Eller v. Tonche et al
Filing
174
RECOMMENDATION OF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE granting in part and denying in part 156 MOTION for Summary Judgment filed by Kenneth LeFever, Charlene Larson, Meghan Jackson, Todd Tonche, Nicole Albright, Jeannie Park, Charles Kudlauskas, Tami Ruch, Sarah Darula by Magistrate Judge Michael E. Hegarty on 03/14/2018. The Court recommends denying summary judgment as to all Defendants other than Ms. Albright and Mr. Kudlauskas. The Court recommends holding that Mr. Eller demonstrates disputed issues of fact precluding summary judgment in favor of Officer Park, Officer Ruch, Ms. Jackson, and Ms. Larson. However, Ms. Albright and Mr. Kudlauskas are entitled to qualified immunity. (mdave, )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
Civil Action No. 15-cv-02693-REB-MEH
WILLIAM B. ELLER,
Plaintiff,
v.
TODD TONCHE,
TAMI RUCH,
JEANNIE PARK,
KENNETH LEFEVER,
SARAH DARULA,
NICOLE ALBRIGHT,
CHARLES KUDLAUSKAS,
CHARLENE LARSON, and
MEGHAN JACKSON,
Defendants.
______________________________________________________________________________
RECOMMENDATION OF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
______________________________________________________________________________
Michael E. Hegarty, United States Magistrate Judge.
Defendants move for summary judgment on all of Plaintiff William Eller’s claims.
Defendants first contend Mr. Eller has not exhausted his administrative remedies. Alternatively,
Defendants Tami Ruch, Jeannie Park, Nicole Albright, Charles Kudlauskas, Charlene Larson, and
Meghan Jackson assert entitlement to qualified immunity. The Court recommends holding that
Defendants waived their untimeliness objection regarding some of Mr. Eller’s grievances, and that
disputed issues of fact exist as to whether administrative remedies were available for the remaining
grievance. Proceeding to the merits, the Court recommends holding that Officer Ruch, Officer Park,
Ms. Jackson, and Ms. Larson are not entitled to qualified immunity at this time. However, Mr. Eller
fails to present evidence establishing a constitutional violation against Ms. Albright and Mr.
Kudlauskas. Accordingly, the Court respectfully recommends granting in part and denying in part
Defendants’ motion.
BACKGROUND
I.
Factual Background
The evidence submitted by the parties reveals the following facts viewed in the light most
favorable to Mr. Eller, who is the non-moving party in this matter.
1.
Mr. Eller was an inmate at the Sterling Correctional Facility (“SCF”) in the Colorado
Department of Corrections (“CDOC”) at the time of the incidents giving rise to this lawsuit.
Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 1, ECF No. 156; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 1, ECF No.
163.
2.
On February 13, 2013, Correctional Officers Park and Tonche came to Mr. Eller’s cell to
escort Mr. Eller to an appointment. Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 3; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement
of Facts ¶ 1.
3.
When Defendants arrived at Mr. Eller’s cell, Mr. Eller was having a disagreement with his
cellmate. Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 4; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 4.
4.
Nevertheless, Mr. Eller gathered his belongings and walked out of his cell into the vestibule
area. Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 5; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 4.
5.
Mr. Eller informed the officers that he did not want to go to his appointment. Instead, he
wished to be handcuffed so he could see the housing sergeant regarding a request to change
cells. Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 6; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 7.
6.
Officer Ruch placed Mr. Eller in handcuffs, after which Mr. Eller turned around to face
Officer Tonche. Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶¶ 8–9; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 7.
2
7.
Mr. Eller claims that Officer Tonche then punched him in the face, put him in a headlock,
and “face-planted [him] into the concrete.” Dep. of William Eller 91:17–92:5, June 28, 2017
(“Eller dep.”), ECF No. 163-2.
8.
Officer Ruch assisted in taking Mr. Eller to the ground. Dep. of Jeannie Park, 41:10–:14,
Apr. 14, 2017 (“Park dep.”), ECF No. 163-3; Dep. of Tami Ruch, 42:4–:11, Apr. 10, 2017
(“Ruch dep.”), ECF No. 163-6.
9.
During this incident, Officer Park was standing approximately three feet from Officer
Tonche, Officer Ruch, and Mr. Eller. Park dep. 50:10–:16.
10.
Mr. Eller contends that once he was on the ground, Officer Tonche “took a knee, jumped up,
drove it in the back of [his] neck,” and “put a knee in the back of [his] spine.” Eller dep.
92:1–:4. Officer Tonche then “[j]umped back up [and] stomped [Mr. Eller’s] left leg where
it snapped.” Id. at 92:4–:5; see also Aff. of Jonathan Trujillo, ECF No. 163-5, at 1–2; Aff.
of Jeremiah Woolbright, ECF No. 163-5, at 4.
11.
Additionally, Mr. Eller remembers being kicked in the torso by either Officer Ruch or
Officer Park. Eller dep. 99:15–100:14.
12.
The entire incident last approximately three minutes. Park dep. 58:2–:8; Pl.’s Statement of
Facts ¶ 1, ECF No. 163; Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 1, ECF No. 170.
13.
On the same day as the incident, Defendant Sarah Darula, a nurse at SCF, performed an
anatomical examination on Mr. Eller. Ms. Darula noted a one-inch unopened abrasion on
Mr. Eller’s left arm and a two-by-two inch red unopened area on Mr. Eller’s lower back.
ECF No. 156-11, at 6.
14.
Due to his allegedly abusive and threatening conduct on February 13, 2015, Mr. Eller was
3
subsequently convicted of advocating or creating a facility disruption. Defs.’ Statement of
Facts ¶ 17; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 17.
15.
Beginning on the day of the incident and continuing through February 23, 2015, Mr. Eller
verbally complained to every nurse on med line1 about pain and swelling in his leg. Aff. of
William Eller ¶¶ 5–6, ECF No. 163-1.
16.
In addition to verbal complaints, inmates in administrative segregation like Mr. Eller can
submit informal medical complaints, called “kites,” either directly to a nurse during med line
or by placing it in the cell door so that a nurse on med line can take the kite as he or she
walks by. Dep. of Sterling Correctional Facility 53:11–:25, Aug. 22, 2017 (“SCF dep.”),
ECF No. 163-28. The nurse on med line then takes the kite to the nurses’ station and places
it in a basket to be entered into the computer system. Dep. of Nicole Albright 23:24–24:10,
Aug. 24, 2017 (“Albright dep.”), ECF No. 163-18. Although the charge nurse occasionally
assigns a specific person to input kites into the computer system, kites are generally entered
by any nurse who has time. Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 13; Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Facts
¶ 13.
17.
Between February 13, 2015 and February 23, 2015, Mr. Eller submitted kites twice a day to
the nurses on med line. Aff. of William Eller ¶¶ 5–6; ECF No. 163-9. Among other issues,
these kites complained of “extreme pain” and “chipped teeth,” and they requested an x-ray
for his broken leg. ECF No. 163-9. However, none of these kites were entered into the
computer system. Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 7; Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 7.
1
During “med line” or “med pass,” a single nurse would walk through each unit to pass out
medication to the inmates. Eller dep. 28:11–:17; Dep. of Nicole Albright 22:4–23:8, Aug. 24, 2017
(Albright dep.”), ECF No. 163-18.
4
18.
At some point between February 14, 2015 and February 23, 2015, Mr. Eller told Ms.
Jackson, a nurse at SCF, that he believed he had a broken leg as a result of the incident with
Officers Tonche, Ruch, and Park. Mr. Eller contends he informed Ms. Jackson that he had
extreme pain and was unable to bear weight on his leg. Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 20; Resp.
to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 20.
19.
