Sandoval v. UNUM Life Insurance Company of America
Filing
81
ORDER Granting 48 Motions for Partial Summary Judgment. Given the Court's Order on this Motion, Defendant's Fed. R. Evid. 702 Motion to Exclude Opinions and Testimony of Plaintiff's Bad Faith Expert, Lee Rosenbaum, Esq. (ECF No. [6 6]) is DENIED AS MOOT. This matter REMAINS SET for a Final Trial Preparation Conference on September 5, 2018 at 2:00 PM and a jury trial to commence on September 24, 2018 at 8:30 AM, both in Courtroom A801. However, given the disposition on summary judgment, the time allocated for trial is reduced to FOUR DAYS. ORDERED by Judge William J. Martinez on 8/29/2018. (angar, )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
Judge William J. Martínez
Civil Action No. 17-cv-0644-WJM-KMT
BRENDA SANDOVAL,
Plaintiff,
v.
UNUM LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, a/k/a UNUM,
Defendant.
ORDER GRANTING MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Plaintiff Brenda Sandoval (“Sandoval”) brings this action against Defendant
Unum Life Insurance Company of America (“Unum”) alleging that Defendant wrongfully
denied her disability insurance benefits while she was recuperating and disabled
following cervical surgery. (ECF No. 5.) Sandoval therefore sues Unum for breach of
insurance contract, common law bad faith breach of insurance contract, and
unreasonable delay or denial of an insurance claim in violation of Colorado Revised
Statutes §§ 10-3-1115 and -1116. (Id.)
Currently before the Court is Unum’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (the
“Motion”). (ECF No. 48.)1 The motion is “partial” in that it only addresses the bad faith
and unreasonable delay/denial claims. Thus, irrespective of how the Court rules on the
instant Motion, Sandoval’s breach of insurance contract claim will remain set for trial.
1
Defendant’s Motion docketed at ECF No. 48 contains redactions of certain personal
information. The full, unredacted version is filed at ECF No. 47 as Level One Restricted. The
Court will cite the publicly available version, except for when referencing redacted information.
For the reasons explained below, the Court grants Defendant’s Motion on the
common law and statutory bad faith claims, leaving for trial only Sandoval’s breach of
contract claims against Unum. Given the Court’s disposition of this Motion, the Court
denies as moot Defendant’s Rule 702 Motion to Exclude Opinions and Testimony of
Plaintiff’s Bad Faith Expert (ECF No. 66). Defendant’s Motion in Limine to exclude
certain evidence (ECF No. 73) remains pending. Finally, given this disposition, the
Court will shorten the currently scheduled jury trial to four days.
I. BACKGROUND
The following factual summary, viewed in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party, is based on the parties’ briefs on the Motion and documents
submitted in support. These facts are generally undisputed except where noted. All
citations to docketed materials are to the page number in the CM/ECF header, which
sometimes differs from a document’s internal pagination.2
Sandoval worked as a Training Supervisor for the Douglas County Motor Vehicle
Department. The parties agree that Sandoval’s position required her to train staff about
the Motor Vehicle Department, vehicle titles, registration, submissions, and laws. Her
job also required giving presentations, frequent typing, and occasional standing. (ECF
2
Certain statements and exhibits in these summary judgment proceedings were filed
under Restricted Access, Level 1. (ECF No. 50.) See D.C.COLO.LCivR 7.2. In this Order, the
Court has endeavored to respect Plaintiff’s privacy and confidentiality interests in her medical
information. Nonetheless, having weighed the parties’ confidentiality interests against the
public’s right of access, the Court finds that any Restricted material quoted or summarized
below does not qualify for Restricted Access to the extent quoted or summarized, particularly
given the need to provide a proper, publicly available explanation of the Court’s decision. See
D.C.COLO.LCivR 7.2; cf. Lucero v. Sandia Corp., 495 F. App’x 903, 913 (10th Cir. 2012) (“The
strongest arguments for [public] access [to court records] apply to materials used as the basis
for a judicial decision of the merits of the case, as by summary judgment.” (internal quotation
marks omitted)).
2
No. 48 at 3, ¶ 2; ECF No. 55 at 1–2, ¶ 2.)
As an employee, Sandoval was insured under three separate policies: (1) a
Group Long Term Disability Policy (“LTD Policy”); (2) a Group Life and Accidental
Death and Dismemberment policy (“Life Insurance Policy”); and (3) a Supplemental Life
Insurance policy (“Supplemental Life Insurance Policy”). (ECF No. 47 at 2; see ECF
Nos. 48-5, 48-6, 48-7.)
A.
Medical History
1.
First Surgery in September 2014
Sandoval developed neck and left arm pain in the summer of 2014, and visited
orthopedic surgeon Dr. John Barker at the Rocky Mountain Spine Clinic, P.C., on
September 3, 2014. (ECF No. 47-1 at 89–93.) Dr. Barker determ ined that Sandoval
had spinal issues from C5–C7 and recommended surgical intervention. (Id. at 92.) On
September 16, 2014, Dr. Barker performed an anterior cervical fusion surgery at
C5–C7. (Id. at 138.)
Within six weeks of the surgery, Sandoval returned to work on a part-time basis
and started physical therapy. (Id. at 86.) Within three months, Sandoval returned to
work full time without restrictions. (Id. at 82.) Dr. Barker stated that as of December
2014, Sandoval was “doing very well.” (Id. at 95.) He released her to return to work
“because she was not going to do any heavy bending, lifting or twisting and because
her pain was under good control.” (Id.)
2.
Second Surgery in October 2015
In February 2015, Sandoval’s neck pain began to worsen and she developed
3
pain in her right arm. (Id. at 79.) Sandoval again saw Dr. Barker. He reviewed x-rays
of her cervical spine and observed a delayed union and possible development of
symptomatic pseudoarthrosis (an abnormal union after a fracture). (Id. at 80.) He
recommended an external bone stimulator to encourage healing of her cervical spine.
(Id.) Sandoval used the stimulator for three months but her symptoms continued to
worsen. (Id. at 74.) In June 2015, Dr. Barker reviewed additional x-rays, observed
symptomatic pseudoarthrosis at C5–C6 and C6–C7, evidence that the bone fusion was
not healing, and recommended posterior cervical fusion. (Id. at 76.)
On September 14, 2015, nearly one year to the day after her first surgery, Dr.
