Huerta v. Bureau of Prisons et al
Filing
68
RECOMMENDATION OF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE by Magistrate Judge Kristen L. Mix on 1/31/19 re 54 Consolidated Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint. IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that the Motion 54 be GRANTED and that this action be DISMISSED as outlined within the order. (lgale, )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
Civil Action No. 17-cv-00988-RBJ-KLM
HERIBERTO HUERTA,
Plaintiff,
v.
JOHN OLIVER, ADX Warden, individually,
PAYNE, S.I.A. Lt., individually,
D. ARMENDARIZ, S.I.S. Tech., individually,
S. JULIAN, Assoc. Warden, individually,
MARTIN MARTINEZ, FBI Agent, individually,
JOHN DOE, name illegible, individually,
IAN CONNORS, individually,
E. PIERCE, S.I.S. Lt., individually, and
RHODES, Lt., individually,
Defendants.
_____________________________________________________________________
RECOMMENDATION OF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
_____________________________________________________________________
ENTERED BY MAGISTRATE JUDGE KRISTEN L. MIX
This matter is before the Court on Defendants’ Consolidated Motion to Dismiss
the Amended Complaint [#54]1 (the “Motion”).
Plaintiff filed a Response [#62] in
opposition to the Motion, and Defendants filed a Reply [#63]. The Motion has been
referred to the undersigned for recommendation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b) and
D.C.COLO.LCivR 72.1(c). See [#55]. Having reviewed the entire case file and being
sufficiently advised, the Court respectfully RECOMMENDS that the Motion [#54] be
1
“[#54]” is an example of the convention the Court uses to identify the docket number
assigned to a specific paper by the Court’s electronic case filing and management system
(CM/ECF). This convention is used throughout this Recommendation.
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GRANTED.
I. Summary of the Case
At all times relevant to this lawsuit, Plaintiff has been a prisoner in the custody of the
United State Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”). Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 4. As of the filing of the
Amended Complaint on April 19, 2018, Plaintiff was incarcerated at United States
Penitentiary-ADX in Florence, Colorado (“USP-Florence”). Id. Defendants in this matter
consist of eight government officials who have purportedly legally injured Plaintiff in various
ways. Id. ¶¶ 5-12. Defendant John Oliver (“Oliver”) was the Warden at USP-Florence. Id.
¶ 5. Defendant Stephan Julian (“Julian”) was the Associate Warden at USP-Florence. Id.
¶ 8. Defendant David Rhodes (“Rhodes”) was a Special Investigations Supervisor (“S.I.S.”)
at USP-Florence. Id. ¶ 12. Defendant Debra Payne (“Payne”) was a Special Investigations
Agent Lieutenant at USP-Florence. Id. ¶ 6. Defendant Daniel Armendariz (“Armendariz”)
was on the Special Investigations Staff at USP-Florence and was directly supervised by
Defendant Payne. Id. ¶ 7. Defendant Martin S. Martinez (“Martinez”) was an Agent with
the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“F.B.I.”) in San Antonio, Texas. Id. ¶ 9. Defendant Ian
Connors (“Connors”) was the Administrator of National Inmate Appeals.
Id. ¶ 10.
Defendant Edward Ray Pierce (“Pierce”) was a S.I.S. at the United States Penitentiary in
Leavenworth, Kansas. Id. ¶ 11. All eight Defendants are sued in their individual capacities
only. Id. ¶ 13.
Plaintiff has been incarcerated for over twenty-three years. Id. at 1. Defendants
“identify him as the founder and president of a prison gang called the Texas Mexican Mafia
or ‘Mexikanemi,’” which, according to Plaintiff, has caused Defendants to “target, treat, and
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injure” Plaintiff more than other inmates at USP-Florence. Id. ¶ 17. Plaintiff states that he
is a “class of one,” or, alternatively, that he “belongs to a class of inmates targeted because
of their perceived membership with a disfavored organization from before their conviction
and custodial sentence . . . .” Id. ¶ 19.
Plaintiff here asserts seven “claims” relating to various aspects of his incarceration,
but those claims are grouped around events rather than clearly stating each of his causes
of action. See id. ¶¶ 23-115. Oddly, and as Defendants point out, see Motion [#54] at 25,
Plaintiff’s original Complaint [#1] much more clearly presents the causes of action he is
asserting in connection with each event than is demonstrated by the Amended Complaint
[#46]. The Response [#62] does little to provide additional clarity regarding the asserted
causes of action. The Court notes that Plaintiff is represented by counsel, and therefore
the Amended Complaint, as a formal pleading drafted by a lawyer, is held to a more
stringent standard by the Court than the liberal construction given to a pro se litigant’s
pleadings. Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991). Thus, the Court does
not infer or address any claims that are not explicitly made in the Amended Complaint
[#46]. The claims at issue, therefore, are as follows:
(1) “Complaint -1- Administrative Remedy Case No. 818050”: violations of the First,
Fifth, and Eighth Amendments and 42 U.S.C. § 1985, asserted against Defendants
Pierce, Oliver, and Julian (“Claim One”). Am. Compl. [#46] ¶¶ 23-53.
(2) “Complaint -2- Administrative Remedy Case No. 811066”: violations of the First
Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1985, asserted against Defendants Rhodes, Payne,
and Armendariz (“Claim Two”). Id. ¶¶ 54-59.
(3) “Complaint -3- Administrative Remedy Case No. 818852”: violations of the
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Fourteenth Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1985, asserted against Defendants Payne,
Rhodes, Armendariz, and Oliver (“Claim Three”). Id. ¶¶ 60-78.
(4) “Complaint -4- Administrative Remedy Nos. 819653 & 834276”: violation of the
First Amendment, asserted against Defendants Payne, Rhodes, and Armendariz
(“Claim Four”). Id. ¶¶ 79-82.
(5) “Complaint -5- Administrative Remedy Case Nos. 837376 and 831631”:
violations of the Fifth Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1985, asserted against
Defendants Payne, Armendariz, Julian, Rhodes, and Martinez (“Claim Five”). Id. ¶¶
83-92.
(6) “Complaint -6- Administrative Remedy Case No. 865846”: violations of the First,
Sixth, and Eighth Amendments, asserted against Defendants Payne and
Armendariz (“Claim Six”). Id. ¶¶ 93-111.
(7) “Complaint -7- In violation of the First and Fifth Amendments, and 42 U.S.C. §
1985”: violations of the First and Fifth Amendments and 42 U.S.C. § 1985, asserted
against Defendant Connors (“Claim Seven”). Id. ¶¶ 112-15.2
From this lawsuit, Plaintiff seeks “[c]ompensatory damages in the amount of $250,000 from
each Defendant;” and “[p]unitive damages in the amount of $250,000 from each
Defendant.” Id. ¶ 120. In the present Motion [#54], Defendants seek dismissal of all of
Plaintiff’s claims.
II. Standards of Review
2
The allegations underlying these claims are discussed in detail to the extent necessary
in the Analysis section below. The Court construes all of the well-pled allegations in the Amended
Complaint [#46] in favor of Plaintiff. See Barnes v. Harris, 783 F.3d 1185, 1191-92 (10th Cir. 2015).
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A.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2)
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) provides that a defendant may move to
dismiss a complaint for “lack of personal jurisdiction.” “The district court is given discretion
in determining the procedure to employ in considering a motion to dismiss for lack of
personal jurisdiction.” Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Oaklawn Apartments, 959 F.2d 170, 174
(10th Cir. 1992) (internal quotations and citation omitted). A plaintiff bears the burden of
establishing personal jurisdiction, although at the preliminary stages of the litigation this
burden is light. Intercon, Inc. v. Bell Atl. Internet Solutions, Inc., 205 F.3d 1244, 1247 (10th
Cir. 2000). Where a district court does not hold an evidentiary hearing before dismissing
the case, the plaintiff “must only make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction.”
Melea, Ltd. v. Jawer SC, 511 F.3d 1060, 1065 (10th Cir. 2007). “The plaintiff may meet this
burden ‘by demonstrating, via affidavit or other written materials, facts that if true would
support jurisdiction over the defendant.’” Id. (quoting TH Agric. & Nutrition, LLC v. Ace
European Grp. Ltd., 488 F.3d 1282, 1286 (10th Cir. 2007)). In deciding a motion to dismiss
under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2), courts accept “as true all well-pled . . . facts alleged in [the]
complaint.” Dudnikov v. Chalk & Vermillion Fine Arts, Inc., 514 F.3d 1063, 1070 (10th Cir.
2008) (citation omitted).
