In re: Brenda A. Ogden
Filing
19
ORDER: Judge Brown's order is affirmed. by Judge R. Brooke Jackson on 3/18/16. (jdyne, )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
Judge R. Brooke Jackson
Civil Action No 15-cv-01274-RBJ
In re: BRENDA A. OGDEN,
No. 11-19841-EEB
PNC BANK N.A.,
Appellant,
v.
BRENDA A. OGDEN,
Appellee.
ORDER
This matter is before the Court on PNC Bank N.A.’s (PNC) appeal from the judgment of
the bankruptcy court, which awarded actual damages, punitive damages, and attorney’s fees for
PNC’s violation of the automatic stay. This Court exercises jurisdiction over the appeal pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1). The Court has reviewed the record and the
briefs of the parties. For the reasons set forth below, the bankruptcy court’s judgment is
affirmed.
BACKGROUND
The Court finds that the following facts are supported by substantial evidence in the
record, and that the factual findings of the bankruptcy judge referenced below are not clearly
erroneous.
1
This appeal is rooted in a history of animosity between the two parties. On January 14,
2002 Appellee Brenda A. Ogden secured a loan for her primary residence. Appellant PNC
services that loan. ECF No. 7-1 at 10. Ogden has initiated various lawsuits against PNC since
2002, “alleging erroneous charges applied to her loan and misapplication of her mortgage
payments.” ECF No. 7-3 at 290.
On April 28, 2011 Ogden filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 13 of the
United States Bankruptcy Code. 1 ECF No. 7-1 at 10. Prior to her bankruptcy petition, she had
missed seven mortgage payments. Id. PNC filed a proof of claim, which asserted that Ogden
owed $10,497.39 before she filed for bankruptcy. ECF No. 7-3 at 291. This pre-petition debt
included the seven missed payments, escrow advances from PNC, and other fees and costs. Id.
On March 12, 2012 the bankruptcy court confirmed Ogden’s Chapter 13 plan, which detailed
how she would cure her arrears and other charges while proceeding to pay her monthly mortgage
payments. Id. Around the same time, Ogden also filed suit in federal district court, claiming that
PNC violated the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act and the Truth in Lending Act. Id. The
parties settled in June 2012. 2 Id.
1
“Unlike debtors who file under Chapter 7 and must liquidate their nonexempt assets in order to pay
creditors, see §§ 704(a)(1), Chapter 13 debtors are permitted to keep their property, but they must agree to
a court-approved plan under which they pay creditors out of their future income, see §§ 1306(b), 1321,
1322(a)(1), 1328(a).” Hamilton v. Lanning, 560 U.S. 505, 508 (2010). A Chapter 13 bankruptcy petition
“authorizes an individual with regular income to obtain a discharge after the successful completion of a
payment plan approved by the bankruptcy court.” U.S. v. Hale, 762 F.3d 1214, 1216 (10th Cir. 2014)
(internal citation omitted).
2
The settlement dictated that PNC would reduce Ogden’s principal balance by $12,500 and apply any
excess payments to the principal. ECF No. 7-3 at 291. PNC was to reduce the principal by July 1, 2012,
but it did not process the reduction until January 2013. Id. Ogden had to file suit in order to get PNC to
comply with the terms of the settlement. As Judge Brown notes, “[t]his history engendered distrust and a
profound breakdown in communication between these parties.” Id.
2
When Ogden filed for bankruptcy, an automatic stay issued. The stay prohibits PNC
from continuing or initiating certain proceedings against Ogden during the pendency of her
bankruptcy petition. Despite the existence of the stay, PNC sent Ogden two letters (collectively
“the Letters”). ECF No. 7-1 at 5–6.
The first letter, dated November 2, 2012 (the “November Letter”), informed Ogden that
she was approved to enter “into a Trial Period Plan for a mortgage modification.” Id. at 6. The
letter explained that the modification would offer Ogden “more affordable mortgage payments or
more manageable terms.” Id. It then detailed the mortgage modification process, including a
payment schedule for three payments she would need to make to complete the trial payment
plan. Id. Ogden did not sign up for the trial payment plan. ECF No. 7-3 at 291.
Additionally, the November Letter made multiple references to foreclosure. Id. The
second paragraph is preceded by a bolded header stating “To Suspend Foreclosure.” ECF No. 71 at 6. The letter stated, “[i]f you contact us or make payment by November 16, 2012 to indicate
your intent to accept this offer, we will not refer your loan to foreclosure or if your loan has been
referred to foreclosure, we will suspend foreclosure. However, if you do not . . . foreclosure
proceedings may continue.” Id. Other mentions of foreclosure appeared in later sections of the
letter. Id. at 6–7.
In December 2012 Ogden asked PNC for an explanation of why it had offered her a
significant decrease in her monthly payment in the November Letter. ECF No. 7-3 at 292. She
also requested a history of her loan payments, a reinstatement quote, and a payoff quote. Id. She
did not receive a detailed response. Id. Rather, PNC sent “form letters” with general
proclamations that it was “researching her loan.” Id.
3
On January 2, 2013 PNC sent Ogden the second letter (the “January Letter”). ECF No.
7-1 at 5. This letter informed Ogden that the “review of [her] hardship assistance request ha[d]
been completed,” but that PNC could not approve her request for assistance. Id. The letter then
referenced the November Letter’s offer of a loan modification and stated, “[w]e did not receive
your scheduled loan payments as outlined in the agreement.” Id. It also stated, “[p]lease note
that the servicing of your loan will continue per the terms of your Note and Mortgage, including
foreclosure proceedings and normal credit bureau reporting. If foreclosure activity was
previously suspended on your loan, it has now resumed.” Id.
Shortly after Ogden received the January Letter, PNC sent her an “escrow analysis.”
ECF No. 7-3 at 292. The escrow analysis reflected an increase to her monthly payment. Id.
PNC filed notice of this change pursuant to the requirements of Rule 3002.1 on January 26,
2013, and it attached the escrow analysis to the filing, but it gave no indication as to why it had
increased her payments. Id.
On January 29, 2013 Ogden filed for a proceeding before the bankruptcy court. At that
time, Ogden was “current on her post-petition obligations.” ECF No. 7-3 at 8. The bankruptcy
court subsequently held two trials on Ogden’s claims that PNC “violated the automatic stay, the
confirmation order, [Ogden’s] chapter 13 plan, and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3002.1.” Id. at 290. The
first trial (the Adversary Proceeding) focused on “[PNC’s] accounting for payments received
post-petition but before the completion of [Ogden’s] plan.” Id. Bankruptcy Judge Elizabeth E.
