EEOC v. Jackson National Life Insurance Company

Filing 271

ORDER. ORDERED that defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment 204 is GRANTED. Plaintiffs' first, second, third, fourth, and fifth claims are DISMISSED with prejudice. Defendants' Motion to Strike Evidentiary Exhibits to and New Facts in Plaintiff's Surreply in Opposition to Defendants [sic] Motion for Summary Judgment 247 is DENIED as moot. Defendants' Motion to Exclude Expert Opinion of Jeffrey Nehls 203 , defendants Motion to Exclude Expert Opinion of Patricia P acey 206 , and Intervenor Plaintiff La'Tonya Ford's Motion to Exclude Certain Opinions of Dr. Ali Saad 208 are DENIED as moot. Trial preparation conference set for July 9, 2021 and the trial set for July 26, 2021 263 are VACATED. This case is closed, by Chief Judge Philip A. Brimmer on 3/11/21.(sgrim)

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
Chief Judge Philip A. Brimmer
Civil Action No. 16-cv-02472-PAB-SKC
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION,1
Plaintiff,
and
LA’TONYA FORD,
Plaintiff-Intervenor,
v.
JACKSON NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,
JACKSON NATIONAL LIFE DISTRIBUTORS, LLC, and
JACKSON NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK,
Defendants.

ORDER

This matter is before the Court on defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment
[Docket No. 204] and Motion to Strike Evidentiary Exhibits to and New Facts in
Plaintiff’s Surreply in Opposition to Defendants [sic] Motion for Summary Judgment
[Docket No. 247]. Plaintiff La’Tonya Ford (“Ford”) responded to defendants’ motion,
Docket No. 210, to which defendants replied. Docket No. 221. Ms. Ford then sought
leave to file a surreply, Docket No. 224, which the Court granted. Docket No. 225. Ms.
Ford filed her surreply, Docket No. 233, and defendants moved to strike the surreply.

1

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the plaintiff-intervenors – with
the exception of plaintiff-intervenor La’Tonya Ford – and defendants entered into a
consent decree, which resolved all of the plaintiff-intervenors’ claims. Docket No. 182.

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Docket No. 247.2 This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
I. BACKGROUND3
Defendants, referred to collectively as “Jackson,” manufacture and sell annuities
through three distribution channels, institutional market group (“IMG”), regional broker
dealer division (“RBD”), and Jackson National Life Distribution (“JNLD”). Docket No.
204 at 3, ¶¶ 1–2. Sales efforts at Jackson are supported by four positions, internal
wholesaler, business development consultant (“BDC”), desk director, and external
wholesaler. Id., ¶¶ 3–5.
Ms. Ford joined Jackson in Atlanta and was then invited, as one of 20 key
employees, to relocate to Denver. Id., ¶ 8. She accepted this offer, received a
retention bonus in October 2006, and relocated in January 2007. Id. at 4, ¶ 9. Around
the time of her move to Denver, Ms. Ford’s sales area changed to the New York
territory within the RBD East channel. Id. ¶ 10.
Jackson made its associate handbook accessible to employees and provided
2

Defendants’ summary judgment motion, reply, and motion to strike do not
comply with the Local Rules. See D.C.COLO.LCivR 10.1(e) (“All pleadings and
documents shall be double spaced.”). Jackson’s reply also violates two of the Court’s
practice standards. First, Jackson fails to respond to each of Ms. Ford’s additional
disputed facts. The Court’s practice standards state that a reply brief must “either admit
that [a] fact is disputed or supply a brief factual explanation for its position that the fact
is undisputed, accompanied by a specific reference to material in the record which
establishes that the fact is undisputed. This will be done in paragraphs numbered to
correspond with the opposing party’s paragraph numbering.” See Practice Standards
(Civil cases), Chief Judge Philip A. Brimmer § III.F.3.b.vi. Second, because “the sole
purpose of these procedures is to establish facts and determine which of them are in
dispute,” in engaging in legal argument in this section, Jackson violates the Court's
requirement that, “[l]egal argument is not permitted here and should be reserved for
separate portions of the briefs.” Id. at § III.F.3.b.vii.
3

All facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted.
2

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training on the policies and procedures, including its anti-harassment and antidiscrimination policies. Id., ¶¶ 12, 14–16.
Around January 2008, Ms. Ford attended a party at the home of John Poulsen, a
Jackson employee, with at least 20 internal wholesalers from RBD. Id. at 5, ¶ 26. Brian
Lane, who was Ms. Ford’s supervisor and who left Jackson at the end of 2008, also
attended. Id. at 6, ¶¶ 27–28. Ms. Ford states that, during the party, Mr. Poulsen placed
a “4-foot ‘magnum’ vodka ‘bottle against his pelvic area’ and started ‘thrusting the
bottle’” at Ms. Ford, saying, “‘Here, LT, get on your knees.’” Id., ¶ 29 (quoting Docket
No. 204-7 at 40, 283:17–284:13). In addition, in 2008 and 2009, Alex Crosby, a coworker, “made comments about Ms. Ford’s breasts and appearance, asked [Ms.] Ford
what bra size she wore, and commented on a female co-worker’s appearance.” Id.,
¶ 32.
Also in 2008, Jackson gave sales employees stress balls. Id. at 4, ¶ 17. Some
employees threw the balls at each other. Id. at 5, ¶ 18. At one point, Ms. Ford
complained about the ball throwing to Mr. Lane and Corey Walker, who became her
supervisor, and stated that she would either “go to HR” or “to the police department” to
file “an assault charge.” Id., ¶ 19. Mr. Walker then sent an email to employees about
the ball throwing. Id., ¶ 20.
On August 18, 2009, Mr. Walker gave Ms. Ford a verbal warning that she was
spending too little time on the phone with customers. Id. at 7, ¶ 39. Mr. Walker also
received reports of rudeness by Ms. Ford from her co-workers. Id., ¶ 40. On
September 11, 2009, Ms. Ford was presented with a performance improvement plan

3

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(“PIP”). Id., ¶ 43.4
Ms. Ford complained to human resources about “the full range of things” that
she felt were discriminatory at Jackson, including telling Jennifer Amsberry, a human
resources manager, about hearing discussions “for months between [Mr.] Crosby and
male [co-workers] about what [Ms. Ford] assumed was pornographic content on his
computer.” Id. 8, ¶¶ 50–51. This complaint was to communicate “every incident that
ha[d] happened to [Ms. Ford] during that time period under Corey [Walker]’s rule” or at
least “a majority of the ones that [she] could think of at that time period” and “to be
comprehensive.” Id., ¶ 52 (quoting Docket No. 204-7 at 23, 177:4–178:2). Af ter this, at
least some of Mr. Crosby’s inappropriate comments stopped. Id., ¶ 54.5 Later, Gary
Stone, head of human resources, and Ms. Amsberry investigated Ms. Ford’s
allegations. Id. at 9, ¶ 58. 6 Ms. Amsberry interviewed six associates, including two who
Ms. Ford specifically chose. Id., ¶ 59. Mr. Stone then rescinded the PIP. Id., ¶ 62

4

The parties dispute the events surrounding the PIP. Jackson states that when
Mr. walker tried to present Ms. Ford the PIP, she walked out of the meeting before he
could explain it. Docket No. 204 at 7, ¶ 44. Ms. Ford states that it was Mr. Walker who
left the meeting after Ms. Ford asked for human resources to be included in the
discussion. Docket No. 210 at 5, ¶ 44. Further, while Jackson states that Ms. Ford
never considered herself subject to the PIP, Docket No. 204 at 8, ¶ 47, Ms. Ford states
that she did not know when the PIP became enforced and believed that it was still
effective when she asked human resources about it later. Docket No. 210 at 5, ¶ 47.
5