B.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)
The purpose of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is to test “the
sufficiency of the allegations within the four corners of the complaint after taking those
allegations as true.” Mobley v. McCormick, 40 F.3d 337, 340 (10th Cir. 1994); Fed. R. Civ.
P. 12(b)(6) (stating that a complaint may be dismissed for “failure to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted”). “The court’s function on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is not to
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weigh potential evidence that the parties might present at trial, but to assess whether the
plaintiff’s complaint alone is legally sufficient to state a claim for which relief may be
granted.” Sutton v. Utah State Sch. for the Deaf & Blind, 173 F.3d 1226, 1236 (10th Cir.
1999) (citation omitted). To withstand a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), “a
complaint must contain enough allegations of fact ‘to state a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face.’” Robbins v. Oklahoma, 519 F.3d 1242, 1247 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Bell
Atlantic Co. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)); see also Shero v. City of Grove, Okla.,
510 F.3d 1196, 1200 (10th Cir. 2007) (“The complaint must plead sufficient facts, taken as
true, to provide ‘plausible grounds’ that discovery will reveal evidence to support the
plaintiff’s allegations.” (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570)). “A claim has facial plausibility
when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009). “A pleading that offers labels and conclusions or a formulaic
recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Nor does a complaint suffice if
it tenders naked assertion[s] devoid of further factual enhancement.” Id. (brackets in
original; internal quotation marks omitted).
To survive a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the factual allegations in
the complaint “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Christy
Sports, LLC v. Deer Valley Resort Co., 555 F.3d 1188, 1191 (10th Cir. 2009). “[W]here the
well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of
misconduct,” a factual allegation has been stated, “but it has not show[n][ ]that the pleader
is entitled to relief,” as required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Iqbal, 552 U.S. at 679 (second
brackets added; citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
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III. Analysis
A.
Personal Jurisdiction
Defendants seek dismissal of all claims asserted against Defendants Connors,
Martinez, and Pierce based on lack of personal jurisdiction.
Motion [#54] at 86.
Defendants argue that Plaintiff has not made a prima facie showing of general jurisdiction
(“Plaintiff does not allege that these Defendants live, work, own property, or pay taxes in
Colorado”) or specific jurisdiction (“the Complaint makes no allegation that any of these
Defendants had the requisite minimum contacts with Colorado”). Id.
To determine whether the court has personal jurisdiction over a defendant, “the court
must determine (1) whether the applicable statute potentially confers jurisdiction by
authorizing service of process on the defendant and (2) whether the exercise of jurisdiction
comports with due process.” Niemi v. Lasshofer, 770 F.3d 1331, 1348 (10th Cir. 2014)
(quoting Trujillo v. Williams, 465 F.3d 1210, 1217 (10th Cir. 2006)). “Because Colorado’s
long-arm statute ‘confers the maximum jurisdiction permissible consistent with the Due
Process Clause . . . the first, statutory, inquiry effectively collapses into the second,
constitutional, analysis.’” Dudnikov, 514 F.3d at 1070. Due process requires both that the
defendant “purposefully established minimum contacts with the forum State” and that the
“assertion of personal jurisdiction would comport with ‘fair play and substantial justice.’”
Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 476 (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington,
326 U.S. 310, 320 (1945)).
The minimum contacts standard “may be satisfied by showing general or specific
jurisdiction.” Niemi, 770 F.3d at 1348 (quoting Emp’rs Mut. Cas. Co. v. Bartile Roofs, Inc.,
618 F.3d 1153, 1159-60 (10th Cir. 2010)).
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General jurisdiction is based on an out-of-state defendant’s ‘continuous and
systematic’ contacts with the forum state, and does not require that the claim
be related to those contacts. Specific jurisdiction, on the other hand, is
premised on something of a quid pro quo: in exchange for ‘benefitting’ from
some purposive conduct directed at the forum state, a party is deemed to
consent to the exercise of jurisdiction for claims related to those contacts.
Shrader v. Biddinger, 633 F.3d 1235, 1239 (10th Cir. 2011) (quoting Dudnikov, 514 F.3d
at 1070). For general jurisdiction, “[t]he paradigm forum for the exercise . . . is the
individual’s domicile[.]” Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 137 (2014). For specific
jurisdiction, “the ‘minimum contacts’ standard requires, first, that the out-of-state defendant
must have ‘purposefully directed’ [his] activities at residents of the forum state, and second,
that the plaintiff’s injuries must ‘arise out of’ defendant’s forum-related activities.” Dudnikov,
414 F.3d at 1071 (quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 472). “In tort-based law suits . . .
‘purposeful direction’ has three elements: (a) an intentional action . . . that was (b)
expressly aimed at the forum state . . . with (c) knowledge that the brunt of the injury would
be felt in the forum state.” Niemi, 770 F.3d at 1348.
Plaintiff does not argue that the court has general jurisdiction but does argues that
he has satisfied the three elements, as articulated in Niemi, to assert specific jurisdiction
over Defendants Connors, Martinez, and Pierce. As to element (a), Plaintiff states that “all
of Plaintiff’s claims allege an intentional act . . . to injure Plaintiff.” Response [#62] at 11.
As to element (b), Plaintiff states that “all of Plaintiff’s claims except his first occurred when
he was involuntarily committed to federal prison in Colorado.” Id. Finally, as to element
(c), “for the same reasons as [element] (b), Plaintiff is confined to the forum state and thus
these injuries would be fully felt by Plaintiff while being unable to leave the forum state.”
Id.
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1.
Defendant Connors
Defendant Connors is the Administrator of National Inmate Appeals in Washington,
D.C. Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 10. One claim is asserted against Defendant Connors (Claim
Seven), which alleges violations of the First and Fifth Amendments and 42 U.S.C. § 1985
(Conspiracy to Interfere with Civil Rights). See id. ¶¶ 112-115. Plaintiff alleges that
Defendant Connors unfaithfully investigated Plaintiff’s complaints and discouraged Plaintiff
from using the administrative complaint system with the foreseeable consequence that
Plaintiff will continue to be injured by Defendants. Id. Further, Plaintiff alleges that
Defendant Connors “[provided] responses of pro forma denials, intentionally inadequate
investigations, each full of lies and cover-ups by [Defendant Connors], or promulgated,
endorsed, or ratified by him.” Id.
Defendants argue that the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over federal prison
officials who have “regional and national supervisory responsibilities over facilities within
a forum state.” Motion [#54] at 85 (quoting Hill v. Pugh, 75 F. App’x 715, 719 (10th Cir.
2003)). In Hill v. Pugh, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court’s
dismissal of claims against two BOP officials who had national supervisory responsibilities
over USP-Florence. 75 F. App’x at 719. The Tenth Court found that the alleged conduct,
i.e., that the BOP officials received administrative grievances and letters warning of the
potential detrimental effects of ADX placement from the plaintiff and his attorney, fell “far
short of the purposeful availment necessary to establish jurisdiction.” Id.
In McMillan v. Wiley, 813 F. Supp. 2d 1238, 1246 (D. Colo. 2011), the Court found
that despite the plaintiff alleging that the defendants “had direct knowledge of and approved
the transformation of [p]laintiff’s ADX housing unit into a solitary confinement ‘control’ unit”
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that “such ‘attempts to make out a case for personal jurisdiction over these defendants by
arguing that each of them authorized or implemented [actions] knowing that the effects of
these [actions] would be felt by [plaintiff] in Colorado’ are insufficient to establish minimum
contacts.” Id. (citing Hale v. Ashcroft, No. 06-cv-00541-REB-KLM, 2007 WL 2350150, at
*3 (D. Colo. Aug. 15, 2007); Trierweiler v. Croxton & Trench Holding Corp., 90 F.3d 1523,
1534 (10th Cir. 1996)).
Similarly, because Plaintiff has not demonstrated that Defendant Connors’s actions
which were taken in Washington, D.C., establish minimum contacts with Colorado, the
Court finds that Plaintiff’s Claim Seven against Defendant Connors should be dismissed
without prejudice for lack of personal jurisdiction. See Hollander v. Sandoz Pharm. Corp.,
289 F.3d 1193, 1216 (10th Cir. 2002) (stating that dismissals for lack of personal
jurisdiction must be without prejudice).
2.
