General Re Life Corporation v. Lincoln National Life Insurance Co.
Filing
56
ORDER granting Lincoln National's 45 Motion for Judgment; granting 46 Sealed Motion. As discussed in the attached Order, General Re's 1 Petition is also denied and Lincoln's 21 22 Cross-Petition is also granted. This Order confirms the arbitrators' Final Award as clarified. The Clerk of the Court is directed to enter judgment accordingly and to close this case. Signed by Judge Victor A. Bolden on 3/31/2017. (Chen, C.)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT
GENERAL RE LIFE CORPORATION,
Plaintiff,
No. 15-cv-1860 (VAB)
v.
LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE
COMPANY,
Defendant.
RULING AND ORDER
Pending before the Court is (1) General Re Life Corporation’s (“General Re” or “Gen
Re”) Petition to Confirm the Final Arbitration Award and Vacate the Arbitrators’ Purported
Clarification of the Final Award (the “Petition”), ECF No. 1, (2) Lincoln National Life Insurance
Company’s (“Lincoln”) Cross-Petition to Confirm Arbitration Award as Clarified (the “CrossPetition”), ECF No. 21; ECF No. 22, and (3) Lincoln’s Motion to Enter Judgment (the
“Motion”), ECF No. 45; ECF No. 46.
For the reasons that follow, the Petition is DENIED, the Cross-Petition is GRANTED,
and the Motion is GRANTED.
I.
BACKGROUND
General Re entered into an Automatic Self-Administered YRT Reinsurance Agreement
(the “Agreement” or the “Treaty”) with Lincoln effective January 1, 2002. See Treaty, ECF No.
7-1. Under the Agreement, General Re reinsured a portion of various individual life insurance
products issued by Lincoln and also had a unilateral right to increase the reinsurance premiums
so long as the new rates were based solely on a change in anticipated mortality. Treaty, Ex. C-1,
¶ 7. In the event that General Re exercised its right to raise rates, however, the Agreement
1
allowed Lincoln to “recapture” its life insurance policies, i.e., to terminate the reinsurance going
forward rather than pay the increased premiums. Id. The Agreement did not provide a specific
methodology for implementing this right of recapture. Exhibit F of the Agreement did provide,
under “Remittance Reporting,” that Lincoln “will take credit, without interest, for any unearned
premiums arising due to reductions, cancellations or death claims.” Treaty, Ex. F.
In March 2014, General Re exercised its right to increase the reinsurance rates effective
April 1, 2014. See 6/4/2014 Letter, ECF No. 7-2 (noting that General Re had sent a letter on
March 28, 2014 regarding a rate increase). In response, on June 4, 2014, Lincoln demanded
arbitration. Id.
The dispute was submitted to a panel of three arbitrators. A hearing before the arbitrators
began on June 15, 2015. See 6/15/2015 Hearing Trans., ECF No. 7-8. During the hearing, the
parties devoted very little time to discussing the terms of recapture.1 See generally Full Hearing
Trans., ECF No. 22-3. On July 1, 2015, a majority of the arbitrators issued the Final Arbitration
Award (the “Final Award”). On November 19, 2015, a different majority issued the
Clarification of Final Arbitration Award (the “Clarification”).
A.
The Final Award
Umpire Barbara Niehus and Arbitrator Denis Loring signed the Final Award. Arbitrator
Thomas Zurek dissented. See Final Award, ECF No. 7-13. Niehus and Loring concluded that
there had been a change in anticipated mortality, and that General Re was therefore entitled to a
rate increase. Id. ¶ 2. If Lincoln elected to recapture in the event of a rate increase, the Final
1
The vast majority of the hearing was devoted to the core issue in the dispute, the question of whether there had
been a change in anticipated mortality and whether General Re was, therefore, entitled to a rate increase. The
parties’ discussion of how recapture would proceed was limited to brief comments repeating what little information
on the subject was included in the parties’ pre-hearing briefs and proposed awards. See Full Hearing Trans. 1248:38, 1248:25-1249:15, 1255:22-1256:16.