Mr. Eller also gave Ms. Jackson a kite. Eller dep. 40:10–41:12; Defs.’ Statement of Facts
¶ 20; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 20. However, Ms. Jackson did not enter the kite
into the computer system. Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 7; Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶
7.
20.
Mr. Eller informed Ms. Larson, a nurse at SCF, about his extreme leg pain many times
between February 13, 2015 and February 23, 2015. Specifically, Mr. Eller remembers
telling Ms. Larson on February 22, 2015 that his leg feels broken and that he suffers extreme
pain when he attempts to stand on it. Eller dep. 175:18–76:3; Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶
23; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 23.
21.
Mr. Eller contends that in response to his verbal complaints and kites, Ms. Larson threatened
him, threw his kites away, and destroyed his kites in front of him. Eller dep. 78:1–:3,
253:13–:23.
22.
On February 23, 2015, Ms. Albright, a charge nurse at SCF, requested that Ms. Larson
examine Mr. Eller’s leg. After doing so, Ms. Larson reported to Ms. Albright that Mr. Eller
needed further attention. Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 26; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts
¶ 26.
23.
Ms. Albright subsequently performed an assessment on Mr. Eller’s leg and noted major
5
swelling to Mr. Eller’s left ankle. Ms. Albright also conducted a capillary refill and noted
that Mr. Eller’s skin was warm to touch. Ms. Albright ordered an ACE wrap and ice pass
for the next seventy-two hours and noted that Mr. Eller would have to undergo an x-ray for
a possible fracture. Lastly, Ms. Albright reported her findings to the physician assistant, Mr.
Kudlauskas. ECF No. 156-11, at 4; Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶¶ 28–30; Resp. to Defs.’
Statement of Facts ¶¶ 28–30.
24.
Ms. Albright did not give Mr. Eller crutches on February 23, 2015 or February 24, 2015.
Albright dep. 104:25–05:2.
25.
Despite Mr. Eller’s request to have the x-ray taken immediately, the imaging was not
performed until February 25, 2015. Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 31; Resp. to Defs.’
Statement of Facts ¶ 31.
26.
Mr. Kudlauskas reviewed the imaging on February 25, 2015 and determined that Mr. Eller’s
leg was fractured. Mr. Kudlauskas ordered that Mr. Eller receive a bottom bunk restriction,
crutches, ibuprofen, and a half cast. Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 34; Resp. to Defs.’
Statement of Facts ¶ 34; ECF No. 156-11, at 3.
27.
Mr. Kudlauskas then spoke with an orthopaedic surgeon on the phone and subsequently
submitted a request for an orthopaedic consult. Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 36; Resp. to
Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 36.
28.
Mr. Kudlauskas did not order a “bottom tier restriction,” which would have allowed Mr.
Eller to stay in a cell on the lower tier. Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 35; Resp. to Defs.’
Statement of Facts ¶ 35.
29.
Mr. Eller received surgery to treat his broken leg on March 4, 2015. Defs.’ Statement of
6
Facts ¶ 37; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 37.
30.
In addition to his kites, Mr. Eller submitted grievances regarding the excessive force incident
and his medical needs. ECF No. 156-17, at 44–71.
31.
SCF policy establishes a four-step process for resolving inmate grievances. This includes
an informal opportunity to engage in dialog with the allegedly offending individual and three
formal steps. The policy requires inmates to file a step one grievance within thirty days of
discovering the underlying issue. The inmate must then file a step two grievance within five
days of receiving an unsatisfactory response to the step one grievance. Similarly, the inmate
must file a step three grievance within five days of receiving an unsatisfactory step two
response. Aff. of Anthony Decesaro ¶¶ 4–8, ECF No. 156-17.
32.
Although Mr. Eller regularly requested informal and step one grievance forms between
February 13, 2015 and February 25, 2015, SCF staff denied each of his requests. Aff. of
William Eller ¶¶ 12, 17, 20–22, 27.
33.
Once Mr. Eller obtained the proper forms, he filed six sets of grievances related to the events
underlying this lawsuit. ECF No. 156-17, at 44–71; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 46;
Reply to Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 46, ECF No. 170.
34.
Mr. Eller filed his first grievance on April 3, 2015. This grievance complained of Officer
Tonch’s, Officer Ruch’s, and Officer Park’s wrongful use of force. Additionally, the
grievance stated that this was his third attempt to file a complaint related to this issue. At
steps one and two, an SCF staff member reviewed the allegations and found no use of force
violation. Additionally, the staff member noted that grievances may address only one
incident, and they cannot challenge Code of Penal Discipline convictions. At step three,
7
SCF denied the grievance for the additional reason that prisoners may not seek damages for
pain and suffering through the grievance system. ECF No. 156-17, at 68–71.
35.
Also on April 3, 2015, Mr. Eller filed a grievance related to delay in receiving medical
attention. This grievance was denied as untimely and for seeking pain and suffering
damages. Id. at 44–47.
36.
Mr. Eller filed his third grievance on April 22, 2015. This grievance also complained of
delay in receiving medical treatment for his broken bone. SCF denied this as a duplicate
grievance and for being filed out of time. Id. at 48–51.
37.
Mr. Eller’s fourth set of grievances complained that SCF medical staff denied him care and
refused to move him to a bottom tier cell until he received surgery. Mr. Eller filed the step
one grievance on April 22, 2015. In response, SCF noted that Mr. Eller was placed in a
bottom tier cell the same day as he was given a bottom tier restriction—March 4, 2015. At
step three, SCF stated that his grievance improperly sought damages for pain and suffering.
Id. at 54–57.
38.
The fifth set of grievances, which Mr. Eller filed on April 27, 2015, complained of SCF
staff’s refusal to immediately transfer Mr. Eller to a hospital for his broken bone. SCF
denied these grievances as untimely and for improperly seeking pain and suffering damages.
Id. at 59–62.
39.
Mr. Eller initiated his final set of grievances on October 1, 2015. These grievances
complained of the use of force incident on February 13, 2015. SCF denied these grievances
as untimely. Id. at 63–66.
40.
Mr. Eller contends that, throughout the months following the use of force incident, several
8
officers threatened him to deter him from filing grievances. Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 50;
Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 50.
II.
Procedural History
Initially proceeding pro se, Mr. Eller filed his Complaint on December 11, 2015. Compl.,
ECF No. 1. After Mr. Eller amended his Complaint various times, Mr. Eller’s pro bono counsel
entered an appearance on October 5, 2016. See ECF Nos. 97–100. On November 21, 2016, Mr.
Eller’s counsel filed the operative Fourth Amended Complaint, ECF No. 107, which asserts two
claims for relief: (1) Eighth Amendment excessive force against Defendants Tonche, Ruch, Park,
Tavenner, and Wixson and (2) Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference to medical needs against
sixteen individuals. Id. ¶¶ 144–73.
While the parties were proceeding through discovery, they stipulated to the dismissal of
Defendants Tavenner, Wixson, Melo, Kautz, Kobertstein, Lish, and Lotman. ECF No. 146.
Additionally, on October 24, 2017, the parties agreed to dismiss all claims against Defendant Russell
and the deliberate indifference claim against Officers Park and Ruch. ECF No. 153. Accordingly,
the remaining defendants to Mr. Eller’s first claim are Officers Tonche, Ruch, and Park. Mr. Eller
asserts his second claim for relief against Defendants LeFever, Darula, Albright, Kudlauskas,
Larson, and Jackson.
On October 25, 2017, Defendants filed the present Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No.
156. Defendants’ motion seeks dismissal of Mr. Eller’s claims as to all Defendants for failure to
exhaust pursuant to the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”).2 Id. at 14–18. Additionally,
2
Defendants’ reply brief concedes that the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement does not apply
to Ms. Jackson. Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. 10, ECF No. 170.