Defendant Martinez
Defendant Martinez, at the pertinent time of the allegations, was an FBI Agent in
San Antonio, Texas. Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 9. Defendants state that Defendant Martinez was
served in Texas. Motion [#54] at 86 (citing Summons [#17]). Plaintiff asserts only one
claim against Defendant Martinez, i.e, Claim Five, asserting violations of the First and Fifth
Amendments and 42 U.S.C. § 1985. Am. Compl. [#46] ¶¶ 83-92. In Claim Five, Plaintiff
alleges that a hold was placed on a $400 deposit to Plaintiff’s inmate deposit fund due to
“fraudulent information manipulated” by Defendant Martinez (and the other four Defendants
named under this claim). Id. ¶ 87. Furthermore, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Martinez
(and the other four Defendants named under this claim) “used the known lie of money
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laundering . . . to oppress, punish, and persecute” Plaintiff. Id. ¶ 90. Finally, Plaintiff
alleges that “[Defendants acted] in collusion and agreement with [Defendant Martinez and
others]” through fabricated, manipulated, and falsified information to accuse Plaintiff of
money laundering through Plaintiff’s BOP commissary account. Id. ¶ 84.
Defendants argue that Plaintiff has not established personal jurisdiction over
Defendant Martinez, but they do not point to case law which discusses the exercise of
personal jurisdiction over a law enforcement official as opposed to a prison official. Motion
[#54] at 83-86. Nonetheless, the Court agrees with Defendants’ position that the Amended
Complaint [#46] fails to allege any meaningful contacts by Defendant Martinez with the
State of Colorado. In short, the Court finds that the Amended Complaint [#46] does not
demonstrate how Defendant Martinez “purposefully availed” himself of the laws of
Colorado.
The Supreme Court in Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 288 (2014), held that a police
officer from Georgia lacked minimal contacts with the State of Nevada to support the
exercise of personal jurisdiction, even if the officer knew that his allegedly tortious conduct
in Georgia would delay return of funds to persons with connections to Nevada. In Walden,
the Court found that “[the police officer] never traveled to, conducted activities within,
contacted anyone in, or sent anything or anyone to Nevada.” Similarly, here, apart from
the few, mostly conclusory allegations stated above, the Court is not presented with
allegations to show that Defendant Martinez traveled to, conducted activities in, contacted
anyone within, or sent anything to the State of Colorado. Under this precedent, the Court
finds that Plaintiff has not shown that the Court can properly exercise personal jurisdiction
over Defendant Martinez.
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Accordingly, the Court recommends that Claim Five be dismissed without
prejudice to the extent it is asserted against Defendant Martinez. See Hollander, 289 F.3d
at 1216.
3.
Defendant Pierce
Finally, Defendant Pierce was a SIS Technician in Leavenworth, Kansas. Am.
Compl. [#46] ¶ 11. Defendants state that Defendant Pierce was served in Missouri. Motion
[#54] at 86 (citing Summons [#17]). Plaintiff asserts one claim against Defendant Pierce
in Claim One, asserting violations of his First, Fifth, and Eighth Amendment rights and 42
U.S.C. § 1985.
In short, Plaintiff states that these asserted violations occurred in
connection with Defendant Pierce’s involvement in transferring and confining Plaintiff at the
ADX facility in Colorado. Plaintiff states: “In June 1994, Defendant Pierce ordered Plaintiff
transferred to the Special Housing Unit (SHU) because of a report from a confidential
informant that there was a threat on Plaintiff’s life.” Motion [#54] at 27. Plaintiff alleges that
“Defendant Pierce . . . told Plaintiff that he knew the threat was false, but would not release
Plaintiff into the general population because of an order from unnamed government
officials.” Id.
Defendants cite Gowadia v. Stearns, 596 F. App’x 667, 670 (10th Cir. 2014), for the
proposition that “it would run afoul of due process to conclude that whenever a prison
official is involved in the transfer of an inmate, that official has subjected himself to the
transferee state’s jurisdiction and can be hauled—possibly across the country—into its
courts.” Motion [#54] at 86. The facts, as alleged in the Amended Complaint [#46], fit the
Tenth Circuit’s rationale enunciated in Gowadia, because Defendant Pierce is an SIS
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based in Kansas, who merely participated in a decision to transfer Plaintiff to the ADX
facility in Colorado. Regardless of whether the information was true or not, or whether
Defendant Pierce engaged in a conspiracy or not, the Court finds that the bare allegations
asserted against Defendant Pierce in the Amended Complaint [#46] are insufficient for
finding that the Court may exercise personal jurisdiction over him. See Melea, 511 F.3d
1060 at 1069 (stating that “for personal jurisdiction based on a conspiracy theory to exist,
the plaintiff must offer more than ‘bare allegations’ that a conspiracy existed, and must
allege facts that would support a prima facie showing of a conspiracy”).
Accordingly, the Court recommends that Claim One be dismissed without
prejudice to the extent it is asserted against Defendant Pierce. See Hollander, 289 F.3d
at 1216.
B.
Statute of Limitations
Defendants also argue that Claim Three and the remainder of Claim One are barred
by Colorado’s two-year statute of limitations. The Tenth Circuit has expressly held that “a
Bivens action . . . is subject to the statute of limitations of the general personal injury statute
in the state where the action arose.”
Indus. Constructors Corp. v. U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation, 15 F.3d 963, 968 (10th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted). Here, Colo. Rev. Stat.
§ 13–80–102(g) provides for a two-year statute of limitations.
White v. Tharp, No.
06-cv-01179-EWN-KLM, 2008 WL 596156, at *6 (D. Colo. Feb. 29, 2008). Similarly,
conspiracy claims brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1985 are also subject to a two-year statute
of limitations. Graham v. Taylor, 640 F. App’x 766, 768 (10th Cir. 2016).
In connection with Claim One, Plaintiff alleges that from May 1994 through March
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1995, prison officials ordered Plaintiff to the SHU and later transferred Plaintiff to USPFlorence under false pretenses, thereby violating his First, Fifth, and Eighth Amendment
rights as well as 42 U.S.C. § 1985. Am. Compl. [#46] ¶¶ 23-53. Plaintiff argues that the
earliest date Plaintiff learned his appeal was denied and his administrative remedies were
exhausted occurred on April 25, 2017, and hence, the claim is timely filed. Response [#62]
at 10.
In Connection with Claim Three, Plaintiff alleges that in March 2015, “Defendants
falsely accused or knowingly facilitated the false accusations knowing they were false that
[Plaintiff] used legal communication privileges to facilitate criminal activity” and that, as a
result, “[r]estrictions were imposed on [Plaintiff’s] general correspondence, phone calls, and
visitations without legal cause.” Am. Compl. [#46] ¶¶ 62-63. Plaintiff argues that the
earliest date Plaintiff learned his administrative remedies were exhausted was July 5, 2016,
and hence, this claim is also timely filed. Response [#62] at 10.
Defendants argue that no case law supports Plaintiff’s assertion that the statute of
limitations accrues only when administrative remedies are exhausted or denied, and the
Court agrees. Reply [#63] at 4. The law does not allow tolling “during the exhaustion of
administrative remedies.” Rosales v. Ortiz, 325 F. App’x 695, 700 (10th Cir. 2009).
Federal law determines when a plaintiff’s Bivens claim accrues. Van Tu v. Koster,
364 F.3d 1196, 1199 (10th Cir. 2007). Generally, “claims accrue and the statute of
limitations begins to run when the plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the existence
and cause of the injury which is the basis of his action.” Alexander v. Oklahoma, 382 F.3d
1206, 1215 (10th Cir. 2004). “A plaintiff has reason to know of his injury when he should
have discovered it through the exercise of reasonable diligence.” Indus. Constructors
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Corp., 15 F.3d at 969.
“[I]t is not necessary that a claimant know all of the evidence
ultimately relied on for the cause of action to accrue.” Baker v. Bd. of Regents of State of
Kan., 991 F.2d 628, 632 (10th Cir. 1993). The Court finds that Plaintiff’s injuries were
known to him at the times alleged in the Amended Complaint [#46] for each claim, i.e., no
later than March 1995 for Claim One, and no later than March 2015 for Claim Three. Both
of these dates are more than two years before the original Complaint [#1] was filed in April
2017. See Fogle, 435 F.3d at 1258.
When the dates provided in a complaint clearly demonstrate that the right to sue has
been extinguished, “the plaintiff has the burden of establishing a factual basis for tolling the
statute.” Aldrich v. McCulloch Props., 627 F.2d 1036, 1041 n.4 (10th Cir. 1980). Plaintiff
has not clearly made any specific arguments regarding tolling in the Amended Complaint
[#46] or in his Response [#62] to Defendants’ Motion [#54]. However, to the extent Plaintiff
may perhaps be arguing a continuing violation theory, the Court notes that the Tenth Circuit
has never extended this doctrine to actions under Bivens or 42 U.S.C. § 1983, including
in the prison context. See Taylor, 640 F. App’x at 769 n.2.