The parties dispute the extent to which Mr. Crosby’s stopped making
inappropriate comments. Jackson contends that he stayed away from Ms. Ford,
stopped making sexual remarks, and stopped discussing pornography. Id. Ms. Ford
states that only some of Mr. Crosby’s comments stopped. Docket No. 210 at 6, ¶ 54.
6

Jackson states that the investigation found Ms. Ford’s allegations of
harassment and discrimination unsubstantiated. Id. Ms Ford, however, characterized
the investigation as insufficient. Docket No. 210 at 6, ¶ 58.
4

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Mr. Stone recalled that Ms. Ford made many complaints, including about her
bonus, her place in “contests,” and to whom she reported. Id. at 10, ¶ 64. Mr. Stone
then launched another months-long investigation, spoke to many current and former
employees, pulled data from Jackson’s systems on calls, listened to phone calls, and
was described by Ms. Ford as always calling or meeting with her; he investigated every
allegation that Ms. Ford made. Id., ¶¶ 65–66.
In February 2010, Bob Blanchette, then Vice President of National Sales
Development, gave Ms. Ford a “meets expectations” rating in her 2009 performance
review, which Ms. Ford believed was fair, and a one-percent merit pay increase. Id.,
¶¶ 67–69. After complaining about her merit increase and discretionary bonus, Ms.
Ford received additional compensation. Id., ¶ 70. Ms. Ford can identify no male or
white BDC with an overall “meets expectations” performance rating who was given a
larger pay increase in 2010, and while Ms. Ford may believe that she should have
received the BDC of the year award in 2009, she can present no evidence that she was
similarly situated to the award winner.7 Id. at 10, ¶¶ 71–72.
After Mr. Blanchette was terminated in February 2010, Ms. Ford reported to Mr.
Bossert, and her territory was realigned when Jackson added twelve additional BDCs.
Id. at 11, ¶¶ 73–74. W hile Ms. Ford’s commission depended on territory sales relative
to targets, after Jackson realigned Ms. Ford’s territory, Jackson adjusted the

7

Ms. Ford purports to deny this allegation, but merely states that she and Mr.
Batla were the only BDCs in RBD at that time, and they had the same position,
responsibilities, and reporting structure. Docket No. 210 at 7, ¶¶ 71–72. Mr. Batla’s
race, however, is not stated. She does not dispute the substance of the allegation.
Thus, ¶ 71 and ¶ 72 of Docket No. 204 are deemed admitted.
5

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compensation formula. Id., ¶¶ 75–76. 8
Ms. Ford became a BDC, with an increased base salary, on January 26, 2009.
Id. at 6, ¶ 34. The next step would be promotion to external wholesaler, and candidates
named to a “short list” were eligible to become an external wholesalers. Id., ¶ 35.
Being on the short list required passing training courses, including a “boot camp,” and a
professionalism “finishing school.” Id. at 7, ¶ 36. Ms. Ford passed boot camp on
August 22, 2018 and, after completing finishing school in January 2009, was named to
the short list. Id., ¶¶ 37–38.
External wholesalers were highly-paid, and the selection process was sometimes
competitive. Id. at 11, ¶¶ 77–78. “RDs” 9 had discretion to choose candidates when
filling open positions and could consider things like the territory and clients, whether
candidates had relationships in the region, and objective performance criteria. Id. at
11–12, ¶¶ 78–82.
Ms. Ford applied to eight external wholesaler positions at Jackson, for which she
believes she was passed over due to her race or gender. Id. at 12, ¶ 87. For two
positions, Ms. Ford disputes the veracity of the hiring manager’s proffered rationale for
selecting someone else, id. at 12–13, ¶¶ 89, 92, and for another position, Ms. Ford
disputes that she was not the best applicant and states that the hiring manager stated

8

The parties dispute the effect of this adjustment. Jackson states that the
compensation remained “exactly the same,” id., ¶ 76, while Ms. Ford states that her
compensation did not remain “exactly the same” because “a number of variables were
put into the [new salary] equation.” Docket No. 210 at 8, ¶ 76.
9

This term is undefined in the parties’ briefs; however, the term may refer to
regional directors. See, e.g., Docket No. 204 at 17.
6

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he hired another applicant because of the applicant grew up in the sales region. Id. at
13, ¶ 91. Ms. Ford also applied to two other positions in the IMG channel – one of
which was filled by an African American man, who had experience in IMG, and the
other was filled by someone who had performed very well in a BDC role. Id., ¶ 93–95.
Ms. Ford heard a person use the word “n***er” on the sales desk on one
occasion.10 Docket No. 210 at 15, ¶ 144. In addition, Mr. Blanchette recalls that at
least one manager referred to Ms. Ford and another Black woman employee as “Black
bitches” or “Black Panthers.” 11 Id., ¶ 143.
In the summer of 2010, Ms. Ford began to search for an external wholesaler
position in another organization and, once she received an offer at a Jackson
competitor, posted on Facebook, “I got a new job. Gonna tell my current company 2
kick rocks on Tuesday.” Docket No. 204 13, ¶¶ 96–98. On October 12, 2010, Ms.
Ford sent an email to Mr. Stone and Ms. Amsberry titled “LaTonya Ford Letter of
Resignation”; Mr. Stone emailed her several hours later and asked Ms. Ford to call him.
Id., ¶¶ 99–100. After the two spoke, Ms. Ford provided her two-weeks’ notice because
she had her Series 7 and was offered a position to be an external wholesaler at
Nationwide Financial. Id. at 13–14, ¶¶ 101–02.
That afternoon, as Ms. Ford was getting ready to leave work, Andy Foy, a

10

Jackson does not deny this fact, but rather states that Ms. Ford testified that
she only heard the word used once and that it was in the context of a co-worker telling a
story. Docket No. 221 at 3.
11

Jackson does not deny this fact, but rather states Mr. Blanchette attributes the
phrase “Black bitches” to a particular manager and does not attribute “Black Panthers”
to anyone in particular. The Court therefore deems this fact as admitted.
7

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coworker, was “tossing in his hands a BlackRock promotional football that had been
defaced to replace the ‘R’ with a ‘C’.” Id. at 14, ¶ 103. After Mr. Crosby said, “Andy, I
bet you won’t show LT that ball,” Mr. Foy threw the ball toward Ms. Ford. Id., ¶ 104
(quoting Docket No. 204-7 at 45, 313:17–22). Ms. Ford caught the ball, dropped it,
packed her belongings, and left. Id., ¶ 105. Ms. Ford contacted Mr. Stone about the
incident. Id., ¶ 106. Mr. Stone flew to Denver and conducted an investigation, after
which Mr. Foy and Mr. Crosby were fired. Id., ¶ 107. Jackson’s president wrote Ms.
Ford an apology letter and held a meeting of people in the Denver office, where he
confirmed and reinforced that such behavior would not be tolerated, and the company
launched company-wide training. Id., ¶¶ 108–09.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is warranted under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 when
the “movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see Anderson
v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248-50 (1986). A disputed f act is “material” if,
under the relevant substantive law, it is essential to proper disposition of the claim.
Wright v. Abbott Labs., Inc., 259 F.3d 1226, 1231-32 (10th Cir. 2001). Only disputes
over material facts can create a genuine issue for trial and preclude summary
judgment. Faustin v. City & Cnty. of Denver, 423 F.3d 1192, 1198 (10th Cir. 2005). An
issue is “genuine” if the evidence is such that it might lead a reasonable jury to return a
verdict for the nonmoving party. Allen v. Muskogee, 119 F.3d 837, 839 (10th Cir.
1997).

