Ajaj v. Bureau of Prisons et al

Filing 291

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW by Judge R. Brooke Jackson on 9/13/18. (jdyne, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
Judge R. Brooke Jackson
Civil Action No. 15-cv-00992-RBJ-KLM
AHMAD AJAJ,
Plaintiff,
v.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS
Defendant.

FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS and ORDER OF JUDGMENT

Ahmad Ajaj, represented by law students and professors from the Civil Rights Clinic of
the University of Denver Sturm College of Law, filed this lawsuit on May 11, 2015. At that time
he was an inmate incarcerated in solitary confinement at the United States Penitentiary
Administrative Maximum Security facility in Florence, Colorado. Mr. Ajaj is a devout Muslim.
In his original Complaint he alleged that his rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act
of 1993 (“RFRA”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb, and the First Amendment to the United States
Constitution were being violated because he was not allowed to consume food and drink, and
take medications, outside the fasting hours of dawn to dusk during the holy month of Ramadan.
ECF No. 1.
Over the years that followed the case has gone through numerous changes. In an
Amended Complaint filed on October 9, 2015 plaintiff added claims under the Fifth Amendment
and the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), 28 U.S.C § 1346(b). He also named 15 individual
defendants in addition to the Bureau of Prisons. His claims were expanded to include Sunnah
1

fasts. He also alleged failure to honor his requirement of a halal diet, lack of meaningful access
to an Imam, and inability to participate in group prayer. ECF No. 29.
On October 25, 2016 the Court after a de novo review adopted the recommendations of
United States Magistrate Judge Kristin L. Mix to dismiss plaintiff’s FTCA claims and to dismiss
in part his official capacity and individual capacity claims. ECF No. 111. On December 7, 2016
the Court issued a Scheduling Order. ECF No. 124. The case was set for a Trial Preparation
Conference on December 19, 2017 and a two-week jury trial beginning January 8, 2018. ECF
No. 122. On January 17, 2017 the Court denied the parties’ respective motions to reconsider
portions of the Court’s order on defendants’ motions to dismiss. ECF No. 135. In August, 2017,
at the request of the parties, several pretrial deadlines were reset. ECF No. 160.
On May 9, 2017 the Court, at the request of the parties, referred the case to Magistrate
Judge Mix for a settlement conference. Unfortunately, a settlement was never achieved. On
December 4, 2017 the parties jointly asked the Court to reopen discovery and to vacate and reset
the trial. Among other things the parties reported that the BOP had posted a position for a fulltime Islamic Chaplain at the Federal Correctional Complex in Florence, Colorado. ECF No. 189.
The trial was reset for August 27, 2018 with a Trial Preparation Conference on August 9, 2018.
ECF No. 193.
On January 29, 2018 the sole remaining defendant, Federal Bureau of Prisons, informed
the Court that Mr. Ajaj had been transferred to the United States Penitentiary in Terre Haute,
Indiana. ECF No. 199. 1 The next day plaintiff’s counsel informed the Court that they were
attempting to obtain information as to how the conditions at the new facility might affect Mr.

1

The United States Penitentiary in Terre Haute, often referred to as “USP Terre Haute,” is one of two
facilities which together comprise the Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute (“FCC Terre Haute”).
The other facility is the Federal Correctional Institution, Terre Haute (“FCI Terre Haute). USP Terre
Haute is a high-security facility. FCI Terre Haute is a medium security facility.
2