Brown became aware of the Letters during the Adversary Proceeding. Id.
During a deposition conducted in advance of the Adversary Proceeding, PNC provided a
reinstatement quote to Ogden that was current as of August 15, 2013. Id. at 292. The
4
reinstatement quote reflected “additional post-petition fees and corporate advances in excess of
$5,500.” A PNC representative Dorothy Thomas testified regarding those additional charges at
the Adversary Proceeding. Thomas stated that the reinstatement quote reflected the amount
needed to bring the loan “contractually current.” 3 Id. As Judge Brown summarized, this quote
“essentially ignored the bankruptcy by providing numbers as if the Debtor was not curing the
pre-petition arrears through her plan.” Id.
During her testimony Thomas also attempted to explain why PNC sent the form letters.
Essentially, PNC maintains two sets of books in accounting for Ogden’s post-petition mortgage
payments. The first is for the purpose of the bankruptcy proceedings, and the second is an
accounting as if Ogden had never filed for bankruptcy. Id. For bankruptcy purposes, PNC
applies each of Ogden’s post-petition payments to the month and year in which she actually paid
them. Id. In contrast, for non-bankruptcy purposes, PNC applies payments to the “oldest
outstanding payment due in accordance with the Debtor’s deed of trust.” Id. at 292–93. Thomas
explained that Ogden is current on her post-petition payments as she has made all of the
payments scheduled through her bankruptcy plan. Id. at 293. However, PNC does not perceive
her to be “contractually current” under the deed of trust as she has yet to pay off all of her prepetition arrears. 4 Id.
3
Thomas also attempted to justify the issuance of the reinstatement quote, claiming that it was not a final
version because it was not printed on PNC’s letterhead. She elaborated that PNC’s legal counsel reviews
anything that is printed on official letterhead to see if the quote included any non-collectable items like
fees and corporate advances. ECF No. 7-3 at 292.
4
PNC explains that it uses two forms of accounting because, unless the Debtor completes her bankruptcy
plan, she will remain subject to all of the terms of her promissory note and deed of trust, including the
accrual of late fees. Therefore, according to Thomas’ testimony, if Ogden finishes her plan, PNC will
“true up” the accounting of her loan, and it will appear like she had never defaulted on her pre-petition
arrears. She will then be subject to the terms of her original promissory note and deed of trust. Id. at 293.
5
Following the Adversary Proceeding, the bankruptcy court issued an order on the
accounting issue and admitted the January Letter into evidence. Id. at 290. Judge Brown entered
judgment in Ogden’s favor for the violation of the automatic stay based on the January Letter.
She also awarded actual damages of $14,889.57 and punitive damages of $5,000. The
bankruptcy court dismissed Ogden’s remaining claims without prejudice. ECF No. 7-5 at 250.
PNC moved for reconsideration, arguing that Ogden had not pled that the Letters violated the
automatic stay in her Complaint. Judge Brown “in an abundance of caution” issued an amended
order “which omitted any ruling on the letters and dismissed [Ogden’s ] stay violation claims
without prejudice.” ECF No. 7-3 at 290. Despite issuing this order, Judge Brown noted that
PNC did not demonstrate prejudice related to the omission in the complaint, that it had not made
any objection to the evidence about the letters, and that it even cross examined Ogden about the
letters. Id. On April 3, 2014 the bankruptcy court issued an order to show cause, requiring PNC
to demonstrate why it should not be sanctioned for having sent the Letters to Ogden. Id. At the
second trial (the Evidentiary Hearing), the parties did not introduce new testimony. Rather, they
argued their respective sides and relied on additional exhibits and the transcript from the
Adversary Proceeding. Id.
On June 1, 2015 Judge Brown issued an order finding that PNC had violated the
automatic stay by sending the Letters to Ogden. Judge Brown entered judgment against PNC
and awarded damages for emotional distress, attorney’s fees, and punitive damages to Ogden.
ECF No. 7-3 at 290–300. PNC filed its notice of appeal on June 15, 2015. ECF No. 14 at 8.
The appeal became ripe upon the filing of Ogden’s reply brief on October 12, 2015. It was
reassigned to this Court the following day.
6
ANALYSIS
I.
Standard of Review.
The bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. In re Market Center
East Retail Property, 730 F.3d 1239, 1244 (10th Cir. 2013). “Whether a party’s actions have
violated the automatic stay is a question of law[.]” In re Diviney, 225 B.R. 762, 769 (BAP 10th
Cir. 1998) (internal citation omitted). As with all findings of fact, “[w]e review the bankruptcy
court’s finding that a creditor’s action constituted a willful violation of the stay for clear error.”
Id. (internal citations omitted). “A factual finding is clearly erroneous when it is without factual
support in the record, or if the appellate court, after reviewing all the evidence, is left with the
definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” In re Scroggin, 364 B.R. 772, 778
(BAP 10th Cir. 2007) (internal quotations and citations omitted). “In reviewing findings of fact,
we are compelled to give due regard to the opportunity of the bankruptcy court to judge the
credibility of the witnesses.” Id. (citing Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8013).
“An award of sanctions for a violation of the automatic stay is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion.” Diviney, 225 B.R. at 769 (internal citation omitted). Under this standard, the “trial
court’s decision will not be disturbed unless the appellate court has a definite and firm conviction
that the lower court made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice
in the circumstances.” McEwen v. City of Norman, Okl., 926 F.2d 1539, 1553–54 (10th Cir.
1991) (internal citation omitted). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the [lower] court’s
decision is arbitrary, capricious, or whimsical, or results in a manifestly unreasonable judgment.”
(internal citation omitted). In re Corey, 394 B.R. 519, 523 (BAP 10th Cir. 2008). “A de novo
7
standard of review, however, applies when passing on a determination of the constitutionality of
punitive damages awards.” In re Culley, 2006 WL 2091199, at *2 (BAP 10th Cir. 2006)
(unpublished) (internal citation omitted).
On appeal, “[t]he burden of proof is on the party seeking to reverse a bankruptcy court’s
holding.” In re Van Vleet, 461 B.R. 62, 68 (D. Colo. 2010) (internal citation omitted). The
appellant must demonstrate that the “court’s holding was clearly erroneous as to its assessment
of the facts or erroneous in its interpretation of the law, and not simply that another conclusion
could have been reached.” Id. (internal citation omitted).
II.
PNC’s Appeal.