8

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Where “the moving party does not bear the ultimate burden of persuasion at trial,
it may satisfy its burden at the summary judgment stage by identifying a lack of
evidence for the nonmovant on an essential element of the nonmovant’s claim.”
Bausman v. Interstate Brands Corp., 252 F.3d 1111, 1115 (10th Cir. 2001) (quotations
omitted). “Once the moving party meets this burden, the burden shifts to the
nonmoving party to demonstrate a genuine issue for trial on a material matter.”
Concrete Works of Colo., Inc. v. City & Cnty. of Denver, 36 F.3d 1513, 1518 (10th Cir.
1994). The nonmoving party may not rest solely on the allegations in the pleadings, but
instead must designate “specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986) (quotations omitted). “To avoid
summary judgment, the nonmovant must establish, at a minimum, an inference of the
presence of each element essential to the case.” Bausman, 252 F.3d at 1115. W hen
reviewing a motion for summary judgment, a court must view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party. Id.
III. ANALYSIS
Ms. Ford brings five claims for relief against Jackson. Docket No. 51 at 18–22.
These claims are for race- and sex-based hostile work environment, race- and sexbased discrimination, and retaliation. Id. The Court considers Ms. Ford’s discrimination
claims first they bear on her hostile work environment claims.
A. Discrimination Claims
Ms. Ford contends that she was discriminated against “in almost all terms and
conditions of employment” in violation of Title VII. Id. at 2, at 4, ¶ 8. Jackson argues it

9

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is entitled to summary judgment on Ms. Ford’s discrimination claims because Jackson
took no adverse action against her on account of her race or sex, or for engaging in
protected activity. Docket No. 204 at 15. To the contrary, Jackson argues, Ms. Ford
more than doubled her salary, advanced through three internal wholesaler levels, was
promoted to BDC, and was on track to become an external wholesaler. Id. at 14.
Jackson claims that she was never disciplined (except for the rescinded PIP) and was
not subject to demotion, loss of pay, or other adverse employment consequence. Id. at
15. Jackson also states that Ms. Ford cannot show any damages, since she was not
fired, but rather quit voluntarily to work for a competitor. Id.
Title VII makes it unlawful “for an employer . . . to discharge any individual . . .
because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” See 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e-2(a)(1). Such claims can be demonstrated either by “direct evidence that a
workplace policy, practice, or decision relies expressly on a protected characteristic” or
by “using the burden-shifting framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,
411 U.S. 792 (1973).” Young v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 135 S. Ct. 1338, 1345
(2015). Jackson argues that under the framework of McDonnell Douglas, Ms. Ford
cannot make out a prima facie case of discrimination because Jackson did not take any
adverse action against Ms. Ford. Docket No. 204 at 15. Ms. Ford argues that there is
evidence of direct discrimination and, as a result, the McDonnell Douglas framework is
inapplicable. See Docket No. 210 at 19–20. However, Ms. Ford contends that, even if
McDonnell Douglas is applicable, she has satisfied her burden to survive summary
judgment. See id. at 20.

10

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1. Direct Evidence of Discrimination
“When a Title VII plaintiff presents direct evidence of discrimination, the
McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting analysis doesn’t apply.” See Fassbender v. Correct
Care Sols., LLC, 890 F.3d 875, 883 (10th Cir. 2018) (citing Trans World Airlines, Inc. v.
Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 121 (1985)). “Direct evidence demonstrates on its face that
the employment decision was reached for discriminatory reasons.” Id. (citation
omitted). Evidence is direct only if it “proves the existence of a fact in issue without
inference or presumption.” Id. (citation omitted).
Ms. Ford argues that direct evidence of discrimination is found in Mr. Bossert’s
repeated use of “objectively racist and offensive language” when referring to Ms. Ford
and other Black employees. Docket No. 210 at 19–20. Moreover, Ms. Ford states that
there is no question that Mr. Bossert’s words were intended to describe Ms. Ford and
other Black employees, and that Mr. Bossert had a hand in deciding who would be
promoted. Id. The Court finds Ms. Ford’s arguments unpersuasive.
First, while Ms. Ford provides examples of Mr. Bossert’s offensive remarks and
statements opposed to Ms. Ford’s promotion, see, e.g., id. at 13, ¶ 134, Ms. Ford
provides no evidence that Mr. Bossert actually made any promotion decisions. Sexist
comments by those who were not decisionmakers are irrelevant to the analysis. See
Tabor v. Hilti, Inc., 703 F.3d 1206, 1217 (10th Cir. 2013) (noting that statements “by a
decisionmaker” can demonstrate direct discrimination); see also Cone v. Longmont
United Hosp. Ass’n, 14 F.3d 526, 531 (10th Cir. 1994) (“[C]omments by non-decision
makers are not material.”). Rather, Ms. Ford admits that RDs had discretion to choose

11

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the most qualified candidates when filling open positions for external wholesalers and
were free to consider factors that were not objective, including whether candidates
already had relationships with advisors in the area and the makeup of the territory and
its clients. Docket No. 204 at 11, ¶¶ 79, 81. Because it is undisputed that RDs chose
external wholesalers, and there is no evidence in the record, disputed or undisputed,
demonstrating discrimination by any RDs, Ms. Ford has not demonstrated a material
issue of disputed fact regarding direct evidence of discrimination.
Second, even if the comments by Mr. Bossert were relevant, they still would be
insufficient to demonstrate direct evidence. “[A] supervisor’s animosity towards a
protected group generally is not – on its own – direct evidence of discrimination.
Rather, the plaintiff must show that the supervisor ‘acted on his or her discriminatory
beliefs.’” Fassbender, 890 F.3d at 883 (quoting Tabor, 703 F.3d at 1216). In
Fassbender, a supervisor made several comments regarding her employees’
pregnancies and stated that she desired to have fewer pregnant subordinates. Id.
However, the Tenth Circuit found this insufficient to demonstrate direct evidence of
discrimination because, even though the supervisor made these comments, “she didn’t
suggest that [the plaintiff’s] pregnancy somehow made her unqualified for her position.”
Id. Because this evidence did not “demonstrate[] on its face” that the supervisor fired
the plaintiff due to her pregnancy, there was no evidence of direct discrimination. See
Fassbender, 890 F.3d at 883. Ms. Ford runs into the same issue here. While Mr.
Bossert may have made comments that indicate he was opposed to Ms. Ford’s
promotion, Ms. Ford provides no direct evidence that he acted on his beliefs – since he

12

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did not choose which applicants became external wholesalers – or that was able to
convince RDs not to advance Ms. Ford because of her race or sex. “Direct evidence is
evidence, which if believed, proves the existence of a fact in issue without inference or
presumption,” Hall v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 476 F.3d 847, 854 (10th Cir. 2007), because
it “demonstrates on its face that the employment decision was reached for
discriminatory reasons,” Danville v. Regional Lab Corp., 292 F.3d 1246, 1249 (10th Cir.
2002). Stray remarks in the workplace do not constitute direct evidence of
discrimination; rather, a “plaintiff must show that the employer actually relied on” the
discriminatory belief in rendering a decision. Heim v. Utah, 8 F.3d 1541, 1547 (10th Cir.
1993). As a result, Ms. Ford has not provided direct evidence of discrimination.
2. McDonnell Douglas Factors
A plaintiff who is unable to demonstrate direct evidence of discrimination may
meet her burden with circumstantial evidence. See Fassbender, 890 F.3d at 884. To
consider allegations made with circumstantial evidence, the Court applies the
McDonnell Douglas three-step burden-shifting framework. See id. (citing Hiatt v. Colo.
Seminary, 858 F.3d 1307, 1315-16 (10th Cir. 2017)). Under the f irst step, the plaintiff
must “establish a prima facie case of discrimination.” Id. (citing Bird v. W. Valley City,
832 F.3d 1188, 1200 (10th Cir. 2016)). 12
To make out a prima facie sex- or race-based discrimination case, a plaintiff
12