9
Defendants Park, Ruch, Jackson, Larson, Albright, and Kudlauskas contend they are entitled to
qualified immunity. Id. at 19–30. Defendants Tonche, LeFever, and Darula do not seek summary
judgment on qualified immunity grounds.
Mr. Eller filed his response brief on December 15, 2017. Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ.
J., ECF No. 163. Regarding exhaustion, Mr. Eller claims the PLRA does not apply to him, because
he filed the operative Fourth Amended Complaint after he was released from prison. Id. at 20–21.
Furthermore, Mr. Eller contends the grievance process was unavailable, he timely filed some of his
grievances, and Defendants waived untimeliness as to others. Id. at 21–24. Then, Mr. Eller claims
that disputed issues of fact exist as to each individual’s qualified immunity defense. Id. at 24–35.
Mr. Eller timely filed a Reply in Support of his Motion, ECF No. 170.
LEGAL STANDARD
A motion for summary judgment serves the purpose of testing whether a trial is required.
Heideman v. S. Salt Lake City, 348 F.3d 1182, 1185 (10th Cir. 2003). A court shall grant summary
judgment if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, admissions, or affidavits show
there is no genuine issue of material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A fact is material if it might affect the outcome of the suit under the
governing substantive law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986).
The moving party bears the initial responsibility of providing to the court the factual basis
for its motion. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). “The moving party may carry
its initial burden either by producing affirmative evidence negating an essential element of the
nonmoving party’s claim, or by showing that the nonmoving party does not have enough evidence
to carry its burden of persuasion at trial.” Trainor v. Apollo Metal Specialties, Inc., 318 F.3d 976,
10
979 (10th Cir. 2002). Only admissible evidence may be considered when ruling on a motion for
summary judgment. World of Sleep, Inc. v. La-Z-Boy Chair Co., 756 F.2d 1467, 1474 (10th Cir.
1985).
If the movant properly supports a motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party has
the burden of showing there are issues of material fact to be determined. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322.
That is, the opposing party may not rest on the allegations contained in his complaint, but must
respond with specific facts showing a genuine factual issue for trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e);
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247–48 (“[T]he mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the
parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the
requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.”). These specific facts may be shown
“by any of the kinds of evidentiary materials listed in Rule 56(c), except the mere pleadings
themselves.” Pietrowski v. Town of Dibble, 134 F.3d 1006, 1008 (10th Cir. 1998) (quoting Celotex,
477 U.S. at 324). “[T]he content of summary judgment evidence must be generally admissible and
. . . if that evidence is presented in the form of an affidavit, the Rules of Civil Procedure specifically
require a certain type of admissibility, i.e., the evidence must be based on personal knowledge.”
Bryant v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 432 F.3d 1114, 1122 (10th Cir. 2005). “The court views the record
and draws all inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Pepsi-Cola Bottling
Co. of Pittsburg, Inc. v. Pepsico, Inc., 431 F.3d 1241, 1255 (10th Cir. 2005).
ANALYSIS
The Court first recommends finding that the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement does not
presently require dismissal of Mr. Eller’s claims. Then, the Court recommends holding that
summary judgment is improper as to Officer Park, Officer Ruch, Ms. Jackson, and Ms. Larson;
11
however, Ms. Albright and Mr. Kudlauskas are entitled to qualified immunity.
I.
Exhaustion
Defendants have not undisputedly demonstrated that the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement
bars Ms. Eller’s claims. The Court will first address Mr. Eller’s threshold argument that the PLRA
does not apply to this case. The Court finds that the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement applies to all
defendants other than Ms. Jackson. Then the Court finds that, although Mr. Eller did not timely
exhaust any of his claims, Defendants waived an untimeliness objection to Mr. Eller’s use of force
claim and bottom tier restriction allegation. Regarding Mr. Eller’s denial of medical care
grievances, the Court finds that disputed issues of fact exist as to whether administrative remedies
were available.
As a threshold matter, the Court finds that the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement applies to all
defendants other than Ms. Jackson, for whom Defendants agree exhaustion is not required. See
Defs.’ Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. 10, ECF No. 170. Mr. Eller argues the PLRA does not
apply, because he was released from incarceration before he filed his Fourth Amended Complaint.
Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. 20–21. However, it is a plaintiff’s condition “at the time he filed
suit,” not at the time he amended his complaint, that is relevant to whether he must exhaust. Norton
v. City of Marietta, Okla., 432 F.3d 1145, 1150 (10th Cir. 2005); Figueroa v. Okla. Dep’t of Corrs.,
501 F. App’x 746, 750–51 (10th Cir. 2012) (unpublished) (holding that the PLRA’s exhaustion
requirement applied, because the plaintiff’s “claims relate to her confinement in [Department of
Corrections] custody, and she filed her original complaint while she was in [] custody”); West v.
Ortiz, No. 06-1192, 2007 WL 706924, at *6 (10th Cir. Mar. 9, 2007) (unpublished) (“[W]e leave
to the district court to determine in the first instance the applicability of the PLRA’s exhaustion
12
requirement because that determination requires the resolution of fact questions concerning [the
plaintiff’s] precise incarceration status when he mailed or filed the original complaint.”). Thus, a
defendant may assert an exhaustion defense if the plaintiff brought claims against that defendant
while the plaintiff was incarcerated.
The Court finds that Mr. Eller named all defendants other than Ms. Jackson in the original
Complaint that he filed while he was incarcerated. Defendants Tonche, Ruch, Park, Lefever, Darula,
and Albright are specifically named in the heading. Compl. 1, ECF No. 1. Furthermore, Mr. Eller
uses the “et al.” designation on the last line of the heading, and the body of the Complaint asserts
claims against Ms. Larson and Mr. Kudlauskas. Id. at 1, 17, 22. Indeed, Mr. Eller refers to Ms.
Larson and Mr. Kudlauskas as “Defendants.” Id. at 17, 24. This is sufficient to allege claims
against Ms. Larson and Mr. Kudlauskas. See Mitchell v. Maynard, 80 F.3d 1433, 1441 (10th Cir.
1996) (“[A] party not properly named in the caption of a complaint may still be properly before the
court if the allegations in the body of the complaint make it plain the party is intended as a
defendant.”). As such, the Court must analyze whether Mr. Eller properly exhausted his claims as
to all defendants other than Ms. Jackson.
A.
Exhaustion of Use of Force Allegations
Mr. Eller does not dispute that his use of force grievances were filed outside of the thirty-day
period. Resp. to Mot. for Summ. J. 24. Indeed, Mr. Eller’s first recorded grievance related to the
use of force was on April 3, 2015—almost fifty days after the February 13, 2015 incident. ECF No.
156-17, at 68. However, Mr. Eller contends Defendants waived an untimeliness objection by ruling
on the merits of the grievance. Resp. to Mot. for Summ. J. 24. The Court agrees.
“If a prison accepts a belated filing, and considers it on the merits, that step makes the filing
13
proper for purposes of state law and avoids exhaustion, default, and timeliness hurdles in federal
court.” Ross v. County of Bernalillo, 365 F.3d 1181, 1186 (10th Cir. 2004), abrogated on other
grounds; Jewkes v. Shackleton, No. 11-cv-00112-REB-BNB, 2012 WL 3028054, at *2 (D. Colo.