2
Award provided that this recapture would be effective retroactive to April 1, 2014. Id. ¶ 6.a.
The Final Award further provided the following:
The Panel finds that, since Lincoln demanded arbitration in June 2014, the parties
have continued to administer the reinsured business under the original Treaty terms.
The Panel further finds that General Re has incurred expenses and capital costs
associated with the reinsured business during that time. Therefore, if Lincoln
recaptures the reinsured business, the Panel orders that the following shall occur:
i. All premium and claim transactions paid by one party to the other following the
effective date of the recapture (i.e., from April 1, 2014) shall be unwound.
ii. Lincoln shall reimburse General Re for the expenses and cost of capital that
General Re incurred in providing reinsurance to Lincoln since that date. The
Panel finds that the single life expense assumption of 5% of premium used in
General Re’s original Treaty pricing . . . shall be applied to all premiums that
would have been paid by Lincoln based on the original Treaty premium rates.
iii. The Parties shall promptly work together to agree upon the amount of premium
and claims to be unwound, and the expenses associated with the administration
of the reinsured business. Any disagreement over the calculations shall
promptly be submitted to the Panel for resolution pursuant to ¶ 9, below. The
party with the net balance owing shall remit its payment to the other party
within 90 days of this Award.
Id. ¶ 6.b.2
The Final Award then ordered that “[a]ll other requests for relief from the parties are
denied,” id. ¶ 8, and that “[t]he Panel shall retain jurisdiction over this matter to the extent
necessary to resolve any dispute over the calculation and payment of the amounts awarded
herein,” id. ¶ 9. This retention of jurisdiction would “extend until either (i) the date on which
Lincoln pays General Re the amounts ordered in ¶ 5 [the “Payment of Premium” section] of this
Award, or (ii) the date on which Lincoln recaptures the business reinsured under the Treaty and
all associated balances due are paid, as provided in ¶ 6 of this Award.” Id.
2
Zurek explicitly dissented from this portion of the Final Award. See ECF No. 7-14 at 2. However, Zurek’s dissent
discusses only his analysis of the change in anticipated mortality issue, and does not touch upon recapture at all.
3
Paragraph 6.b.i. of the Final Award adopted the language regarding recapture that
General Re had proposed to the arbitrators. See Gen Re Proposed Final Arbitration Award ¶
6.b.i., ECF No. 7-10; see also Gen Re Pre-Hearing Br. at 34, ECF No. 7-4; Gen Re Opening
Statement PPT at 46, ECF No. 7-6; Gen Re Closing Statement PPT at 142, ECF No. 7-7.
Because Lincoln’s position was that General Re’s rate increase was improper, Lincoln’s
submissions to the arbitrators contained very little discussion of proposed terms for recapture.3
See Lincoln Pre-Hearing Br. at 21, ECF No. 7-5 (discussing recapture only to the extent of
arguing that “no provision in the Treaty . . . requires notice within 30 days” if Lincoln exercises
right to recapture “and no provision in the Treaty . . . imposes the conditions on recapture that
Gen Re requests the Panel declare”). Lincoln’s proposed award did not, therefore, contain any
language regarding how recapture should proceed. See generally Lincoln Proposed Final Award,
ECF No. 7-11.
B.
Recapture Dispute
Following the arbitrators’ issuance of the Final Award, Lincoln and General Re
communicated by e-mail regarding how to calculate the recapture payments under the Final
Award, should Lincoln invoke its right to recapture. See generally Recapture E-mails,
10/26/2015 Letter Ex. B, ECF No. 7-16. The parties differed in their interpretation of the
methodology for calculating the recapture payments. Id. at 1-7. General Re believed that
paragraph 6.b.i. of the Final Award required “reversing all cash transactions” from the April 1,
2014 effective date of recapture. Id. at 6. Lincoln believed a “recapture effective 4/1/14” meant
that Lincoln would “pay back all claims with dates of 4/1/14 and later”; “Gen Re would return
premiums paid prior to 4/1/14, but unearned as of 4/1/14” to Lincoln; and “Gen Re would return
3
Under the terms of the Treaty, Lincoln would only have the right to “recapture” the life insurance policies if
General Re raised rates due to a change in anticipated mortality. Treaty, Ex. C-1, ¶ 7.