If the plaintiff succeeds in making a prima facie case, the second step requires
the defendant “to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason” for the personnel
action. See E.E.O.C. v. PVNF, L.L.C., 487 F.3d 790, 800 (10th Cir. 2007). At the third
step, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to “show [that] there is a genuine issue of
material fact as to whether the proffered reasons are pretextual.” See Plotke v. White,
405 F.3d 1092, 1099 (10th Cir. 2005).
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must show (1) she is a member of a protected class, which the parties do not dispute in
this case; (2) she suffered an adverse employment action; and (3) she was treated less
favorably than similarly situated employees not in the protected class. See, e.g., Trujillo
v. Univ. of Colo. Health Sci. Ctr., 157 F.3d 1211, 1215 (10th Cir. 1998).
The bulk of the parties’ dispute on this issue is whether Ms. Ford suffered an
adverse employment action. The Tenth Circuit liberally defines “adverse employment
action.” See, e.g., Sanchez v. Denver Pub. Schs., 164 F.3d 527, 532 (10th Cir. 1998);
Gunnell v. Utah Valley State College, 152 F.3d 1253, 1264 (10th Cir. 1998); Jeffries v.
Kansas, 147 F.3d 1220, 1232 (10th Cir. 1998). Courts take “a case-by -case approach,”
examining the unique factors relevant to the situation at hand. Jeffries, 147 F.3d at
1232. However, an adverse employment action does not include “a mere
inconvenience or an alteration of job responsibilities.” Sanchez, 164 F.3d at 532, citing
Crady v. Liberty Nat’l Bank & Trust Co., 993 F.2d 132, 136 (7th Cir. 1993); see also
Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 761 (1998) (conduct is an adverse
employment action if it “constitutes a significant change in employment status, such as
hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different responsibilities,
or a decision causing a significant change in benefits.”).
Ms. Ford alleges two adverse employment actions: Jackson’s failure to promote
Ms. Ford and the discriminatory “terms and conditions” of Ms. Ford’s employment,
including Jackson’s manipulation of the territories to which Ms. Ford was assigned.
See generally, Docket No. 210.
a. Failure to Promote

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For a Title VII failure-to-promote claim, a plaintiff must make a prima facie case
by showing that (1) she was a member of a protected class; (2) she applied for and was
qualified for a position; (3) despite being qualified, she was rejected; and (4) after she
was rejected, the position was filled. Jones v. Barnhart, 349 F.3d 1260, 1266 (10th Cir.
2003); Kendrick v. Penske Transp. Servs., Inc., 220 F.3d 1220, 1226 (10th Cir. 2000).
If the plaintiff can establish a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to
articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its employment action. Jones, 349
F.3d at 1266; see also Garrett v. Hewlett–Packard Co., 305 F.3d 1210, 1216 (10th Cir.
2002). If the defendant can articulate a permissible reason for the action, the burden
then shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the proffered reasons are pretextual.
Plotke, 405 F.3d at 1099. The parties do not seem to dispute that Ms. Ford has made
a prima facie case. See, e.g., Docket No. 204 at 17–19.
Ms. Ford focuses her challenge on eight specific external wholesaler positions,
yet two of these positions fall outside the 300-day limitations period that began when
she filed her first EEOC charge.13 For the remaining positions, Jackson asserts that
there is no evidence that Ms. Ford’s non-selection was based on her race or gender;
rather, Jackson claims that successful candidates were more qualified than Ms. Ford,
which is a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for not promoting Ms. Ford. Id. at

13

Jackson argues that because Ms. Ford challenges discrete acts by Jackson,
these are analyzed under the Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 109
(2002), standard. Docket No. 204 at 17–18. Ms. Ford asserts that, ev en if two of the
instances that she cites for not being promoted are time-barred, the Court may still
consider them as admissible evidence in support of her other claims. Docket No. 210
at 21. The Court will therefore return to these arguments in its analysis of Ms. Ford’s
hostile work environment and constructive discharge claims.
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18–19. Ms. Ford seems to agree. See Docket No. 210 at 22 (“there is also sufficient
evidence of such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, or contradictions” in
Jackson’s proffered legitimate reasons for its actions). The Court finds that the
undisputed facts indicate that Jackson has provided legitimate nondiscriminatory
reasons that hiring managers chose candidates other than Ms. Ford. See Docket No.
204 at 12–13, ¶¶ 88–95.
The Court thus proceeds to the third McDonnell Douglas prong. A plaintiff can
show pretext by showing that the plaintiff’s protected status, here Ms. Ford’s race and
sex, were determinative factors in the employment decisions or that a “discriminatory
reason more likely motivated the employer” or the employer’s explanation is “unworthy
of credence.” McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 804–805; St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks,
509 U.S. 502, 517 (1993). “To show that the defendant’s proffered race-neutral
reasons were actually a pretext for discrimination, [the Tenth Circuit] has held that the
plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant’s ‘proffered [race-neutral] reasons were
so incoherent, weak, inconsistent, or contradictory that a rational factfinder could
conclude the reasons were unworthy of belief.’” Young v. Dillon Companies, Inc., 468
F.3d 1243, 1250 (10th Cir. 2006) (quoting Stover v. Martinez, 382 F.3d 1064, 1070
(10th Cir. 2004)). “The relevant inquiry is not whether the employer’s proffered reasons
were wise, fair or correct, but whether it honestly believed those reasons and acted in
good faith upon those beliefs.” Rivera v. City and Cnty. of Denver, 365 F.3d 912,
924–25 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted); see also
Kendrick, 220 F.3d at 1231 (“[A] challenge of pretext requires us to look at the facts as

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they appear to the person making the decision to terminate plaintiff.”). To “suggest that
an employer’s claim that it hired someone else because of superior qualifications is
pretext for discrimination rather than an honestly (even if mistakenly) held belief, a
plaintiff must come forward with facts showing an ‘overwhelming’ ‘disparity in
qualifications.’” Johnson v. Weld Cnty., 594 F.3d 1202, 1211 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting
Jaramillo v. Colo. Judicial Dep’t, 427 F.3d 1303, 1309 (10th Cir. 2005) (per curiam )).
Ms. Ford argues that she was more qualified than her white, male co-workers
who were promoted over her, that she outperformed her male co-workers, had better
credentials, and was acknowledged as an excellent performer. Docket No. 210 at 22.
She also cites statistical data on Jackson’s history of advancing women, African
Americans, and African American women. Id. at 24 (citing Fallis v. Kerr-McGee Corp.,
944 F.2d 743, 746 (10th Cir. 1991) (“It is uniformly recognized that statical data showing
an employer’s pattern of conduct toward a protected class can create an inference that
an employer discriminated against individual members of the class.”)). The undisputed
facts establish, however, that hiring managers had broad discretion to choose external
wholesalers based on a host of non-objective criteria. Docket No. 204 at 11–12,
¶¶ 79–82. The facts do not, therefore, indicate that there was an overwhelming
disparity in qualifications for the external wholesaler role that favored Ms. Ford, given
the managers’ discretion, and while Ms. Ford claims that Mr. Bossert did not support
Ms. Ford’s promotion, see, e.g., id. at 13–14, ¶¶ 134–35, Ms. Ford’s allegations are
based on inadmissible hearsay, and she has not alleged that Mr. Bossert was the
Jackson official in charge of hiring for any of the positions that she applied to. Nor has
Ms. Ford provided any evidence that Jackson did not “honestly believe” that other
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candidates were more qualified than she was. See Rivera, 365 F.3d at 924–25. Ms.
Ford has not established, therefore, that Jackson’s proffered justifications for choosing
other applicants were pretext for race- or sex-based animus. The Court finds that Ms.
Ford has failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Jackson’s
proffered reasons for not promoting her were pretextual.
3. Terms and Conditions of Employment
The Court next considers Ms. Ford’s allegations that Jackson discriminated
against her in affording her less favorable terms and conditions employment. Docket
No. 210 at 20. Ms. Ford argues that she was not treated like her similarly situated white
and male employees and that “Jackson manipulated its territories to Ms. Ford’s
detriment so that her earning potential was unfairly decreased” by engaging in “a
pattern of conduct whereby Ms. Ford’s territories were handed to her white or male coworkers, who she then had to train.” Id. As noted above, to establish this claim, Ms.
Ford must show that (1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) she was subject to
an adverse employment action concerning the terms and conditions of her employment;
and (3) similarly situated employees who are not members of the protected class were
treated more favorably. Trujillo, 157 F.3d at 1215; see also Haithcox v. GEO Grp., Inc.,
No. 07-cv-00160-REB-MEH, 2008 WL 2302649, at *4 (D. Colo. May 30, 2008), order
clarified, 2008 WL 2396808 (D. Colo. June 9, 2008). Unlike the f ailure-to-promote
inquiry, the question here is whether Jackson’s treatment of Ms. Ford rises to the level
of an adverse action.
To determine whether a plaintiff suffered an adverse employment action, courts