Barker saw Sandoval again for increased neck pain, worsening left arm pain, and right
arm pain. (Id. at 70.) X-rays showed a questionable non-union at C5–C6, and a clear
non-union at C6–C7, as well as increasing kyphosis (excessive curvature) at C4–C5
above the fusion. (Id. at 72.) Dr. Barker recommended an anterior and posterior
pseudoarthrosis repair from C5–C7, as well as extending the fusion to C4–C5. (Id.)
On October 6, 2015, Sandoval had a second cervical fusion surgery. (Id. at
140.) Dr. Barker removed the C5–C7 anterior cervical plate, redid the C6–C7 level,
added a C4–C5 anterior plate, and placed posterior rod and screw s from C4–C7. (Id.
at 94, 140–142.)
3.
Recovery from Second Surgery
On October 21, 2015, two weeks after the surgery, Sandoval attended a followup appointment with Dr. Barker. (Id. at 25.) He observed that she was “doing very
well,” as her radiating pain had dissipated and weakness in her left arm resolved. (Id.)
4
At that time, Sandoval exhibited “5 over 5 motor strength” (normal strength) in her
“bilateral upper extremities” (both arms and shoulders). (Id. at 26.) Sandoval still had
“posterior trapezius pain” (upper back pain). She had stopped taking “all narcotics,” but
continued to take Tylenol and alternate between Robaxin and Zanaflex (muscle
relaxants). (Id. at 25.)
Sandoval returned to Dr. Barker on November 23, 2015. (Id. at 22.) He noted
that she was “continuing to improve” and had been “working on active range of motion
of her cervical spine as well as her shoulders.” (Id.) Sandoval had “some” cervicalinduced headaches as well as posterior cervical pain. Sandoval’s incision had healed
nicely, she continued to have normal strength in her arms and shoulders, and had
“intact sensation in all dermatomes bilateral upper extremities” (normal sensory
perception on skin on the upper body). (Id. at 23.) The parties agree that Dr. Barker’s
physical examination revealed “very good progress.” (ECF No. 47 at 6 ¶ 33; ECF No.
55 at 3, ¶ 33.) Sandoval had not returned to work because of the pain. (ECF No. 47-1
at 23.) She also had not resumed driving because of decreased neck mobility. (Id.)
Dr. Barker noted as much in his “plan”: “She is not able to return to work because she
cannot sit for more than 30 min. at a time secondary to posterior cervical pain and she
cannot drive.” (Id. at 24.)
On December 21, 2015, Dr. Barker saw Sandoval again three months after the
second surgery. (Id. at 19.) Sandoval was “continuing to slowly improve.” (Id.)
Sandoval had normal strength in her shoulders and arms, and had been exercising to
increase her range of motion and strengthen her shoulders, though continued to have
5
shoulder pain and some left arm numbness. (Id. at 19–20.) Dr. Barker recommended
that Sandoval “increase her activity of her cervical spine” and “start using light barbell
weights in order to further rehabilitation.” (Id. at 21.) He noted that Sandoval was
taking Robaxin and could also take ibuprofen for pain management. (Id.) Finally, Dr.
Barker noted that Sandoval “cannot return to work at this time as she is unable to sit at
a desk for more than 30 minutes” and opined that “it is my estimation that she will be
unable to return to work where she has to sit at a computer and desk for 8 hours a day
until at least April 1.” (Id.)
Sandoval returned to Dr. Barker’s office on February 29, 2016. (Id. at 16.) She
had been working on her range of motion of her cervical spine and shoulders, but still
had some posterior trapezius and cervical pain. (Id.) When she had pain in the back of
her neck, her left arm tingled and went numb; the tingling sensation resolved when pain
improved. (Id.) During the physical exam, Sandoval continued to exhibit “5 over 5
motor strength.” (Id. at 17.) In addition, Dr. Barker noted that Sandov al had “some
pain with cervical flexion past 60E and rotation to the right and left” and “no pain with
cervical extension.” (Id.) She had “intact sensation in all dermatomes bilateral upper
extremities.” (Id.) X-rays revealed “no evidence of any loosening of her posterior
hardware.” (Id. at 18.)
Dr. Barker determined that Sandoval was “unable to return to work secondary to
her inability to sit for any significant amount of time at a desk or work computer.” (Id.)
At his deposition, Dr. Barker stated that he included this lim itation based on Sandoval’s
report and assessment of her own pain. (ECF No. 60-2 at 4–5.) He instructed
6
Sandoval to work on her active range of motion, take anti-inflammatory medication and
muscle relaxants as needed for pain, and remain out of work until her next evaluation in
June. (ECF No. 47-1 at 18.) The June 2016 records, if any, are not in the materials
cited by the parties.
One year after the surgery, on October 10, 2016, Sandoval returned to Dr.
Barker for evaluation. (This visit occurred between Unum’s denial of benefits and
Sandoval’s appeal, as discussed below in Parts I.B.4–5.) He noted that she continued
to have pain in the back of her neck, and neck pain when seated for more than 30
minutes. (Id. at 67.) Sandoval had numbness in her left arm, as well as right arm
numbness when seated for too long. Household activities, such as cleaning, took her
much longer because she required breaks to manage the pain. (Id.) At this visit,
Sandoval’s range of motion of her cervical spine measured extension 30°, flexion 60°,
and right and left rotation 40°, but she reported pain with moving. (Id. at 69.) She
continued to exhibit normal motor strength. On the x-rays, Dr. Barker observed a solid
fusion from C4–C7. He noted that Sandoval was “continuing to work on active range of
motion of her cervical spine. Unfortunately, she is permanently disabled.” (Id.)
B.
Insurance Claim
1.
Applicable Policy Language
As mentioned above, Sandoval was covered under three separate insurance
policies by her employer, the LTD Policy, the Life Insurance Policy, and the
Supplemental Life Insurance Policy.3 (ECF No. 48 at 2; see ECF Nos. 48-5, 48-6, 48-
3
The Life Insurance Policy and Supplemental Life Insurance Policy—which provide that
a person disabled for six months may request a waiver of premium payments—are not at issue
7
7.) For each month that Sandoval met the policies’ definition of “total disability,”
Sandoval was eligible for a monthly benefit. (ECF No. 48 at 7, ¶ 41.)
The LTD Policy defined “disability” for the first twenty-four months of payments
as:
You are disabled when Unum determines that due to your
sickness or injury:
1.
You are unable to perform the material and
substantial duties of your regular occupation and
you are not working in your regular occupation or any
other occupation
or,
2.