PNC argues that the Letters did not violate the automatic stay. ECF No. 14 at 19.
Alternatively, the bank attests that, even if the Letters were a violation, Judge Brown erred in
awarding actual damages for emotional distress and attorney’s fees. Id. at 20. PNC also claims
that this Court should reduce or vacate the bankruptcy court’s award of punitive damages. Id. at
21. Finally, PNC urges this Court to vacate Judge Brown’s order because the doctrine of res
judicata barred her consideration of the alleged stay violations. Id. The Court will address
PNC’s arguments in turn.
A. Automatic Stay – Generally.
Section 362 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code “provides that all proceedings against a debtor
are stayed upon the debtor’s filing of a petition for bankruptcy.” Ingle v. Dryer, 2007 WL
2071657, at *1 (D. Colo. 2007) (unpublished) (internal citation omitted). The stay applies to all
chapters of the Bankruptcy Code, including Chapter 13. The automatic stay “stops all collection
efforts, all harassment, and all foreclosure actions.” Fortier v. Dona Anna Plaza Partners, 747
8
F.2d 1324, 1330 (10th Cir. 1984) (quoting S.Rep. No. 989, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 54–55 (1978),
reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 5787, 5840–41). The stay persists until a
discharge is granted or denied or the case is closed or dismissed. § 362(c)(2). Section 362(k)
provides for the recovery of actual damages for the injuries caused by willful violation of the
automatic stay. 5
As soon as the stay is in place, creditors are prohibited from taking most actions against a
debtor without going through the bankruptcy court. In re Johnson, 575 F.3d 1079, 1083 (10th
Cir. 2009) (internal citation omitted). As is most relevant to this case, §362(a) prohibits:
(1) the commencement or continuation . . . of a judicial, administrative, or other
action or proceeding against the debtor that was or could have been commenced
before the commencement of the case under this title, or to recover a claim
against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case under this title;
(5) any act to create, perfect, or enforce against property of the debtor any lien to
the extent that such lien secures a claim that arose before the commencement of
the case under this title; and
(6) any act to collect, assess, or recover a claim against the debtor that arose
before the commencement of the case under this title.
Section 362(a)(6) prohibits a creditor from attempting to collect on “pre-petition” debts, which
are those owed at the moment that the debtor files for bankruptcy. In re Myers, 362 F.3d 667,
673 (10th Cir. 2004). The legislative history confirms that Congress intended this specific
prohibition to offer broad protection to the debtor:
Paragraph (6) prevents creditors from attempting in any way to collect a
prepetition debt. Creditors in consumer cases occasionally telephone debtors to
encourage repayment in spite of bankruptcy. Inexperienced, frightened, or illcounseled debtors may succumb to suggestions to repay notwithstanding their
5
“Section 362(k)(1) was previously designated as subsection (h).” In re Johnson, 501 F.3d 1163, 1169
n.4 (10th Cir. 2007). I will use the amended designation.
9
bankruptcy. This provision prevents evasion of the purpose of the bankruptcy
laws by sophisticated creditors.
S. REP. 95-989 at 50–51 (1978), as reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 5836–37.
The scope of the automatic stay is expansive. In re Sullivan, 357 B.R. 847, 853 (Bankr.
D. Colo. 2006). Courts construe the automatic stay broadly in favor of the debtor and apply
exceptions under § 362(b) narrowly. However, as Judge Brown noted in a previous opinion, In
re McCarthy, 421 B.R. 550, 565 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2009), the automatic stay does not outlaw all
communications from a creditor to a debtor. See also Pertuso v. Ford Motor Credit Co., 233
F.3d 417, 423 (6th Cir. 2000) (“[s]omething more than mere contact must be alleged in order to
state a claim under § 362.”). For example, the plain language of § 362(a) makes clear that the
stay does not limit a creditor’s actions regarding proceedings and claims that arise from “postpetition conduct.” See Leonard v. Fitzhugh, Case No. 14–cv–2294–WJM–KLM, 2015 WL
3826712, at *5 (D. Colo. 2015) (unpublished) (“the Bankruptcy Code does not stay judicial
proceedings that could not have been commenced prior to the bankruptcy petition, or
proceedings to recover a claim against the debtor that did not arise before the commencement of
the bankruptcy case.”). “Determining whether a particular creditor communication violates the
automatic stay depends on such specifics as what type of communication was sent to the debtor
and whether the communication had a purpose other than collection of the debt outside the
scheme contemplated by the Bankruptcy Code.” McCarthy, 421 B.R. at 566 (internal quotations
and citation omitted).
Courts consider whether the communication, and the context in which it occurred, created
“threatening or coercive pressure on the debtor.” In re Schafer, 315 B.R. 765, 773–74 (Bankr.
D. Colo. 2004). “An action is coercive where it is tantamount to a threat or it places a debtor
10
‘between a rock and a hard place.’” In re Ammons, 2012 WL 1252621, at *6 (Bankr. D.N.M.
2012). Courts examine a creditor’s actions through an objective lens when analyzing whether
the communications were “improperly coercive under the circumstances.” Id. The automatic
stay provides debtors with a “respite” from “the threat of immediate action by creditors, such as
a foreclosure or a lawsuit.” Brown v. Pennsylvania State Employees Credit Union, 851 F.2d 81,
86 (3d Cir.1988) (emphasis added). “Threats of foreclosure or repossession might justify a
finding that a secured creditor has violated the automatic stay.” In Re Jamo, 283 F.3d 392, 402
(1st Cir. 2002) (internal citations omitted).
1.
PNC’s Sending of the Letters Violated the Stay.
Judge Brown concluded that “[n]o reasonable person would deny that [PNC’s] November
and January letters violated the automatic stay.” ECF No. 7-3 at 294. She reasoned that the
Letters contained threats of foreclosure, which qualify as acts “in furtherance of collection
activity” in violation of § 362(a)(6). Id. at 295. After its de novo review of this legal issue, the
Court affirms Judge Brown’s conclusion that the Letters violated the automatic stay.
PNC argues that “there is no evidence to suggest” that the November Letter sought to
collect on pre-petition debts. ECF No. 14 at 25. Rather, PNC claims that the November Letter
offered Ogden a trial loan modification to reduce Ogden’s future monthly payments “under a
Fannie Mae initiative so that she could more easily afford her mortgage.” 6 Id. at 24. PNC
acknowledges that the November Letter did outline a payment schedule, but it argues that the
6
PNC describes Fannie Mae’s “Alt Mod 3.0 program” (“Alt Mod 3.0”) as providing a debtor with a trial
plan to “ensure that the borrower has the ability to make the modified payments going forward before
permanently modifying the loan.” ECF No. 14 at 24. These trial payments displace the regular monthly
payments, but do not serve as repayment of past due arrearages. Id. at 25. As Judge Brown noted, Ogden
did not request a modification and had just “effectively obtained one through the bankruptcy process.”