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take a “case-by-case approach,” analyzing the unique factors in each situation.
Sanchez, 164 F.3d at 532; see also Dickerson v. Bd. of Trustees of Metro. State Univ.
of Denver, No. 19-cv-2087-WJM-SKC, 2021 WL 492483, at *8 (D. Colo. Feb. 10,
2021). One factor a court uses to determine an adverse action is whether the action
causes “harm to future employment prospects.” Hillig v. Rumsfeld, 381 F.3d 1028,
1031 (10th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). An employer’s act must do more than de
minimis harm and must be “materially adverse to the employee’s job status.” Id. at
1033. In other words, adverse employment actions are those that constitute a
“significant change in employment status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote,
reassignment with significantly different responsibilities, or a decision causing a
significant change in benefits.” Stinnett v. Safeway, Inc., 337 F.3d 1213, 1217 (10th
Cir. 2003) (quoting Burlington, 524 U.S. at 761). “Minor employment actions which
make an employee unhappy are not sufficiently adverse as to form grounds for a
discrimination suit.” Aluru v. Anesthesia Consultants, 176 F. Supp. 3d 1116, 1125 (D.
Colo. 2016) (citation omitted).
The Court first considers Ms. Ford’s concerns that she was not treated like her
white, male co-workers in her evaluations. See Docket No. 210 at 21. There is a
dispute as to whether Mr. Walker either did not evaluate Ms. Ford or evaluated her late
and whether this placed Ms. Ford at a disadvantage compared to her similarly situated
white and male co-workers who knew Mr. Walker’s expectations and were thereby
better positioned to advance. Id. at 11–12, ¶¶ 116–120. However, notwithstanding
these disputes, Jackson insists that Ms. Ford cannot m ake out a prima facie case of

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discrimination because she cannot show similarly situated white or male employees
received higher pay, or that Jackson’s decisions constituted an adverse action. Docket
No. 204 at 15–16.
The Court finds that Ms. Ford has not presented sufficient evidence that her
delayed or missed performance evaluations were adverse employment actions, as she
has not established that they constituted, or resulted in, a “significant change in
employment status . . . [or an action that causes] a significant change in benefits.”
Stinnett, 337 F.3d at 1217. Rather, the undisputed f acts establish that Ms. Ford
progressed through the ranks for Jackson, see, e.g., Docket No. 204 at 6, ¶ 34, and,
while she was initially awarded her a one-percent merit pay increase, after she
complained about the increase and discretionary bonus, she received additional
compensation. Id. at 10, ¶¶ 69–70. Furthermore, she ultimately agreed with the review
that she did receive. Id., ¶ 68.
Even if Ms. Ford could establish that the late or missed performance review or
lower discretionary bonus constituted personnel actions, she has not established,
supposing Jackson offered nondiscriminatory rationales for such actions, that Jackson
did not believe these rationales or that the explanations behind the actions were “so
incoherent, weak, inconsistent, or contradictory that a rational factfinder could conclude
the reasons were unworthy of belief.” See Young, 468 F.3d at 1250 (internal quotation
omitted). While Mr. Lane attributed Mr. Walker’s treatment of Ms. Ford to her race and
gender, Docket No. 210 at 12, ¶ 122, Ms. Ford has provided no facts to indicate that
Mr. Lane was involved in Mr. Walker’s performance review process or supervised Ms.

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Ford during this time period, and Mr. Lane’s hypothesis alone does not create a
genuine issue as to whether any race- or gender-neutral rationale by Jackson would be
unworthy of belief.
The Court next analyzes Ms. Ford’s territory manipulation claim under the
reassignment of duties framework. “[R]eassignment of job duties is not automatically
actionable.” Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 71 (2006).
“Whether a particular reassignment is materially adverse depends upon the
circumstances of the particular case, and should be judged from the perspective of a
reasonable person in the plaintiff’s position, considering all the circumstances.” Id. As
explained above, an adverse employment action is a “significant change in employment
status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different
responsibilities, or a decision causing a significant change in benefits.” Piercy v.
Maketa, 480 F.3d 1192, 1203 (10th Cir. 2007). Ms. Ford relies on Haynes v. Level 3
Commc’ns, 456 F.3d 1215, 1223–24 (10th Cir. 2006), f or the proposition that repeated
removal of accounts is an adverse action.
While the parties dispute whether Ms. Ford’s territories were reassigned as she
describes, and whether her earning potential actually changed, Docket No. 210 at 11,
¶¶ 110–12, even if the Court were to find that realignment of Ms. Ford’s territories
constituted an adverse employment action, Ms. Ford has again failed to show that
Jackson’s rationale for changing its territories was pretextual as required under
McDonnell Douglas. Jackson explains that its growth in business led to a “decision to
partition the New York sales territory” and the addition of “additional BDCs,” Docket No.

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204 at 17; however, Ms. Ford does not provide evidence that Jackson’s stated business
justifications are “so weak, implausible, inconsistent or incoherent that a reasonable
fact finder could conclude that [they were] not an honestly held belief but rather [were]
subterfuge for discrimination.” Young, 468 F.3d at 1250 (citing Rivera, 365 F.3d at
924–25). The Court finds that there is no genuine dispute of material fact as to Ms.
Ford’s discrimination claims and that Jackson is therefore entitled to summary judgment
on claims three and four in the first amended complaint in intervention.
B. Retaliation Claims
The Court next analyzes Ms. Ford’s retaliation claims. To maintain a retaliation
claim, a plaintiff is required to demonstrate that “(1) she was engaged in opposition to
Title VII discrimination; (2) she was subject to an adverse employment action; and (3) a
causal connection exists between the protected activity and the adverse employment
action.” Jones, 349 F.3d at 1269 (citing Sanchez, 164 F.3d at 533). To be materially
adverse, an action must be sufficient to “dissuade[] a reasonable worker from making or
supporting a charge of discrimination.” Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68 (citation omitted).
This requires injury rising to a “level of seriousness.” Williams v. W.D. Sports, N.M.,
Inc., 497 F.3d 1079, 1087 (10th Cir. 2007). Yet what is sufficient to sustain a retaliation
claim is not necessarily sufficient to sustain a discrimination claim. Somoza v. Univ. of
Denver, 513 F.3d 1206, 1212 (10th Cir. 2008). Rather, an em ployer can effectively
retaliate against an employee by taking actions not directly related to the employee’s
employment. Williams, 497 F.3d at 1086–87. If a plaintiff makes this prima facie case,
then “[t]he burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas applies to Title VII