You are unable to perform one or more of the
material and substantial duties of your regular
occupation, and you have a 20% or more loss in your
indexed monthly earnings while working in your
regular occupation or in any occupation.
(ECF No. 48-5 at 2.) In addition, the patient must be “under regular care of a
physician.” (Id.) The LTD Policy defined “regular occupation” as “the occupation you
are routinely performing when your disability begins.” (Id. at 3.) Unum further clarified
that it would “look at your occupation as it is normally performed in the national
economy, instead of how the work tasks are performed for a specific employer or at a
specific location.” (Id.)
in the present Motion. (ECF No. 48-5 at 2.) Sandoval claims that Unum wrongfully refused to
waive her premiums under these policies. (ECF No. 5 at 2–4.) However, she does not appear
to assert bad faith denial of the premium waivers. To the extent that Sandoval does assert bad
faith denial of a premium waiver, the Court grants summary judgment in favor of Unum. Unum
raised the issue in its Motion (see ECF No. 48 at 2), and Sandoval completely failed to address
it, much less present a genuine issue of material fact regarding the unreasonableness of the
denial of premium waivers (see generally ECF No. 60).
8
2.
Submission of the LTD Claim
In late December 2015, Sandoval filed a LTD claim form with Unum under the
LTD Policy (“LTD claim”). (ECF No. 48-4 at 2, 5.) Sandoval identified her disabling
medical condition as “cerv disc dis w/myelopathy” and Dr. Barker as her sole treating
physician. (Id. at 2–3.) Sandoval listed her last day of work as October 2, 2015, and
April 1, 20164 as the day she expected to return. (Id. at 3–4.)
In early January 2015, Dr. Barker submitted the physician statement for the LTD
claim. (Id. at 14–17.) He confirmed that he started treating Sandoval on September 3,
2014 for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (C4–C7) and posterior cervical fusion
(C4–C7). (Id. at 14.) He also advised that he told Sandoval to stop working in October
2015 and that she could not return to work “until at least [April 1, 2016] as she is unable
to sit at a desk for more than 30 minutes.” (Id. at 15.) In support of this limitation, Dr.
Barker explained that “patient is recovering from surgery.” (Id.)
Shortly thereafter, Douglas County (Sandoval’s employer) submitted the
employer statement. (Id. at 18–22.) The statement identified “training of new staff into
the Motor Vehicle Division” and “multi-week classroom training” as Sandoval’s primary
duties. (Id. at 18.) Douglas County also submitted a formal job description for
Sandoval’s position as “Motor Vehicle Trainer/Branch Supervisor.” (Id. at 21.) The
physical qualifications for the position “require[d] walking or standing to a significant
degree” and “lift[ing] up to 25 lbs,” though “[r]easonable accommodations may be made
4
The date on the form is listed as April 1, 2015, but the parties agree that Sandoval
intended April 1, 2016. (ECF No. 48 at 9, ¶ 48; ECF No. 55 at 4, ¶ 48.) The Court will thus use
that date.
9
to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions.” (Id. at 22.)
Sandoval’s claim was assigned to Disability Benefits Specialist Chandra Towns.
(Id. at 23.) On January 18, 2016, Sandoval provided an oral history to Towns of her
symptoms of numbness and pain, diagnosis, and two surgeries. (Id. at 4.) She
explained that she did not attend physical therapy, but completed home exercises using
resistance bands (but not weights) and tried to stretch her back frequently. (Id.)
Sandoval also explained that her movement was restricted: her hands were weak, she
could not move her head left or right, and turning toward her shoulder caused pain.
The only head positions that did not cause pain were looking up and straight ahead.
(Id.) Sandoval also reported that she could not “sit for any period before she has to
continually adjust.” (Id.) Finally, she told Towns that she had discussed possibly
returning to work no sooner than April 1, 2016, depending on a reevaluation of her
status. (Id. at 5.)
In addition to discussing her medical condition, Sandoval and Towns talked
about Sandoval’s work and job responsibilities. Sandoval noted that the physical
demands of her job as a Training Supervisor included giving presentations (often while
standing), frequent typing, and teaching. (Id.) Sandoval also told Towns that she was a
licenced hairstylist with approximately ten customers, whom she retained as clients to
keep her license valid. Sandoval explained that she “tried to do some hair a few times
but it didn’t work out” because it was “too painful.” (Id. at 5–6.).
Towns confirmed the details of her conversation with Sandoval in a letter dated
January 21, 2016, and provided additional information about claims processing. (ECF
10
No. 48-4 at 24–27.) She informed Sandoval that Unum would review her medical
records to evaluate her claim, and that Sandoval could request an independent medical
examination (“IME”) if she or her physician disagreed with Unum’s assessment. (Id. at
24–25.) Towns also requested that Sandoval complete and return a Work Experience
and Education Questionnaire by March 3, 2016. (Id. at 24.)
3.
Unum Initial Approval of the LTD Claim
Unum began the new claim triage process for Sandoval’s claim with a meeting
on January 25, 2016. (Id. at 28.) In attendance were Towns, her director Jim Farr,
nurse clinician Rachelle Mak, and vocational representative Laura Feeney. (Id.) They
determined that the information provided as of that date would support “functional loss,”
but physical therapy records, x-rays, and additional assessment would be needed to
determine ongoing duration of the impairment. (Id. at 29.) They planned to submit the
claim for approval, monitor progress of physical therapy for Sandoval’s return to work,
and obtain the most recent post-operative diagnostic testing, physical therapy
evaluations, and work capacity narrative for functional assessment. (Id. at 29.)
Feeney separately reviewed Sandoval’s “occupational identification” to
determine her occupation “as it is normally performed in the national economy” on
January 26, 2016. (Id. at 30.) Based on descriptions from Sandoval and her employer,
Feeney determined that Sandoval’s position was best described as “a dual occupation,
combining the material and substantial duties of . . . Employee Training Specialist and
. . . Supervisor Branch Office.” (Id. at 31.) At that time, Feeney commented that
the occupation involves a combination of desk work and
making training presentations. When doing presentations,
[Sandoval] may be required to stand for longer periods at
11
one time; however combined standing and walking would
not exceed 2/3 of the work day, and would allow for brief
periods of sitting. The tasks performed at a desk allow for
brief intermittent breaks throughout the work day to change
position to reduce or prevent discomfort. In addition, the
occupational demands include tasks such as making copies,
sending faxes, and walking to meetings which provide
natural breaks from seated work throughout the work day.