With respect to Claim One, inmate transfer and classification decisions constitute
single, discrete events to which the continuing violation doctrine does not apply. Gambina
v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, No. 10-cv-02376-MSK-KLM, 2011 WL 4502085, at *4 (D. Colo.
Sept. 29, 2011) (“Cases from the District of Colorado have similarly found that inmate
classification decisions constitute discrete events, each subject to its own statute of
limitations rather than a ‘continuing’ one.”); Matthews v. Wiley, 744 F. Supp. 2d 1159, 1169
(D. Colo. Sept. 13, 2010) (stating that because the plaintiff’s “transfer to ADX in 1995 was
clearly a single discrete event, the continuing violation doctrine does not apply”).
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With respect to Claim Three, Plaintiff alleges that he was notified of restrictions on
his correspondence in March 2015. Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 62. In the absence of an act by
Defendants occurring within the limitations period which caused Plaintiff injury, it does not
matter that the original restrictions were continued to be imposed. See Hicks v. Podolak,
No. 12-cv-00334, 2014 WL 1715438, at *3 (D. Colo. Apr. 30, 2014) (finding due process
claim time barred, even where inmate was held in segregation under “ongoing order,”
because “the continuing violation doctrine is triggered by continual unlawful acts, not by
continual ill effects from the original violation”).
Accordingly, the Court recommends that Plaintiff’s Claim One be dismissed with
prejudice to the extent it is asserted against Defendants Oliver and Julian.3 The Court
further recommends that Plaintiff’s Claim Three be dismissed with prejudice in full. See
Gee v. Pacheco, 627 F.3d 1178, 1195 (10th Cir. 2010) (stating that claims barred by the
statute of limitations may be dismissed with prejudice because permitting amendment of
those claims would be futile).
C.
Qualified Immunity
With respect to the remaining claims, Defendants Payne, Armendariz, Julian, and
Rhodes seek qualified immunity because they are sued in their individual capacities. See,
e.g., Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 814-18 (1982). Raising a qualified immunity
defense in a motion to dismiss “subjects the defendant to a more challenging standard of
review than would apply on summary judgment.” Sayed v. Virginia, 744 F. App’x 542, 545-
3
Claim One was also asserted against Defendant Pierce, against whom the Court
recommended above that this claim be dismissed without prejudice on the basis of lack of personal
jurisdiction.
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46 (10th Cir. 2018) (quoting Peterson v. Jensen, 371 F.3d 1199, 1201 (10th Cir. 2004)).
A government official is entitled to qualified immunity from liability for civil damages
when his or her allegedly unlawful conduct did not violate the plaintiff’s statutory or
constitutional rights which (1) were “clearly established” at the time of the conduct, and (2)
would have been known to a reasonable person in the official’s position. Harlow, 457 U.S.
at 818. A government official is entitled to qualified immunity in “[a]ll but the most
exceptional cases.” Harris v. Bd. of Educ. of Atlanta, 105 F.3d 591, 595 (11th Cir. 1997).
The threshold inquiry is whether the facts taken in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff sufficiently allege a constitutional violation. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201
(2001).
“If no constitutional right would have been violated were the allegations
established, there is no necessity for further inquiries concerning qualified immunity.” Id.
However, “if a violation could be made out on a favorable view of the parties’
submissions,” a court must “ask whether the right was clearly established.” Id.; see also
Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009) (holding that although qualified immunity
determination involves a two-part inquiry, if the plaintiff fails either inquiry reviewed in any
order, no further analysis need be undertaken and qualified immunity is appropriate). A
plaintiff may ordinarily show that the constitutional right was clearly established by
identifying either (1) an on-point Supreme Court decision, (2) an on-point published Tenth
Circuit decision, or (3) favorable “clearly established weight of authority from other courts.”
See Cox v. Glanz, 800 F.3d 1231, 1247 (10th Cir. 2015). “However, we do not always
require case law on point, and the Supreme Court has warned that officials can still be on
notice that their conduct violates established law even in novel factual circumstances.”
A.M. v. Holmes, 830 F.3d 1123, 1135 (10th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks and
-17-
citations omitted). “We have therefore adopted a sliding scale to determine when law is
clearly established.” Id. “The more obviously egregious the conduct in light of prevailing
constitutional principles, the less specificity is required from prior case law to clearly
establish the violation.” Id. at 1135-36. It is not necessary to show that “the very action in
question has previously been held unlawful, [but] in the light of pre-existing law the
unlawfulness must be apparent.” Id. at 1136 (internal alterations and quotation marks
omitted).
Finally, the Court notes that civil-conspiracy claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3) are
also subject to a qualified immunity defense. N.E.L. v. Douglas County, Colorado, 740 F.
App’x 920, 931 n.22 (10th Cir. 2018) (citing Bisbee v. Bey, 39 F.3d 1096, 1102 (10th Cir.
1994)).
1.
Claim Five
In June 2015, Plaintiff’s communications were restricted by prison officials and the
only outside communications he was permitted were with his then-attorney, Mr. Kirkwood,
but even those communications were deemed by the BOP as “non-privileged and nonlegal.” Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 85. Defendant Armendariz told Plaintiff that because Plaintiff
and Mr. Kirkwood were authorized to communicate, any funds put in Plaintiff’s BOP
commissary account by Mr. Kirkwood would not be encumbered or placed on hold. Id. ¶
86. Plaintiff was told that any funds sent by anyone else would be placed on hold. Id.
In June 2015, Mr. Kirkwood wired $400.00 to Plaintiff’s commissary account for
Plaintiff’s necessities, but the funds were immediately encumbered/placed on hold. Id. ¶
87. Plaintiff asserts that Defendants Julian, Rhodes, Payne, and Armendariz accused
Plaintiff of money laundering through his commissary account because Plaintiff had filed
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administrative complaints against them.
Id. ¶¶ 84, 88.
Plaintiff asserts that these
Defendants violated BOP policy for holding funds and investigating their source as set forth
in the BOP’s “Trust Fund Deposit Fund Manual.” Id. ¶ 91. Plaintiff further asserts that he
“does not owe any court fines, BOP fines, or taxes, and there is no Court Order to hold,
encumber, or seize [his] property.” Id. ¶ 92.
a.
Fifth Amendment
In short, Plaintiff argues that he was deprived of his procedural due process rights
by the freezing of the $400 in his commissary account in June 2015.
The Court
“examine[s] procedural due process questions in two steps: the first asks whether there
exists a liberty or property interest which has been interfered with by the [government]; the
second examines whether the procedures attendant upon that deprivation were
constitutionally sufficient.” Kentucky Dep’t of Corr. v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460 (1989)
(internal citations omitted).
Here, there are no allegations that any procedure was
employed in connection with the restriction of Plaintiff’s funds, and so this analysis hinges
on the first step, i.e., whether Plaintiff had a protected property interest in the $400.
To determine whether a plaintiff has a protected property interest, the Court must
determine whether the “prison condition complained of presents ‘the type of atypical,
significant deprivation in which a State might conceivably create a liberty [or property]
interest.’” Cosco v. Uphoff, 195 F.3d 1221, 1224 (10th Cir.1999) (quoting Sandin v.
Connor, 515 U.S. 472, 486 (1995)). The inquiry focuses on the “nature of the deprivation”
and not the “language of a particular regulation.” Sandin, 515 U.S. at 481.
Plaintiff argues that he has a protected property right in the $400 in his commissary
account based on “BOP policy for holding funds and investigating their source as set forth
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in the BOP’s “Trust Fund Deposit Fund Manual.” Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 91. Plaintiff disputes
that the $400 in his commissary account is contraband. Id. ¶¶ 85-87.
Before the Supreme Court’s decision in Sandin v. Connor in 1995, many circuits,
including the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, had held that “prisoners had a protected
property interest in non-contraband funds held in inmate accounts.” Stanley v. McMillian,
No. 12-cv-02944-PAB-CBS, 2014 WL 788059, at *2 (D. Colo. Feb. 26, 2014) (collecting
cases). Sandin, however, called those holdings into question. See id. In Steffey v. Orman,
461 F.3d 1218, 1221-23 (10th Cir. 2006), the Tenth Circuit held that an inmate did not have
a protected property interest in funds that were undisputedly contraband in violation of the
prison’s rules and affirmed that “the property-interest due-process rights of inmates are to
be determined based on the nature of the deprivation in accordance with the ‘atypical and
significant’ deprivation analysis articulated in Sandin.” Steffey, 461 F.3d at 1223 n.4. In
Clark v. Wilson, 625 F.3d 686, 688 (10th Cir. 2010), prison officials froze an inmate’s trust
account, without first notifying him, in response to a garnishment summons they had
received. The Tench Circuit noted that “the ‘legitimate expectations’ methodology” had
been “expressly abrogated by Sandin” and that defendants were entitled to qualified
immunity because “neither the Supreme Court nor any court of appeals had applied
Sandin’s ‘atypical and significant hardship’ test to the freezing of a prison trust account by
2007,” when the challenged action had occurred. Id. at 691-92. Here, therefore, “[t]o
determine the nature of the property interest at stake in this case, the Court would have to
apply the rule announced in Sandin to inmate funds whose status as contraband is
disputed.” Stanley, 2014 WL 788059, at *3.