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retaliation claims.” Henderson v. United Parcel Serv., No. 04-cv-01545-PSF-CBS, 2006
WL 1658690, at *8 (D. Colo. June 7, 2006) (citing McGarry v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of
Cnty. of Pitkin, 175 F.3d 1193, 1201 (10th Cir. 1999)).
Ms. Ford raises multiple claims of retaliation, including that the “unsupported
PIP” was retaliatory, Docket No. 210 at 24; that “Jackson actively sought to prevent her
from being promoted,” id.; that Jackson retaliated against her for her complaints by
taking away her sales territories, id. at 8, ¶ 74; that Mr. Bossert went on a “crusade to
fire Ms. Ford . . . based on her race and gender,” id. at 25; and that she was subject to
increased monitoring and a background check after she filed her EEOC charge. Id. at
17–18, ¶¶ 165, 172. Jackson argues that Ms. Ford’s claims fail because she has not
alleged that she was materially or adversely affected by any of these actions. Docket
No. 204 at 16–17.
While there is no serious dispute that Ms. Ford engaged in opposition to
discrimination, the parties do dispute whether Ms. Ford suffered an employment action
that was “materially adverse,” as required because Jackson’s conduct would be
dissuaded from making a charge of discrimination. See Williams, 513 F.3d at 1086–87.
The Court first considers Ms. Ford’s PIP. Jackson insists that Ms. Ford’s
contention that the PIP was retaliatory must fail because Ms. Ford stated that she
immediately challenged the PIP and never believed herself subjected to it. Docket No.
204 at 19. Jackson argues that Ms. Ford “never suffered any consequence or believed
herself to be subject to the PIP, and persuaded Jackson to immediately investigate and
then formally rescind the PIP.” Docket No. 221 at 10 (citation om itted). Further, after

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the PIP was rescinded, Jackson states that Mr. Stone undertook a substantial
investigation into Ms. Ford’s allegations and promised to review all future disciplinary
actions, which, far from being a retaliatory adverse action, is actually preferential
treatment. Id. at 20. Ms. Ford disagrees and explains that, “at Jackson, the PIP is a
disciplinary action and employees on a PIP are not eligible for promotion.” Docket No.
210 at 25 n.2 (citing Docket No. 210 at 12, ¶ 124 (A PIP “is a significant disciplinary
action at Jackson and someone on a PIP is not eligible for promotion.”)).
Whether Ms. Ford believed herself subject to the PIP, or personally found the
PIP to chill her protected activity, is immaterial, as the Court’s inquiry is an objective
one. See Semsroth v. City of Wichita, 555 F.3d 1182, 1184 (10th Cir. 2009). T he
standard is whether the employer’s action would “dissuade[] a reasonable worker from
making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68. The
undisputed facts do not establish, contrary to Jackson’s argument, that Ms. Ford never
believed herself subject to the PIP. See Docket No. 210 at 5 ¶ 47. There is, however,
a dispute whether a PIP is a serious personnel action at Jackson such that em ployees
on PIPs cannot be promoted. Id. at 12, ¶ 124. Given this, the Court finds that there is
a dispute as to whether the PIP was a materially adverse action at Jackson and
whether imposition of a PIP would dissuade a reasonable worker from engaging in
protected activity.
Ms. Ford is next required to show a causal connection between her protected
activity and Jackson’s imposition of the PIP. Jones, 349 F.3d at 1269. “The requisite
causal connection may be shown by producing ‘evidence of circumstances that justify

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an inference of retaliatory motive, such as protected conduct closely followed by
adverse action.’” McGarry, 175 F.3d at 1201 (quoting Burrus v. United Tel. Co. of Kan.,
Inc., 683 F.2d 339, 343 (10th Cir. 1982)). The undisputed facts indicate that the PIP
was imposed after Mr. Walker gave Ms. Ford a verbal warning that she was spending
an insufficient amount of time on the phone and that he had received reports of
rudeness by Ms. Ford and that she was arguing with co-workers. Docket No. 204 at 7,
¶¶ 39–41. But there are no facts, disputed or undisputed, to establish a cau sal
connection between protected activity and the imposition of the PIP. Even if there were
such a nexus, however, Ms. Ford has not shown that Jackson’s proffered reasons
behind the PIP, which were that Ms. Ford was not spending enough time working the
phones and that Mr. Walker had received reports of rudeness, were pretextual.
The Court next turns to Ms. Ford’s contentions that Jackson engaged in
retaliation when it failed to promote her and when it realigned her sales territories. A
meritorious retaliation claim may stand even if an underlying discrimination claim based
on the same conduct fails. Sanchez, 164 F.3d at 533. Nevertheless, the Court must
still apply the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework, see Frye v. Okla. Corp.
Comm’cn, 516 F.3d 1217, 1227 (10th Cir. 2008), and, under that f ramework, even if Ms.
Ford is able to make a prima facie case that she was passed over for promotions in
retaliation for protected activity, she must establish that Jackson’s proffered
explanations for choosing other candidates were pretextual. The Court has already
explained that Ms. Ford has failed to prove pretext in Jackson’s promotion decisions,
and, therefore, the Court need not re-address Ms. Ford’s retaliatory failure-to-promote
claims. Similar analysis also forecloses Ms. Ford’s claims that Jackson’s realignment of
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its sales territories was retaliatory.
The Court next considers Ms. Ford’s concerns that Mr. Bossert engaged in a
retaliatory “crusade” to fire her. Docket No. 210 at 25. Ms. Ford argues that managers
at Jackson “went even further [than the PIP] by actively looking for reasons to terminate
Ms. Ford on grounds that might not appear discriminatory” and that some managers
concluded that this attempt to fire Ms. Ford “was based on her race and gender and
that there was simply no other explanation for it.” Id. The parties dispute whether Mr.
Bossert ordered Mr. Blanchette to give Ms. Ford a negative performance review. Id. at
17, ¶ 168. The parties also dispute whether, after Ms. Ford complained of
discrimination, Mr. Bossert informed human resources and other managers that Ms.
Ford would use a promotion to harm Jackson. Id. at 16–17, ¶ 161. However, these
disputes are insufficient to create a triable issue of fact for two reasons. First, the
undisputed facts indicate that Mr. Blanchette refused to give Ms. Ford a negative review
and that Mr. Bossert’s crusade to fire her failed. Indeed, Ms. Ford found the “meets
expectations” review to be fair, Docket No. 204 at 10, ¶ 68, and she subm itted her letter
of resignation on October 12, 2010. Id. at 13, ¶ 99.
Second, the Court finds that there is no genuine dispute as to whether a crusade
such as Mr. Bossert’s would “dissuade[] a reasonable worker from making or supporting
a charge of discrimination.” Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68. This is because the facts,
disputed and undisputed, do not indicate that Ms. Ford w as aware of Mr. Bossert’s
efforts as they were happening. Rather, even the disputed facts taken as true indicate
that Mr. Bossert only spoke to other managers and human resources. See Docket No.

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210 at 16–17, ¶¶ 161–62, 168. Because Ms. Ford has not show n that she was aware
of the efforts as they were occurring, she cannot establish genuine issue that conduct
like Mr. Bossert’s would dissuade a reasonable employee from engaging in protected
activity since a rational factfinder would not find that someone could be dissuaded by
something she was not aware of. Thus, Mr. Ford has not shown a genuine dispute of
material fact as to whether Mr. Bossert’s efforts amounted to a materially adverse
action or, therefore, whether she was retaliated against.14
The Court finally considers whether Jackson retaliated against Ms. Ford by
subjecting her to increased scrutiny after she filed her EEOC charge, including
monitoring her phone calls and running a background check on her. Id. at 17–18,
¶¶ 165, 172. The Court finds that Ms. Ford has not established a genuine issue that
increased phone monitoring alone would dissuade a reasonable person from filing a
charge with the EEOC because, as Ms. Ford explained, managers had the authority to
listen to employees’ work phone calls and employees were aware of such monitoring.
Docket No. 210-2 at 24, 246:10–248:4.
C. Hostile Work Environment Claims
Ms. Ford also brings a hostile work environment claim. See Docket No. 51 at 4,
¶ 8, and at 11, ¶ 31. To survive summary judgment on a hostile work environment
claim, “a plaintiff must show that under the totality of the circumstances (1) the