(Id. at 33)
On February 4, 2016, Unum approved the claim and informed Sandoval by
phone and letter. (Id. at 35–39; ECF No. 47-1 at 1–2, 8–10.) At that tim e, Towns also
informed Sandoval that she needed her hair dressing earnings from July 1, 2015 to
present to calculate the benefit payment. (ECF No. 47-1 at 35.) That same day,
Sandoval provided by email her monthly income from the hairdressing business, which
varied from $89 to $290 per month. (Id. at 41–42.) Her gross income from her salon
from July 2015 to January 2016 varied between $89 and $290 per month. (Id. at 42.)
Vicki Riggs, a financial consultant at Unum, commented that those earnings had “no
impact to the claim at this time.” (Id. at 44.)
Sandoval returned her Work Experience & Education Questionnaire on February
23, 2016. (Id. at 46.) Under “additional education or training,” Sandoval listed her
cosmetology license as “current.” (Id.) Under “employment history,” Sandoval listed
her position with as a Training Supervisor with Douglas County as well as selfemployment as a “Owner/Cosmetologist” for a salon located in her home with no
employees. (Id. at 47.) Her salon served between four and six clients per month and
Sandoval’s primary job duties included “standing, cutting & coloring hair, [and] styling.”
(Id.) Under “computer and technology skills,” Sandoval indicated that she used a
12
computer daily in her job (presumably referring to her position with Douglas County).
(Id. at 48.) She also noted that she daily used a “computer or handheld device
(smartphone/tablet)” for personal use, including shopping, texting, and social
networking. (Id.)
On February 25, 2016, Towns followed up with Sandoval, who reported feeling
very sore and experiencing pain after exertion. (ECF No. 47-1 at 11.) Sandoval
reported that she had not been referred to physical therapy and had an appointment
the following week with Dr. Barker for x-rays and follow-up care.
As discussed above in the Medical Summary, Part I.A.2, at Sandoval’s February
2016 appointment, Dr. Barker determined that Sandoval could not return to work
because she could not sit for a significant amount of time, and that she should remain
out of work at least until her next evaluation in June 2016. (Id. at 18.) Sandoval
informed Towns that she was not released to return to work, and that she had not
started physical therapy because she could not afford it. (Id. at 11.)
On March 3, 2016, Towns sent a follow-up questionnaire to Dr. Barker’s office to
obtain further information about Sandoval’s ability to work. (ECF No. 48-4 at 50–51.)
On March 22, 2016, Stephanie Moore, an em ployee of Dr. Barker, filled out the
paperwork and returned the completed form with Sandoval’s medical records. (Id. at
7–8; ECF No. 47-1 at 13–28.)
On March 23, 2016, after Unum received Sandoval’s medical records, Towns
once again contacted Sandoval by phone to discuss the claims process. (ECF No. 471 at 28.) Sandoval told Towns that she had been exercising and stretching with
resistance bands and walking on her treadmill approximately 2.5 miles per day. (Id. at
13
29.) She reported feeling the need to continually move, lest her arms go numb, and like
her recovery had plateaued. (Id.) While she was driving, turning her head continued to
cause pain. (Id.) Sandoval reported that she was unable to sit for more than 30
minutes. (Id.) Sandoval informed Towns that she was able to do some housework,
such as vacuuming, but experienced soreness afterward. (Id.) As for her hairstyling
business, Sandoval reported that she had “a few” customers for nine years, but that
lifting her arms to cut hair or pick up a glass caused pressure on her neck. (Id.)
4.
Unum Review and Denial of the LTD Claim
On March 23, 2016, after the call with Sandoval, Unum staff, including Towns,
Farr, Feeney and nurse clinician Megan Yeaton, met to discuss Sandoval’s status.
(ECF NO. 48-4 at 54.) They observed that the restrictions and limitations were “overly
restrictive based on reported activity level,” that five months had passed since
Sandoval’s second surgery, and that Sandoval’s hair salon activity was inconsistent
with the restrictions. (Id. at 55.) Unum instructed Yeaton to follow up with Dr. Barker
for a medical office consult. (Id.) Yeaton’s notes from the call with Dr. Barker’s office
assistant state that “there may be ongoing support from a medical standpoint based on
the extent of the surgery; however [Sandoval] is not going to be seen for 2+ months and
the current reported activity level lends some support that she may be able to [return to
work] prior to the [next office visit] and also there may be an opportunity for a
transitional [return to work] plan.” (ECF No. 47-1 at 32.)
Unum called another meeting on April 7, 2016, with Towns, Farr, Feeney,
Yeaton, and Dr. Allene Scott. (Id. at 32–33; ECF No. 48-4 at 56–57.) The notes from
that meeting stated that “medical records from the [last office visit on February 29,
14
2016] indicating continued post-operative improvement do not explain why the capacity
reported has also not increased.” (ECF No. 48-4 at 57.) T hey concluded that, based
on the information provided, it appeared that Sandoval could return to work for at least
four hours per day, based on her occupational duties and vocational file discussion.
(Id.)
Directly after that meeting, Feeney revisited her assessment of the physical
demands of Sandoval’s vocational. She revised her assessment of the standing and
walking activities, and added an explanation of reaching and lifting requirements as well
as potential opportunities to change positions from standing and walking. (ECF No. 484 at 58–59.) Specifically:
RE: standing/walking activities: Activities requiring standing
and walking include the administrative tasks noted above
(retrieving faxes, making copies, filing reports and/or
standing to greet customers.) Tasks related to training
typically require being on one’s feet for a greater part fo the
day, and include standing and walking for an hour or more at
a time to present information to employees. Training days
would not be expected to require combined standing and
walking for greater than 2/3 of the work day . . . .
Opportunity to change position from standing and walking:
While making presentations, it would be possible to sit
briefly to reduce strain, while continuing the presentation.
For example, it would be common to have a stool present at
the front of the class, and/or to sit while presenting
audiovisual materials.
Activities requiring reaching/lifting upward: Materials which
are lifted and/or carried include audio visual equipment,
training manuals, and presentation equipment such as
tripods. It would be common in most office settings to have
a cart to assist with transporting these materials. Lifting
these items about the should would not be required.
Activities requiring reaching upward would include writing on
white boards and other surfaces; setting up tripods and
15
audio visual materials; and/or pulling a book or manual from
a shelf. These reaching requirements would be of brief
duration, and would not include reaching directly overhead.
(Id. at 58–59.)
