Board of County Commissioners for Douglas County, Colorado v. Crown Castle USA, Inc. et al

Filing 101

ORDER denying 61 Motion for Summary Judgment; granting in part and denying in part 62 Motion for Summary Judgment; adopting in part Report and Recommendations re 86 Report and Recommendations. by Judge Daniel D. Domenico on 9/9/19.(pglov)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
Judge Daniel D. Domenico
Case No. 17-cv-03171-DDD-NRN
BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS FOR DOUGLAS COUNTY,
COLORADO,
Plaintiff-Counterclaim Defendant,
v.
CROWN CASTLE USA, INC., and
T-MOBILE WEST LLC,
Defendants-Counterclaim Plaintiffs.
ORDER
This case presents a novel application of the age-old friction between
technological advances and aesthetic preferences. The defendants, to help satiate
their customers’ increasing demand for wireless bandwidth, seek to improve an
existing cellular transmission tower they own and operate in Douglas County,
Colorado. They would do so by adding slightly larger antennas and other equipment
covered by a metal cylinder at the top of their existing pole, which they claim would
essentially look like a cap on a pen. Douglas County opposes this effort because its
approval of the original pole was conditioned on its being made to resemble an old
fashioned, yet unadorned utility pole, but, the County says, the proposed alterations
would make the tower look like “a marshmallow on a stick.”

The issue before the Court, however, is not which of these similes it finds
most apt. 1 Congress has passed statutes and the Federal Communications
Commission has enacted a regulation (“the Rule”) that seeks to address the very
sort of tension between improved wireless infrastructure and local control this case
exemplifies. The Rule provides that local governments must approve requests to
make certain types of improvements to certain types of wireless facilities in an
expedited process. The question here is whether this is such a request. The Court
concludes that it is not and agrees with the Magistrate Judge’s conclusion that
summary judgment be granted in favor of Douglas County.
I.

BACKGROUND
The defendants and counterclaimants here are T-Mobile West LLC and a

facilities infrastructure company named Crown Castle USA, Inc. 2 The cellular
tower in question is in Castle Rock, Colorado, a fast-growing area outside of Denver.
In May 2017, Crown Castle sought the county’s approval to make alterations to the
tower. The County did not approve that request, but after a few months of back and
forth, which will be discussed in detail below, Crown Castle informed the County
that it believed it was legally entitled to improve the tower nonetheless. The County
then brought this suit seeking to block the changes, and Crown Castle
counterclaimed. Both parties have filed competing motions for summary judgment

Based on its review of the evidence submitted by both parties, the Court, in
all candor, is not especially impressed by either of them.

1

Unless otherwise noted, the Court will refer to the defendants collectively as
Crown Castle.

2

2

(Docs. 61, 62), which have been fully briefed, as have objections to the magistrate
judge’s Report and Recommendation on those motions. 3
A.

The Spectrum Act and Its Implementing Regulations

Under the Supremacy Clause of Article VI of the United States Constitution,
valid federal law and regulation preempts contrary state and local enactments. See
Colo. Dep’t of Health & Env. v. U.S., 693 F.3d 1214 (10th Cir. 2012). The County
here does not dispute that if federal statute or rule gives Crown Castle the right to
make their proposed changes, any contrary county requirements must give way.
The Court therefore begins with a brief overview of the applicable law before
turning to the facts and procedural posture.
Governing federal law permits, but limits, a local government’s control over
modifications to wireless facilities, including its ability to deny applications to
construct those modifications. See 47 U.S.C. § 1455 (“Spectrum Act”); see also 47
U.S.C. § 332. “[A] State or local government may not deny, and shall approve, any
eligible facilities request [“EFR”] for a modification of an existing wireless tower or
base station that does not substantially change the physical dimensions of such
tower or base station.” 47 U.S.C. § 1455(a)(1).
The FCC’s implementing regulations require a local government to approve
EFR applications within 60 days of their submission. 47 C.F.R. § 1.6100(c)(2). 4 The

This matter was reassigned to Judge Daniel D. Domenico on July 12, 2019.
(Doc. 98.)

3

The parties’ briefing cites these regulations as 47 C.F.R. § 1.40001, which
was later re-designated as 47 C.F.R. 1.6100. See 83 FR 51886 (Oct. 15, 2018).

4

3

60-day period, colloquially referred to as a “shot clock,” may only be tolled by
mutual agreement between the local government and applicant or if the local
government determines that the application is incomplete. 47 C.F.R. § 1.6100(c)(3).
If an application is incomplete, the local government must provide written notice of
that circumstance, including what information is missing, within 30 days of the
application submission. 47 C.F.R. § 1.6100(c)(3)(i). When the applicant submits
supplemental information, the shot clock resumes running, and the local
government has 10 days to notify the applicant of any remaining deficiencies. 47
C.F.R. § 1.6100(c)(3)(ii)–(iii).
If a local government fails to timely approve or deny an EFR, “the [EFR] shall
be deemed granted. The deemed grant does not become effective until the applicant
notifies the applicable reviewing authority in writing after the review period has
expired (accounting for any tolling).” 47 C.F.R. § 1.6100(c)(4). Applicants subject to
adverse decisions by local governments may bring claims related to this process in
any court of competent jurisdiction within 30 days of such decision. 47 U.S.C.
§ 332(c)(7)(B)(5); 47 C.F.R. § 1.6100(c)(5).
B.