ECF No. 7-3 at 291.
11
three payments listed were future payments and not payments owed before Ogden’s bankruptcy
petition. Id. at 20. PNC states that, “[t]he November Letter expressly provides that the trial
period plan modifies the ongoing (post-petition) monthly mortgage payments during the trial
period, and that the Debtor ‘may make the trial period payment instead of the payment required
under [the] loan documents.’” Id. at 25. (emphasis in original) (quoting the November Letter).
Similarly, PNC argues that the January Letter did not seek to “collect on any pre-petition
arrearage.” Id. at 27. PNC attests that it sent the January Letter “pursuant to Fannie Mae
guidelines, to inform Ms. Ogden that hardship assistance could not be approved or finalized
because she did not make the trial payments under the proposed trial payment plan that she
received [in the November Letter].” ECF No. 7-1 at 9–10. PNC construes the January Letter as
an advisement to Ogden that “servicing of the loan will continue in accordance with the loan’s
terms and with applicable bankruptcy law.” ECF No. 14 at 28.
PNC’s argument attempts to downplay the Letters’ references to foreclosure by arguing
that neither letter indicated that Ogden must pay “a pre-petition debt to avoid foreclosure.” Id.
In support of this claim, PNC contends that courts have concluded that a creditor’s discussion
with a debtor about a loan modification does not violate the automatic stay. Id. at 26. The Court
recognizes that the automatic stay does not categorically preclude creditors from negotiating with
debtors over a loan modification. See, e.g., In re Silva, 2010 WL 605578, at *1 (Bankr. D.
Hawaii 2010) (the automatic stay does not “preclude loan modification negotiations between
debtors and secured creditors.”); In re Medina, 2012 WL 2090419 at *1 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2012).
However, the Court disagrees with PNC’s characterization of the Letters as innocuous attempts
to offer Ogden a loan modification. The determination of whether creditor conduct violates the
12
stay is fact-specific, hinging on the particular context and content of the communication. See In
Re Diamond, 346 F.3d 224, 227–28 (1st Cir. 2003) (while settlement negotiations in discharge
proceedings do not categorically violate the stay, statements made during such negotiations
could be impermissibly coercive or threatening). See also McCarthy, 421 B.R. at 565–66 (the
negotiation of a reaffirmation agreement does not necessarily violate the stay, but a violation
“may still exist if a creditor’s actions are coercive or otherwise harassing in nature.”). PNC’s
communications about the possibility of a loan modification do not excuse its inclusion of other
threatening, coercive, or harassing messages.
Neither of the Letters clarified that foreclosure did not actually appear on PNC’s
“agenda.” See Brown, 851 F.2d at 86 (analyzing the context surrounding the creditor’s mentions
of foreclosure and concluding that they signaled that foreclosure was not “on the [creditor’s]
agenda”). See also Jamo, 283 F.3d at 402 (the credit union’s references to foreclosure made
clear that it “was not on [its] agenda.”). Rather, the January Letter’s stark statement that
“foreclosure has resumed” clearly conveyed the message that, not only was the threat of
foreclosure immediate, but that the bank had acted on the threat to foreclose. Moreover, the
November Letter contained misleading information regarding the possibility of foreclosure. In
contrast, where a credit union sent letters to debtors with multiple mentions of foreclosure, the
First Circuit found that the references to foreclosure were “unarguably benign,” and that the
credit union “accurately delineated the debtors’ foreclosure-related liability.” Jamo, 283 F.3d
392 at 402. The November Letter’s references to foreclosure were not so harmless, as they
misrepresented Ogden’s rights to her property.
13
PNC relies on In Re Jennings, 304 B.R. 8 (Bankr. D. Me. 2004) for the notion that not
every threat violates the stay. In Jennings, a town in Maine sent a notice to debtors demanding
the payment of overdue property taxes. 304 B.R. at 9. The letter instructed the debtors on how
to pay the debt, and it also included this warning, “IMPORTANT: Do not disregard this notice.
You will lose your property unless you pay your 2002 property taxes, interest and costs[.]” Id. at
10. The Jennings court found that the mailing of the letter did not violate the stay because a state
statute required the town to send the notice containing a demand for back real estate taxes, and
the notice qualified as an exception to the automatic stay under § 362(b)(3). Id. at 11–12.
Therefore, the court determined that it could not “conclude that the demand, an essential
component of admittedly lawful conduct somehow violated the stay.” Id. at 12. The court also
noted that, even if “the tenor of a statutory notice’s language could convert lawful action to
unlawful,” the language of the notice was “not so coercive or harassing as to violate the stay.”
Id. at 13.
The reasoning in Jennings is not persuasive here. First, unlike in Jennings, no exception
under § 362(b) applies to PNC’s conduct. Second, no state statute required PNC to send the
Letters. PNC claims that a Fannie Mae initiative “requires servicers, including PNC, to actively
review seasoned loans, and if qualifying, offer a trial payment plan towards a potential
permanent loan modification to reduce the monthly payments,” and that it sent the Letters
pursuant to this “directive.” ECF No. 7-1 at 10–11. However, even if Fannie Mae did mandate
PNC’s sending of information about a loan modification, Fannie Mae’s guidelines do not require
PNC to mention foreclosure. See id. at 39–70. In contrast, the statute in Jennings required the
town to include the demand for back taxes. The Fannie Mae guidelines for letters and notices
14
also stipulate that “[a]ll communications with borrowers must comply with the requirements of
applicable law.” Id. at 87. Applicable law certainly includes the Bankruptcy Code. Therefore,
PNC had sufficient opportunity to customize the Letters to both offer a loan modification and
comport with the automatic stay.
The Jennings court recognized that a “cursory inquiry” to their attorneys or the town
would have informed the debtors that the notice’s threatening warnings “were standard fare,” and
that the notice was “but the first step in a long process[.]” 304 B.R. at 13. Unlike the notices in
Jennings, there was nothing “standard” about sending letters with mentions of foreclosure to a
debtor protected by the automatic stay. Finally, the Letters’ threats of foreclosure did not
represent preliminary steps in a long process. In Colorado, where a foreclosure sale was
scheduled prior to the debtor filing for bankruptcy, the scheduled sale date of the property is not
dismissed, but rather is postponed from week to week. ECF No. 7-3 at 293–94. Therefore, a
debtor’s property could be sold quite quickly if foreclosure proceedings were to resume.