July 23, 2012) (finding an untimeliness objection waived, because “[a]t no point in the grievance
process . . . did the CDOC raise the issue of the timeliness . . . .”);3 Sansom v. Milyard, No. 10-cv02391-WYD-MJW, 2012 WL 1015200, at *4 (D. Colo. Mar. 23, 2012) (“[H]aving established that
the DOC responded to his Step 1 grievance on the merits, I find that Plaintiff has responded in a way
that raises a genuine dispute regarding his failure to exhaust.”). In response to Mr. Eller’s April 3,
2015 use of force grievance, SCF staff stated, “All [u]ses of [f]orce[] [were] reviewed and no wrong
doing was found in this incident.” ECF No. 156-17, at 68. In denying Mr. Eller’s step two
grievance, SCF staff provided, “This use of force was reviewed and the force used was found to be
appropriate and not excessive.” Id. at 69. Although the step three denial mentioned that the
grievance sought unavailable relief and was inconsistent with the step one and step two grievances,
the denial did not state that any of the grievances were untimely. Id. at 71. As such, Defendants
3
Defendants argue that Jewkes is distinguishable from the present case, because in that case
the department of corrections told the plaintiff that she had exhausted her administrative remedies.
Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. 13. Here, in contrast, SCF denied the grievance for other
procedural reasons in addition to denying it on the merits. ECF No. 156-17, at 68–71. However,
in deciding that the defendant waived timeliness, the Jewkes court primarily relied on the fact that
the defendant “responded fully and substantively to [the plaintiff’s] grievance without raising the
timeliness issue at any stage of the grievance process.” Jewkes, 2012 WL 3028054, at *3.
Similarly, SCF responded to Mr. Eller’s grievance on the merits without discussing timeliness
concerns. Moreover, Defendants in this case did not rely on procedural grounds in denying relief
for Mr. Eller’s use of force complaints. Indeed, the only procedural objections in the denials are that
Mr. Eller requested unavailable relief and sought resolution of more than one issue. ECF No. 15617, at 71. Thus, these “procedural objections” were not related to the use of force incident. Because
Defendants only response to Mr. Eller’s use of force allegations was that “the use of force was
reviewed and the force used was found to be appropriate and not excessive,” id., Defendants
“accept[ed] a belated filing, and consider[ed] it on the merits.” Ross, 365 F.3d at 1186.
14
accepted Mr. Eller’s belated filing and considered it on the merits. Pursuant to Ross, this “avoids
exhaustion, default, and timeliness hurdles in federal court.” 365 F.3d at 1186.
B.
Exhaustion of Bottom Tier Denial Allegations
It is undisputed that Mr. Eller did not grieve the denial of a bottom tier restriction within
thirty days of the incident. Mr. Eller acknowledges that he was finally given access to the lower tier
on March 4, 2015, and he did not file his grievance until April 22, 2015, ECF No. 156-17, at 54.
However, similar to Mr. Eller’s use of force grievance, Defendants did not address timeliness
concerns in response to this grievance. The denials of Mr. Eller’s step one and step two grievances
state that he was given a bottom tier cell on March 4, 2015, which is the same day the restriction was
authorized.4 Id. at 54–55. Therefore, Defendants denied the grievances for failure to allege any
improper conduct. The step three denial explains that the grievance process does not allow pain and
suffering damages; it does not state that the grievance was untimely.5 Id. at 57. Thus, instead of
denying Mr. Eller’s grievance as filed out of time, Defendants denied it on the merits. This waived
Defendants’ present untimeliness argument regarding the grievance.
C.
Exhaustion of Denial of Medical Care Allegations
Regarding Mr. Eller’s denial of medical care complaints, the Court recommends finding that,
although Mr. Eller did not timely exhaust these grievances and Defendants did not waive their
4
Defendants apparently construed Mr. Eller’s grievances as complaining of being denied a
bottom tier restriction after his surgery on March 3, 2015. However, Mr. Eller’s grievances make
clear that he complained of being denied a bottom tier restriction “until [his] return from open
surgery . . . .” ECF No. 156-17, at 54.
5
To be sure, the request states that the time constrains “are now expired regarding these
events.” ECF No. 156-17, at 57. However, the grievance officer stated this to inform Mr. Eller that
“there will be no further review of this matter.” Id. At no point did the grievance officer state that
Mr. Eller’s initial grievance was filed out of time.
15
untimeliness objection, disputed issues of fact exist as to whether administrative remedies were
available. Mr. Eller filed his first medical care grievance on April 3, 2015. ECF No. 156-17, at 44.
Mr. Eller claims he filed this grievance timely, because he submitted it thirty days after his surgery.
Resp. to Mot. for Summ. J. 24. However, even if the Court were to construe the grievance as
complaining of being denied medical care in the morning of the day he received surgery,6 thirty days
after March 3, 2015 is April 2, 2015. Therefore, Mr. Eller did not comply with SCF policy, which
requires that inmates file grievances “no later than 30 calendar days from the date the offender knew,
or should have known, of the facts giv[ing] rise to the grievance.” Grievance Policy, ECF No. 15617, at 15. Because prison policy, not the PLRA, defines the applicable procedural rules, Mr. Eller
did not timely exhaust his administrative remedies with regard to these allegations. See Jones v.
Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 218 (2007) (“[T]o properly exhaust administrative remedies prisoners must
‘complete the administrative review process in accordance with the applicable procedural
rules,’—rules that are defined not by the PLRA, but by the prison grievance process itself.” (internal
citations omitted) (quoting Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 88 (2006))).
Additionally, unlike the grievances related to use of force and denial of a bottom tier
restriction, SCF specifically denied this grievance as untimely. ECF No. 156-17, at 47 (“Your
grievance is filed out of time.”). Therefore, Defendants did not waive their untimeliness objection
6
The Court notes that much of the conduct mentioned in the April 3, 2015 grievance
occurred prior to March 3, 2015. Indeed, Mr. Eller complains that he was denied x-rays; however,
Mr. Eller was provided x-rays on February 25, 2015. ECF No. 156-17, at 44; Defs.’ Statement of
Facts ¶ 31, ECF No. 156; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 31, ECF No. 163. The only incident
that could have occurred on March 3, 2015 is that SCF staff denied Mr. Eller pain medication on the
morning of his surgery. ECF No. 156-17, at 44 (stating that Mr. Eller was denied pain medication
while he awaited surgery). Therefore, even if Mr. Eller had filed his grievance within thirty days
of his surgery, it would only be timely as to this allegation.
16
with regard to the inadequate medical care allegations. However, the Court must still address
whether Mr. Eller’s failure to timely file a grievance can be excused, because administrative
remedies were unavailable.
“[I]f an administrative remedy is not available, then an inmate cannot be required to exhaust
it.” Tuckel v. Grover, 660 F.3d 1249, 1252 (10th Cir. 2011). “[A]n administrative remedy is not
‘available’ under the PLRA if ‘prison officials prevent, thwart, or hinder a prisoner’s efforts to avail
himself of [the] administrative remedy.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Little v. Jones, 607 F.3d
1245, 1250 (10th Cir. 2010)).
A prison official can prevent a prisoner from pursuing an
administrative remedy by threatening an inmate or simply by physically obstructing the grievance
process. Id. at 1252–53 (stating that a prison official can inhibit an inmate from utilizing
administrative processes through threats or intimidation); Gonyea v. Mink, 206 F. App’x 745, 747
(10th Cir. 2006) (unpublished) (“[A]dministrative remedies may be deemed unavailable due to
obstruction of the grievance process.”).
Here, the Court finds that Mr. Eller demonstrates a disputed issue of fact regarding whether
Defendants obstructed the grievance process.7 Mr. Eller contends in his sworn affidavit that, despite
his requests, prison officials did not provide him grievance forms until February 25, 2015. Aff. of
William Eller ¶¶ 12–27, ECF No. 163-1. Once he received the grievance forms, officers prevented
him from submitting them. Id. ¶ 40; see Eller dep. 252:19–:25 (stating that officers told him to quit
pursuing grievances, because he would never prevail). Indeed, some officers went as far as tearing
7
Defendants spend much of their motion and reply brief rebutting Mr. Eller’s argument that
administrative remedies were unavailable due to threats and intimidation. Mot. for Summ. J. 17.