4
all premiums paid for other coverage 4/1/14 and later.” Id. at 7. Lincoln also argued that
General Re’s calculations improperly “use[d] all claim payments made 4/1/14 and later
regardless of date of death,” while Lincoln “only use[d] claims where the [date of death] was
after the recapture effective date,” believing that General Re remained “responsible for all claims
prior to this date.” Id. at 4. General Re’s methodology and calculations indicated that General
Re owed Lincoln $5,484,106.4 Id. at 6. Lincoln’s position was that General Re actually owed
Lincoln approximately $18.5 million5. See Lincoln Spreadsheet, 10/26/2015 Letter Ex. A, ECF
No. 7-16.
On September 28, 2015, Lincoln formally notified General Re by email that Lincoln was
invoking its right to recapture. Recapture E-mails at 5. The parties continued to communicate
by e-mail regarding their differing interpretations of the amount of recapture payments that were
required under the Final Award. Id. at 1-5.
In a letter dated October 13, 2015, General Re notified Lincoln that it would be remitting
to Lincoln $5,484,106, claiming that this amount represented the net recapture balance, based on
all premium and claim payments that had been made between the parties from April 1, 2014.
4
According to General Re’s calculations, the $5,484,106 represented a total of:
Return premium paid 4/1/2014 – 9/3/2015:
($32,901,297)
Reimbursement for expenses and cost of capital:
$1,645,065
Reimbursement for claims (incl int) paid 4/1/2014 – 9/3/2015
$34,472,126
Return payment of estimated additional premium less experience refund
($8,700,000)
Total Payment from/(to) Lincoln:
($5,484,106)
5
According to Lincoln, an estimate of the roughly $18.5 million that General Re owed it represented a total of:
Result of General Re’s Calculation
$5,484,106
Premiums General Re received prior to 4/1/14 but unearned as of 4/1/14
$9,985,906
Claims incurred prior to 4/1/14 but reported or paid after 4/1/14
$8,532,220
Difference in cost of capital calculation due to differing premium base
$78,961
Premium payments made on 4/1/14 (typically covering March renewals)
($1,238,632)
Premiums paid 4/1/14 or later to reconcile earlier coverage periods
($359,319)
Claims pending but unpaid as of 8/31/15
($3,809,002)
Total Payment to/(from) Lincoln:
$18,664,180
5
See 10/13/2015 Letter, ECF No. 7-16. Lincoln accepted without reservation the promised wire
transfer on October 15, 2015. See Gen Re Br. at 8, ECF No. 7.
C.
The Clarification
On October 26, 2015, Lincoln submitted a letter to the arbitrators asking them to resolve
a dispute between the parties as to how to read paragraph 6.b.i. of the Final Award. See
10/26/2015 Letter, ECF No. 7-15. Lincoln’s letter reiterated the position that it had taken in its
communications with General Re that General Re’s proposed calculation should be adjusted by:
“returning to Lincoln the unearned portion of premiums paid prior to April 1, 2014”; “paying to
Lincoln claims with a date of death prior to April 1, 2014”; and “removing from the calculation
those premiums paid or on subsequent to April 1, 2014 but relating to prior coverage periods.”
Id. at 3.
In support of its argument, Lincoln referred to Exhibit F of the Treaty, which provided
that Lincoln “will take credit, without interest, for any unearned premiums arising due to
reductions, cancellations, or death claims.” Id. at 5. Lincoln also argued that the Final Award
had retained the arbitrators’ jurisdiction to resolve disagreements over the calculation of the
recapture payments and that the current dispute was one regarding whether the Final Award
“compels the recapture calculation that Gen Re asserts is required.” Id. at 7.