Facts

T-Mobile provides wireless services to businesses and the general public. Am.
Countercl. ¶¶ 16, 19 (Doc. 28). Crown Castle owns, operates, and maintains an
infrastructure network, which its customers, including T-Mobile, use to situate
facilities that provide these wireless services. Id. ¶ 14. A wireless facility serves a
particular geographic area and normally consists of several antennas, which may be

4

attached to a tower, monopole, or other structure in public right-of-way or private
utility easements. Id. ¶¶ 20–21. T-Mobile must periodically upgrade and modify its
existing facilities using new technologies and adding new spectrum bands as
authorized by the FCC. Id. ¶ 23.
The County provides a form for submitting EFRs. Id. ¶ 32. On April 27, 2017,
Crown Castle, on behalf of T-Mobile, submitted an EFR application to the County to
modify a communications tower located in Castle Rock, Colorado. Plaintiff’s Ex. 7
(Doc. 63-8). That tower is a monopole and uses concealment panels to hide the
antennas and associated equipment from view. The tower is of a “stealth” design,
which means, according to the County, that it is disguised to resemble something
other than a cellular antenna tower, in this case a regular, unadorned utility pole.
The Defendants’ application proposed to modify the tower by replacing and
adding facilities that would expand the concealment shroud from 18 inches to 38
inches wide and from 10 feet to 11 feet high – increasing the height of the tower
from 35 feet to 36 feet. See id. at p. 7. Following the modification, the tower would
still use concealment panels to hide the antennas and associated equipment from
view. Am. Countercl. ¶¶ 30–31 (Doc. 28). Thus, the only visible changes would be
the increased size of the upper portion of the tower in which the antennas and other
equipment is housed.
The application included a cover letter, project narrative, photo simulation,
preliminary drawings, structural analysis, an application fee, and letters of
authorization from the tower and land owners. See Plaintiff’s Ex. 7 (Docs. 63-8 &

5

63-9). Crown Castle completed its application on May 18, 2017. Accordingly, the
parties treated the 60-day shot clock as beginning on May 18, 2017 See, e.g., Compl.
¶¶ 54–57 (Doc. 1); Am. Countercl. ¶¶ 25–62 (Doc. 28).
On June 22, 2017, Defendants met with staff from the County to discuss the
application. Plaintiff’s Ex. 1, ¶¶ 31, 32 (Doc. 63-1). One week later, the County sent
Defendants a document entitled “Presubmittal Review” containing comments on the
application. Plaintiff’s Ex. 12 (Doc. 63-14). The document stated that the County’s
“design standards for personal wireless communication facilities do not support a 38
[inch] canister or pole diameter for this site,” because “[a]n expansion to 38 [inches]
no longer provides a stealth design” and the “original cell site was approved and
constructed as a stealth utility pole.” Id. at 2. The County suggested that “[s]ince
the proposed design does not meet the approval standards, we recommend that you
consider alternative designs or locations that can accommodate the increased
antennas and other equipment in a stealth manner.” Id. at 3. The County
continued: “In this instance, the monopole is directly visible to the adjoining state
highway and several surrounding residential and agricultural properties. A stealth
windmill or silo design could be an appropriate choice for this location.” Id.
On October 24, 2017, counsel for Crown Castle responded by letter explaining
its position that the County’s conclusions were incorrect. Specifically, T-Mobile
argued that the proposed modifications would not “substantially change the existing
structure” within the meaning of federal law. Defendant’s Ex. G (Doc. 28-7). That
letter also stated that “it constitutes T-Mobile’s response to” the “Presubmittal

6

Review, requesting additional information.” T-Mobile took the position that the
“Presubmittal Review” was not a final decision, but it had instead tolled the 60-day
shot clock, and “T-Mobile is therefore restarting the shot clock” with its provision of
additional information. Id.
On November 7, 2017, the County sent a letter to the Defendants reiterating
its view that the submittal would result in a substantial modification of the tower,
and stating that the shot clock did not apply because T-Mobile submitted a
“Presubmittal Review Request,” not a formal EFR application. Defendant’s Ex. H
(Doc. 28-8). This letter clarified the County’s position that Defendants’ proposed
modification would alter the concealment elements of the original design:
What had appeared as an innocuous unused pole with
nothing on it (thus the “stealth” designation) would change
into what is clearly some sort of wireless communications
facility with a large cylinder located at the top.
Exasperating [sic] this proposed new condition is the
location in a highly visible and trafficked urbanized area.
This would clearly “defeat the concealment elements” as
contemplated in 47 C.F.R. § 1.40001(b)(7)(v) and is
therefore a “substantial change” that does not qualify for
approval under 47 U.S.C. § 1455(a)(1).
Id. The Defendants responded a week later, taking the position that it had
submitted an EFR subject to the shot clock and the County’s presubmittal review
process was unlawful. Defendant’s Ex. I (Doc. 28-9). On December 1, 2017,
Defendant sent the County another letter, in which it submitted that the shot clock
had expired on November 18, 2017, that Defendants’ Application was “deemed
granted” as a matter of law, and that Defendants intended to commence
construction. Defendant’s Ex. J (Doc. 28-10).
7