However, the Court need not do so here because it finds that the law was not clearly
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established as of June 2015, when the events underlying this claim occurred. Plaintiff
points to two cases in opposition to Defendants’ assertion of qualified immunity. Response
[#62] at 9 (citing Response [#62] at 5). However, both Willams v. Meese, 926 F.2d 994,
998 (10th Cir. 1991), and Muhammad v. Finley, 74 F. App’x 847, 849 (10th Cir. 2003), were
decided prior to 2007, at which point the Tenth Circuit has determined that the law in this
area was not clearly established. See Clark, 625 F.3d at 691-92; see also Clark v. Oakley,
560 F. App’x 804, 808 (10th Cir. 2014) (discussing the holding of Clark v. Wilson). The
Court notes that it does not appear that the law has become clearly established in the
Tenth Circuit since 2007 and June 2015, when the relevant events in the present lawsuit
occurred. Thus, in the absence of clearly established law that inmates have a protected
property interest in funds whose status as contraband is disputed, Defendants Payne,
Armendariz, Julian, and Rhodes are entitled to qualified immunity on this claim.
Accordingly, the Court recommends that the Motion [#54] be granted to the extent
that the Fifth Amendment claim under Claim Five be dismissed with prejudice.
Reynoldson v. Shillinger, 907 F.2d 124, 127 (10th Cir. 1990) (stating that dismissal with
prejudice if appropriate if issues have been raised which, upon further investigation and
development, would not raise substantial issues).
b.
42 U.S.C. § 1985
Because the Court finds that Defendants Payne, Armendariz, Julian, and Rhodes
are entitled to qualified immunity on the Fifth Amendment claim under Plaintiff’s Claim Five,
Defendants are also entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiff’s civil-conspiracy claim based
on the alleged violation of this same right. See N.E.L., 740 F. App’x at 931 n.22.
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Accordingly, the Court recommends that the Motion [#54] be granted to the extent
that Plaintiff’s 42 U.S.C. § 1985 claim asserted under Claim Five be dismissed with
prejudice. Reynoldson, 907 F.2d at 127.
2.
Claim Two
Between January 8 and May 5, 2015, Plaintiff filed Administrative Remedy
Complaints against Defendants Rhodes, Payne, and Armendariz based on alleged theft
of, total or partial destruction of, and excessive delay in delivering Plaintiff’s U.S. mail,
including newspapers, on repeated and continual occasions from 1995 through the present.
Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 55. Plaintiff alleges that these three Defendants “act independently and
cooperate in actual and tacit conspiracy to delay or destroy” Plaintiff’s mail in violation of
his First Amendment rights and 42 U.S.C. § 1985. Id. ¶ 56. Plaintiff states that Defendants
Payne and Armendariz continued to be directly involved in delaying and destroying
Plaintiff’s U.S. mail as of the time this lawsuit was filed. Id. Plaintiff avers that these
actions were conducted by these Defendants through their own discussions and
agreements and asserts that they have therefore conspired to violate Plaintiff’s rights due
in-whole or in-part to his class membership. Id.
Plaintiff states that BOP policy normally accounts for a two-day or similarly short
delay between USP-Florence receiving mail and distributing said mail to inmates, but that
these three Defendants frequently and typically delay mail for two weeks or longer, fail to
deliver mail, or destroy mail. Id. ¶ 57. Plaintiff argues that these Defendants therefore
violate (a) BOP Policy, (b) Mail Management Manual, (c) Program Statement 5800.10, and
(d) ADX Institution Supplement FLM 5800.10D, which set a 36-hour limit on delays for
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incoming U.S. mail and media. Id. ¶ 58.
Plaintiff states that these Defendants’ interference with Plaintiff’s U.S. mail is done
to oppress him, cause him mental anguish and emotional distress directly, and to interfere
with his outside relationships. Id. ¶ 59. As such, Plaintiff states that their actions are part
of the campaign by BOP officials to break the will and spirit of Plaintiff. Id. According to
Plaintiff, these actions and the psychological war against him are malicious, and knowingly
and willfully designed and intended to sever and completely destroy Plaintiff’s family ties,
friendships, and relationships. Id.
a.
First Amendment
Plaintiff characterizes this claim as a violation of his “right to receive U.S. mail and
newspapers from friends, family, and media, limited only by legitimate penological
concerns.” Id. ¶ 54. Inmates retain their First Amendment rights even while incarcerated,
Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 84 (1987), but their rights may be restricted in ways that
“would raise grave First Amendment concerns outside the prison context,” Thornburgh v.
Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 407 (1989). To state an arguable First Amendment claim, the
plaintiff must provide adequate allegations to demonstrate that the actions of which he
complains were not reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. See Gee v.
Pacheco, 627 F.3d 1178, 1188 (10th Cir. 2010).
Plaintiff cites to Gee v. Pacheco, 627 F.3d at 1188, for the proposition that
“restricting incoming mail to harass inmates or confiscating mail not in violation of prison
policy” constitutes a plausible § 1983 claim.4 Response [#62] at 4. While Plaintiff is correct
4
Despite Plaintiff’s statement here, the Court notes, of course, that this is not a § 1983
case.
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that Gee supports this general proposition, Plaintiff’s allegations are so vague and
conclusory that the Court cannot find he has stated a claim here. First, Plaintiff does not
provide even one example of a specific time when his mail was excessively delayed or
destroyed. He merely states that this occurred “on repeated and continual occasions from
1995 through the present.” Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 55. Second, Plaintiff does not provide even
one example of a specific piece of mail which was excessively delayed or destroyed. He
merely states that the mail consisted of “U.S. mail and newspapers from friends, family,
and media.” Id. ¶ 54. “A pleading that offers labels and conclusions or a formulaic
recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Nor does a complaint suffice if
it tenders naked assertion[s] devoid of further factual enhancement.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678
(brackets in original; internal quotation marks omitted). Here, Plaintiff has done no more
than tender naked assertions devoid of further factual enhancement, and accordingly,
Defendants Rhodes, Payne, and Armendariz are entitled to qualified immunity.
Accordingly, the Court recommends that Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim asserted
under “Complaint -2-” be dismissed without prejudice. Reynoldson, 907 F.2d at 127.
b.
42 U.S.C. § 1985
Because the Court finds that Defendants Rhodes, Payne, and Armendariz are
entitled to qualified immunity on the First Amendment claim under Plaintiff’s Claim Two,
they are also entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiff’s civil-conspiracy claim based on the
alleged violation of this same right. See N.E.L., 740 F. App’x at 931 n.22.
Accordingly, the Court recommends that the Motion [#54] be granted to the extent
that Plaintiff’s 42 U.S.C. § 1985 claim asserted under Claim Two be dismissed with
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prejudice. Reynoldson, 907 F.2d at 127.
3.
Claim Four
Plaintiff regularly receives the San Antonio Express News newspaper, but he was
denied access to the March 17, 2015 issue because of an article on page eight containing
Plaintiff’s name. Am. Compl. [#46] ¶¶ 79-80. Plaintiff asserts that Defendants Payne,
Rhodes, and Armendariz “concealed this newspaper information because it contained legal
information that could be used for [Plaintiff’s] current and/or prospective legal matters.” Id.
¶ 80. Plaintiff states that “[t]hese Defendants do not reject other publications such as
Prison Legal News that regularly contain various names of USP-Florence prisoners.” Id.
¶ 82. By barring Plaintiff’s access to this one newspaper issue, Plaintiff argues that “they
impeded, hindered, and interfered with [his] legal defense, and violated [his] constitutional
rights to receive U.S. mail, newspapers, and research facts that affect his legal status at
USP-Florence.” Id. ¶ 80.
Plaintiff asserts only a First Amendment violation in connection with this claim. See
id. ¶ 81. “In the case of unprivileged incoming and outgoing prison mail, regulation by
prison officials is essentially an administrative matter in which the courts will not intervene.”
