsuits were filed. The
first lawsuit was filed in 2010 before the Pitkin County District Court, Colorado, and initiated by
plaintiffs not before this Court and against the Association (as well as other defendants not before
this Court).2 A second lawsuit was filed in 2011 before the Pitkin County District Court, and
initiated by the Association against the Trust (and others not before this Court). The two Pitkin
County District Court actions were consolidated (collectively, the “Pitkin County Action”). At
some point in time, the Trust was added as a plaintiff in the first lawsuit.
Not satisfied with two lawsuits, a third action was filed in 2013, this time before this Court.
The only plaintiff in this action is the Trust. In addition to the Association, the other defendants
were Barbara J. Kelley, Executive Director of the Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies,
Marcia Waters, Director of the Colorado Division of Real Estate, and John Hickenlooper,
2
In support of its request for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1), based on the theory that the Trust “waived” the right to
raise any federal questions before this Court, the Association relies on papers filed or issued in the Pitkin County
Action.
2
Governor of the State of Colorado (collectively, the “State Defendants”).3 The parties previously
advised the Court that the Pitkin County Action is pending and have not notified the Court
otherwise.4
In the first lawsuit, the Trust did not request the Pitkin County District Court to determine
the constitutionality of the CCIOA, but did “request that the [Pitkin County District] Court,
pursuant to C.R.C.P. 57 enter a Judgment in favor of the Plaintiffs and against the Defendants
declaring and adjudging that any election or purported election to opt to apply the Colorado
Common Interest Ownership Act (“CCIOA”), C.R.S. § 38-33.3-101, et seq. to the operation and
conduct of the Aspen Mountain Condominiums and the Aspen Mountain Condominium
Association, Inc. be declared null and void….” (ECF No. 34-1, ¶ 35.) And, in support of such
request, the plaintiffs in the Pitkin County Action alleged, among other things:
33.
That the Plaintiffs claim that C.R.S. § 38-33.3-217(1) cannot be
interpreted to change the vote required by the original Condominium Declaration,
which was created prior to the adoption of such statute, because such interpretation
would result in an ex post facto law which affects existing property and contract
rights in violation of the Colorado and U.S. Constitutions.
(ECF No. 34-1, ¶ 33.)
In the second lawsuit, the Association filed a complaint to, among other things, collect
assessments allegedly due and foreclose on its assessment lien. The Trust did not raise any
constitutional or civil rights violations as an affirmative defense to such action. (ECF Nos. 34-2,
34-3.)
In the third lawsuit, filed before this Court, the Trust challenges the constitutionality of the
2006 amendment to the CCIOA. Among other things, the Trust contends the increase of its share
3
The State Defendants were dismissed by Order dated September 9, 2015.
In fact, the Association represents the Pitkin County Action matter was set for trial on August 5 and 7, 2014 (ECF
No. 48, page 3), but the parties have not advised whether that case was tried or of its current status.
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of assessments was made possible by the CCIOA, and constitutes an unlawful taking of the Trust’s
rights, in violation of the due process and just compensation clause of the Fifth Amendment; the
due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; and Article I, Section 10, of the Contract Clause
of the United States Constitution. The Trust also contends that the enactment of the amendment
to the CCIOA, along with the Association’s action in increasing Unit 1-A’s assessment share,
violates the Trust’s rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Invoking the Court’s subject matter
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331,5 the Trust seeks declaratory and injunctive relief, as
well as damages against the Association.
On January 4, 2013, upon motion filed by the Association (and its board members), the
Pitkin County District Court issued an Order determining certain issues as a matter of law. The
constitutionality of the CCIOA, as amended, however, was not raised or decided. (ECF No.
34-6.) Nor were there any issues raised or addressed concerning any allegations of civil rights
violations.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Association moves to dismiss the Complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and
12(b)(6).
A. Rule 12(b)(1)
A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) may take two forms: a facial attack or a
factual attack. Stuart v. Colorado Interstate Gas Co., 271 F.3d 1221, 1225 (10th Cir. 2001); Holt
v. United States, 46 F.3d 1000, 1002 (10th Cir. 1995). When reviewing a facial attack on a
complaint, the Court accepts the allegations of the complaint as true. Holt, 46 F.3d at 1002. By
contrast, when reviewing a factual attack on a complaint, the Court “may not presume the
5
The Trust also alleges jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367, but it is unclear that any state law claim has been pled.
4
truthfulness of the complaint’s factual allegations.” Id. at 1003. With a factual attack, the
moving party challenges the facts upon which subject-matter jurisdiction depends. Id. The
Court therefore must make its own findings of fact. Id. In order to make its findings regarding
disputed jurisdictional facts, the Court “has wide discretion to allow affidavits, other documents,
and a limited evidentiary hearing.” Id. (citing Ohio Nat’l Life Ins. Co. v. United States, 922 F.2d
320, 325 (6th Cir. 1990); Wheeler v. Hurdman, 825 F.2d 257, 259 n.5 (10th Cir. 1987)). The
Court’s reliance on “evidence outside the pleadings” to make findings concerning purely
jurisdictional facts does not convert a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) into a motion for
summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56. Id. “Because the jurisdiction of federal courts is
limited, ‘there is a presumption against our jurisdiction, and the party invoking federal jurisdiction
bears the burden of proof.’” Marcus v. Kansas Dep’t of Revenue, 170 F.3d 1305, 1309 (10th Cir.
1999) (quoting Penteco Corp. v. Union Gas Sys., Inc., 929 F.2d 1519, 1521 (10th Cir. 1991)).