Ajaj’s claims. ECF No. 200. Counsel expressed concern that the transfer might have been
motivated by an attempt to render this case moot.
During a status hearing on March 2, 2018 the Court informed the parties that it did not
consider that the transfer necessarily mooted the claims, and that it would not consider the case
to be moot unless Mr. Ajaj were provided a halal diet, some sort of meaningful access to an
Imam, and the ability to participate in group prayer in the Indiana facility. ECF No. 206 at 5-7.
The Court also informed the parties that it would not require Mr. Ajaj to go through the process
of exhausting his administrative remedies again just because he was transferred. Id. at 7-8.
Government counsel informed the Court that she understood that group prayer is available to Mr.
Ajaj at USP Terre Haute. Id. at 8. However, the facility did not have a contract Imam or a
certified halal diet available at that time. Id. at 9, 11-12.
On April 18, 2018 the parties stipulated to the dismissal of plaintiff’s First Amendment
claim, leaving (1) the RFRA claim related to Mr. Ajaj’s ability to observe Sunnah fasts, to have
access to an halal diet, to have access to an Imam, and to have the ability to engage in congregate
prayer, and (2) an equal protection claim under the Fifth Amendment. ECF No. 211. In May
plaintiff filed a motion for a partial summary judgment on the Imam issue. ECF No. 219. The
BOP likewise filed a motion for summary judgment in which it argued (1) that plaintiff did not
exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to conditions at USP Terre Haute; (2) plaintiff’s
claims about the ADX were moot; and (3) this Court is not an appropriate forum to resolve
claims concerning conditions at an out-of-district facility. ECF No. 222.
On August 21, 2018 this Court issued an order (1) denying plaintiff’s motion for
summary judgment; (2) granting in part and denying in part defendant’s motion for summary
judgment; (3) reiterating an earlier order denying plaintiff’s request that he be transported to

3

Colorado for trial; (4) denying without prejudice plaintiff’s motion to exclude certain testimony;
and (5) denying a motion in limine filed by the plaintiff. ECF No. 243. Essentially, I agreed that
the claims concerning conditions at the ADX were now moot. However I found that Mr. Ajaj’s
claims concerning violation of his religious rights could be decided by this Court in this case to
the extent that the same conditions about which he complained at the ADX (and as to which he
had exhausted his administrative remedies there) existed at USP Terre Haute. I also found that
Mr. Ajaj no longer had standing to challenge BOP policies regarding communal prayer because
he now had the ability to do so through USP Terre Haute’s “Life Connections Program” in which
he had enrolled.
Both parties sought reconsideration of that order for different reasons. See ECF Nos. 250
and 251. The Court modified its summary judgment order only to the extent that it found that
Mr. Ajaj’s claim concerning delivery of his medications had not been sufficiently raised and
preserved. ECF No. 265. The Court on August 20, 2018 denied the BOP’s motion to continue
the trial (by then just one week away) based on the illness of one of the defense attorneys on the
case. ECF No 267.
When all the dust settled, two issues remained for trial: Mr. Ajaj’s alleged entitlement to
(1) a certified halal diet; and (2) meaningful access to an Imam. Only equitable remedies were
sought.
Then, two significant events occurred shortly before trial. First, on either August 20 or
21, 2018 Hugh Hurwitz, the Acting Director of the Bureau of Prisons, contacted Jeffrey E.
Krueger, the Complex Warden at FCC Terre Haute, and asked him to see if he could obtain
certified halal meals for Mr. Ajaj in a short timeframe. According to Warden Krueger, this was
an effort to get the diet issue resolved before the trial as well as to accommodate Mr. Ajaj’s

4

religious needs. Almost overnight FCC Terre Haute was able to contract to purchase a supply of
halal-certified meals for Mr. Ajaj from a relatively nearby Illinois vendor as well as a microwave
dedicated to heating only the halal meals. On August 24, 2018, the last business day before trial,
Complex Warden Krueger issued a memorandum to Ismail Oliver, the Food Service
Administrator for FCC Terre Haute, confirming the new policy. Defendant Ex. C-9. That same
day Mr. Ajaj began receiving certified halal meals with the noon meal. The meals are
prepackaged and are reviewed by the prison’s Chief Dietician to assure nutritional values.
Warden Krueger testified that delivery of these meals to Mr. Ajaj will continue (subject
to abuse of the privilege such as selling food to others or an institutional emergency such as a
lockdown) until a long-term solution such as a national contract or national vendor is
implemented. Although Warden Krueger is moving up to a regional position, it oversees Terre
Haute and several other BOP facilities, and he will make sure that the policy will not be
rescinded by his successor. If a national solution is not implemented the policy will continue
potentially indefinitely.
There are no current plans to transfer Mr. Ajaj again. However, if he is transferred before
a national policy is implemented, his meals at the new institution will be reviewed by the BOP’s
central office. Warden Krueger testified that most of the 200 to 300 Muslim inmates at FCC
Terre Haute are on a kosher diet, but if others want what Mr. Ajaj is now getting they will be
accommodated as well.
Although the new policy provides for three meals a day, the vendor is only providing
prepackaged lunch and dinner meals. However, the word “halal” means “permitted.” Fruits and
vegetables are always permitted. Items that are not permitted included pork, meat not
slaughtered in an approved manner, carrion and alcohol. Mr. Oliver testified that Mr. Ajaj’s