On November 4, 2015, General Re submitted its objection to the arbitrators. 11/4/2015
Letter, ECF No. 7-17. General Re argued that Lincoln’s request was beyond the authority of the
arbitrators because it sought reconsideration of and a fundamental change to the recapture
methodology unambiguously ordered in the Final Award. Id. at 6-10.
6
On November 19, 2015, Niehus and Zurek signed the Clarification, from which Loring
dissented. Clarification, ECF No. 7-19. Zurek had not been a signatory of the Final Award,
while Loring had been. Clarification Dissent, ECF No. 7-20.
The Clarification stated that the Final Award contained “ambiguities requiring
clarification,” Clarification at 1, ECF No. 7-19. The Clarification concluded that both Lincoln
and General Re were reading paragraph 6.b.i. of the Final Award in a manner inconsistent with
the language of the Treaty, and that paragraph 6.b.i. “is not intended to and does not change the
terms of the Treaty.” Id. at 2.
The Clarification provided, in relevant part, that “[w]hen read in the context of recapture
under the Treaty, paragraph 6.b.i only deals with prospective unwinding of premiums and claims
transactions beginning April 1, 2014,” and “when read in context of the Treaty, Paragraph 6bi
entitles Gen Re to retain the unearned premium it held as of the date of recapture.” Clarification.
at 2, ECF No. 7-10. The Clarification further provided that:
When read in context of the Treaty, Paragraph 6bi requires Gen Re to be liable for
claims for which it retains premium. Therefore, Gen Re must pay reinsurance
benefits to Lincoln pursuant to the Treaty for Lincoln insureds who died during a
period covered by premium paid by Lincoln to Gen Re regardless of whether the
death claims were paid by Lincoln before, on, or after April 1, 2014.
Id. at 3. The Clarification also pointed to two relevant provisions of the Treaty. Id. at 2-3.
First, the Clarification noted that Exhibit F of the Treaty provided, in relevant part, that
Lincoln “will take credit, without interest, for any unearned premiums arising due to reductions,
cancellations or death claims.” Clarification at 2; see also Treaty, Ex. F. The Clarification
noted that Exhibit F did not provide for credit of unearned premiums to Lincoln in the event of
recapture, thus, when read in context of the Treaty, paragraph 6.b.i entitled Gen Re to retain the
unearned premiums it held as of the day of recapture. Clarification at 2.
7
Second, the Clarification pointed to Section 4.1 of the Treaty, which provided, in relevant
part that:
[General Re’s] liability to [Lincoln] for the reinsurance due shall be based on the
net amount of risk at the time of the Insured Individual death. [General Re’s]
liability to [Lincoln] for the net amount at risk on a Policy that is reinsured shall
be determined based on a ratio of [General Re’s] liability to the total net amount
at risk under the policy at the time the reinsurance is placed. [General Re] shall
share in any decrease in the net amount at risk in proportion to its share of the
reinsurance on the Policy.
Clarification at 3. The Clarification concluded that, when read in context of the treaty, paragraph
6.b.i required Gen Re to be liable for any claims for which it retained the premium. Id.
The Clarification therefore ordered that General Re could keep all premiums paid to it
before April 1, 2014, including the portions that represented unearned premiums, but that it also
would be responsible for paying claims for all covered deaths, even if those deaths occurred on
or after April 1, 2014. Under the Clarification, General Re would also have to continue to accept
and pay new claims arising on or after April 1, 2014, if the premium covering the date of death
had been paid to General Re before that date. The Final Award as clarified requires that General
Re make an additional recapture payment to Lincoln of around $17 million to $18 million. See
Gen Re Br. at 11, ECF No. 7; Lincoln Br. at 6, ECF No. 22-7
General Re filed the Petition to confirm the original Final Award with this Court on
December 22, 2015, ECF No. 1, and Lincoln filed the Cross-Petition to confirm the Clarification
on January 19, 2016. ECF No. 21. Lincoln filed a Motion for Judgment on April 25, 2016,
requesting that the Court confirm the Clarification. ECF No. 46. The Court held a hearing on
the matter on June 28, 2016. ECF No. 55.