United States v. Gordon, 168 F.3d 1222, 1228 (10th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Plaintiff has not alleged that the mail delayed/destroyed was privileged mail. See
LeVier v. Woodson, 443 F.2d 360, 361 (10th Cir. 1971) (noting “narrow exception” for legal
correspondence). Nor has he offered either argument or allegations suggesting that this
one newspaper was seized other than pursuant to normal prison policies regarding the
interception, examination, and confiscation of incoming prison mail. See Thornburgh v.
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Abbott, 490 U.S. 401, 413 (1989) (restrictions on inmate mail justified if reasonably related
to an important government interest).
Plaintiff points to two cases in opposition to Defendants’ assertion of qualified
immunity. Response [#62] at 9 (citing Response [#62] at 5). However, the Court finds that
neither of these cases demonstrates that the law was clearly established as of March 2015.
First, Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351 (1996), is inapposite, because the case involved
the sufficiency of a prison’s law library or legal assistance program and its effect on access
to the courts.5 Second, Gee v. Pacheco, 627 F.3d at 1188, concerned (1) letters from
persons outside the prison which were confiscated purportedly based on sticker and
perfume violations, (2) outgoing, properly-stamped letters that were not processed by the
prison for delivery, and (3) a single letter from the inmate’s estranged sister. None of these
situations are sufficiently close to Plaintiff’s claim regarding a newspaper article containing
his name so as to demonstrate that the law underlying the claim was clearly established
as of March 2015 (when the newspaper was sent to Plaintiff in prison). The Court is
likewise unaware of any case demonstrating that the law was clearly established in the
Tenth Circuit prior to March 2015. Thus, in the absence of clearly established law that
inmates have the right to obtain newspaper articles about themselves, Defendants Payne,
Rhodes, and Armendariz are entitled to qualified immunity on this claim.
Accordingly, the Court recommends that the Motion be granted to the extent that
5
The Court also notes that a claim asserting violation of the right of access to the court
requires allegations of an actual injury. See Lewis, 518 U.S. at 351-52. Plaintiff’s assertion of injury
is pure conclusory speculation. See, e.g., Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 80 (stating that, by barring Plaintiff’s
access to this one newspaper issue, Defendants “impeded, hindered, and interfered with [his] legal
defense, and violated [his] constitutional rights to receive U.S. mail, newspapers, and research facts
that affect his legal status at USP-Florence”).
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the First Amendment claim under Claim Four be dismissed with prejudice. Reynoldson,
907 F.2d at 127.
4.
Claim Six
Plaintiff asserts First, Sixth, and Eighth Amendment violations based on the following
events. Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 98. The Court here only addresses the First and Sixth
Amendment claims and addresses the Eighth Amendment claim in Section III.D. below.
On May 27, 2016, Plaintiff and his current attorney, Mr. Jerold D. Friedman
(“Friedman”) had an attorney-client visit. Id. ¶ 94. Plaintiff “was put in full restraints for the
visit, including blackbox handcuffs, belly chain, and shackles.”
Id. ¶ 95.
“The
attorney-client conference room did not have a ‘pass-thru slot’ to pass paperwork between
attorney and client.” Id. Thus, Plaintiff states that “the use of full restraints violate[d] BOP
policy that requires full restraints only when there is a pass-thru slot.” Id.
Plaintiff and Mr. Friedman “requested immediate relief including loosening or
removal of the restraints, or relocating the attorney-client conference to a location where
said restraints would not be used.” Id. ¶ 96. Plaintiff asserts that “[t]he handcuffs with the
blackbox restraints caused injuries to [his] hands and wrists including swelling and cuts.”
Id. ¶ 97. He “reported his injuries at that time to USP-Florence staff including Lt. Johnson
at the visiting area, to the E Unit #1 Officer John [last name unknown], and to the attending
physician assistant Huddleston.” Id. “PA Huddleston treated [Plaintiff’s] injuries with
antibiotic ointment and large Band-Aids.” Id. Plaintiff asserts that “[t]he blackbox handcuffs,
belly chain restraints, and shackles are primarily used by USPFlorence staff to cause pain
and injure inmates, which is cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth
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Amendment, and to discourage attorney (legal) visits in violation of the First and Sixth
Amendments.” Id. ¶ 98.
Plaintiff asserts that he “posed no risk to institution safety nor [sic] security.” Id. ¶
99.
He states that “[t]he pain and discomfort caused by the handcuffs, restraints, and
shackles, distracted and interfered with [his] legal meeting and impeded his ability to
communicate with his attorney.” Id. Plaintiff “requested USP-Florence staff photograph his
red and swollen hands and cuts upon them but USP-Florence staff denied each request
. . . .”6 Id. ¶ 101.
During the same attorney-client visit, Plaintiff asked to speak with Operations Lt.
Johnson, and when he did so, “Lt. Johnson and two other USP-Florence officers ordered
[Plaintiff] to step out of the attorney conference room, and they surrounded him
menacingly.” Id. ¶ 103. Plaintiff “showed Lt. Johnson the swelling and dark red color of his
hands caused by the handcuffs restricting blood flow, and how the handcuffs were tearing,
cutting and digging into his skin and wrists.” Id. ¶ 104. Plaintiff states that “Lt. Johnson
stated he could see the injuries but that he had to keep the restraints on the way they
were,” which Plaintiff says “amounts to torture.” Id.
Plaintiff also “explained to Lt. Johnson that he had a stack of legal documents he
needed to pass to his attorney.” Id. ¶ 105. Plaintiff alleges that “Lt. Johnson then stated
that [Defendants Payne and Armendariz] had ordered that [Plaintiff] be placed in the no
passing attorney conference room even though suitable attorney conference rooms with
6
Fourteen days after the incident, on June 9, 2016, Plaintiff “again requested photos of his
injuries and he showed his injuries to Mr. Wyche, USP-Florence’s ‘E-Unit counselor’ assigned to”
Plaintiff, but his request was again denied. Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 102.
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the pass-thru slot were vacant and available.” Id.
Plaintiff “then requested to speak to an Associate Warden or the Staff Attorney, Mr.
Synsvoll so that [he] could get immediate authorization to pass his legal documents to his
lawyer.” Id. ¶ 106. Plaintiff “was then ordered to return to the attorney conference room.”
Id. Over an hour later, “Staff Attorney Synsvoll showed up, briefly spoke with Friedman,
and then himself took [Plaintiff’s] documents and delivered said legal documents to
Friedman.” Id. ¶ 107. Plaintiff asserts that “Synsvoll is not [his] attorney and has no right
to handle [his] legal documents except through BOP procedures that are consistent with
the U.S. Constitution.” Id. Plaintiff states: “It is unknown whether Synsvoll looked through
said documents or absconded with one or more documents while he transported them from
[Plaintiff] to Friedman as he was out-of-sight for several moments during transport.” Id.
a.
First Amendment
In short, Plaintiff asserts that Defendants’ actions were meant to “discourage
attorney (legal) visits” in violation of the First Amendment. Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 98. As
noted above, to establish that he has been denied access to the courts, Plaintiff must
demonstrate “actual injury.” See Lewis, 518 U.S. 343, 349 (1996). Here, however, Plaintiff
has merely provided conclusory allegations of injury. First, there is no indication that
Plaintiff’s attorney was actually discouraged from visiting him, given that he remains
Plaintiff’s attorney to this day. Second, there is no indication that Staff Attorney Synsvoll
took any of Plaintiff’s documents while transporting them between Plaintiff and Mr.
Friedman—in fact, Plaintiff has not identified a single missing document nor offered
anything but the purest of speculation that Mr. Synsvoll took any improper action with
respect to the papers. Third, Plaintiff has alleged no actual injury to any lawsuit in which
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he was involved, either criminal or civil, as a result of the events of May 27, 2016. In short,
there are no allegations that Defendants Armendariz and/or Payne actually hindered
Plaintiff’s efforts to pursue a legal claim. Thus, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim under the
First Amendment for denial of access to the courts, and Defendants Armendariz and Payne
are entitled to qualified immunity.
Accordingly, the Court recommends that Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim under
Claim Six be dismissed with prejudice. Reynoldson, 907 F.2d at 127.
b.
Sixth Amendment
Plaintiff asserts that Defendants’ actions were intended to discourage attorney visits.
See, e.g., Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 98. The Sixth Amendment provides a number of guarantees
regarding criminal trials, including the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury,
the right to confront witnesses, and the right to the assistance of counsel. U.S. Const.
amend. VI. Plaintiff does not allege any defects in connection with a criminal trial and, to
the extent he argues that Defendants Armendariz and Payne’s actions were intended to
discourage visits by his attorney, the only attorney mentioned is Plaintiff’s attorney in the
present civil action. Am. Compl. [#46] ¶ 94. Thus, Plaintiff does not allege any Sixth
Amendment violations.