5

breakfasts include dry cereals certified by General Mills as halal, boiled eggs that are naturally
halal, fruit, dairy and tea. He is trying to expand the menus so that Mr. Ajaj will not be eating
the same things all the time. Mr. Ajaj has not expressed any concerns to Mr. Oliver about his
breakfasts or about the lunches and dinners he is now receiving.
Second, as indicated earlier in this order, the BOP had been soliciting applications for a
full-time Imam for Terre Haute. The basic requirements, according to Mike Castle, the
Correctional Chaplain Coordinator for the BOP’s western and north central regions, are that the
individual have either a degree in theology or graduate level equivalency (the same qualifications
as chaplains in other religious faiths); pass a security check; and, of course, be willing to move to
Terre Haute. The BOP did find a qualified Imam who agreed to take the position and was in the
process of moving from Houston to Terre Haute, but changed his mind about two weeks before
the trial. The BOP then reached out to Bashar Murad, an Imam who had worked as a part-time
Imam at Terre Haute in the past, and agreed to hire him on a month to month contract to provide
not more than 30 hours of service per week while the BOP continues to try to find a full-time
Imam for the facility.
Imam Murad is the only on-site Imam available to Mr. Ajaj and other Muslim inmates at
USP Terre Haute the present time. However, another option is what is called the Minister of
Record program. That permits an inmate to communicate by telephone, mail or email with
essentially any Imam in the country of the inmate’s choosing (excluding the 13 Imams presently
working full time in other BOP institutions). An outside Imam may also visit an inmate,
although there was no evidence about other Imams in the vicinity of Terre Haute who would be
likely to visit as a practical matter. Chaplain Castle acknowledged that talking with an Imam on
the telephone is not the same as talking to an Imam in person, but it is an available option. In

6

addition, there is a library in the C-1 unit, where participants in the Life Connections Program
are housed. It contains books and videos of a religious nature that may be checked out.
As described by Jonathan Sutter, a staff chaplain at USP Terre Haute, the Life
Connections Program is a faith-based life skills program in which participants are taught to take
their basic faith teachings and integrate them into their lives so they can make healthy
connections to their family and their community. Life skills would include physical and mental
wellness, emotional management, conflict management, moral compass and decision-making.
There are four different faith groups in the Life Connections Program, one of which is the
Islamic group. Chaplain Sutter testified that the leader or “spiritual guide” of each group teaches
classes using a template based upon the 14 interactive work books which draw from multiple
faith traditions. Mr. Ajaj applied for the Life Connections Program, was accepted, and was
placed in the C-1 housing unit (housing for Life Connections Program participants), in February
2018. He began “active programming” (active participation) in May 2018.
Mr. Ajaj is a Sunni Muslim as are approximately 90% of Muslims in the world.
According to plaintiff’s expert Dr. Seth Ward, Sunni Muslims follow the practices of the Prophet
Muhammad whose teachings are revealed in the Quran. The other main branch of Islam, Shia,
gives greater weight to the pronouncements of Ali, a cousin of Muhammad, and his descendants.
Dr. Ward testified that in the Sunni world Imams, though not ordained as such, have functions
that are similar to a minister, priest, rabbi or other cleric such as to lead prayers, give a Friday
sermon, and provide advice on Islamic law and spiritual guidance.
According to Chaplain Castle and Chaplain Sutter, Imam Murad is Sunni. Chaplain
Sutter testified that Imam Murad has served as an Imam in various Sunni mosques since about
1997, and that he also served inmates in various BOP facilities during that same period of time.