In sum, the stay is one of the most fundamental protections offered to debtors by federal
bankruptcy laws. The stay entitled Ogden to temporary breathing space in order to relieve her of
the financial pressures that drove her to bankruptcy and to afford her the chance to comply with
her repayment plan. The Letters disrupted that statutorily-guaranteed respite by brandishing the
“Damoclean sword of foreclosure” over Ogden’s head. Jamo, 283 F.3d at 402. I affirm Judge
Brown’s conclusion that PNC’s conduct violated the automatic stay.
B. PNC’s Violations Were Willful.
“Section 362(k)(1) protects against violations of the stay by providing that ‘an individual
injured by any willful violation of a stay provided by this section shall recover actual damages,
15
including costs and attorneys’ fees, and, in appropriate circumstances, may recover punitive
damages.’” In re Johnson, 575 F.3d at 1083 (quoting § 362(k)(1)). A violation is willful if the
party knew of the automatic stay and intended to take the actions that violated the stay. Diviney,
225 B.R. at 774. Specific intent is not required, so the creditor need not have intended to violate
the automatic stay. Id. “Once the creditor becomes aware of the filing of the bankruptcy petition
and therefore the automatic stay, any intentional act is willful.” Sullivan, 357 B.R. at 853
(internal quotations and citation omitted).
As mentioned above, the Court must affirm the bankruptcy judge’s determination that
PNC’s violations of the stay were willful unless her conclusion was clearly erroneous. I
conclude that Judge Brown’s finding was factually supported, and she was correct to conclude
that PNC willfully violated the stay. There is no dispute that PNC had actual knowledge of
Ogden’s filing for bankruptcy. ECF No. 7-3 at 294. In fact, the January Letter directly
referenced the bankruptcy proceedings. Id. At the bottom of that letter, an addendum read “[w]e
understand that you have filed for bankruptcy and have not yet received a discharge. None of the
information requested in this letter will be used for . . . purposes prohibited by the Bankruptcy
Code [.]” ECF No. 7-1 at 5. Given its knowledge of Ogden’s bankruptcy petition, PNC knew
that the automatic stay was in place. Furthermore, PNC’s decision to send the two letters
pursuant to Fannie Mae’s new initiative cannot be classified as anything but deliberate conduct.
C. PNC’s Willful Violations Injured Ogden.
In addition to establishing willfulness, the debtor must also demonstrate a cognizable
injury in order to be entitled to damages under § 362(k)(1). See In re Kline, 2011 WL 3879485,
at *4 (Bankr. D.N.M .2011), affirmed, 472 B.R. 98 (BAP 10th Cir. 2012), affirmed, 514 Fed.
16
Appx. 810 (10th Cir. 2013). Following the Evidentiary Hearing, Judge Brown concluded that
Ogden did suffer from emotional distress. ECF No. 7-3 at 296–97. Judge Brown’s
determination is a question of fact, which I review under a clearly erroneous standard. I have the
responsibility to “accept [Judge Brown’s] ultimate factual determination[s]” unless they lack
“minimum evidentiary support displaying some hue of credibility,” or they “bear no rational
relationship to the supportive evidentiary data.” In re Mama D’Angelo, Inc., 55 F. 3d 552, 555
(10th Cir. 1995).
Other circuit courts have considered emotional distress damages to be actual damages
under § 362(k)(1). See, e.g., In re Snowden, 769 F.3d 651, 656–57 (9th Cir. 2014) (§ 362(k)(1)
permits an award of emotional distress damages if the debtor suffers significant harm, clearly
establishes the significant harm, and demonstrates a causal connection between that significant
harm and the violation of the automatic stay); Lodge v. Kondaur Capital Corp., 750 F.3d 1263,
1271 (11th Cir. 2014) (same); Fleet Mortg. Group, Inc. v. Kaneb, 196 F.3d 265, 269 (1st Cir.
1999) (awarding damages because debtor’s providing of “specific information about the sharp
decline in social invitations and outings following [mortgage company’s] violation of the
automatic stay” constituted sufficient evidence of emotional harm). However, the Seventh
Circuit restricts the recovery of emotional distress damages to those emotional injuries incidental
to a financial injury. Aiello v. Providian Financial Corp., 239 F.3d 876, 879–80 (7th Cir. 2001)
(casting doubt on whether Congress intended to include emotional distress damages within §
362(k) as “[t]he Bankruptcy Code was not drafted with reference to the emotional incidents of
bankruptcy[.]”). The Fifth Circuit favorably cited Aiello when holding that a debtor has a
minimum obligation of establishing “specific information” regarding a claim for emotional
17
distress damages and cannot solely rely on “generalized assertions.” In re Repine, 536 F.3d 512,
521 (5th Cir. 2008) (finding that because the debtor did not provide the requisite specificity, the
Fifth Circuit did not need to reach the issue of whether to follow Aiello).
The Tenth Circuit has not adopted an approach to determining whether emotional distress
constitutes an injury for the purposes of actual damages. However, lower courts in this circuit
have suggested that emotional distress damages are recoverable under § 362(k)(1) if the debtor
can provide specific evidence of a relatively significant injury. See In re Gagliardi, 290 B.R.
808, 819 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2003) (Judge Brown finding that “fleeting and unsubstantiated
emotional distress is not compensable”); In re Diviney, 211 B.R. 951, 967 (Bankr. N.D. Okla.
1997), affirmed, 225 B.R. 762 (BAP 10th Cir. 1998) (emotional distress damages denied because
of a lack of evidence). Furthermore, in order to recover actual damages for emotional distress,
the debtor’s injury must be somewhat connected to the violations, as the automatic stay does “not
shield the debtor from all the vicissitudes, aggravations and anxiety of everyday life.” Sullivan,
357 B.R. at 854. Additionally, in a previous opinion, Judge Brown noted that §362(k)(1)
“presumes a causal connection between the injury and the stay violation.” In re Trujillo, 485
B.R. 238, 254 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2012).
Accordingly, I conclude that, in order to affirm Judge Brown’s award of emotional
distress damages, there must be specific evidence of Ogden’s emotional distress and a causal
connection between the alleged injury and PNC’s willful violation of the stay. Following my
review, I find that Judge Brown’s determinations were not clearly erroneous.