On December 29, 2017, the County initiated this action seeking declaratory
relief, claiming that the Defendants’ Deemed Grant Letter was void and that the
Defendants had waived the right to challenge the County’s actions (“Timing
Matters”). The County also sought, in the alternative, a declaration that the
Defendants’ proposed modification to the cell tower constitutes a “substantial
change to the physical dimensions” within the meaning of 47 U.S.C. § 1455(a)(1).
(Id.)
The Defendants, in turn, filed three amended counterclaims (Doc. 28, at 13–
30). They claim that: (1) the proposed modification is not a “substantial change”;
(2) the County’s failure to approve the Defendants’ application deprived them of
their legal rights in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983; and (3) the County’s failure to
approve the application effectively prohibited the provision of wireless services in
violation of 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(i)(II).
C.

Procedural Posture and Standard of Review

The parties filed competing summary judgment motions on all claims, which
were referred to Magistrate Judge Neureiter. (Doc. 66.) Judge Neureiter considered
the motions, held oral arguments, and issued a report and recommendation that
urged granting the County’s motion for summary judgment and denying
Defendants’ motion. 5 (Doc. 86.) The Defendants filed timely objections. (Doc. 92.)

The County moved to dismiss the Defendants’ section 1983 counterclaim.
(Doc. 30.) That motion was granted after the parties completed their summary
judgment briefing. (Doc. 90.)
5

8

“The district judge must determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge’s
disposition that has been properly objected to.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). 6
II.

ANALYSIS
A.

Summary Judgment Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine dispute of material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c);
Adamson v. Multi Community Diversified Servs., Inc., 514 F.3d 1136, 1145 (10th
Cir. 2008). A fact is material if it could affect the outcome of the suit under
governing law; a dispute of fact is genuine if a rational jury could find for the
nonmoving party on the evidence presented. Id. If no reasonable juror could return
a verdict for the nonmoving party, summary judgment is proper. Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251–52 (1986). The parties here have both
conceded that there are no material factual disputes, and that the questions before
the Court are purely legal. (Doc. 63.) Summary judgment therefore is an
appropriate means of resolving the case.

The County argues that de novo review is not required because Defendants’
objection merely “rehashes” their summary judgment briefing and therefore Judge
Neureiter’s disposition was not “properly objected to.” Plaintiff’s Resp. at 3 (Doc.
97). While objections that simply reiterate the underlying arguments and fail to
address the specifics of the magistrate judge’s disposition may not be entitled to de
novo review, e.g., Vester v. Asset Acceptance, L.L.C., 08-cv-01957-MSK-LTM, 2009
WL 2940218, at *8 (D. Colo. Sept. 9, 2009), this is not such a case. Defendants’
objections are quite detailed and certainly “‘specific enough to enable [the Court] to
focus attention on those issues – factual and legal – that are at the heart of the
parties’ dispute.’” Cheavens v. Public Serv. Corp., 176 F. Supp. 3d 1088, 1091 (D.
Colo. 2016) (quoting United States v. One Parcel of Real Prop. Known as 2121 East
30th St., 73 F.3d 1057, 1059 (10th Cir. 1996)).
6

9

B.

Timing Matters
1. Whether the County’s “Presubmittal Review” Constituted a
Denial of Defendants’ Application

The County argues that it denied the Defendants’ application in June 2017,
and that, pursuant to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, 47 U.S.C.
§ 332(c)(7)(B)(v), Defendants had 30 days in which to challenge the County’s denial
in court. Defendants did not file an action within that timeframe, and the County
therefore contends that Defendants have forfeited their right to do so. 7 Compl., ¶ 6
(Doc. 1). The Court disagrees.
The County correctly points out that by June 29, 2017, its staff had expressed
to Crown Castle that its application was not going to be approved. See Pls. Ex. 12
(Doc. 63-14, at 3) (“Since the proposed design does not meet the approval standards,
we recommend that you consider alternative designs or locations that can
accommodate the increased antennas and other equipment in a stealth manner.”).
The Court agrees that this was a clear statement that the County’s zoning staff
would not approve the application in its current form, but it does not agree that this
constitutes a denial that triggers the 30-day deadline.
The relevant statute reads:
Any person adversely affected by any final action or failure
to act by a State or local government or any
instrumentality thereof that is inconsistent with this
subparagraph may, within 30 days after such action or
And because a deemed granted right is only available if a local government
fails to act, not if it has denied an application, 47 C.F.R. § 1.6100(c)(4), if the County
is correct about this the deemed granted letter would be invalid and the denial
would stand.
7