7

He has been with the Life Connections Program for about ten years. His primary responsibilities
in that program are to lead the classes in which participants receive life skills training grounded
in Islamic teaching. He is also available for about two hours a week for meetings with
participants on either a one-on-one or a small group basis. Chaplain Sutter has observed Imam
Murad doing rounds and meeting with Islamic inmates and says that he seemed well received by
the inmates who were putting into practice in their conversations some of the teachings and
advice he had given them.
However, Mr. Ajaj believes that Imam Murad is Sufi, which is an aspect of Islam that can
be found in Sunni or Shia groups. Mr. Ajaj has made it clear that his beliefs are different than
those of Imam Murad. He has informed personnel at USP Terre Haute that because of Imam
Murad’s beliefs, it would go against his religious principles to attend Imam Murad’s classes.
Therefore, he has declined to attend the classes.
Chaplain Sutter has discussed the situation with Imam Murad and has emphasized to him
that the class must be a general Islamic class, meaning that the class should focus on core
principles that apply to the different strands of Islam. This is analogous to a Christian chaplain
who must teach core teachings of Christianity; there can then be discussion, often raised by
participants, of different perspectives within Christianity. Imam Murad responded that this is
how he has taught his classes in the past and how he will continue to teach his classes in the
future. Chaplain Sutter testified that he is satisfied that that is in fact what is happening. He
plans to monitor the classes from time to time to confirm this.
Inmates enrolled in the Life Connections Program are expected to attend classes in the
faith group to which they ascribe (or they may attend classes given to inmates who do not
designate a religious preference). An inmate cannot continue in the Life Connections Program if

8

he refuses to attend classes. He may withdraw from the Program and be eligible to reenroll in
the future, such as, for example, when an Imam whose beliefs more closely mirror the inmate’s
beliefs is hired. Otherwise, he will be involuntarily transferred out of the Life Connections
Program and, in that event, will not be readmitted later. Two other Muslim inmates testified that
they share Mr. Ajaj’s concerns about Imam Murad. However, other Muslim inmates apparently
do not share all of his concerns as they have been attending Imam Murad’s classes.
FURTHER FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
A. RFRA. 2
RFRA provides that government may not “substantially burden a person’s exercise of
religion” unless it demonstrates that doing so “(1) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental
interest; and (2) is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental
interest.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-1. The BOP has stipulated, and the Court finds, that Mr. Ajaj’s
religious beliefs are sincerely held. The questions presented are whether his religious beliefs at
issue in this case are being substantially burdened, and if so, has the BOP demonstrated a
compelling governmental interest without a less restrictive alternative that justifies the burden.
B. Certified Halal Diet.
I find that there is no substantial burden on Mr. Ajaj’s belief that he must follow a
certified halal diet, indeed, no burden at all. Mr. Ajaj is now receiving halal certified meals. He
has expressed no dissatisfaction with the new policy. BOP witnesses have testified that this will
continue until a solution is implemented at the national level of the BOP. I found their testimony
in this regard, which was confirmed in writing, to be credible.
That does not deprive the Court of jurisdiction. “It is well settled that a defendant’s
voluntary cessation of a challenged practice does not deprive a federal court of its power to
2

The plaintiff dropped his remaining constitutional claim during the course of the trial.
9

determine the legality of the practice.” City of Mesquite v. Alladin’s Castle, Inc., 455 U.S. 283,
289 (1982). However, the Court may determine that the dispute has become moot “if subsequent
events made it absolutely clear that the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be
expected to recur.” United States v. Concentrated Phosphate Export Association, 393 U.S. 199,
203 (1968).
A determination of whether the halal diet issue has now become moot is a close call. The
evidence that the certified halal meals will continue to be provided to Mr. Ajaj until the BOP
implements a national solution was credible and undisputed. The fact remains, however, that the
new program was implemented on the eve of trial after more than three years of litigation. There
likely will be changes in the occupants of the positions held by Mr. Krueger and Mr. Hurwitz.
Also, while there is no current plan to transfer Mr. Ajaj to another institution, Mr. Ajaj testified
that he has been in nine different BOP facilities since he was first imprisoned in 1993. The
evidence is that if he is transferred before a long-term solution is implemented at the national
level, his diet will be reviewed by BOP’s central office, not that the decision will necessarily be
to provide certified halal meals to him in the new institution.
In an attempt to strike an equitable balance, I enjoin the BOP from discontinuing Mr.
Ajaj’s certified halal diet unless that is required to serve a compelling governmental interest and
no reasonable alternative exists. Put more simply, the BOP may not discontinue providing halal
certified meals to Mr. Ajaj absent a very good penological reason. Good cause could include, as
the Krueger memo states, abuse of the privilege. It could include a temporary cessation due to
an institutional emergency such as a lockdown. It could include the absence of an available
source of halal meat in a particular geographic location, although in that situation the Court