Accordingly, the Court recommends that Plaintiff’s Claim Six be dismissed with
prejudice to the extent it asserts a violation of the Sixth Amendment. Reynoldson, 907
F.2d at 127.
D.
Bivens Claim
Finally, the Court addresses Defendants’ Bivens argument with respect to Plaintiff’s
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asserted Eighth Amendment violation under Claim Six against Defendants Payne and
Armendariz.7 “A prison official’s deliberate indifference to a substantial risk of serious harm
to an inmate violates the Eighth Amendment.” Gray v. Sorrels, 744 F. App’x 563, 568 (10th
Cir. 2018) (quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 828 (1994) (internal quotation marks
omitted)). “These claims include both an objective and a subjective component.” Gray,
744 F. App’x at 568 (citing Riddle v. Mondragon, 83 F.3d 1197, 1204 (10th Cir. 1996)).
Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), “creates a
cause of action only against federal officials in their individual capacities for money
damages . . . .” James v. Hamaker, No. 15-cv-02425-GPG, 2016 WL 409433, at *1 (D.
Colo. Feb. 3, 2016) (citing Simmat, 413 F.3d at 1231; Farmer v. Perrill, 275 F.3d 958, 963
(10th Cir. 2001)). In Bivens, the United States Supreme Court “held that, even absent
statutory authorization, it would enforce a damages remedy to compensate persons injured
by federal officers who violated the prohibition against unreasonable search and seizures”
7
The Court notes that most circuit courts appear to avoid resolving the issue of whether
a Bivens claim exists when other grounds for resolving the underlying motion exist, such as failure
to state a claim or qualified immunity. See, e.g., McGowan v. United States, 825 F.3d 118, 123 (2d
Cir. 2016) (stating in connection with the issue of whether a First Amendment Bivens remedy
against BOP employee should be recognized: “We need not decide this difficult issue, however,
because we conclude that [the plaintiff’s] Bivens claim fails for the independent reason that [the]
defendant . . . is entitled to qualified immunity.”). Here, the Court notes (without deciding) that
Defendants’ qualified immunity argument on this claim may be insufficient, and therefore the Court
addresses the issue of whether a Bivens remedy against an individual exists under the
circumstances of this case on this Eighth Amendment claim. See, e.g., Stanton v. Furlong, 73 F.
App’x 332, 334 (10th Cir. 2003) (stating that the proper question in an Eighth Amendment excessive
force claim based on handcuffing was whether the defendant had “acted maliciously and
sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm rather than in a good-faith effort to maintain or
restore discipline”); but see Stevenson v. Cordova, 733 F. App’x 939, 945-46 (10th Cir. 2018)
(holding that an Eighth Amendment refusal-to-loosen-handcuffs claim was not clearly established
as of February 2012 when asserted against a correctional officer who remained on the periphery
of the incident and played no active role in restraining the plaintiff, despite the fact that the officer
could hear the plaintiff’s complaints about the handcuffs).
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under the Fourth Amendment. Ziglar v. Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. 1843, 1854 (2017). The
Supreme Court has only twice since then recognized Bivens claims. Id. at 1854-55. In
Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228 (1979), “an administrative assistant sued a Congressman
for firing her because she was a woman,” and the Supreme Court “held that the Fifth
Amendment Due Process Clause gave her a damages remedy for gender discrimination.”
Id. In Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14 (1980), “a prisoner’s estate sued federal jailers for
failing to treat the prisoner’s asthma,” and the Supreme Court “held that the Eighth
Amendment Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause gave him a damages remedy for
failure to provide adequate medical treatment.” Id. at 1855. “[E]xpanding the Bivens
remedy is now a ‘disfavored’ judicial activity,” and the Supreme Court “has ‘consistently
refused to extend Bivens to any new context or new category of defendants.’” Id. at 1857
(quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 675; Corr. Servs. Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 68 (2001)); see
also Wilkie v. Robbins, 551 U.S. 537, 549-550 (2007) (summarizing the basic
considerations underlying past Supreme Court decisions declining to create Bivens claims
and applying a two-part analysis to the creation of Bivens liability).
The first step in determining whether a Bivens claim can proceed is to determine
whether the case presents a new Bivens context. Ziglar, 137 S. Ct. at 1859-60. “The
proper test for determining whether a case presents a new Bivens context is as follows.”
Id. at 1859. “If the case is different in a meaningful way from previous Bivens cases
decided by this Court, then the context is new.” Id. In other words, the Court should
determine whether the claims at issue differ meaningfully from “a claim against FBI agents
for handcuffing a man in his own home without a warrant; a claim against a Congressman
for firing his female secretary; and a claim against prison officials for failure to treat an
-32-
inmate’s asthma.” Id. The test is more than simply determining “whether the asserted
constitutional right was at issue in a previous Bivens case,” and, if so, “whether the
mechanism of injury was the same mechanism of injury in a previous Bivens case.” Id. at
1859. Rather, as a non-exhaustive list of examples, “[a] case might differ in a meaningful
[enough] way [to make a given context a new one] because of the rank of the officers
involved; the constitutional right at issue; the generality or specificity of the official action;
the extent of judicial guidance as to how an officer should respond to the problem or
emergency to be confronted; the statutory or other legal mandate under which the officer
was operating; the risk of disruptive intrusion by the Judiciary into the functioning of other
branches; or the presence of potential special factors that previous Bivens cases did not
consider.” Id. at 1860.
The Court has little trouble determining that the Eighth Amendment issue raised in
Plaintiff’s case constitutes a new context, because the only one of the trio of Bivens cases
which addressed the Eighth Amendment was Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14 (1980), in
which, as noted above, a prisoner’s estate sued federal jailers for failing to treat the
prisoner’s asthma, as a result of which the prisoner died. Here, Plaintiff’s claim is focused
on the use of handcuffs with blackbox restraints causing non-permanent injury to his hands
and wrists on one occasion during an attorney-client conference. Given the Supreme
Court’s detailed discussion regarding the low threshold for finding a new context, see
Ziglar, 137 S. Ct. at 1859-60, the Court finds that this case bears little resemblance to
Carlson and therefore that this case constitutes a new context. See Ziglar, 137 S. Ct. at
1864 (stating that “even a modest extension is still an extension”); see also, e.g., Lovett v.
Ruda, No. 17-cv-02010-PAB-KLM, 2018 WL 4659111, at *8 (D. Colo. Sept. 28, 2018)
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(finding that an Eighth Amendment conditions-of-confinement claim based on failure to
provide adequately nutritional food arose in a “different context” from Carlson’s
denial-of-medical-care claim); Mercer v. Matevousian, No. 1:18-cv-00265-DAD-BAM (PC),
2018 WL 3917969, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 14, 2018) (finding that an Eighth Amendment
conditions-of-confinement claim based on failure to provide handicap-accessible shower
after the plaintiff fell arose in a “different context” from Carlson’s denial-of-medical-care
claim).
Thus, the Court must address whether there are alternative remedies available to
Plaintiff. In Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. at 242, the Supreme Court held that persons who
have “no [other] effective means” of redress “must be able to invoke the existing jurisdiction
of the courts for the protection of their justiciable constitutional rights.” However, Plaintiff
has at least three alternative, existing processes to protect his Eighth Amendment interests
here.
First, he may seek injunctive relief. See Malesko, 534 U.S. at 74. Unlike the Bivens
remedy, which courts “have never considered a proper vehicle for altering an entity’s policy,
injunctive relief has long been recognized as the proper means for preventing entities from
acting unconstitutionally.” Malesko, 534 U.S. at 74. While injunctive relief remains
available, the Court is unconvinced that money damages are necessary to deter
unconstitutional conduct. See, e.g., K.B. v. Perez, 664 F. App’x 756, 759 (10th Cir. 2016)
(recognizing that suits for injunctive relief constitute alternative means for preventing
unconstitutional conduct in the prison context). In fact, the existence of a monetary remedy
is simply not required by applicable precedent or American jurisprudential principles to
foreclose Bivens relief. See, e.g., Schweiker, 487 U.S. at 421-22 (“The absence of
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statutory relief for a constitutional violation . . . does not by any means necessarily imply
that courts should award money damages against the officers responsible for the
violation.”); Ajaj v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, No. 15-cv-00992-RBJ-KLM, 2017 WL 219343,
at *3 n.8 (D. Colo. Jan. 17, 2017) (stating that alternative remedial mechanisms “need not
compensate a plaintiff with monetary damages in order to be adequate alternatives” (citing
Big Cats of Serenity Springs, Inc. v. Rhodes, 843 F.3d 853, 862-83 (10th Cir. 2016)); see
also Wilkie, 551 U.S. at 550 (“[A]ny freestanding damages remedy for a claimed
constitutional violation [based on Bivens] has to represent a judgment about the best way
to implement a constitutional guarantee; it is not an automatic entitlement no matter what
other means there may be to vindicate a protected interest, and in most instances we have
found a Bivens remedy unjustified.”). “[T]he Court has no reason to doubt that an injunction
would be sufficient to prevent defendants from engaging in unconstitutional conduct in the
future – indeed, that is the very purpose of prospective relief.” Lovett, 2018 WL 4659111,
at *8.