In this lawsuit, Sandoval contends that Feeney failed to address the other
physical demands of the job and selectively focused on several aspects of the job, to
the exclusion of others, such as the ability to lift 25 pounds, handle a challenging and
changing environment, and periodically assume the branch manager role. (ECF No. 55
at 5, ¶ 85.) Feeney did not, however, change her prior assessment that the physical
demands of Sandoval’s position involved “[e]xerting up to 20 Lbs. of force occasionally,
10 Lbs[.] of force frequently[,] or a negligible amount constantly to Lift, Carry, Push, or
Pull objects.” (ECF No. 48-4 at 33.) Unum responds that the only physician-imposed
restriction or limitation (imposed at Sandoval’s February 29, 2016 visit) was Sandoval’s
inability to sit for more than 30 minutes at a time. (ECF No. 60 at 3, ¶ 85; see ECF No.
60-2 at 4–5.)
Unum asked Dr. Scott, an occupational medicine specialist, to contact Dr. Barker
about Sandoval’s capacity and prognosis. (ECF No. 48-4 at 57.). Dr. Scott inquired by
phone and letter about Sandoval’s condition and functional abilities. (Id. at 61–63.)
Instead of responding to the specific questions posted in the letter, Dr. Barker’s office
faxed Sandoval’s most recent office evaluation with a note on the questionnaire saying
“please see attached office note.” (ECF No. 47-1 at 34–39.)
On May 4, 2016, Dr. Scott reviewed Sandoval’s medical files, Town’s notes from
her conversations with Sandoval, and Feeney’s revised vocational assessment, and
concluded that the restrictions and limitations were not supported. (Id. at 42–43.) In
16
particular, Dr. Scott observed that “continued post-operative improvement documented
at office visits is inconsistent with the lack of improvement reported in [Sandoval’s]
sitting capacity.” She also opined that the restrictions and limitations appeared to be
based on Sandoval’s own reports. Dr. Scott also noted inconsistencies in Sandoval’s
conversations with Towns; for instance, Sandoval claimed that she was unable to sit or
be still for 30 minutes, but also stated that she watched movies at home or at the
theater.5 (Id. at 42.) She also found that Sandoval’s statement to Dr. Barker that her
job required sitting for eight hours a day was inconsistent with Unum’s vocational
assessment.
Unum’s policy is to consider all medical information, including giving deference to
the treating physician (here, Dr. Barker) when making a medical determination. (ECF
No. 55-2 at 2.) When Unum questions information or an opinion provided by the
treating physician, Unum “must attempt to contact” the treating physician. (ECF No. 603 at 2.) If no agreement is reached after the contact, as was the case here, Unum is
obligated to obtain a second review of the medical information. (Id.) Dr. Scott
disagreed with Dr. Barker’s medical assessment, and recommended referral for a
second medical opinion. (ECF No. 47-1 at 43.)
On May 5, 2016, Dr. Edward Dunn—an orthopedic surgeon—reviewed
Sandoval’s medical file and concurred with Dr. Scott’s assessment. (Id. at 44–49.) He
found that Sandoval’s occupation did not require her to sit at a computer for long
periods without changing position; that she was capable of doing chores, driving, using
5
Confusingly, Dr. Scott also cites Sandoval’s reports of “standing doing hairdressing
work” as inconsistent with her reported inability to sit or be still for more than 30 minutes. (ECF
No. 47-1 at 42.)
17
a computer, and doing some hairdressing; that her motor strength was normal and
cervical motion was functional; and that she did not require strong medication to
manager her pain. (Id. at 48.) He thus concluded that Dr. Barker’s opinion on
restrictions was not consistent with other substantial evidence in the claim file, and that
the evidence did not support restrictions and limitations that would preclude Sandoval
from performing any of the physical requirements of her job. (Id.)
Based on Dr. Scott and Dr. Dunn’s assessments, Unum decided to terminate
Sandoval’s monthly LTD benefits. (ECF No. 48-4 at 64.) On May 12, 2016, Towns
informed Sandoval by letter of the adverse decision and her right to appeal by written
letter within 180 days. (ECF No. 47-1 at 50–55.)
5.
Appeal of the LTD Claim Denial
Sandoval retained counsel to appeal the denial of her LTD claim. (Id. at 71–72.)
After an extension, Sandoval’s counsel timely submitted an appeal supported by,
among other documents, additional medical records from an October 10, 2016 visit to
Dr. Barker, a pain questionnaire completed by Sandoval on December 7, 2016, a
statement from Dr. Barker (dated October 12, 2016), a functional capacity evaluation
(dated October 26, 2016), and a vocational assessment (dated December 12, 2016).
(ECF No. 47-1 at 58–142.) In essence, the appeal arg ued that Sandoval experienced
chronic, disabling pain resulting from the surgery, that her position would require
flexibility to change physical positions and to take breaks as needed, and that, as a
result, she could not work in a position as a training supervisor because it did not
provide her with sufficient flexibility given her teaching and computer-based
requirements. (Id. at 64.)
18
On January 12, 2017, Unum staff met to discuss the appeal and decided to ref er
the file to Dr. Jonathan McAllister, an internal medicine specialist. (ECF No. 47-1 at
154–56.) Specifically, Unum staff asked Dr. McAllister (1) if the available medical
information supported an inability to perform activities (which corresponded to likely
occupational tasks), and (2) if Sandoval’s report of severely limiting symptoms was
consistent with medical evidence “including clinical exams and diagnostic findings.” (Id.
at 155.)
Dr. McAllister reviewed Sandoval’s file and prepared a report. (Id. at 157–66.)
Dr. McAllister considered Sandoval’s abilities in light of the following occupational
demands: “light activities including [some lifting of 10 to 20 pounds], frequent sitting,
occasional walking, standing, frequent reaching in all directions, constant keyboarding,
frequent handling, occasional fingering” given that “combined period of walking and
standing would not exceed 2/3’s of work day and would allow for brief periods of sitting;
desk tasks would allow for brief intermittent breaks throughout the day.” (Id. at 163.)