Because the Court finds evidence that Defendants physically prevented Mr. Eller from filing
grievances, the Court need not address this issue.
17
up grievances at Mr. Eller’s cell door and telling him he would never be able to successfully submit
grievances. Aff. of William Eller ¶¶ 41–44. According to Mr. Eller, because this interference
continued into April 2015, he did not successfully file any grievance forms until April 3, 2015. Id.
¶ 43; ECF No. 156-17, at 44–71. If a jury believes this testimony, it could reasonably find that
prison officials prevented Mr. Eller from utilizing administrative remedies. See Miller v Norris, 247
F.3d 736, 740 (8th Cir. 2001) (“[A] remedy that prison officials prevent a prisoner from ‘utiliz[ing]’
is not an ‘available’ remedy under § 1997e(a).” (alterations in original)). Unlike Williams v. Sirmon,
in which the prisoner did not claim that the defendants “prevented him from filing grievances, either
by refusing to accept his grievances or destroying his papers,” 350 F. App’x 294, 299 (10th Cir.
2009) (unpublished), Mr. Eller contends Defendants destroyed his grievances at his cell door. As
such, it would be improper to dismiss Mr. Eller’s Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference claim
for failure to exhaust at this time.
II.
Qualified Immunity
Defendants next contend that Officer Park, Officer Ruch, Ms. Jackson, Ms. Larson, Ms.
Albright, and Mr. Kudlauskas are entitled to qualified immunity. Mot. for Summ. J. 19–30, ECF
No. 156. Qualified immunity protects a public official whose possible violation of a plaintiff’s civil
rights was not clearly established at the time of the official’s actions. See Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457
U.S. 800, 818 (1982). “When faced with a qualified immunity defense, the plaintiff must establish
‘(1) that the defendant’s actions violated a federal constitutional or statutory right; and (2) that the
right violated was clearly established at the time of the defendant's actions.’” Beedle v. Wilson, 422
F.3d 1059, 1069 (10th Cir. 2005). (quoting Greene v. Barrett, 174 F.3d 1136, 1142 (10th Cir.
1999)); Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 603 (1999).
18
The Court will first address the excessive force claims against Officers Park and Ruch. Then
the Court will analyze whether the remaining Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity from
Mr. Eller’s deliberate indifference to medical needs claim.
A.
Eighth Amendment Use of Excessive Force
The Court finds that Officers Ruch and Park are not entitled to qualified immunity, because
Mr. Eller presents evidence that they participated in a joint use of force and failed to intervene in
Officer Tonche’s use of force. In Estate of Booker v. Gomez, the Tenth Circuit stated that courts can
aggregate officer conduct for purposes of qualified immunity if the defendants actively and jointly
participated in the use of force or if an officer failed to intervene in another officer’s use of force.
745 F.3d 405, 421–22 (10th Cir. 2014); see also Tooley v. Young, 560 F. App’x 797, 800 (10th Cir.
2014) (unpublished) (“[T]he inquiry must be defendant specific except when ‘all Defendants
actively and jointly participated in the use of force’ or the facts support ‘a failure-to-intervene
theory.’” (quoting Estate of Booker, 745 F.3d at 422). If either of these situations is present, an
officer may be held liable even if the “single [officer’s] participation did not constitute excessive
force.” Estate of Booker, 745 F.3d at 422. The Court recommends finding that Mr. Eller has
presented evidence of both situations.
First, Mr. Eller produces evidence that Officers Ruch and Park actively participated in the
use of force. Defendants admit that Officer Ruch helped Officer Tonche take Mr. Eller to the
ground. Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 1, ECF No. 170; Park dep. 41:10–:14, ECF No. 163-3.
Additionally, Mr. Eller produces evidence that once he was on the ground, either Officer Ruch or
19
Officer Park kicked him in the torso.8 Eller dep. 101:1–:24, ECF No. 163-2. Finally, Mr. Eller
submits an affidavit of a prisoner who witnessed the incident stating that Officers Park and Ruch
both participated in the use of force. Aff. of Juan Maldonado, ECF No. 163-5, at 3 (stating that
Officers Tonche, Ruch, and Park “slammed Mr. Eller to the ground and started kicking and punching
him”). Although this evidence may not show that Officers Ruch and Park individually used
excessive force, it is sufficient to demonstrate that Officers Ruch and Park joined in the use of force
that, in the aggregate, may have been excessive. Indeed, Defendants do not dispute that issues of
fact exist as to whether the amount of force used in the aggregate was unconstitutional.
Additionally, Estate of Booker clearly establishes the unconstitutionality of actively
participating in an excessive use of force. 745 F.3d at 421–22. The court stated, “Because the
Defendants here engaged in a group effort, a reasonable jury could find them liable for any
underlying finding of excessive force.” Id. at 422. Because Defendants do not presently assert a
qualified immunity defense as to the amount of force Officer Tonche used, Defendants apparently
concede that disputed issues of fact exist as to whether the amount of force used as a whole violated
8
Defendants argue that Mr. Eller’s failure to identify which officer kicked him in the torso
“is grounds for dismissal all on its own.” Mot. for Summ. J. 21. The Court disagrees. “[I]t is not
necessary for plaintiff to identify which defendant landed which blow in an alleged assault to satisfy
the requirement that they ‘directly participated’ in the assault.” Merritt v. Hawk, 153 F. Supp. 2d
1216, 1223–24 (D. Colo. 2001); Mwangi v. Norman, No. 16-cv-00002-CMA-NYW, 2016 WL
7223270, at *9 (D. Colo. Dec. 13, 2016) (“[W]here a plaintiff alleges that the individual defendants
all participated in a single incident and acted in concert together, it would be inequitable to require
a plaintiff to articulate which specific defendant committed which specific act during the incident
in question.”). Defendants cite Jenkins v. Wood, 81 F.3d 988 (10th Cir. 1996) in support of their
proposition that a plaintiff must identify which defendant committed which act. Mot. for Summ. J.
21. However, in Jenkins, the plaintiff failed to produce evidence that either defendant personally
participated in the unconstitutional action. 81 F.3d at 994–96. Here, in contrast, Mr. Eller has
submitted evidence that either Officer Park or Officer Ruch kicked him in the torso. That he is
unable to identify which of the two officers did the allegedly unconstitutional act does not require
dismissal of the claims against them.
20
clearly established law.
Second, even if Officers Park and Ruch did not participate in the use of force, the evidence
before the Court demonstrates a disputed issue of fact as to whether they failed to intervene in
Officer Tonche’s use of force. “[E]ven if a single deputy’s use of force was not excessive, ‘a law
enforcement official who fails to intervene to prevent another law enforcement official’s use of
excessive force may be liable under § 1983.’” Estate of Booker, 745 F.3d at 422 (quoting Mick v.
Brewer, 76 F.3d 1127, 1136 (10th Cir. 1996)); Casey v. City of Federal Heights, 509 F.3d 1278,
1283 (10th Cir. 2007) (“[T]here is an affirmative constitutional duty to stop other officers from using
unconstitutionally excessive force.”).
To establish a constitutional violation under a “failure to intervene” theory, the
[p]laintiff[] must show: (i) the defendant officer was present at the scene; (ii) the
defendant officer witnessed another officer applying force; (iii) the application of
force was such that any reasonable officer would recognize that the force being used
was excessive under the circumstances; and (iv) the defendant officer had a
reasonable opportunity to intercede to prevent the further application of excessive
force, but failed to do so.
Martinez v. City and County of Denver, No. 11-cv-00102-MSK-KLM, 2013 WL 5366980, at *5 (D.