10

failure to act, commence an action in any court of
competent jurisdiction.
47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(v). Although the statute does not define “final action,” the
County’s own briefing contends that its Presubmittal Review was not a final action.
As the County explains: “Under Colorado law, Plaintiff is required to provide for a
Board of Adjustment to hear appeals of any such decisions. . . . Because their
decisions remain subject to further review, Planning Services staff are not the final
decisionmakers on such matters.” (Doc. 62, at 17, citing Colo. Rev. Stat. § 30-28117(1)); Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 483). This is correct and
disposes of any argument to the contrary. The County’s position would result in
local governments being able to claim decisions are final denials for purposes of
Section 332’s deadline, but not for any other purpose. The Court rejects that
proposition, and so too the County’s contention that it denied the application in
June 2017.
The Court holds that the County did not deny the Defendants’ application in
June 2017 and therefore Defendants did not fail to timely seek relief. Judge
Neureiter’s Report and Recommendation concluded otherwise. He found it telling
that Defendants did not provide an affidavit expressing confusion or doubt about
whether the “Presubmittal Review” was a final action. This Court finds it far more
telling, however, that the County has explained that by law its staff cannot take

11

final action and that it chose not to send Defendants a form whose explicit purpose
is the approval or disapproval of an EFR application. 8
The Report and Recommendation cites T-Mobile South, LLC v. City of
Roswell, 574 U.S. 293 (2015), for the proposition that the specific words “deny” or
“denial” need not be used to communicate the denial of an application. That is so,
but does not alter the conclusion here. The holding in T-Mobile South was that (1) a
locality must give reasons to support its denial of an application, and (2) the reasons
need not necessarily appear “in the same writing that conveys the locality’s denial
of an application.” Id. at 815. Implicit in the Court’s holding is the notion that the
locality, at some point, must actually “convey[] the . . . denial of an application.” Id.
As discussed above, the County did not convey to the Defendants that their
application had been denied. It clearly did not approve the application, but neither
did it deny it. 9 The letter thus did not trigger Section 332’s timeline.

The County’s EFR application form includes a form to be filled out by the
County entitled “Eligible Facilities Request Determination.” Plaintiffs’ Ex. 7, at 8
(Doc. 63-8). At the bottom of that form are two optional boxes for the decision maker
to check. Next to the first box is the statement: “This project has been determined to
meet the definition of an Eligible Facility and is deemed approved as of _________
(date).” Id., at 9. The second option states: “This project exceeds one or more of the
Eligible Facility thresholds as noted below. The request is a substantial change and
is not approved as of _________ (date).” Id. The County’s failure to utilize that form,
but instead to communicate less formally, underscores that its Presubmittal Review
was not a final action.
8

Judge Neureiter also noted that at oral argument, Defendants’ counsel
admitted that “[i]t is clear . . . that the County believes that this is not properly filed
as an EFR. I completely agree that that is an accurate statement of what staff’s
opinion was.” As Defendants have pointed out, however, counsel stated in the very
next sentence, “Nothing in this document [i.e., the “Presubmittal Review”] says this
is a final determination by staff that this is a denied application, and that’s the
point that I think is critical – it’s subtle, but [the] critical difference between the two

9

12

2. The effect of the Deemed Grant letter
As described above, the parties engaged in a lengthy back and forth in the
summer and fall of 2017 before Crown Castle ultimately sent a Deemed Grant
Letter on December 1 of that year. The parties and the Recommendation spent a
significant amount of their time disputing the propriety of that letter at that time,
but it is ultimately of little import to the disposition of this case.
The Report and Recommendation concluded that the Deemed Grant Letter
“appears to have been a bullying tactic to force Douglas County into court as the
Plaintiff bearing the burden of proof when, for its part, Douglas County had acted in
a timely and appropriate fashion all along.” (Doc. 86 at 33). The Court does not
disagree that the County acted appropriately; it appears that it followed relatively
routine procedures for a local planning department. But particularly given the
Court’s conclusion that the County had not taken final action on the application one
way or another, the Court agrees with Crown Castle that the Deemed Grant Letter,
rather than a bullying tactic, is simply the means provided by the Rule for an
applicant to move the process along. See 47 C.F.R. § 1.6100(c)(4) (“In the event the
reviewing State or local government fails to approve or deny a request seeking
approval under this section within the timeframe for review (accounting for any
tolling), the request shall be deemed granted.”); In the Matter of Acceleration of
Broadband Deployment by Improving Wireless Facilities Siting Policies, FCC 14-153

things we’re talking about.” And as noted, as a matter of Colorado law, what County
staff believes cannot itself be final action.
13

(“2014 Order”) ¶ 227. (“[T]he text of Section 6409(a) supports adoption of a deemed
grant remedy, which will directly serve the broader goal of promoting the rapid
deployment of wireless infrastructure.”).
In light of the Court’s holding that the County’s “Presubmittal Review” was
not a final determination of the Defendants’ application, the 60-day shot clock set
forth in 47 C.F.R. § 1.6100(c)(2) continued to run. The regulation allows the shot
clock to be tolled if the parties mutually agree to tolling or if the locality determines
that the EFR application is incomplete, but there is no evidence in the record of
either of those circumstances. Accordingly, the deadline for the County to approve
or disapprove of the Defendants’ application expired on July 17, 2019 – 60 days
after the Defendants completed their application. 10
The application was therefore deemed granted as of December 1, 2017, when
Defendants advised the County of their view that the review period had expired. 47
C.F.R. § 1.6100(c)(4) (“The deemed grant does not become effective until the
applicant notifies the applicable reviewing authority in writing after the review
period has expired (accounting for any tolling) that the application has been deemed
granted.”). The County argues that Crown Castle had 30 days from the expiration of
the 60-day period in which to challenge the County’s failure to act either in court or
with a deemed grant letter. Plaintiff’s Motion, at 13-14 (Doc. 62). That is not how

The County argues that it subsequently sent a letter in November 2017
“reiterating” that the Defendants’ application had been rejected. As discussed
above, however, the County’s “Presubmittal Review” was not a final determination
as a matter of law. Since the County sent the November 2017 letter more than three
months after the expiration of the 60-day period, it was of no effect.