He found that the medical records did not support Sandoval’s inability to perform full
time work with those occupational demands. He also opined that the medical records
did not reflect the an intensity or frequency of treatment commensurate with Sandoval’s
reported level of impairment. (Id.) Dr. McAllister’s opinion was based on the following:
•
Recent medical records that did not reflect use of pain medications or
other treatments to manage severe, chronic pain;
•
Frequency of office visits was inconsistent with reported level of pain;
•
No evidence of “other pain behaviors (shifting in chair uncomfortably,
crying, etc.)” (id. at 164);
19
•
Physical examinations did not show consistent evidence of weakness,
atrophy, fasciculation (spontaneous contractions of muscle fibers),
hyperreflexia (overactive or overresponsive reflexes), or sensory loss;
•
X-rays showing good progress of fusion and no degeneration above or
below fusion;
•
No MRI or CT scans of cervical spine (“consistent with lack of radicular
(pain radiating into the arms) complaints”) (id.); and
•
Functional capacity exam (“FCE”) did not provide beginning or ending
heart rate levels after each task (making it “difficult to determine whether
or not the claimant self limited on specific tasks”) (id. at 165); and
•
Certain FCE results were inconsistent with other medical information. For
instance Sandoval performed poorly on a manual dexterity test but other
records did not explain why she would have been so limited. Similarly,
Sandoval was unable to squat deeply, but her medical records did not
evince issues with her lower spine or extremities.
(Id. at 164–65.) Importantly, Dr. McAllister determined that the FCE was unreliable as a
measure of maximum functional capacity because Sandoval repeatedly stopped some
tests, and the results were inconsistent with her medical history. (Id. at 165.) Dr.
McAllister concluded that the records did not support Sandov al’s inability to perform full
time work within the occupational demands as of May 11, 2016. (Id. at 165.)
Based on Dr. McAllister’s report, Connolly determined that Unum’s prior
determination was correct, and a quality control employee agreed. (ECF No. 48-4 at
81.) On January 30, 2017, Unum informed Sandoval that it upheld its prior
20
determination on Sandoval’s LTD claim. (ECF No. 47-1 at 167–73.)
C.
Procedural History
On February 16, 2017, Sandoval filed the instant litigation in Colorado state court
alleging breach of contract, common law bad faith, and statutory bad faith. (ECF No.
5.) Unum thereafter removed the action to this Court based on diversity jurisdiction.
(ECF No. 1.) The Final Trial Preparation Conference in this case is scheduled for
September 5, 2018 at 2:00 p.m., and a five-day jury trial is scheduled to commence on
September 24, 2018 at 8:30 a.m. (ECF Nos. 65, 75.)
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is warranted under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 “if the
movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248–50 (1986). W hether there is a genuine dispute
as to a material fact depends upon whether the evidence presents a sufficient
disagreement to require submission to a jury or, conversely, is so one-sided that one
party must prevail as a matter of law. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248–49; Stone v. Autoliv
ASP, Inc., 210 F.3d 1132 (10th Cir. 2000); Carey v. U.S. Postal Serv., 812 F.2d 621,
623 (10th Cir. 1987). A fact is “material” if, under the relevant substantive law, it is
essential to proper disposition of the claim. Wright v. Abbott Labs., Inc., 259 F.3d 1226,
1231–32 (10th Cir. 2001). An issue is “genuine” if the evidence is such that it might
lead a reasonable trier of fact to return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Allen v.
Muskogee, 119 F.3d 837, 839 (10th Cir. 1997).
In analyzing a motion for summary judgment, a court must view the evidence
21
and all reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party. Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 664, 670 (10th Cir. 1998) (citing
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986)). In
addition, the Court must resolve factual ambiguities against the moving party, thus
favoring the right to a trial. See Houston v. Nat’l Gen. Ins. Co., 817 F.2d 83, 85 (10th
Cir. 1987).
The moving party bears the initial burden of showing an absence of evidence to
support the nonmoving party’s case. Celotex Corp. V. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325
(1986). Where the non-movant bears the burden of proof at trial, the non-movant must
then point to specific evidence establishing a genuine issue of material fact with regard
to each challenged element. See Reed v. Bennett, 312 F.3d 1190, 1194 (10th Cir.
2002); In re Ribozyme Pharms., Inc. Sec. Litig., 209 F. Supp. 2d 1106, 1111 (D. Colo.
2002).
III. ANALYSIS
Defendant contends that Plaintiff’s common law and statutory bad faith claims
fail as a matter of law. Plaintiff disagrees.6 The Court will address each claim in turn.
A.
Legal Standards for Common Law and Statutory Bad Faith
Under Colorado common law, all insurance contracts “contain[] an implied duty
of good faith and fair dealing.” Goodson v. Am. Standard Ins. Co. of Wis., 89 P.3d 409,
414 (Colo. 2004). “[A] separate action in tort [arises] when the insurer breaches its duty
of good faith and fair dealing.” Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Allen, 102 P.3d 333, 342
6
The parties agree that there is a factual dispute whether Sandoval was disabled within
the meaning of the LTD Policy, Life Insurance Policy, and Supplemental Life Insurance Policy,
and that the issue will be resolved at trial by the trier of fact.
22
(Colo. 2004) (en banc). When an insured sues the insurer in tort for bad faith breach of
insurance contract, “the insured must prove that (1) the insurer acted unreasonably
under the circumstances, and (2) the insurer either knowingly or recklessly disregarded
the validity of the insured’s claim.” Sanderson v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 251 P.3d
1213, 1217 (Colo. App. 2010); see Goodson, 89 P.3d at 415 (citing Travelers Ins. Co.
v. Savio, 706 P.2d 1258, 1274–75 (Colo. 1985)).
Colorado also provides a statutory claim against insurance companies for
unreasonable delay or denial of insurance benefits. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10-3-1115(1)(a).
The statute explains that a delay or denial is unreasonable when an insurer delays or
denies payment of a benefit “without a reasonable basis for that action.” Id. § 10-31115(2). Unlike a common law claim, which also requires proof of the insurer’s
knowledge or reckless disregard, a statutory claim requires only that the insurer delayed
or denied benefits without a reasonable basis. Baker v. Allied Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co.,
939 F. Supp. 2d 1091, 1108 (D. Colo. 2013). If the insured prevails, he or she may
recover attorneys fees and twice the cost of the benefit. Id. § 10-3-1116(1). Thus, the
statutory standard under § 1115 is “arguably . . . less onerous” than a common law bad
faith claim, and the remedies under § 1116 “more financially threatening.” Vaccaro v.
Am. Fam. Ins. Grp., 275 P.3d 750, 756 (Colo. App. 2012).
“[T]he reasonableness of an insurer’s conduct is measured objectively based on
industry standards.” Zolman v. Pinnacol Assur., 261 P.3d 480, 497 (Colo. App. 2011).