10

would expect the BOP to use its best efforts to develop a source. The cost of providing certified
halal meals will not constitute a compelling government interest.
The Court recognizes and appreciates the effort at the highest level of the BOP to get this
matter resolved, and it finds that the solution described in Defendant’s Ex. C-9 is an effective
means of resolving it. The Court simply requires that the solution continue past the end of this
lawsuit and anticipates that it will be difficult for the BOP to meet the heavy burden of proving a
compelling governmental interest for not adhering to the spirit of the memo in the future.
C. Imam.
What constitutes “meaningful access” to an Imam is subjective. The BOP has tried to
hire a full-time Imam for FCC Terre Haute. It thought it had been successful, only to have the
gentleman change his mind about taking the position two weeks before trial. The BOP is
continuing to try to locate and hire a full-time Imam for the facility. Meanwhile, it hired Imam
Murad, who formerly was a contract Imam at the facility, to resume that work on a month to
month contract. The evidence is that Imam Murad is required to teach classes on a general level
of Islam, leaving to students the ability to ask questions about their individual beliefs if they
wish. His classes are to be monitored to see that he does reach out to all Muslim inmates.
Nevertheless, Mr. Ajaj disputes that Imam Murad provides meaningful access to an Imam
due to differences in their religious beliefs. Without diminishing the sincerity of his beliefs,
including his belief that attending his classes goes against his beliefs, I note that attending the
Imam’s classes does not compel him to modify his own beliefs at all. But if Mr. Ajaj will not
attend Imam Murad’s classes, then he has the option of withdrawing from the Life Connections
Program and waiting until an Imam whose beliefs more closely mirror his is hired. That will not
deprive him of access to an Imam because the Minister of Record Program permits regular

11

access to any Imam in the United States (other than the 13 full-time Imams working in other
BOP institutions) who is willing to communicate with him by telephone, mail or email.
Plaintiff’s own correctional expert, Emmitt Sparkman, testified that it is difficult to recruit
Imams and to keep them on a prison’s staff, and that talking with an Imam on the phone is a
reasonable interim solution in the absence of an Imam who is available for visits in person.
Mr. Ajaj does not regard that as a good option, at least in part because he says he does not
know other Imams. However, there is no evidence that Imam Murad would refuse to give him
names and contact information for other Imams. There is no evidence that Imam Ammar
Amonette, who testified at trial, would be unwilling to talk with him or refer him to other Imams.
One of the other Muslim inmates at Terre Haute, Mohammed Shnewer, testified that his mother
arranged for him to speak to an Imam in New Jersey on the phone, and that she would be willing
to help Mr. Ajaj get in touch with that Imam. There are many ways to find Imams, and I have no
reason to believe that someone as resourceful as Mr. Ajaj (who was able to compile a long list of
brands of halal foods) cannot find one with some effort.
The Court frankly does not know what else can reasonably be expected of the BOP. The
BOP cannot be expected to hire a full-time Imam who does not meet the educational
requirements applicable to all Imams and chaplains in other faiths. The BOP cannot be expected
to hire an Imam who does not pass a security check. The BOP cannot hire an Imam who is not
willing to take a job in Terre Haute, Indiana. The BOP cannot reasonably be expected to screen
applicants to make sure that their views match the specific views of Mr. Ajaj, who is just one of
many Muslim inmates.
It is true that if Mr. Ajaj refuses to attend the classes of Imam Murad it will limit
somewhat his opportunity to pray in a group. In that event he will have to withdraw (or be