PNC argues that this Court should vacate Judge Brown’s award of actual damages
because Ogden has not clearly established that she suffered emotional distress or that the Letters
18
caused any injury that she may have sustained. ECF No. 14 at 23–35. Specifically, PNC argues
that Judge Brown erred in awarding actual damages because she did not find evidence of
emotional distress caused by the Letters during the Adversary Proceeding. Id. at 9. Judge
Brown explains that she did not find emotional distress the first time in part because she has a
general aversion to “awarding emotional distress damages without corroborating medical
testimony or other evidence.” ECF No. 7-3 at 296; Gagliardi, 290 B.R. at 819 (in the absence of
any evidence to corroborate the debtor’s injuries, Judge Brown could not find that the alleged
emotional distress was attributable to the willful stay violations). She further explained that in
most cases “the testimony of the debtor at best describes fleeting emotional distress and the level
of distress bears little relationship to the nature of the violation.” Id. However, when she
revisited this case during the Evidentiary Hearing, she was able to “reconsider this aspect” of her
first order. Id.
Upon her reexamination, which included taking into account the parties’ arguments at the
Evidentiary Hearing and new exhibits, Judge Brown found Ogden’s testimony about her
emotional distress to be “very compelling” and “very credible.” Id. at 293, 296. The bankruptcy
court stated that Ogden’s “testimony demonstrated significant emotional distress” related to the
threats of foreclosure. Id. at 290. Ogden testified that she felt “enormous” stress and fear, and
that after receiving the Letters, “she flew into a panic.” Id. at 293. She claimed that PNC sent
agents to her home to take “inspection” photographs. Id. She began to seek refuge in her
bedroom to avoid being photographed. Id. As the months went on, and she did not receive any
information from PNC about why she had received the Letters, “she began losing weight as she
was having great difficulty eating and sleeping. By March 2013, her hair was falling out in
19
clumps. She was grinding her teeth when she was able to sleep.” Id. Ogden explained that she
had not visited a doctor or therapist because she could not afford to do so as she did not have
health insurance. Id.
Regarding causation, Ogden identified that it was the fear of foreclosure that caused her
so much anxiety. Id. As mentioned above, a foreclosure sale that is scheduled pre-petition is not
dismissed upon the debtor’s filing for bankruptcy, but rather is postponed from week to week.
Id. at 293–94. As Judge Brown indicated, this dynamic means that PNC “was in a position to
proceed very quickly to complete the sale. Faced with this dilemma, any reasonable person
would have felt powerless, fearful, and victimized.” Id. at 294. Judge Brown determined that
Ogden, as a paralegal, is “no stranger to the litigation process[,]” and that “[s]he testified
credibly that neither the litigation nor any other events contributed to her stress. It was the fear
that the Bank was going to foreclose again [that caused her distress].” 7 Id. at 293.
Furthermore, PNC had previously initiated an improper foreclosure, and it did not
acknowledge these mistakes until after Ogden filed her bankruptcy petition. And “six months
after [Ogden] confirmed her chapter 13 plan to cure legitimate past due amounts, the Bank
started once again to issue letters that . . . threatened continuation of the pending foreclosure
proceedings.” Id. Therefore, Judge Brown explained that Ogden’s past experiences with PNC
7
PNC argues that “property inspections have no relation to the November or January Letters. Property
inspections are conducted pursuant to the agreed upon terms of the Deed of Trust and do not violate the
automatic stay.” ECF No. 14 at 35 n.9. Additionally, PNC notes that Ogden “testified that she was not
aware of the property inspections until August 20, 2013 – 8 months after receiving the January Letter and
only a month before the trial in the Adversary Proceeding.” Id. PNC’s argument is unconvincing. In the
months after sending the Letters, PNC did not provide Ogden with any reassurance that she was not going
to lose her home. Therefore, the fact that Ogden did not know about the inspections until August 2013
does not erode the reality that the threatening nature of the Letters caused her to worry about the
inspections. Ogden reasonably believed that the inspections occurred because PNC was getting ready to
foreclose on her home.
20
gave her “[e]very reason to believe the Bank’s threats of foreclosure in these post-petition letters,
despite the fact that she had a court order binding the Bank to her plan of reorganization.” Id.
Judge Brown recognized that, after receiving the Letters, Ogden spent a considerable amount of
time having to “suffer the uncertainty of whether the Bank was going to foreclose on her home
on one week’s notice[.]” Id. at 296–97. The bankruptcy court concluded that this tenuous
dynamic “would cause any reasonable person to undergo enormous stress, which would be
highly likely to result in some negative effect on her physical wellbeing.” Id. at 297.
I find no clear error in Judge Brown’s factual findings regarding the injuries to Ogden’s
emotional wellbeing caused by PNC’s letters. Judge Brown’s changing of her mind regarding
Ogden’s emotional distress does not rise to the level of reversible error. Her explanation for her
shift in course reflects reasonable judgment, and her ultimate findings do bear a rational
relationship to the evidence presented. Therefore, I affirm Judge Brown’s conclusion that Ogden
suffered significant emotional distress as a result of PNC’s violations of the stay.
D. No Abuse of Discretion in Awarding Damages.
The Bank argues that even if the Letters constituted willful violations of the stay, Judge
Brown erred in awarding emotional distress damages, attorney’s fees, and punitive damages. I
review the bankruptcy judge’s award of damages under an abuse of discretion standard. Under
this standard, I must give deference to the bankruptcy court “because of its first-hand ability to
view the witness or evidence and assess credibility and probative value.” Scroggin, 364 B.R.
at778 (internal quotations and citation omitted).
21
1. Actual Damages for Emotional Distress.
I find no abuse of discretion in Judge Brown’s award of $10,000 in actual damages.
Judge Brown did confess that this number is “admittedly a very arbitrary figure.” ECF No. 7-3
at 297. However, she was referring to the difficulty in arriving at a dollar figure when there is
“nothing concrete on which to base the award.” Id. Ogden had requested $25,000 to
compensate for her emotional distress. Id. Judge Brown did her best to determine the proper
dollar amount when taking into account that Ogden’s emotional “suffering was very real and
very prolonged.” Id. Following my review, I find no reason to believe that her award was
“arbitrary” for purposes of the abuse of discretion standard. Therefore, I affirm her award of
$10,000 in actual damages.