Colo. Sept. 25, 2013). “Whether an officer had sufficient time to intercede or was capable of
preventing the harm being caused by another officer is [generally] an issue of fact for the jury . . .
.” Vondrak v. City of Las Cruces, 535 F.3d 1198, 1210 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Anderson v.
Branen, 17 F.3d 552, 557 (2d Cir. 1994)).
Here, the Court finds evidence supporting each of the four elements. Regarding the first two,
evidence demonstrates that Officers Ruch and Park were present at the scene and witnessed the use
of force. Park dep. 50:10–:16, ECF No. 163-3 (Officer Park’s testimony that she was standing
approximately three feet from Officers Tonche and Ruch); Ruch dep. 42:4–:11, ECF No. 163-6
21
(Officer Ruch’s testimony stating that she helped bring Mr. Eller to the ground); Aff. of Jonathan
Trujillo, ECF No. 153-5, at 1–2 (stating that Officers Ruch and Park restrained Mr. Eller’s leg while
Officer Tonche was jumping on Mr. Eller’s neck and spinal cord).
Third, Mr. Eller presents evidence that Officer Tonche punched him in the face, chipped his
teeth by slamming his face into the concrete floor, and broke his left leg by jumping up and stepping
on it. Eller dep. 102:9–03:23; Aff. of Jonathan Trujillo, ECF No. 153-5, at 1–2; Aff. of Jeremiah
Woolbright, ECF No. 153-5, at 4. Viewing this evidence in a light most favorable to Mr. Eller, a
reasonable officer would recognize that this amount of force was excessive under the circumstances.
See, e.g., Smith v. Delamaid, 842 F. Supp. 453, 460 (D. Kan. 1994) (“A reasonable police officer
would know that to kick, punch, and throw a restrained, cooperative arrestee constitutes excessive
force under the Due Process standard.”). Indeed, Defendants do not move for summary judgment
on the basis that this conduct was reasonable.
Fourth, Mr. Eller presents sufficient evidence to create a disputed issue of fact as to whether
Officers Park and Ruch had a reasonable opportunity to intercede, but failed to do so. It is
undisputed that the incident lasted approximately three minutes. Park dep. 58:2–:8; Pl.’s Statement
of Facts ¶ 1, ECF No. 163; Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 1, ECF No. 170. Based on clearly
established Tenth Circuit precedent, Officers Park and Ruch were on notice that failing to intercede
in a three minute use of force incident may give rise to a constitutional violation. Fogarty v.
Gallegos, 523 F.3d 1147, 1164 (10th Cir. 2008) (holding that the district court was correct in
denying qualified immunity on a failure to intervene theory, because the plaintiff “described the
arrest as lasting between three and five minutes”); Estate of Booker, 745 F.3d at 422 (holding that
disputed issues of fact existed as to whether the defendants could have prevented or stopped the
22
assault, because “the [d]efendants were present and observed the entire use of force over a
two-to-three minute period”). Accordingly, a reasonable jury could find that Officer Ruch’s and
Officer Park’s conduct violated clearly established law.
Defendants contend Mr. Eller cannot rely on this theory, because he failed to assert a failure
to intervene claim in his Fourth Amended Complaint. Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Summ J. 16, ECF
No. 170. The Court disagrees. Importantly, a plaintiff need not assert failure to intervene as a
separate claim. See Lynch v. Barrett, No. 09-cv-00405-JLK-MEH, 2010 WL 3938357, at *6 (D.
Colo. June 9, 2010) (“The Tenth Circuit appears to denominate a failure to intervene theory as a
variety of a 1983 excessive force claim.” (citing Vondrak, 535 F.3d at 1204)). In Vondrak, the Tenth
Circuit analyzed failure to intervene as a way to find a defendant liable for an Eighth Amendment
violation, not as a separate claim for relief. 535 F.3d at 1210. Indeed, the plaintiff in Vondrak did
not bring a separate claim for failure to intervene. Id. at 1200.
To be sure, a plaintiff must still allege some facts putting the defendant on notice that he
seeks recovery based on a failure to intervene theory. See Chavez v. Hatterman, No. 06-cv-02525WYD-MEH, 2009 WL 82496, at *3 (D. Colo. Jan. 13, 2009) (finding that a failure to intervene
theory was not properly before the court, because the “[p]laintiff d[id] not mention this claim or any
supporting allegations in his complaint . . . .”). Mr. Eller’s Fourth Amended Complaint contains
such allegations. Fourth Am. Compl. ¶ 49, ECF No. 107 (“Defendants Park and Ruch not only
failed to intervene to stop Defendant Tonche from committing this unlawful assault, they joined in
assaulting Mr. Eller as well.”); id. ¶ 150 (“Defendants knew that they were creating a substantial risk
of causing Mr. Eller serious harm, and yet they nevertheless either eagerly joined in the unlawful
assault or failed to intervene to stop it.”). Accordingly, the Court finds that Mr. Eller may rely on
23
a failure to intervene theory in support of his Eighth Amendment excessive force claim.
In sum, because Mr. Eller presents evidence that Officers Ruch and Park participated in the
use of force and failed to intervene in Officer Tonche’s use of force, the Court finds it appropriate
to consider the use of force against Mr. Eller in the aggregate. Because Defendants do not dispute
that issues of fact exist as to whether the amount of force used in the aggregate was excessive,
summary judgment in favor of Officers Ruch and Park is improper. Furthermore, when viewed in
a light most favorable to Mr. Eller, the evidence demonstrates a violation of clearly established law.
Accordingly, the Court recommends finding that Officers Ruch and Park are not entitled to qualified
immunity at this time.
B.
Eighth Amendment Deliberate Indifference to Medical Needs
Mr. Eller’s second claim asserts an Eighth Amendment violation for deliberate indifference
to medical needs. Fourth Am. Compl. ¶¶ 161–73. Defendants claim Ms. Jackson, Ms. Larson, Ms.
Albright, and Mr. Kudlauskas are entitled to qualified immunity.9 Mot. for Summ. J. 24–30. The
Court agrees as to Ms. Albright and Mr. Kudlauskas, but disagrees as to Ms. Jackson and Ms.
Larson. After providing background on Eighth Amendment claims for deliberate indifference to
medical needs, the Court will address the claim as to each defendant.
To prove an Eighth Amendment claim for deliberate indifference to serious medical needs,
9
In their reply brief, Defendants contend Mr. Eller cannot establish a constitutional violation
against Ms. Darula. Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. 17. According to Defendants, Mr. Eller
claims for the first time in his response brief that Ms. Darula was aware of a serious medical need.
Id. However, Mr. Eller pleaded in his Fourth Amended Complaint that Ms. Darula acted with
deliberate indifference to Mr. Eller’s medical needs. Fourth Am. Compl. ¶ 86. Because Defendants
do not assert in their motion that Ms. Darula is entitled to qualified immunity at this time, the Court
will not consider Defendants’ argument as to Ms. Darula. See, e.g., United States v. Horek, 137 F.3d
1226, 1229 n.3 (10th Cir. 1998) (noting that courts do not normally consider arguments raised for
the first time in a reply brief).
24
a plaintiff must satisfy objective and subjective components. Callahan v. Poppell, 471 F.3d 1155,
1159 (10th Cir. 2006). “The objective component of the test is met if the harm suffered is
‘sufficiently serious’ to implicate the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause.” Id. (quoting
Kikumura v. Osagie, 461 F.3d 1269, 1291 (10th Cir. 2006)). The subjective component requires that
the plaintiff prove the defendant disregarded a known substantial risk of harm by failing to take
reasonable measures to abate it. Callahan, 471 F.3d at 1159. “The deliberate indifference standard
poses ‘a high evidentiary hurdle’ ‘akin to recklessness in the criminal law, where, to act recklessly,
a person must consciously disregard a substantial risk of serious harm.’” Heidtke v. Corrs. Corp.
of Am., 489 F. App’x 275, 280 (10th Cir. 2012) (unpublished) (quoting Self v. Crum, 439 F.3d 1227,
1231 (10th Cir. 2006)).