12

removed) from the Life Connections Program and will not have the same opportunities for group
prayer that he presently enjoys in the C-1 housing unit which is for Life Connections Program
participants. Chaplain Sutter testified, however, that Mr. Ajaj would still be able to participate in
a group for the Jumu’ah, an important congregational prayer that Muslims hold every Friday.
Plaintiff’s counsel urged the Court not to give Mr. Ajaj a “Hobson’s Choice.” I do not
regard the choice between having everything exactly as Mr. Ajaj would like it to be and the
menu of opportunities he has at USP Terre Haute to be a Hobson’s choice. Mr. Ajaj has the
opportunity to engage in group prayer every day; and to have direct in-person contact with an
Imam; and to attend “non-denominational” Islamic classes taught by an Imam; and to consult
with other Imams by telephone, mail and email; and to maintain at all times his own, personal
religious beliefs and values even though they might not entirely match those of the Imams. He
is, after all, one of many Muslim inmates. And he is, after all, in a prison – a prison that, while
dragging its feet to a degree, is making what I regard as a sincere effort to respect and honor his
religious rights.
Accordingly, I do not find that Mr. Ajaj’s religious belief that he must have regular and
“meaningful” access to an Imam has been substantially burdened. However, to the extent that
there is not at the present time an Imam at FCC Terre Haute who shares Mr. Ajaj’s religious
views could be deemed to be a substantial burden, I find that there are compelling governmental
interests that permit the burden. First, despite the BOP’s efforts, it has to date been unable to
find and hire a full-time Imam for that facility. It cannot do what it cannot do, and so long as it
continues to make the effort, that is all that one can reasonably expect. Second, it may well be
impossible to find any Imam whose views are precisely in line with those of Mr. Ajaj or any

13

other Muslim inmate. The BOP’s obligation is to do what it can to respect and serve the
religious beliefs of all inmates, not just those that might be unique to one individual.
D. Attorney’s Fees.
There is no attorney’s fee clause in RFRA, but fees can be awarded to the prevailing
party under the Civil Rights Attorney’s Fees Awards Act of 1976, 42 U.S.C. § 1988. See, e.g.,
DiLaura v. Township of Ann Arbor, 471 F.3d 666, 670 (6th Cir. 2006); Jama v. Esmore
Correctional Services, Inc., 549 F. Supp. 2d 602, 605 (D. N. J. 2008). Here, the plaintiff did not
incur fees, as representation was provided by the law school’s civil rights clinic. However, fees
may be awarded to public interest lawyers, including those associated with a legal aid type
agency, just as they are to private lawyers. See Ramos v. Lamm, 713 F.2d 546, 551-52 (10th Cir.
1983).
A number of plaintiff’s claims were dismissed. Moreover, by the time of trial his two
remaining claims – certified halal diet and meaningful access to an Imam – were largely
satisfied. Those developments are relevant to what is reasonable, because “[i]f a plaintiff does
not prevail on all claims for relief, the court must determine whether an adjustment is necessary.”
Ramos, 713 F.2d at 556. In making such an adjustment, however, I also must consider the
contribution of counsel to the outcome. I do not believe that the policies at FCC Terre Haute
concerning provision of certified halal meals and access to an Imam would have occurred to the
same degree or certainly at the same time had it not been for the high quality, zealousness and
persistence of the advocacy provided by the Civil Rights Clinic of the University of Denver
Sturm College of Law. Largely as a result of the Clinic’s representation of Mr. Ajaj, he was the
prevailing party.

14

Accordingly, I award to the plaintiff a reasonable attorney’s fee to be provided to the
Clinic. Guidance can be found in the factors originally set out in Johnson v. Georgia Highway
Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714, 717-19 (5th Cir. 1974) and in The Colorado Rules of Professional
Conduct are found as an Appendix to Chapters 18 to 20, COLORADO COURT RULES – STATE
(2015). Guidance can also be found in common sense and good judgment. I urge the parties to
confer and to attempt in good faith to agree upon a reasonable award. Failing that, however, the
parties may set an evidentiary hearing.
ORDER of JUDGMENT
The United States Bureau of Prisons is enjoined from discontinuing Mr. Ajaj’s certified
halal diet unless that is required to serve a compelling governmental interest and no reasonable
alternative exists, as further explained in this order. The Court awards the plaintiff Ahmad Ajaj
reasonable attorney’s fees, also as further explained in this order. As the prevailing party,
plaintiff is also awarded costs to be taxed by the Clerk of Court pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
54(d)(1) and D.C.COLO.LCivR 54(a). Judgment will enter accordingly.
DATED this 13th day of September, 2018.
BY THE COURT:

___________________________________
R. Brooke Jackson
United States District Judge

15