Second, Plaintiff may seek a remedy under the mandamus statute, 28 U.S.C. §
1361. See Custard v. Allred, No. 13-cv-02296-REB-CBS, 2015 WL 328626, at *4 (D. Colo.
Jan. 26, 2015) (declining to extend a Bivens damages remedy where alternative avenues
of relief existed, in part because “Plaintiff could also pursue a remedy through the
mandamus statute”). For mandamus to issue, there must be a clear right to the relief
sought, a plainly defined and peremptory duty on the part of respondent to do the act in
question, and no other adequate remedy available. Hadley Mem’l Hosp., Inc. v. Schweiker,
689 F.2d 905, 912 (10th Cir. 1982). Plaintiff must also show that his right to the writ is
“clear and indisputable.” See Mallard v. U.S. Dist. Court for the S. Dist. of Iowa, 490 U.S.
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296, 309 (1989) (“To ensure that mandamus remains an extraordinary remedy, petitioners
must show that they lack adequate alternative means to obtain the relief they seek . . . and
carry the burden of showing that [their] right to issuance of the writ is clear and
indisputable[.]”) (citation omitted); United States v. Carrigan, 778 F.2d 1454, 1466 (10th Cir.
1985). If he had so chosen, Plaintiff could have listed the mandamus statute on the Tenth
Circuit’s prisoner complaint form under the “Jurisdiction” section. See Lovett, 2018 WL
4659111, at *9.
Third, Plaintiff may seek remedy for his concerns through the prisoner grievance
system. Simmat, 413 F.3d at 1237; 28 C.F.R. §§ 542–542.19 (describing the BOP
Administrative Remedy Program through which prisoners can seek formal review of any
aspect of confinement). Inmates in Plaintiff’s position have full access to remedial
mechanisms established by the BOP, including grievances filed through the BOP’s
Administrative Remedy Program. See 28 C.F.R. § 542.10 (explaining this program as
providing “a process through which inmates may seek formal review of an issue which
relates to any aspect of their confinement”). This program provides yet another means
through which allegedly unconstitutional actions may be brought to the attention of the BOP
and prevented from recurring. See, e.g., Custard, 2015 WL 2407103, at *6 (holding that
alternative remedies existed which militated against extending Bivens damages, in part
because the plaintiff could “also pursue administrative relief through the BOP’s
administrative remedy program, and apparently has done so”). This method has the added
benefit of limiting judicial interference with prison management while maintaining a method
of redress for valid constitutional claims. See, e.g., Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 56667 (1974) (“The operation of a correctional institution is at best an extraordinarily difficult
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undertaking. . . . [Correctional officers] must have the necessary discretion without being
subject to unduly crippling constitutional impediments.”). “The Court is also unaware of any
authority establishing that a plaintiff’s lack of success in the BOP’s Administrative Remedy
Program renders that remedy inadequate.” Lovett, 2018 WL 4659111, at *9. “The Bivens
analysis appears to focus on the adequacy of remedies in the abstract rather than on a
particular plaintiff’s track record in pursuing relief.” Id. (citing Wilkie, 551 U.S. at 552-53
(noting that the plaintiff had “an administrative, and ultimately a judicial, process for
vindicating virtually all of his complaints” even though he had “mixed success”); Ajaj, 2017
WL 219343, at *2 & n.6 (finding that the plaintiff had alternative remedies, such as filing a
suit for injunctive relief or filing a grievance as part of the BOP’s administrative remedy
program).
In short, the Court finds that these alternative remedies foreclose the creation of a
Bivens remedy for Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim. “[T]here is no reason to rely on a
court-created remedy, like Bivens, when Congress has created an adequate means for
obtaining legal redress.” Simmat, 413 F.3d at 1231.
The Court also examines whether any special factors exist to counsel against the
creation of a Bivens remedy. The Court may create a new Bivens remedy only if there are
no special factors counseling hesitation against the creation of such a remedy. Wilkie, 551
U.S. at 550. “[T]he inquiry must concentrate on whether the Judiciary is well suited, absent
congressional action or instruction, to consider and weigh the costs and benefits of allowing
a damages action to proceed.” Ziglar, 137 S. Ct. at 1857-58. “Thus, to be a ‘special factor
counselling hesitation,’ a factor must cause a court to hesitate before answering that
question in the affirmative. Id. at 1858. The plain meaning of the language suggests that
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the threshold for finding special factors is quite low:
The only relevant threshold—that a factor “counsels hesitation”—is
remarkably low. It is at the opposite end of the continuum from the
unflagging duty to exercise jurisdiction. Hesitation is a pause, not a full stop,
or an abstention; and to counsel is not to require. “Hesitation” is “counseled”
whenever thoughtful discretion would pause even to consider.
Arar v. Ashcroft, 585 F.3d 559, 574 (2d Cir. 2009).
In the case at hand, the factors counseling hesitation are more than sufficient to
meet this low threshold. In the context of prison management, the Supreme Court
recognizes the value of balancing inmates’ interests against the administrative needs of the
prison, noting that a degree of flexibility and accommodation of prison discretion is required.
See, e.g., Wolff, 418 U.S. at 566-67 (stating that correctional institutions “must have the
necessary
discretion
without
being
subject
to
unduly
crippling
constitutional
impediments[.]”). Courts owe substantial deference to the professional judgment of prison
administrators, and absent concerns that prison inmates will be otherwise unable to redress
their claims, this Court hesitates to create a new cause of action that may be brought
against prison officials for monetary damages. See Beard v. Banks, 548 U.S. 521 (2006)
(Justice Breyer, with two Justices and the Chief Justice concurring, two Justices concurring
in the judgment).
As discussed previously, prisoners already have a variety of ways to pursue Eighth
Amendment claims, and denying Bivens claims for money damages will not deny prisoners
effective relief for their claims. On the other hand, creating a superfluous way for prisoners
to gain relief by suing prison employees individually will interfere with prison management
and add to the Court’s already heavy burden of prisoner litigation. See K.B., 178 F. Supp.
3d at 1112 (“[E]xtending Bivens in this case would potentially permit a huge number of
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claims from families of offenders seeking to challenge particular conditions of offenders’
confinement or particular conditions of offenders’ probation/supervised release. The Court
finds this potential result to be a special factor that counsels against creation of a new
Bivens remedy in this case.”). These special factors are sufficient to counsel hesitation in
creating a new Bivens remedy.
A Bivens damages remedy “is not an automatic entitlement . . . and in most
instances we have found a Bivens remedy unjustified.” Wilkie, 551 U.S. at 550. As both
of the above factors weigh against extending Bivens to Eighth Amendment claims in the
context of federal prisons, the Court agrees with Defendants Payne and Armendariz that
here, there is no legal basis to recognize any claim for damages against them on these
underlying allegations with respect to Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim.
Accordingly, the Court finds that there is no Bivens remedy under the Eighth
Amendment under the circumstances of this case, and therefore the Court recommends
that Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim asserted under Claim Six be dismissed with
prejudice. See Reynoldson, 907 F.2d at 127.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons,
IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that the Motion [#54] be GRANTED and that this
action be DISMISSED as outlined above.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 72, the parties shall
have fourteen (14) days after service of this Recommendation to serve and file any written
objections in order to obtain reconsideration by the District Judge to whom this case is
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assigned. A party’s failure to serve and file specific, written objections waives de novo
review of the Recommendation by the District Judge, Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b); Thomas v. Arn,
474 U.S. 140, 147-48 (1985), and also waives appellate review of both factual and legal
questions. Makin v. Colo. Dep’t of Corr., 183 F.3d 1205, 1210 (10th Cir. 1999); Talley v.
Hesse, 91 F.3d 1411, 1412-13 (10th Cir. 1996).
A party’s objections to this
Recommendation must be both timely and specific to preserve an issue for de novo review
by the District Court or for appellate review. United States v. One Parcel of Real Prop., 73
F.3d 1057, 1060 (10th Cir. 1996).
Dated: January 31, 2019
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