An insured can prove bad faith by demonstrating that his or her claim was not “fairly
debatable.” Sanderson, 251 P.3d at 1217–18. In other words, if an insurer’s reason for
delay or denial was “fairly debatable,” it weights against finding that an insurer acted
23
unreasonably. Id. However, “fair debatability is not a threshold inquiry that is outcome
determinative as a matter of law, nor is it both the beginning and the end of the analysis
in a bad faith case.” Id. at 1218. Even if the claim is fairly debatable, an insured could
still prove bad faith through evidence of, for example, among other things:
•
total failure to investigate the claim, see 14 Couch on Insurance § 207:24
(3d ed.);
•
failure to conduct a reasonable investigation based on all available
information, see Allen, 102 P.3d at 344; see also 14 Couch on Insurance
§ 207:25 (“Implicit in the duty to investigate is the requirement that the
investigation be adequate and fair.”);
•
“not providing a reasonable explanation of a denial of a claim,” Allen, 102
P.3d at 344–45 (affirming bad faith verdict because, among other things,
the evidence showed that the insurer “concluded its investigation without
exploring [certain] conflicting statements . . . or by talking with [a relevant
witness]”); or
•
in-house policies that reward employees for defeating claims, see Zolman,
261 P.3d at 500; see also Zilisch v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 995
P.2d 276, 279 (Ariz. 2000).
A finding that an insurer did not unreasonably deny or delay an insured’s claim is fatal
to both the common law and statutory claims. Wagner v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 569
F. App’x 574, 580 (10th Cir. 2014) (“[Plaintiff] failed to meet a required element of both
her bad faith claims because [insurer] acted reasonably in denying coverage.”); Glacier
Const. Co. v. Travelers Prop. Cas. Co. of Am., 569 F. App’x 582, 591 (10th Cir. 2014).
24
The Colorado Supreme Court has held that an insurance bad f aith plaintiff does
not need expert testimony regarding reasonableness in all cases. Allen, 102 P.3d at
344–45. Rather, in some cases the reasonableness of an investigation is within a lay
juror’s competency to judge. See id. at 345 (holding, in the context of a car accident
investigation, that “[t]he reasonableness of an insurer’s investigation into the underlying
events . . . is not a technical question and does not require additional professional
training beyond the knowledge of the average juror”).7
“What is reasonable under the circumstances is ordinarily a question of fact for
the jury.” Baumann v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 2012 WL 122850, at *4 (D. Colo. Jan.
17, 2012). “However, in appropriate circumstances, as when there are no genuine
issues of material fact, reasonableness may be decided as a matter of law.” Vaccaro,
275 P.3d at 760.
B.
Common Law Bad Faith Claim
1.
Reasonableness of Defendant’s Denial
At the summary judgment stage, Unum has the initial burden of showing an
absence of evidence to support Sandoval’s case. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 326. Unum
argues that Sandoval has failed to adduce any evidence of Unum’s unreasonableness
in terminating Sandoval’s LTD benefits. Unum cites evidence that it had several
doctors review Sandoval’s medical records, her statements, her job requirements, and
7
This could be perceived as a question of evidence, meaning that the Colorado
Supreme Court’s holding usually would not bind this Court. See Blanke v. Alexander, 152 F.3d
1224, 1231 (10th Cir. 1998) (“The admissibility of evidence in diversity cases in federal court is
generally governed by federal law.”). But even if Allen is not binding, the undersigned finds it
persuasive, as have other judges in this District. See, e.g., Windsor Court, LLC v. Am. Family
Mut. Ins. Co., 2013 WL 799589, at *4 n.3 (D. Colo. Mar. 5, 2013) (Arguello, J.).
25
her additional submissions on appeal. (See ECF No. 47-1 at 42–49, 157–66.) On this
basis, Unum contends that Sandoval’s claim was, at a minimum, fairly debatable. (ECF
No. 48 at 26–27.) Unum also argues that its claims review process was reasonable.
(Id. at 27–30.) Unum collected medical records, interviewed Sandoval, obtained an
occupation description from Sandoval’s employer, had a vocational specialist review
Sandoval’s job position and determine the physical requirements of the position,
contacted the treating physician, employed internal quality control measures, and
assigned new claims staff on appeal. (See ECF No. 48 at 28–29.)
In response, Sandoval—the party who will bear the burden of proof at trial—must
point to specific evidence to establish a genuine issue of material fact. See Reed, 312
F.3d at 1194. Sandoval contends that Unum’s process for deciding her claim was
unreasonable because:
•
Unum ignored the treating physician’s statements regarding Sandoval’s
reported level of pain;
•
Unum violated its own policy when it failed to defer to Sandoval’s treating
physician;
•
All medical opinions in support of denial were offered by medical
personnel who worked for Unum;
•
Unum failed to resolve conflicting statements between Unum’s doctors
and the treating physician;
•
Unum failed to address the conflict between Sandoval’s FCE and Unum’s
vocational expert;
•
Unum did not conduct an independent medical exam of Sandoval;
26
•
Two of Unum’s three reviewing physicians were not trained in the same
specialty as Sandoval’s treating physician; and
•
Unum violated its own policy by failing to assign an orthopedic surgeon to
review Sandoval’s appeal.
(ECF No. 55 at 10–14.) Ultimately, Sandoval’s arguments boil down to three points:
Unum ignored the position of the treating physician; Unum failed to resolve conflicting
statements and simply picked opinions that favored its position; and Unum’s doctors
were under-qualified to evaluate the claim. Sandoval also argues that her claim could
be construed as “fairly debatable” only because Unum failed to investigate conflicting
opinions between Sandoval’s medical providers and Unum employees. (Id. at 13.)
After a thorough and careful review of the record, the Court concludes that
Sandoval’s arguments are unavailing because they do not establish that there is a
genuine dispute of material fact that, if resolved in Sandoval’s favor, would allow a jury
to find in her favor.
Sandoval argues that Unum ignored its own policy of deferring to the treating
physician and instead sided with its own internal reviewers. While Unum does have
such a policy of deference, the policy does not mandate agreeing with the treating
practitioner in every case. (See ECF No. 60-3 at 2.) Unum has established a
procedure for when its analysis differs from that of the treating physician, which
includes attempting to contact the treating physician and obtaining a second opinion if
agreement is not reached. (Id.) Here, Unum followed that very procedure. Dr. Scott
reached out to Dr. Barker’s office. (See ECF No. 48-4 at 57, 61–63.) Because this
contact did not resolve the differences of opinion, Dr. Dunn provided a second opinion.