14

Similar analysis applies to the allegedly retaliatory background check that
Jackson ran after Ms. Ford filed her EEOC complaint. There are no allegations that
Ms. Ford was contemporaneously aware of the background check, and a rational
factfinder could not find that a reasonable employee in Ms. Ford’s position would be
dissuaded by something that the employee was unaware of.
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harassment was pervasive or severe enough to alter the terms, conditions, or privilege
of employment,” and (2) the harassment stemmed from animus. Chavez v. New
Mexico, 397 F.3d 826, 831–32 (10th Cir. 2005) (quoting Bolden v. PRC Inc., 43 F.3d
545, 551 (10th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted)). “A few isolated incidents” of enmity or
“sporadic” slurs are insufficient to satisfy this burden. Id. at 832 (quoting Hicks v. Gates
Rubber Co., 833 F.2d 1406, 1412–13 (10th Cir. 1987)). Instead, there m ust be a
“steady barrage of opprobrious” comments. Id. (citation omitted). In determining
whether conduct is sufficiently severe or pervasive, the Tenth Circuit considers: “(1) the
frequency of the discriminatory conduct; (2) the severity of the conduct; (3) whether the
conduct is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and (4)
whether the conduct unreasonably interferes with the employee’s work performance.”
Holmes v. Regents of Univ. of Colo., 176 F.3d 488 (Table), 1999 WL 285826, at *7
(10th Cir. May 7, 1999) (citing Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993)).
“[M]ere utterance of an . . . epithet which engenders offensive feelings in a employee,
does not sufficiently affect the conditions of employment to implicate Title VII.” Harris,
510 U.S. at 21 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Rather, in making this
hostile work environment determination, a court must “consider the work atmosphere
both objectively and subjectively, looking at all the circumstances from the perspective
of a reasonable person in the plaintiff's position.” Herrera v. Lufkin Indus. Inc., 474 F.3d
675, 680 (10th Cir. 2007). That is, a hostile work environment is one that a reasonable
person would find hostile or abusive.
A hostile work environment claim may be based on either severity or

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pervasiveness. Tademy v. Union Pac. Corp., 614 F.3d 1132, 1144 (10th Cir. 2008).
Indeed, those grounds “are, to a certain degree inversely related; a sufficiently severe
episode may occur as rarely as once . . . , while a relentless pattern of lesser
harassment that extends over a long period of time also violates the statute.” Id.
(quoting Cerros v. Steel Techs., Inc., 288 F.3d 1040, 1047 (7th Cir. 2002)). As the
Tenth Circuit has noted, this inquiry “is particularly unsuited for summary judgment
because it is quintessentially a question of fact.” Id.
Jackson argues that Ms. Ford’s claim that she experienced a sexually hostile
work environment must fail. Docket No. 204 at 20. First, Ms. Ford’s complaint of a
lewd joke at a house party in 2008 is time-barred. Id. at 21. Second, her claim that Mr.
Crosby made unwelcome sexual comments is insufficient to result in Title VII liability
because Ms. Ford cannot show that she “subjectively perceive[d]” that the workplace
was full of “discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult” severe enough “to alter the
conditions of [Ms. Ford’s] employment and create an abusive working environment.” Id.
at 23 (quoting Montes v. Vail Clinic, Inc., 497 F.3d 1160, 1170 (10th Cir. 2007)).
Jackson notes that Ms. Ford did not complain about Mr. Crosby’s comments when she
drafted her comprehensive letter to human resources. Id., at 23–24. Third, the
obscenity written on the promotional football was a single, isolated incident, insufficient
to maintain a hostile work environment claim, id. at 26, and it occurred after Ms. Ford
resigned from Jackson and therefore cannot have altered the conditions of Ms. Ford’s
employment. Docket No. 221 at 15. Furthermore, Jackson insists that its “remedial
action absolves it” of any liability for a hostile work environment. Id. at 10.

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The Court finds that the 2008 vodka-bottle incident is not time-barred from
consideration in the hostile work environment context for the reasons that the Court
explained in its September 13, 2018 order. Docket No. 136. The Court determined that
the law does not preclude stand-alone acts of discrimination, even those falling outside
the 300-day window, from being considered as part of a hostile work environment. Id.
at 18. “[W]hen analyzing a hostile work environment claim spanning longer than 300
days ‘[a] court’s task is to determine whether the acts about which an employee
complains are part of the same actionable hostile work environment practice.” Duncan
v. Manager, Dep’t of Safety, City & Cnty. of Denver, 397 F.3d 1300, 1308 (10th Cir.
2005) (quoting National R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 120 (2002)).
This requires that there must be a sufficient relationship between the universe of
conduct allegedly comprising a hostile work environment to justify the conclusion that
such combined conduct constitutes one employment practice. Id. “[A] series of alleged
events comprises the same hostile environment where ‘the pre- and post-limitations
period incidents involved the same type of employment actions, occurred relatively
frequently, and were perpetrated by the same managers.’” Id. at 1309 (alterations
omitted) (quoting Morgan, 536 U.S. at 120). Ms. Ford has raised a genuine dispute of
fact that talk of sex on the sales desk was endemic, and male sales employees made
inappropriate comments regarding female co-workers’ hair, clothes, body parts, and
physical appearances. Docket No. 210 at 15, ¶¶ 148–49. How ever, there is no
indication that the vodka-bottle incident involving Mr. Poulsen in January 2008 is related
to or part of any course of conduct connected with the other incidents that Ms. Ford

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cites. Considering each of these factors, therefore, the Court finds that the evidence
that Ms. Ford has offered of the 2008 party is not sufficient to be part of one
employment practice.
As the Tenth Circuit explained in Tademy, 614 F.3d at 1144, a hostile work
environment claim may be based on either pervasiveness or severity. The Court first
considers pervasiveness. “Title VII comes into play before the harassing conduct leads
to a nervous breakdown, and a discriminatorily abusive work environment, even one
that does not seriously affect the employees’ psychological well-being, can and often
will detract from employees’ job performance, discourage employees from remaining on
the job, or keep them from advancing in their careers.” Sprague v. Thorn Americas,
Inc., 129 F.3d 1355, 1366 (10th Cir. 1997). T he Court finds that Ms. Ford has
sufficiently alleged a triable issue of fact as to whether the conduct was sufficiently
pervasive to create an actionably hostile work environment, see Gordanier v.
Montezuma Water Co., No. 08-cv-01849-PAB-MJW, 2010 WL 1268157, at *3 (D. Colo.
Mar. 30, 2010), because Ms. Ford raises a dispute about whether men on the sales
desk spoke about sex “regularly” and made comments about women, which Ms. Ford
was aware of. Docket No. 210 at 15, ¶¶ 148–49. A rational f actfinder could conclude
that Ms. Ford experienced more than “sporadic” jokes and comments. Chavez, 397
F.3d at 832.
The Court does not, however, find a genuine dispute as to the severity of the
sexual comments that Ms. Ford experienced. For conduct to rise to the level of a
hostile work environment, it must be so severe and pervasive as to unreasonably

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interfere with the plaintiff’s work performance. Harris, 510 U.S. at 23. The evidence
that Ms. Ford proffers falls short. The facts indicate that, for a time, Mr. Crosby made
sexual remarks and discussed pornography.15 Docket No. 204 at 8, ¶ 54. Ms. Ford has
not raised a genuine dispute, however, that she was subjected to a “physically
threatening or humiliating [environment],” rather than “mere offensive utterance[s]” or
shown how the sexual comments “unreasonably interfere[d] with [her] work
performance.” Sprague, 129 F.3d at 1365 (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 23). Mr.
Crosby’s comments and the behavior of the men on the sales desk were
unprofessional, boorish, and unpleasant, yet the behavior falls short of the severity
necessary to meet the hostile work environment test of “intimidation, ridicule, and insult”
sufficient to alter the conditions of an employee’s employment. Lowe v. Angelo’s Italian
Foods, Inc., 87 F.3d 1170, 1175 (10th Cir. 1996) (“Casual or isolated m anifestations of
discriminatory conduct, such as a few sexual comments or slurs,” do not equate to
pervasive workplace discrimination.). Rather, Ms. Ford became a BDC, completed boot
camp and finishing school, and was named to the short list for external wholesaler.
Docket No. 204 at 6–7, ¶¶ 34–38. W hile there may be a dispute about what precisely
Mr. Crosby said and did not say, Ms. Ford’s claim fails because there is no dispute that
his comments did not interfere with Ms. Ford’s work performance. See Harris, 510 U.S.