10

14

the deemed grant provision operates. The regulation does not specify a deadline by
which an applicant must send a deemed grant letter after expiration of the 60-day
shot clock. The FCC has stated that the “relevant event’ triggering the 30-day
deadline is “the date of the denial of the application or the date of the notification by
the applicant to the state or local authority of a deemed grant in accordance with
our rules . . .” 2014 Order ¶ 236. There having been no denial, the relevant event
was the Deemed Grant Letter, twenty-eight days after which Douglas County
brought this suit. 11
It is true this forces the local government to file the case as the plaintiff,
which means they carry the burden of proof. But in this case the parties have
agreed that the issues are purely legal, so that is of little practical import. While the
phrase “deemed granted” could suggest that the effect of such a letter is binding and
not subject to review, which would be significant indeed, that does not appear to be
the case. See id. ¶ 231 (“[A] State or local authority may challenge an applicant’s
written assertion of a deemed grant in any court of competent jurisdiction when it
believes the underlying application did not meet the criteria in Section 6409(a) for
mandatory approval.”). Instead, it appears Crown Castle is correct that the main

The County has never argued that its actions between June and November
2017 should be considered a “failure to act,” and so the Court need not consider
whether that clause of § 332 might have been triggered at some point prior to the
filing of this suit. Even so, it would seem that the best reading of the statute in
these circumstances is that since an applicant whose valid application a
government has failed to act upon has the right to the deemed granted remedy, they
cannot be “adversely affected” by a failure to act until their exercise of that remedy
is challenged.
11

15

effect of a deemed grant letter is purely procedural, a way for the applicant to “mark
the culmination of the application process” when there has not otherwise been a
final approval or denial by the locality. See Doc. 92 at 20. Thus, the letter had no
effect other than to force the County to decide whether to sue to block the changes
to the tower. They did, and the Court now turns to the merits.
B. Whether Defendants’ Application was a Valid EFR
The Spectrum Act was “designed to encourage the growth of a robust national
telecommunications network.” Montgomery County v. Federal Communications
Comm’n, 811 F.3d 121, 124-25 (4th Cir. 2015). It does so in part by preventing local
governments from unduly delaying relatively minor modifications to existing
cellular facilities. In particular, it specifies that local governments “may not deny,
and shall approve, any eligible facilities request for a modification of an existing
wireless tower . . . that does not substantially change the physical dimensions of
such tower . . . .” 47 U.S.C. § 1455(a)(1).
The Act does not define what constitutes a “substantial change” to the
“physical dimensions” of a tower, but FCC regulation provides that a proposed
modification “substantially changes the physical dimensions” of an existing tower if
it adds more than 10 percent or more than ten feet to the height (whichever is
greater) or adds an appurtenance wider than 20 feet. 47 C.F.R. § 1.6100(b)(7)(i–ii).
The parties agree that Defendants’ proposed cell tower modification did not exceed
these limits.

16

In addition to defining the physical dimensions of a “substantial change,”
however, the FCC’s regulation also states that a modification “substantially
changes the physical dimensions” of a tower if “[i]t would defeat the concealment
elements of the eligible support structure.” 47 C.F.R. § 1.6100(b)(7)(v). The core
question in this case, then, is whether the Defendants’ proposed expansion of the
canister at the top of the structure defeats the “concealment elements” of the tower.
The County can prevail on that question if three propositions are true:
1. The Rule’s concealment element clause and size limit clauses must each
be satisfied, rather than just one or the other,
2. The height and width of the original pole are “concealment elements”
under the Rule, and
3. The proposed alterations would defeat those elements.
The Rule is less than clear in certain respects. It provides no definition for
any of the operative words here (concealment, elements, defeat), for example. But as
to the first proposition here, the text of the Rule specifies that each of the clauses in
subsection (7) of the Rule are independent and separate criteria that cannot be
violated in order to qualify for mandatory approval. See 47 C.F.R. § 1.6100(b)(7) (“A
modification substantially changes the physical dimensions of an eligible support
structure if it meets any of the following criteria:”) (emphasis added)). Although as
explained below some of its arguments implicate this proposition in certain
circumstances, Crown Castle does not directly contest that in general the size and
concealment elements must both be satisfied to qualify as an EFR.

17

As noted, neither rule nor statute defines “concealment elements” and the
Court has not found or been pointed to any cases that do. The relevant dictionary
definition of “concealment” is:
•

“The action or an act of keeping something secret or hidden from
knowledge.”

and the relevant definition of “conceal” is:
•

“To keep the nature or identity of (a person or thing) secret; to
disguise.”