2. Attorney’s Fees.
PNC argues that the bankruptcy court erred in awarding attorney’s fees to Ogden. ECF
No. 14 at 35. Defendant states that “[b]ecause [Ogden] cannot show that she was injured by the
alleged stay violation and because the fees awarded were not caused by [Ogden’s] receipt of the
Letters, the Court should reverse this award.” Id. This Court’s finding that PNC did injure
Ogden moots the bank’s argument that attorney’s fees should not be awarded because Ogden
cannot show injury and causation. See also Gagliardi, 290 B.R. at 820 (rejecting the notion that
attorney’s fees cannot be awarded without proof of other injury and interpreting the language of
§ 362(k) to mean that Congress “considered fees as an example of actual damages by itself.”).
PNC asserts that the Adversary Hearing was focused solely on the Bank’s accounting
practices and, therefore, attorney’s fees from that proceeding should not be awarded as damages
22
attributable to the Letters. Id. at 30. PNC claims that “the November and January Letters were
nothing more than passing references in the Adversary Proceeding.” Id. at 31. The bank also
argues that these attorney’s fees should not have been awarded because “PNC fully prevailed in
the adversary proceeding, and further that the debtor did not assert a claim in the adversary
proceeding for alleged violation of the automatic stay based on the November and January
Letters.” Id. at 9.
In contrast, Judge Brown explained that the attorney’s fees were incurred to prosecute the
Adversary Proceeding, and that “a significant portion of the first trial was related to the letters.”
ECF No. 7-3 at 297. Furthermore, Judge Brown attested that the “testimony regarding the
Bank’s accounting practices was also relevant to the letters because it was the Bank’s choice to
maintain two sets of records, with no safeguards to prevent foreclosure letters issuing from the
‘contractual’ records, which caused these violations.” Id. Put another way, Judge Brown
concluded that the trial on PNC’s accounting processes cannot be separated from the issue of
whether the Letters violated the stay because the manner in which PNC maintained its records
resulted in the issuance of the Letters themselves.
In reviewing the record below, this Court notes that Ogden did argue that the January
Letter violated the stay during her written closing argument as part of the Adversary Hearing.
See ECF No. 7-5 at 283. Furthermore, Judge Brown’s order following the Adversary Hearing
suggested that she could have found that PNC gave implied consent to try the issue of whether
the January Letter violated the stay. Id. at 284–86. However, as discussed above, Judge Brown
took a cautionary approach and vacated the section of her order that addressed the January Letter
and awarded damages to Ogden. Id. at 286. The bank oversimplifies the procedural history
23
when it claims that it prevailed on all claims in the Adversary Hearing, and that the automatic
stay was not at issue.
Judge Brown also concluded that the attorney’s time entries were sufficiently detailed to
permit her to determine whether the fees related to the Letters. Id. Regarding the amount of fees
and costs, Judge Brown acknowledged that they were higher than normal for a stay violation
hearing. However, she explained that PNC’s “lack of cooperation, its obstruction of the
discovery process, and its frivolous defenses” explained why Ogden accrued higher-than-normal
fees. Id. at 298.
PNC also argues that Ogden has not established that she is responsible for paying fees
because she has not provided a copy of any fee arrangement. ECF No. 14 at 40. As Ogden
notes, Judge Brown permitted PNC to request an evidentiary hearing on the attorney’s fees, but
PNC never exercised this option. ECF Nos. 15 at 22; 7-3 at 297.
Following my review of the award of attorney’s fees and costs, I find that Judge Brown
did not abuse her discretion in determining that Ogden is entitled to attorney’s fees. Similarly, I
conclude that Judge Brown did not abuse her discretion in calculating the amount of attorney’s
fees and costs to be awarded. I affirm her award of $24,404.57.
3. Punitive Damages.
Judge Brown also awarded punitive damages in the amount of $35,000. ECF No. 7-3 at
299. While it provides for the recovery of punitive damages, § 362(k)(1) does not outline how to
determine whether “appropriate circumstances” exist for the award of punitive damages. The
Tenth Circuit has held that punitive damages are appropriate “if the violation is willful or in
reckless disregard of the law[.]” Culley, 2006 WL 2091199, at *4. As Judge Brown notes,
24
bankruptcy courts in the Tenth Circuit also employ five factors when considering an award of
punitive damages: “(1) the nature of the creditor’s conduct; (2) the creditor’s ability to pay
damages; (3) the level of sophistication of the creditor; (4) the creditor’s motives; and (5) any
provocation by the debtor.” ECF No. 7-3 at 299; Gagliardi, 290 B.R. at 820 (internal citation
omitted). “The primary purposes of an award of punitive damages are punishment and
deterrence.” Id. See also State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 416 (2003)
(punitive damages do not serve to remedy a debtor’s losses, but “are aimed at deterrence and
retribution.”).
PNC argues that there is “nothing egregious or malicious” about the nature of its conduct
in sending the Letters. ECF No. 14 at 42. Rather, PNC characterizes the Letters as a benevolent
“attempt to reduce [Ogden’s] monthly payments.” Id. It further attests that it notified Ogden’s
attorney of the offer of a loan modification, and that it never sought to collect a pre-petition debt
outside of the bankruptcy proceedings nor did it “commence or resume any foreclosure action
against the property.” Id. PNC acknowledges that it has “admitted to sending the Letters,” but it
denies raising any frivolous defenses. Id. at 43, 44.
In contrast, Judge Brown found the nature of PNC’s conduct to be reckless. ECF No. 7-3
at 298. She concluded that PNC’s conduct is “not as egregious as some stay violation matters
that [she] has presided over,” but that PNC did act recklessly by not erecting “sufficient
safeguards” to prevent the issuance of the form letters. Id. Specifically, the bankruptcy court
took issue with the fact that PNC “made no attempt” to institute any screening for bankruptcy
filings when it ran a search for all loans that might qualify for a loan modification before sending
25
form letters with payment terms and “foreclosure avoidance language.” Id. Judge Brown
contended that this “recklessness” could injure other debtors like Ogden. Id.
Furthermore, Judge Brown determined that PNC is a sophisticated creditor, and it “is
well aware of the automatic stay and the actions that it prohibits.” Id. Additionally, regarding
PNC’s motives, Judge Brown claimed that “Ms. Thomas’ testimony and the actions of the Bank
have so exacerbated matters in this proceeding that it has caused [Judge Brown] to form the
impression that the Bank bears actual ill will towards [Ogden].” Id. The bankruptcy court
concluded that PNC’s refusal to “quickly and easily” reassure Ogden that “the letters had been
sent in error” reflects a general attitude of resistance to helping Ogden in “any way.” Id. at 299.