B. Rule 12(b)(6)
Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must be dismissed if it does not plead “enough facts
to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
544, 570 (2007). “While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need
detailed factual allegations, . . . a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitlement
to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a
cause of action will not do . . . .” Id. at 555 (internal citations and brackets omitted). “Factual
allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Id. “[A]
plaintiff must ‘nudge [ ] [his] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible’ in order to
survive a motion to dismiss. . . . Thus, the mere metaphysical possibility that some plaintiff could
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prove some set of facts in support of the pleaded claims is insufficient; the complaint must give the
court reason to believe that this plaintiff has a reasonable likelihood of mustering factual support
for these claims.” Ridge at Red Hawk, L.L.C. v. Schneider, 493 F.3d 1174, 1177 (10th Cir. 2007)
(internal citation and quotation omitted; italics in original).
For purposes of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the court must accept all
well-pled factual allegations in the complaint as true and resolve all reasonable inferences in the
plaintiff’s favor. Morse v. Regents of the Univ. of Colo., 154 F.3d 1124, 1126-27 (10th Cir.
1998); Seamons v. Snow, 84 F.3d 1226, 1231-32 (10th Cir. 1996). However, “when legal
conclusions are involved in the complaint ‘the tenet that a court must accept as true all of the
allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to [those] conclusions’ . . . .” Khalik v. United
Air Lines, 671 F.3d 1188, 1190 (10th Cir. 2012) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009)) (brackets in original).
III.
ANALYSIS
A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
In this case, the Association challenges the facts underlying the Trust’s allegations of
jurisdiction – a factual attack. The Association contends the Trust has waived its ability to
challenge the constitutionality of the CCIOA or any civil rights violations by not raising such
issues in the Pitkin County Action; therefore, there is the absence of any federal question upon
which subject matter before this Court is based. The Trust’s arguments in response are far from
clear, stating that: (1) it has submitted no pleading in the Pitkin County Action setting forth a claim
for relief on the grounds set forth in the Complaint herein; and (2) due to a vision impairment, the
Trust’s counsel has been delayed in moving to stay the Pitkin County Action pending a
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determination of the constitutional claims raised before this Court. In reply, the Association
asserts that the Trust is attempting to obtain a second bite at the apple, and should have raised the
civil rights and constitutional arguments in the Pitkin County Action. The parties do not contest
that the issues of whether there are any civil rights violations or of the constitutionality of the
CCIOA are not – and have not been – raised by any party to the Pitkin County Action.
Generally, under Colorado law, “[a] waiver is an intentional relinquishment of a known
right or privilege.” Peterman v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 961 P.2d 487, 497 (Colo. 1998);
Sellers v. Allstate Ins. Co., 82 F.3d 350, 352 (10th Cir. 1996). In this case, the Association
provides no legal authority to support its contention that the Trust’s omission (or failure) to raise
civil rights violations or constitutional challenges to the CCIOA in the pending Pitkin County
Action waives its ability to raise those issues before this Court. To the extent the Association is
arguing claim preclusion, it fails to discuss the requirements for claim preclusion, or how or why it
applies to this case. E.g., Argus Real Estate, Inc. v. E-470 Public Highway Auth., 109 P.3d 604,
608 (Colo. 2005) (“Claim preclusion works to preclude the relitigation of matters that have already
been decided as well as matters that could have been raised in a prior proceeding but were not.”)
To the extent the Association is arguing dismissal under some form of “abstention,” again, it fails
to discuss the requirements for any form of abstention or whether such requirements are met. See
Colorado River Water Conserv. Dist. v. United States, 424 U.S. 800 (1976). As such, the
Association’s arguments do not support a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1).
B. Failure to State a Claim
The Association also moves to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), arguing the Trust
fails to state a claim. The Association argues dismissal is appropriate because the Trust: (1) seeks
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relief directly contrary to the CCIOA and to Giguere v. SJS Family Enterprises, Ltd., 155 P.3d
462, 469 (Colo. App. 2006); and (2) acquired ownership of Unit 1-A after the amended CCIOA
came into effect and after the Association had amended the Condominium Declaration and
reallocated ownership interests in the common elements. In support, the Association relies
predominately on the findings in the Pitkin County Action and a May 13, 2011, quit claim deed for
Unit 1-A from David Francis to the Trust.6 In response, the Trust contends its allegations
sufficiently state a claim under Iqbal and Twombly, and the constitutionality of Section 217 of the
CCIOA was not determined in Giguere.
The Association acknowledges that the Colorado Court of Appeals in Giguere did not
address the constitutionality of the CCIOA (ECF No. 48, page 3), and the Court so finds. Thus,
the Giguere court’s determination that certain provisions of the CCIOA apply retroactively,
without more, does not support the Association’s contention that the Trust fails to state a claim.
The Association’s arguments that the Trust seeks relief directly contrary to the CCIOA, or that
certain findings were made in the Pitkin County Action, are similarly unavailing when it is the
constitutionality of the CCIOA which the Trust is challenging. Finally, the Association has not
shown how the assertion that the Trust took ownership of Unit 1-A subject to the Amended
Declaration equates to the failure to state a claim for relief. The Association articulated no legal
theory and cited no case law in support of its position. Accordingly, the Association’s arguments
fail to establish that dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is appropriate.7
6
The Trust did not challenge the Association’s reliance on these papers. The Court assumes, without deciding, this
information may be considered for the purposes of this Rule 12(b)(6) motion.
7
By this determination, the Court is not indicating whether the claims are otherwise sufficient. The Court finds that
the Association’s arguments fail to establish a failure to state a claim.
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IV.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, it is ORDERED that Defendant Aspen Mountain Condominium
Association, Inc.’s Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) (ECF No.
34) is DENIED.
DATED this 9th day of September, 2015.
BY THE COURT:
____________________________________
RAYMOND P. MOORE
United States District Judge
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