Oxford English Dictionary (3d ed. 2015).
“Element” is defined as:
•

“A component part of a complex whole”;

•

One of the facts or conditions which ‘enter into’ or determine the result
of a process, calculation, deliberation, or inquiry.”

Id.
The Court holds that “concealment elements” as used in subsection (7) of the
Rule include those specific, objective conditions or requirements placed on a facility
in order to help it blend in with surroundings or otherwise appear to be something
other than a wireless transmission facility. The parties and the Recommendation
spend a significant amount of time discussing what the proposed pole will look like.
See, e.g., Recommendation at 24–27 (Doc. 86). But based on this definition of
“concealment elements,” the Court agrees with Crown Castle that the case cannot
turn on either the County’s or a judge’s assessment of whether the proposed facility

18

looks enough like the rest of the utility poles in the area to blend in. That is the goal
of the concealment elements, but it is not an element itself. “Concealment elements”
then does not include the overall appearance of the structure, or what it is meant to
“look like,” but only the particularized conditions or steps that were imposed in
order to attempt to achieve “concealment.” This definition is not only consistent
with the plain meaning of the text but also the regulatory structure and the FCC’s
justification for the Rule. 12
The use of the word elements is particularly telling here. Had the FCC meant
to include a more generalized overview of the appearance of a facility, it could have
simply dropped the word “elements” entirely and the Rule would apply to any
change that defeats the “concealment” of the facility. Or, it could have used the
somewhat more common concept of the “stealth tower.” See, e.g., Alta Towers, LLC
v. City of New Braunfels, No. 5:16-CV-00726-XR, 2017 WL 2703585, at *5 (W.D.
Tex. June 22, 2017) (“Dictionary.com provides that a stealth tower is ‘any

As far as the Court has discovered, only one federal decision has addressed
the regulations at issue here. While not directly on point, it supports this
understanding of the text. In Montgomery County, Md. v. FCC, 811 F.3d 121 (4th
Cir. 2015), a coalition of local governments challenged the FCC’s adoption of the
regulations. The plaintiffs contended that “the term ‘substantial’ . . . is not
amenable to the objective standards the FCC has used, but instead requires a
contextual inquiry.” Id. at 130. The court rejected the plaintiffs’ argument, “given
that the provision at issues addresses ‘physical dimensions.’ It was not
unreasonable for the FCC to supply a strictly numerical definition of substantiality
in this context, because the physical dimensions of objects are, by their very nature,
suitable for regulation through quantifiable standards.” Id. Although the decision
does not specifically address the concealment elements provision, the Court finds in
the Fourth Circuit’s reasoning some support for an objective approach to the
“concealment elements” provision.
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telecommunications tower that is disguised or hidden to blend in with nature or
structures.’”). Instead, the Rule requires focusing on the elements used to achieve
concealment and stealth.
That those elements are specific, objective requirements such as size, shape,
color, faux tree branches is supported by the FCC’s justification for the rule. See
2014 Order ¶ 200 (noting that commenters “generally agree that a modification that
undermines the concealment elements of a stealth wireless facility, such as painting
to match the supporting façade or artificial tree branches, should be considered
substantial”). A more subjective, big-picture review of the appearance would also be
contrary to the FCC’s explicit rejection of local government commenters’ desire for
subjective and “context-specific” rules. See, e.g., id. at 227 (the statute’s “directive
leaves no room for a lengthy and discretionary approach”); ¶¶ 183-88 (describing
different approaches, and stating, “we adopt an objective standard for determining
when a proposed modification will ‘substantially change the physical dimensions’ of
an existing tower or base station”); ¶ 189 (“We initially conclude that we should
adopt a test [for what constitutes a substantial change] that is defined by specific,
objective factors rather than . . . contextual and entirely subjective standard[s]
. . . .”); ¶ 232 (noting that local governments “must determine, on a nondiscretionary and objective basis, whether an application fits within the parameters
of Section 6409(a)”).
So, a generalized desire that the pole look like a utility pole or blend in with
its surroundings is not, in itself, a concealment element under the Rule. But by the

20

same token, the undisputed facts in this case make it clear that the limitations on
height and width on the original pole imposed as part of the original approval
process are concealment elements. From the start of that process to the end, the
County insisted that the pole be made to look as much like existing utility poles in
the area as possible. See Plaintiff’s Ex. 1, at ¶¶ 15-17 (Doc. 63-1); Plaintiff’s Ex. 4, at
1 (Doc. 63-4). 13 The means of doing so (which is to say, the concealment elements)
included the shrouding of the antennas, the mandated paint color, and the height
and width of the pole. There is no explanation for why the 35-foot height and 18inch width limits were included in the approval documents other than to help match
other utility poles in the area, which was the clear concern of the original siting
approval process. In other words, the only apparent reason those particular
elements were included in the approval was to aid in the concealment of the facility.
They are, by definition then, concealment elements, which would be defeated by
Crown Castle’s proposed modification to expand the width of the concealment
shroud and increase the height of the pole.
Crown Castle makes both specific and general arguments against this
conclusion. The specific arguments are that the documents do not show that the
facility was required to “match” existing poles or state that that it was approved