Judge Brown indicated that, had PNC demonstrated any interest in communicating with or
assisting Ogden, it could have avoided the Adversary Proceeding “before the parties had incurred
significant attorney fees and costs.” Id. The bankruptcy court described PNC as sending the
signal that “it believes it is above reproach.” Id. Judge Brown also determined that Ogden did
not do anything to provoke this treatment. Id. Finally, the bankruptcy court found that PNC
raised a number of frivolous defenses, which “further justifies the imposition of punitive
damages.” Id.
This Court “must accord broad discretion to the [bankruptcy] court’s determination
[regarding punitive damages] because it has had the benefit of hearing the testimony, of
observing the demeanor of witnesses and also knows the community and its standards.” JordanStarr v. Norwest Bank-Region VIII, 163 B.R. 838, 840 (D. Colo. 1994) (internal quotations and
citations omitted). Following my review, I cannot conclude that Judge Brown abused her
26
discretion by making a clear error of judgment or exceeding the bounds of permissible choice
when determining that Ogden is entitled to punitive damages under these circumstances.
I find no abuse of discretion in Judge Brown’s arrival at the sum of $35,000. Judge
Brown explained that she arrived at this number because Ogden introduced evidence regarding
PNC’s financial situation at the Evidentiary Hearing, and she was under an obligation to serve
the goal of deterrence by setting the amount high enough to actually change the creditor’s
behavior. Id. at 299. Given that PNC’s financial statement reflected a net worth of over $89
million and more than $316 million in assets, Judge Brown properly concluded that “it would
take a significant award to deter this creditor.” Id.
PNC also claims that the award of punitive damages is excessive from a constitutional
standpoint. PNC does not explicitly claim that an award of $35,000 violates its due process
rights under the Fifth Amendment, but it does claim that the amount should be reduced based on
due process implications. ECF No. 14 at 10, 44–46. As mentioned above, while I review the
award of punitive damages for an abuse of discretion, I must consider its constitutionality de
novo.
“[I]t is well established that there are procedural and substantive constitutional limitations
on [punitive damage] awards[,]” and that due process “prohibits the imposition of grossly
excessive or arbitrary punishments[.]” State Farm, 538 U.S. at 416 (internal citations omitted).
“In analyzing the constitutionality of punitive damages, the Supreme Court has instructed courts
to look to (1) the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant's action; (2) the disparity between
the actual or potential harm suffered by the plaintiff and the punitive damage award; and (3) the
27
difference between the punitive damage award and the civil penalties authorized or imposed in
comparable cases.” Culley, 2006 WL 2091199, at *5 (internal citation omitted).
As PNC notes, regarding the ratio of “actual or compensatory damages to punitive
damages, the Supreme Court has recently held that ‘in practice, few awards exceeding a singledigit ratio between punitive and compensatory damages, to a significant degree, will satisfy due
process.’” ECF No. 14 at 38 (quoting Cooper Indus., Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc., 532
U.S. 424, 436 (2001)). However, following guidance from the Supreme Court, the Tenth Circuit
has rejected a categorical approach to punitive damages in that there is no simple mathematical
formula for computing a punitive award by comparing it to the actual or potential damages.
Haberman v. The Hartford Insurance Group, 443 F.3d 1257, 1272 (10th Cir. 2006) (“there are
no rigid benchmarks that a punitive damages award may not surpass”). “[L]ow awards of
compensatory damages may properly support a higher ratio than high compensatory awards, if,
for example, a particularly egregious act has resulted in only a small amount of economic
damages. A higher ratio may also be justified in cases in which the injury is hard to detect or the
monetary value of noneconomic harm might have been difficult to determine.” BMW of North
America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 582 (1996).
PNC urges this Court to reduce the punitive damages award should it vacate or reduce the
award of actual damages and attorney’s fees. Because I affirm Judge Brown’s decisions on
actual damages and attorney’s fees, her award of punitive damages is roughly the same amount
as the compensatory damages. Additionally, I find no abuse of discretion in her conclusion that
the nature of PNC’s conduct was highly reprehensible. In sum, I conclude that Judge Brown’s
28
award of punitive damages was not an abuse of the bankruptcy court’s discretion, it does not run
afoul of constitutional limits, and it should be affirmed.
E. Res Judicata is Inapplicable.
PNC also argues that the doctrine of res judicata should have barred the bankruptcy
court’s consideration of Ogden’s claim that the Letters violated the stay under the Order to Show
Cause. ECF No. 14 at 46. “The doctrine of res judicata, or claim preclusion, will prevent a party
from relitigating a legal claim that was or could have been the subject of a previously issued final
judgment.” MACTEC, Inc. v. Gorelick, 427 F.3d 821, 831 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal citation
omitted). “Under Tenth Circuit law, claim preclusion applies when three elements exist: (1) a
final judgment on the merits in an earlier action; (2) identity of the parties in the two suits; and
(3) identity of the cause of action in both suits.” Id. (internal citation omitted).
PNC attests that “[t]he first two “parties are identical and the bankruptcy court’s amended
order in the adversary proceeding was a final judgment on the merits[.]” Id. at 47. PNC also
argues that “the Letters arose from the same nucleus of facts as the claims in the Adversary
Proceeding.” Id. at 49. Therefore, PNC concludes that res judicata should have precluded the
bankruptcy court’s consideration of Ogden’s claim raised under the Order to Show Cause.” Id.
at 47.
This argument is without merit. Judge Brown dismissed Ogden’s claims that PNC had
violated the stay without prejudice. See ECF No. 7-3 at 290. “Generally, a dismissal without
prejudice does not operate as a final adjudication on the merits and has no claim-preclusive
effect on a later suit.” McNally v. Colorado State Patrol, 2004 WL 2445576, at *3 (10th Cir.
2004) (unpublished) (internal citation omitted). See also 18 James Wm. Moore, et al., Moore's
29
Federal Practice, § 131.54[1] (3d ed.1997) (“A dismissal of an action without prejudice is an
indication that the judgment is not on the merits and will therefore have no preclusive effect.”)
(emphasis in original). Judge Brown’s dismissal of Ogden’s stay violation claims had no
preclusive effect of her consideration of the claims presented in the Evidentiary Hearing.
ORDER
For the reasons described above, Judge Brown’s order is affirmed. Ogden is entitled to
the damages and fees as awarded by the bankruptcy court for PNC’s willful violation of the
automatic stay.
DATED this 18th day of March, 2016.
BY THE COURT:
___________________________________
R. Brooke Jackson
United States District Judge
30
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