27
(ECF No. 47-1 at 43.) Sandoval does not contest that this policy is unreasonable, or
that Unum failed to adhere to its procedure for not deferring to a treating physician. As
such, Sandoval has not presented evidence that, in this instance, Unum’s decision not
to unconditionally defer to the treating physician was unreasonable.
Sandoval argues that Unum failed to investigate conflicts of opinion between Dr.
Barker, her treating physician, and those of the Unum physician reviewers, as well as
between Sandoval’s Functional Capacity Evaluation and the vocation expert. She
claims that Unum, without justification, simply favored the opinions of its own medical
consultants over the medical providers relied upon by Sandoval. This claim is not
supported by the record. Unum’s reviewing doctors, particularly Dr. McAllister on
appeal, explained why they found the restrictions inconsistent with the medical records.
(ECF No. 47-1 at 164–65; see also id. at 42–43 (Dr. Scott); id. at 44-49 (Dr. Dunn).)
The points raised by the doctors demonstrate that the claim was, at a minimum, fairly
debatable.
Moreover, Sandoval has provided no explanation as to why such a review
analyzing the differences would be required, or that it was unreasonable to not
investigate such differences. She does not cite Unum policy, expert testimony on
insurance industry standards, or argue that it is a question of common sense
reasonableness to be decided by the jury. See Allen, 102 P.3d at 344–45 (finding that
an expert is not required when reasonableness of an investigation is within a lay juror’s
competency). In short, Sandoval has provided no evidence which she could present at
trial to show that Unum’s failure to investigate differences of medical opinions was
unreasonable–an issue on which she clearly has the burden on summary judgment.
28
Nor does Sandoval establish that industry standard required Unum to complete
an independent medical exam to resolve conflicting opinions. While Unum could have
conducted such an exam, Sandoval cites nothing to suggest that an exam is required to
resolve conflicting analysis between the treating physician and Unum’s doctors. While
such an exam could have been helpful to determine Sandoval’s pain levels or functional
capacity, Sandoval has not established that it was unreasonable (as objectively
determined by reference to to industry standards) not to conduct such an exam.
Absent any evidence that Unum’s failure to perform an independent medical exam is
objectively unreasonable (other than Sandoval’s mere claim that it is so), a reasonable
jury could not find that Unum’s handling of Sandoval’s claim was unreasonable.
Finally, Sandoval attempts to create a fact question of whether Unum’s doctors
were unqualified to review her claim and appeal. Without support, Sandoval claims that
Unum violated its company policy by failing to assign a doctor of the same specialty as
the surgeon to review Sandoval’s appeal. (ECF No. 55 at 13.) Sandoval does not
provide support for this claim regarding Unum’s policy. Instead, Sandoval earlier states
that Dr. Thomas Hashway (another Unum doctor) stated in his deposition that the
primary criteria for assigning a physician on appeal is the specialty of the doctor. (ECF
No. 55 at 8, ¶ 126; ECF No. 60 at 5, ¶ 126.) T he doctor assigned to the appeal, Dr.
McAllister, was certified in internal medicine. Sandoval does not support her statement
that Dr. McAllister was unqualified to review her claim with any case law, internal Unum
policy, or expert testimony. Nor does Sandoval explain why Dr. Scott or Dr. Dunn were
unqualified to render an opinion on Sandoval’s initial claim. Given the lack of evidence
29
in support of Sandoval’s claim, Sandoval has not carried her burden on summary
judgment.
Sandoval also claims that Unum’s review on appeal was not thorough because
the reviewing doctor did not have a background in pain management. However,
Sandoval has not established, by reference to Unum policy, her own expert report, or
case law, that a physician must specialize in pain management (such as an
anesthesiologist) to make that determination. Nor has she argued that it is a matter of
common sense best left to the determination of the jury. Rather, she argues that
whether the doctors were qualified creates a triable issue of fact. However, in making
this argument, Sandoval points to no evidence that she could present at trial to support
her position. On this issue, as well, Sandoval has failed to carry her burden at the
summary judgment phase.
The Court is troubled, however, that Unum appeared to rely only on its own
employees in evaluating and denying Sandoval’s LTD claim. The factual record
submitted also causes additional concern, particularly that Unum’s vocational expert
altered her analysis of the physical requirements of Sandoval’s job mere moments
after the initial meeting in which Unum decided that Sandoval could return to work at
least part time. In any event, the parties do not address this point, and there is no claim
that such a determination was unreasonable.
Ultimately, Sandoval’s total failure to cite to any evidence supporting her position
in the argument section of the brief is the undoing of her bad faith claim. Without
presenting specific evidence in favor of her argument, Sandoval cannot show that
Unum acted unreasonably. Absent a genuine dispute of material fact, supported by
30
evidence admissible at trial, the Court is compelled to grant Defendant’s Motion on
Sandoval’s common law bad faith claim.
2.
Reckless Disregard
Given the Court’s resolution on the unreasonableness prong of the common law
claim, the Court need not address the parties’ arguments on reckless disregard.
C.
Statutory Bad Faith Claim
The Court also grants summary judgment on Sandoval’s statutory bad faith claim
in favor of Unum. Unlike the common law claim, a statutory bad faith claim requires
only a showing of unreasonable delay or denial of benefits. The standard for
unreasonableness is the same for common law and statutory bad faith claims. See
Wagner, 569 F. App’x at 580 . As discussed above, Unum did not unreasonably delay
or deny Sandoval’s benefits under her LTD claim.
The parties dispute damages available under the statutory bad faith claim.
Because the Court finds that there was no unreasonable delay or denial of insurance
benefits, the Court need not address the parties’ arguments regarding availability of
future unaccrued benefits.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court ORDERS as follows:
1.
Defendant’s Partial Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 48) is GRANTED;
2.
Given the Court’s Order on this Motion, Defendant’s Fed. R. Evid. 702 Motion to
Exclude Opinions and Testimony of Plaintiff’s Bad Faith Expert, Lee
Rosenbaum, Esq. (ECF No. 66) is DENIED AS MOOT; and
31
3.
This matter REMAINS SET for a Final Trial Preparation Conference on
September 5, 2018 at 2:00 PM and a jury trial to commence on September 24,
2018 at 8:30 AM, both in Courtroom A801. However, given the disposition on
summary judgment, the time allocated for trial is reduced to FOUR DAYS.
Dated this 29th day of August, 2018.
BY THE COURT:
William J. Martínez
United States District Judge
32
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