In their summary judgment briefing, Defendants argued these documents
were not properly disclosed and therefore should not be considered. Judge Neureiter
rejected the argument (Doc. 86 at 8-9), and Defendants have not raised the
argument in their objections. Accordingly, the Court reviews Judge Neureiter’s
analysis of this argument for clear error. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b), Advisory Committee
Notes. The Court determines that Judge Neureiter’s analysis was correct, and
therefore adopts it.
13

21

because it included any particular stealth criteria. See Doc. 69 at 3-5, 9. These are
beside the point. As explained above, the question is whether the limits on height
and width are among the specific “facts or conditions” imposed as part of the
concealment design that the County demanded and the Defendants agreed to. While
it may be a wise practice going forward for parties building such facilities to clearly
label any “concealment elements,” there was no reason to do so before the passage of
the Spectrum Act and adoption of the Rule. And neither of those requires such
explicit specification of concealment elements even now, let alone looking back.
Crown Castle’s general point is more significant. The heart of its argument is
that “if the exact dimensions of a structure could themselves be concealment
elements, then no change to the physical dimensions of the structure would qualify
as an EFR.” (Doc. 69 at 5). This, it says, would effectively “write the word
‘substantially’ out of the statute and deprive it of all meaning.” Id. This argument is
not without some merit. The statute in question is, as modern federal statutes go,
surprisingly simple, stating merely that a local government must approve any
request “for a modification of an existing wireless tower or base station that does
not substantially change the physical dimensions of such tower or base station.” 47
U.S.C. § 1455(a). This seems to have been a bit too simple for the FCC, and so the
implementing regulations include the various provisions outlined above, among
others, along with the accompanying 155-page, 290-paragraph 2014 Order.
As Crown Castle notes, the statute speaks only of “substantial changes” to a
facility’s “physical dimensions,” and the Rule then sets explicit limits on what it

22

deems substantial changes in the physical size of an EFT. See 47 C.F.R.
1.6100(7)(i)-(iii). At least at first glance, it would seem to stretch the statute’s
language to impose additional restrictions on changes that impact concealment
elements when the Rule elsewhere has already stated what the FCC has
determined is a substantial change in physical dimensions.
Nevertheless, the Court does not agree with Crown Castle that this means
the concealment elements clause cannot be applied in this case. First, to the extent
the Defendants believe that the concealment elements clause is outside the
statutory authorization, they have not argued that it is invalid in general or as
applied. 14 The Court therefore proceeds on the assumption that the Rule as written
is valid. Second, the Court does not agree that recognizing that size limits can also
be concealment elements means that no change to a structure’s physical structure
will ever qualify as an EFR such that “substantially” is effectively written out of the
statute. For one thing, only a subset of facilities are “stealthy” at all, and only a
further subset of those will include strict size limitations among their concealment
elements. It is only in that sub-subset of structures whose size is a significant part
of their camouflage that this issue would arise.
But within that category, there can be little doubt that the Rule is meant to
exclude changes to concealment elements from the mandatory approval provisions,

Indeed, Defendants reluctantly recognize that the non-size requirements,
such as paint color and a shroud covering the antennas, are concealment elements.
Defendants’ S.J. Resp., at 4 (Doc. 69). Yet it is even harder to find the statutory
justification for such things, which have an even more tenuous connection to the
facility’s “physical dimensions.”

14

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even if they would otherwise be within the general size limits. As explained above,
the Rule’s plain language requires compliance with both provisions. If there were
doubt, 47 C.F.R. 1.6100(7)(vi) of the Rule should dispel it. There, the FCC addressed
other conditions on approval – that is, conditions that are not concealment
elements. The FCC required compliance with such other, non-concealment related
conditions put on the initial site approval, just as it did with concealment elements.
But tellingly, for those non-concealment conditions, the FCC explicitly wrote into
the subsection an exception for changes that comply with the Rule’s other height
and width limitations. See Rule at (7)(vi); see also 2014 Order at ¶ 200 (“[W]e agree
with municipal commenters that a change is substantial if it violates any condition
of approval . . . unless the non-compliance is due to an increase in height, increase
in width, addition of cabinets, or new excavation that does not exceed the
corresponding “substantial change” thresholds we identify above.”). This is precisely
what Crown Castle asks the Court to read into the concealment elements provision,
but the Court is not inclined to do so when the FCC chose to apply it only to other
conditions. 15
As a matter of statutory interpretation, the FCC appears to have concluded
that what constitutes a “significant change” in physical dimensions is different for
“stealth” facilities than for others. See 2014 Order at ¶ 200 (“We agree with