Therefore, “the subjective component is not satisfied, absent an
extraordinary degree of neglect, where a doctor merely exercises his considered medical judgment.”
Self, 439 F.3d at 1232.
1.
Claim as to Ms. Jackson
The Court finds Mr. Eller produces sufficient evidence to demonstrate a disputed issue of
fact as to whether Ms. Jackson was deliberately indifferent to Mr. Eller’s injury. Defendants
concede for purposes of this motion that Mr. Eller’s injury is sufficiently serious to satisfy the
objective component. Mot. for Summ. J. 26.
Regarding the subjective component, Mr. Eller testified that he informed Ms. Jackson he was
in extreme pain, had a broken bone, and could not bear weight on his leg. Eller dep. 40:21–41:12.
Although Mr. Eller does not identify the exact date of this conversation, he produces evidence that
he informed every nurse who distributed medication between February 13, 2017 and February 23,
2017 of his injury, Aff. of William Eller ¶ 5, ECF No. 163-1; Eller dep. 41:18–:19, and Ms. Jackson
25
distributed medication in Mr. Eller’s unit on February 15, 16, 22, and 23. Pl.’s Statement of Facts
¶ 8; Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 8. If the jury believes this testimony, it could find Ms.
Jackson knew Mr. Eller was in extreme pain and may have had a broken bone on the first day she
distributed medication—February 15, 2018.10
Furthermore, Mr. Eller presents evidence that Ms. Jackson disregarded the risk. Mr. Eller
contends that, although he gave Ms. Jackson a kite, that kite was never entered into the system.
Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. ¶ 7 (admitting that none of the kites Mr. Eller submitted were
entered into the system). In fact, the evidence before the Court does not indicate that Ms. Jackson
took any action in response to Mr. Eller’s complaints. This differentiates this case from Kirkland
v. O’Brien, No. 12-cv-02083-WJM-KLM, 2014 WL 1224564 (D. Colo. Mar. 25, 2014). In that
case, in response to the plaintiff’s complaint that his leg was broken, the nurse evaluated his
condition; considered his complaints; and provided him with pain medication, ice packs, and a
wheelchair. Kirkland, 2014 WL 1224564, at *5. In contrast, when viewed in a light most favorable
to Mr. Eller, the evidence indicates that Ms. Jackson listened to Mr. Eller’s complaints but did not
provide medical treatment or enter his kite into the computer system. The Court finds this sufficient
to preclude summary judgment in favor of Ms. Jackson.
Additionally, Ms. Jackson’s actions, when viewed in a light most favorable to Mr. Eller,
violated clearly established law. In Al-Turki v. Robinson, the Tenth Circuit stated, “A medical
10
Contrary to Defendants’ contention, the fact that other nurses also distributed medication
on these dates does not preclude a finding that Ms. Jackson had knowledge of Mr. Eller’s broken
leg. Mr. Eller produces evidence that he complained to every nurse who distributed medication.
Aff. of William Eller ¶ 5. Therefore, that other nurses distributed medication establishes that Ms.
Jackson was not the only nurse with knowledge of Mr. Eller’s injury; it does not demonstrate that
Ms. Jackson did not know of Mr. Eller’s extreme pain.
26
professional may not ignore an inmate’s complaints of severe pain and then escape liability because
later-discovered facts about the actual cause and ultimate duration of the inmate’s pain . . . do not
precisely correspond with the facts of previous Tenth Circuit cases.” 762 F.3d 1188, 1194–95 (10th
Cir. 2014); see also Mata v. Saiz, 427 F.3d 745, 755 (10th Cir. 2005) (citing Brown v. Hughes, 894
F.2d 1533 (11th Cir. 1990) for the proposition that a “few hours delay in treating inmate’s broken
foot could render defendants liable”). Thus, it has been clearly established at least since 2014 that
it is unconstitutional for a nurse to completely ignore an inmate’s complaints of severe pain. Here,
Mr. Eller’s evidence indicates that Ms. Jackson appreciated Mr. Eller’s complaints of severe pain,
yet did nothing in response. Accordingly, the Court recommends finding that Ms. Jackson is not
entitled to qualified immunity at this time.
2.
Claim as to Ms. Larson
Similar to Ms. Jackson, Mr. Eller submits evidence creating a disputed issue of fact as to
whether Ms. Larson was deliberately indifferent to Mr. Eller’s medical needs. Mr. Eller testified
that on February 22, 2015, he submitted a kite to Ms. Larson and explained that his leg feels broken
and “[j]ust standing out on it out of bed caus[es] extreme pain and [he] fall[s] down.” Eller dep.
175:23–76:2. Furthermore, although Mr. Eller cannot recall the specific dates, he testified that he
had submitted prior kites and verbal requests to Ms. Larson. Id. at 176:20–:24. Indeed, Defendants
admit that a disputed issue of fact exists as to whether Mr. Eller had multiple conversations with Ms.
Larson about his extreme pain and injury. Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 12. Therefore, Mr.
Eller produces sufficient evidence to demonstrate a dispute as to whether Ms. Larson had knowledge
of his injury.
The evidence also indicates that Ms. Larson disregarded a risk of harm to Mr. Eller. Not
27
only did Ms. Larson fail to submit the kites she received from Mr. Eller, she threw them away and
tore them up in front of him. Eller dep. 253:20–:23. Of course, a jury may choose not to credit this
testimony; but if the jurors accept the evidence, they could reasonably find that Ms. Larson
disregarded Mr. Eller’s complaints of severe pain.
Furthermore, it was clearly established at the time of the incident that a medical professional
cannot listen to an inmate’s complaints of severe pain and then take affirmative action to prevent
him from receiving medical treatment. See, e.g., Sealock v. Colorado, 218 F.3d 1205, 1211 (10th
Cir. 2000) (“[D]eliberate indifference occurs when prison officials prevent an inmate from receiving
treatment . . . .”). Therefore, the Court recommends finding that Ms. Larson is not entitled to
summary judgment on Mr. Eller’s Eight Amendment claim.
3.
Claim as to Ms. Albright
The Court recommends finding that Ms. Albright is entitled to qualified immunity, because
the evidence indicates that Ms. Albright provided constitutionally adequate care once she learned
of Mr. Eller’s injury. Mr. Eller does not produce evidence from which a jury could find that Ms.
Albright knew of his medical condition prior to February 23, 2015. Importantly, unlike for Ms.
Jackson and Ms. Larson, Mr. Eller does not contend he specifically informed Ms. Albright of his
condition or that Ms. Albright distributed medication in Mr. Eller’s unit. Instead, Mr. Eller asserts
Ms. Albright knew of his injuries, because she was the charge nurse responsible for triaging kites.
Resp. to Mot. for Summ. J. 33. However, that Ms. Albright was in charge of responding to kites,
without more, does not demonstrate she had actual knowledge that Mr. Eller was suffering extreme
pain. See, e.g., Berry v. City of Muskogee, Okla., 900 F.2d 1489, 1498 (10th Cir. 1990) (stating that
to prove the subjective component of deliberate indifference, the plaintiff must show the defendant
28
“had actual knowledge of the specific risk of harm”). Mr. Eller does not produce any evidence that
Ms. Albright saw his kites or heard about the pain he was suffering before February 23, 2015. In
fact, Mr. Eller agrees that none of his kites were entered into the computer system by SCF personnel.
Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 7. Therefore, the evidence before the Court does not create a disputed
issue of fact as to whether Ms. Albright knew of Mr. Eller’s need for medical attention prior to
February 23, 2015.
Once Ms. Albright learned of Mr. Eller’s condition on February 23, 2015, she provided
constitutionally adequate care. It is undisputed that Ms. Albright conducted an examination,
performed a capillary refill, ordered an ACE wrap and ice, and requested that Mr. Eller be seen by
the physician assistant, Mr. Kudlauskas. ECF No. 156-11, at 4; Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶¶ 28–30;
Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶¶ 28–30. Additionally, Ms. Albright completed a form that
permitted Mr. Eller to obtain an x-ray. ECF No. 156-11, at 4. Although Mr. Eller may take issue
with the extent and speed of the care Ms. Albright performed, “a prisoner who merely disagrees with
a diagnosis or a prescribed course of treatment does not state a constitutional violation.” Perkins
v. Kan. Dep’t of Corrs., 165 F.3d 803, 811 (10th Cir. 1999). Indeed, even if the level of care Ms.
Albright provided was negligent, “[a] negligent failure to provide adequate medical care, even one
constituting medical malpractice, does not give rise to a constitutional violation.” Id.
Relevant case law from the Tenth Circuit and the District of Colorado supports the Court’s
finding. In Inman v. Stock, the plaintiff complained of a broken bone in his hand, and the nurse
examined the plaintiff “three days after his injury, ordered x-rays, and determined that no other
medical intervention appeared necessary.” 248 F. App’x 892, 895 (10th Cir. 2007) (unpublished).
In affirming the district court’s dismissal of the claim, the Tenth Circuit stated, “[e]ven assuming
29
Ms. Stock was negligent, the alleged negligence is not sufficient to state a valid § 1983 claim against
her.” Id. In Kirkland, the plaintiff failed to demonstrate a constitutional violation, because the
nurse “evaluated Plaintiff, considered his complaints, and provided him with pain medication, ice
packs, a wheelchair, and a future appointment with a doctor” for his broken bone. 2014 WL
1224564, at *5. According to the court, the nurse’s failure to perform tests or provide an immediate
visit with a doctor indicates nothing more than negligence. Id. Similarly, Ms. Albright examined
Mr. Eller the same day as she became aware of his injury, ordered x-rays, and provided Mr. Eller
with an ACE wrap and ice. ECF No. 156-11. Ms. Albright’s failure to perform further tests or
ensure that Mr. Eller receive immediate x-rays does not give rise to a constitutional violation.
Furthermore, even if Mr. Eller had established an Eighth Amendment violation against Ms.
Albright, Mr. Eller does not cite to any law clearly establishing that the level of care Ms. Albright
provided was unconstitutional. In support of his argument that the violation was clearly established,
Mr. Eller cites Al-Turki v. Robinson, 762 F.3d 1188 (10th Cir. 2014). Resp. to Mot. for Summ. J.
35. However, in that case, the plaintiff produced evidence that the defendant completely ignored
his complaints of severe pain. Al-Turki, 762 F.3d at 1191–92. Here, in contrast, the undisputed
evidence indicates that Ms. Albright treated Mr. Eller’s injury; although not in the manner Mr. Eller
would have liked. Accordingly, the Court recommends holding that Ms. Albright is entitled to
qualified immunity.
4.
Claim as to Mr. Kudlauskas
The Court also recommends granting qualified immunity to Mr. Kudlauskas. The parties do
not dispute that Mr. Kudlauskas first learned of Mr. Eller’s injury on February 23, 2015. Defs.’
Statement of Facts ¶ 27; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 27. After receiving the x-rays on
30
February 25, 2015, Mr. Kudlauskas determined that Mr. Eller’s leg was fractured and ordered that
Mr. Eller receive a bottom bunk restriction, crutches, ibuprofen, and a half cast.11 Defs.’ Statement
of Facts ¶ 34; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 34; ECF No. 156-11, at 3. Additionally, Mr.
Kudlauskas spoke with an orthopaedic surgeon and submitted a request for an orthopaedic consult.
Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 36; Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Facts ¶ 36. Similar to Mr. Eller’s claim
against Ms. Albright, the Court finds that any issue regarding the sufficiency of the care Mr.
Kudlauskas provided constitutes a mere disagreement with Mr. Eller’s course of treatment. See
Jackson v. McCollum, 118 F. App’x 389, 391 (10th Cir. 2004) (unpublished) (holding that the
plaintiff failed to demonstrate deliberate indifference to his ankle injury, because the plaintiff had
been evaluated many times, received three outside orthopaedic consultations, and had multiple xrays).
Mr. Eller also claims Mr. Kudlauskas violated his constitutional rights by refusing to provide
him a cell on the bottom tier. Resp. to Mot. for Summ. J. 34. Just as is true with the other treatment
decisions Mr. Kudlauskas made, Mr. Kudlauskas’ decision to deny Mr. Eller a bottom tier cell was
simply an exercise of his judgment as to the medically necessary level of treatment. See Lamar v.
Boyd, 508 F. App’x 711, 713–15 (10th Cir. 2012) (unpublished) (dismissing a claim against a nurse
practitioner for denying a lower tier restriction to a prisoner with a back injury); Escobar v.
Holditch, No. 10-cv-02050-CMA-KLM, 2012 WL 592851, at *12 (D. Colo. Feb. 1, 2012) (finding
that refusing a lower tier restriction to a prisoner who suffered from chronic pain was a mere
difference of opinion as to the plaintiff’s course of treatment). Such a decision does not give rise
11
Although Mr. Eller contends he did not actually receive ibuprofen and crutches, Mr. Eller
provides no evidence that Mr. Kudlauskas knew he failed to receive care consistent with the medical
orders.
31
to a constitutional violation. Perkins, 165 F.3d at 811. Moreover, even if denying Mr. Eller a
bottom tier restriction constituted a constitutional violation, Mr. Eller does not meet his burden of
demonstrating that this violated clearly established law. Accordingly, Mr. Kudlauskas is entitled
to qualified immunity.
CONCLUSION
In sum, the Court recommends denying summary judgment as to all Defendants other than
Ms. Albright and Mr. Kudlauskas. Specifically, the Court recommends finding that Defendants are
not entitled to dismissal for Mr. Eller’s failure to exhaust at this time. Additionally, the Court
recommends holding that Mr. Eller demonstrates disputed issues of fact precluding summary
judgment in favor of Officer Park, Officer Ruch, Ms. Jackson, and Ms. Larson. However, Ms.
Albright and Mr. Kudlauskas are entitled to qualified immunity.
Accordingly, the Court
recommends that Defendants’ Combined Motion and Brief in Support of Summary Judgment [filed
October 25, 2017; ECF No. 156] be granted in part and denied in part.12
12
Be advised that all parties shall have fourteen days after service to serve and file any
written objections in order to obtain reconsideration by the District Judge to whom this case is
assigned. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72. The party filing objections must specifically identify those findings
or recommendations to which the objections are being made. The District Court need not consider
frivolous, conclusive or general objections. A party’s failure to file such written objections to
proposed findings and recommendations contained in this report may bar the party from a de novo
determination by the District Judge of the proposed findings and recommendations. United States
v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667, 676–83 (1980); 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Additionally, the failure to file
written objections to the proposed findings and recommendations within fourteen days after being
served with a copy may bar the aggrieved party from appealing the factual and legal findings of the
Magistrate Judge that are accepted or adopted by the District Court. Duffield v. Jackson, 545 F.3d
1234, 1237 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Moore v. United States, 950 F.2d 656, 659 (10th Cir. 1991)).
32
Entered and dated at Denver, Colorado, this 14th day of March, 2018.
BY THE COURT:
Michael E. Hegarty
United States Magistrate Judge
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