15

Jackson states that Mr. Crosby stopped making sexual remarks and
discussing pornography after Ms. Ford complained to Ms. Amsberry around September
11, 2009. Docket No. 204 at 8, ¶ 54. Ms. Ford purports to deny this fact only in that
Mr. Crosby still made “unwelcome” comments to Ms. Ford and other female co-workers.
Ms. Ford has not established a genuine dispute, however, that these continued
“unwelcome” comments amounted to a steady barrage of opprobrious comments as
opposed to sporadic jokes and comments.
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at 23.
Jackson separately contends that there is no genuine dispute of material fact
that Ms. Ford did not experience a race-based hostile work environment because the
incidents that she complains of fall “short of the ‘steady barrage’ of opprobrious racial
comments” required for a hostile work environment claim. Docket No. 204 at 27
(quoting Chavez, 397 F.3d at 832).
While Ms. Ford complains that managers referred to Ms. Ford and another Black
woman as “bitches,” “divas,” “resident street walkers,” “Black bitches from Atlanta,” and
“Black Panthers,” and called Black employees “pieces of shit,” Docket No. 210 at
14–15, ¶¶ 140, 142–43, Ms. Ford has not alleg ed that she heard these comments,
which makes them insufficient to establish a genuine dispute that such conduct
unreasonably interfered with the Ms. Ford’s work performance, see Harris, 510 U.S. at
23, or that the environment at Jackson was both objectively and subjectively hostile.
See Herrera, 474 F.3d at 680.
As to the use of the word “n***er” on the sales desk, Docket No. 210 at 15,
¶ 144, while the use of that word may be, on its own, sufficient to “quickly alter the
conditions of employment,” Lounds v. Linacre, Inc., 812 F.3d 1208, 1230 (10th Cir.
2015), the Court must consider the context and totality of the circumstances. Lounds
involved “repeated use in the Linacre workplace of this powerfully charged racial term,”
id., while at Jackson, the term was used once in the context of a story, according to Ms.
Ford’s testimony. Docket No. 210-2 at 41–42, 403:17–406:21. W hile the Court does
not excuse or condone the use of such blatantly offensive language in a professional

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environment, there is no evidence that its utterance was directed with animus to Ms.
Ford or any other Black employees at Jackson, unlike in Lounds. The context of the
use of this term does not appear to have been racial animus, so the Court will consider
it “in the context of other, overtly racially-discriminatory conduct.” O’Shea v. Yellow
Tech. Servs., Inc., 185 F.3d 1093, 1097 (10th Cir. 1999) (alterations om itted).
Moreover, because Ms. Ford had already tendered her resignation, Docket No.
204 at 14, ¶¶ 102–03, the def aced promotional football incident, while despicable, did
not alter the terms or conditions of her employment such that it could create or
contribute to a triable issue of Title VII liability. Harris, 510 U.S. at 21. The same
analysis applies to the alleged statements attributed to Jackson CEO Chad Myers,
which occurred “in maybe September of [20]16,” Docket No. 210-7 at 8,
144:19–145:10, years after Ms. Ford left Jackson.
Thus, the Court concludes that a reasonable jury could not find that Jackson’s
conduct created a workplace for Ms. Ford “permeated with discriminatory intimidation,
ridicule, and insult.” Williams v. FedEx Corp. Servs., 849 F.3d 889, 897 (10th Cir.
2017); see also Morris v. Colo. Springs, 666 F.3d 654, 664 (10th Cir. 2012) (“[E]ven
incidents that would objectively give rise to bruised or wounded feelings will not on that
account satisfy the severe or pervasive standard.” (internal quotation marks omitted))).
The racist and sexist comments at Jackson that Ms. Ford was subjected to appear to
be “isolated incidents of racial enmity or sporadic racial slurs,” insufficient to establish a
triable issue of fact of a hostile work environment, Chavez, 397 F.3d at 832, rather than
treatment that “unreasonably interfere[d] with [her] work performance.” Sprague, 129

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F.3d at 1365.
D. Constructive Discharge Claim
The Tenth Circuit applies an objective test to constructive discharge claims:
Constructive discharge occurs when the employer by its illegal
discriminatory acts has made working conditions so difficult that a
reasonable person in the employee's position would feel compelled to
resign. Essentially, a plaintiff must show that she had no other choice but
to quit. The conditions of employment must be objectively intolerable; the
plaintiff's subjective views of the situation are irrelevant.
Sandoval v. City of Boulder, 388 F.3d 1312, 1325 (10th Cir. 2004) (quotations, citation,
and emphasis omitted). “The plaintiff's burden in a constructive discharge case is
substantial.” PVNF, 487 F.3d at 805; see Garrett, 305 F.3d at 1221 (“The bar is quite
high in such cases.”).
Having failed to produce evidence raising a genuine issue of fact that she was
subject to a hostile work environment, Mr. Ford cannot sustain the more onerous
burden of proving discrimination claim premised on constructive discharge. See
Gianfrancisco v. Excelsior Youth Centers, Inc., No. 10-cv-00991-PAB-KMT, 2012 WL
2878007, at *10 (D. Colo. July 13, 2012). To prove such a claim, plaintiff must show
both the existence of a hostile work environment and that her “working conditions [were]
so intolerable that a reasonable person would have felt compelled to resign.” See
Penn. State Police v. Suders, 542 U.S. 129, 147 (2004); see also Tran v. Trustees of
State Colleges in Colo., 355 F.3d 1263, 1270 (10th Cir. 2004) (noting that the
constructive discharge test is objective, “under which neither the employee’s subjective
views of the situation, nor her employer’s subjective intent with regard to discharging
her, are relevant.”) (citation omitted). Because Ms. Ford has failed to sustain a hostile
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work environment claim in the first instance, a reasonable jury could not find, even
based on Ms. Ford’s disputed facts, that Jackson deliberately made or allowed
plaintiff’s working conditions to becomes so intolerable that she had no other choice but
to quit. See Gianfrancisco, 2012 WL 2878007, at *10; see also Woodward v. City of
Worland, 977 F.2d 1392, 1401 (10th Cir. 1992).
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, it is
ORDERED that defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment [Docket No. 204] is
GRANTED. It is further
ORDERED that plaintiffs’ first, second, third, fourth, and fifth claims are
DISMISSED with prejudice. It is further
ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion to Strike Evidentiary Exhibits to and New
Facts in Plaintiff’s Surreply in Opposition to Defendants [sic] Motion for Summary
Judgment [Docket No. 247] is DENIED as moot.16 It is further
ORDERED that defendants’ Motion to Exclude Expert Opinion of Jeffrey Nehls
[Docket No. 203], defendant’s Motion to Exclude Expert Opinion of Patricia Pacey
[Docket No. 206], and Intervenor Plaintiff La’Tonya Ford’s Motion to Exclude Certain
Opinions of Dr. Ali Saad [Docket No. 208] are DENIED as moot. It is further
ORDERED that the trial preparation conference set for July 9, 2021 and the trial
set for July 26, 2021 [Docket No. 263] are VACATED. It is further
16

Jackson filed a motion to strike Ms. Ford’s surreply, arguing the surreply itself
raised new issues and incorporated new evidence unrelated to material in Jackson’s
reply. Docket No. 247. Because the Court ruled without relying on Ms. Ford’s surreply,
Jackson’s motion to strike is moot.
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ORDERED that this case is closed.

DATED March 11, 2021.
BY THE COURT:

PHILIP A. BRIMMER
Chief United States District Judge

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