Defendant’s interpretation would have the Rule apply no differently if
subsection (7)(v) did not exist, effectively expanding the qualifications of (7)(vi).
Instead, the specific omission of (7)(v) from (7(vi)’s safe harbor clarifies the function
of concealment elements as independent of the dimensional harbors.
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commenters that in the context of a modification request related to concealed or
‘stealth’-designed facilities—i.e., facilities designed to look like some feature other
than a wireless tower or base station—any change that defeats the concealment
elements of such facilities would be considered a “substantial change.”) (emphasis
added); see also id. at ¶¶ 182-187 (discussing various comments on this clause). It
did so after significant input from industry as well as local governments, and with
apparent understanding of the consequences of the concealment elements clause. It
knew how to provide for an exemption for changes that otherwise comply with the
Rule’s size limits, and did so for certain original conditions of approval, but chose
not to for concealment elements.
Whether the Rule interpretation of the Act’s simple language is apt of no
moment; the FCC is empowered to interpret and enact regulations to execute the
Act, and the Defendants have not contested the Rule’s validity. As written and
explained by the FCC, the Rule excludes from the EFR process changes that would
in any way defeat a facility’s original concealment elements. It is true that in cases
such as this, where the concealment elements include specific height and width
limits, that means that the Rule’s more general size limits carry no weight, and it
also means that Crown Castle is right that no material changes to the physical
dimensions of the pole can be made under this expedited, mandatory-approval
process. But the FCC appears to have considered that possibility, and apparently

25

with the widespread support of the wireless industry, 16 chose not to permit such
changes merely because they complied with the new Rule’s size limits as it did for
conditions not related to concealment of a facility. The Court recognizes that for the
subset of facilities with size-related concealment elements, this may, as Crown
Castle argues, frustrate the goal of the Act and the Rule to speed up the process of
adding bandwidth and other improvements. 17 To the extent the rule strikes the
wrong balance in these cases, however, that is a matter for the FCC or Congress to
address. The Court must apply the rule as written, and as written, it excludes
Crown Castle’s application from the EFR process because it would defeat the
specific concealment elements that limit the size of the existing pole to 35 feet high
and 18 inches wide. 18
D.

Whether the County’s Actions “Prohibit or Have the Effect of
Prohibiting the Provision of Personal Wireless Services”

Crown Castle asserts an independent ground for relief under Section 704 of
the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (“TCA”), 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(i)(II), which
states that a locality’s regulation of the “placement, construction, and modification

See 2014 Order at 200 (noting that the blanket exclusion of changes to
concealment elements “is widely supported by both wireless industry and municipal
commenters.”)
16

Of course, it reinforces another goal: to “address municipalities’ concerns over
impacts to aesthetics and other local values.” Id. at 7.
17

Crown Castle has not argued that, if the size limits are concealment elements
their proposed changes would somehow not “defeat” them. Indeed, they concede the
opposite: “if the exact dimensions of a structure could themselves be concealment
elements, then no change to the physical dimensions of the structure would qualify
as an EFR.” Doc. 69 at 5. The Court therefore need not decide here whether some
sort of de minimus alteration to a concealment element would still qualify.
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26

of personal wireless services . . . shall not prohibit or have the effect of prohibiting
the provision of personal wireless services.” The Defendants claim that the County
has violated this provision of the TCA.
The Tenth Circuit has held that the test for assessing a claim under Section
704 is whether (1) preventing construction of the proposed facilities prevents the
cellular provider entity from closing a “significant gap” in existing services, and
(2) the proposed facilities were “the least intrusive means” of closing that gap.
AT&T Mobility Servs., LLC v., Village of Corrales, 642 F. App’x 886, 889 (10th Cir.
2016). Although the Defendants cite to an FCC Infrastructure Order suggesting
that this significant gap/least intrusive means test is overly rigid, the Tenth Circuit
has not adopted that view.
Crown Castle has submitted evidence that there is a “significant gap” in
existing services that would be remedied by an expansion of the existing cell tower,
and the County does not appear to dispute that evidence. The County does dispute,
however, that the Defendants’ proposed modification was the least intrusive means
of closing the gap. The Court agrees with Judge Neureiter’s observation that the
County was open to other alternatives for modifying the tower, such as a windmill
or silo design, that the Defendants could have pursued but did not. Having chosen
to follow the Deemed Grant Letter route rather than the alternative modifications
suggested by the County, the Defendants cannot credibly argue that the County
prohibited them from providing wireless services.

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Thus, setting aside the entirely separate issue of whether the Defendants’
proposed modification would have “substantially change[d] the physical dimensions”
of the tower, the Court holds that the Defendants are not entitled to summary
judgment on their prohibition claim under Section 704 of the TCA.
III.

CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court ADOPTS in part and REJECTS in

part the Report and Recommendation (Doc. 86), as modified and explained herein.
The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Summary Judgment Motion (Doc. 62) in part.
The Court DECLARES that Defendants’ proposal is not an eligible facilities
request under 47 U.S.C. § 1455(a)(1) and 47 C.F.R. § 1.6100. The Court DENIES
the remainder of Plaintiff’s Summary Judgment Motion and DENIES Defendants’
Summary Judgment Motion (Doc. 61). The Clerk of Court is directed to enter
declaratory judgment in Plaintiff’s favor on Count III of its Complaint (Doc. 1). All
other claims and counterclaims are hereby DISMISSED.
Dated: September 9, 2019.
BY THE COURT:
/S/ Daniel D. Domenico
Daniel D. Domenico
United States District Judge

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