8
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1 et seq. (“FAA”) “provides the exclusive, and
limited, authority for federal court review of an arbitral award.” Arrowood Indem. Co. v.
Trustmark Ins. Co., 938 F. Supp. 2d 267, 272 (D. Conn. 2013), aff’d, 560 F. App’x 75 (2d Cir.
2014) (citing Hall St. Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc., 552 U.S. 576 (2008)).
The FAA provides a streamlined process for a party seeking a judicial decree
confirming an award, an order vacating it, or an order modifying or correcting it.
Normally, confirmation of an arbitration award is a summary proceeding that
merely makes what is already a final arbitration award a judgment of the court, and
the court must grant the award unless the award is vacated, modified, or corrected.
But arbitration awards are not self-enforcing. Rather, they must be given force and
effect by being converted to judicial orders by courts.
R & Q Reinsurance Co. v. Utica Mut. Ins. Co., 18 F. Supp. 3d 389, 392 (S.D.N.Y. 2014)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Section 10 of the FAA allows a district court to vacate an
arbitration award only in narrow circumstances including, in relevant part, “where the arbitrators
exceeded their powers.” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4).
Furthermore, “[r]eview of an arbitral award by a district court is severely limited so as
not unduly to frustrate the goals of arbitration – namely to settle disputes efficiently and avoid
long and expensive litigation.” R & Q Reinsurance, 18 F. Supp. 3d at 392 (quotation marks
omitted). Accordingly, the Second Circuit “has repeatedly recognized the strong deference
appropriately due arbitral awards and the arbitral process, and has limited its review of
arbitration awards in obeisance to that process.” Porzig v. Dresdner, Kleinwort, Benson, N. Am.
LLC, 497 F.3d 133, 138 (2d Cir. 2007). Courts “encourage and support the use of arbitration by
consenting parties” and “use[] an extremely deferential standard of review for arbitral awards.”
Id. at 138-39.
9
The Second Circuit has therefore recognized that the “intent of a panel of arbitrators
should not be frustrated merely because,” for example, “its members may have misinterpreted
the law.” Americas Ins. Co. v. Seagull Compania Naviera, S.A., 774 F.2d 64, 66-67 (2d Cir.
1985). Thus, whenever an arbitration award is “indefinite, incomplete, or ambiguous,” a court
should remand the award to the arbitrators, “so that the court will know exactly what it is being
asked to enforce.” Rich v. Spartis, 516 F.3d 75, 83 (2d Cir. 2008) (citing Ottley v. Schwartzberg,
819 F.2d 373 (2d Cir.1987)). Other courts also recognize that remand to the arbitrators for
clarification of an ambiguous award “is consistent with the policy of judicial restraint that is the
thrust of federal arbitral jurisprudence because it gives the arbitrator the opportunity to clarify an
award with respect to which an ambiguity has arisen rather than forcing the court to interpolate
its own estimate of the arbitrator's intent.” Office & Prof'l Employees Int'l Union, Local No. 471
v. Brownsville Gen. Hosp., 186 F.3d 326, 332 (3d Cir. 1999). “Such a remand avoids the court's
misinterpretation of the award and is therefore more likely to give the parties the award for
which they bargained.” Id.
The Second Circuit has, therefore, vacated a district court order that confirmed an
arbitration award in a way that “effect[ed] a setoff [from a separate arbitration award] that may
not have been intended by the arbitrators,” where the underlying award was unclear as to
whether the arbitrators intended for there to be a setoff. Americas Ins., 774 F.2d at 66. Instead,
the Second Circuit required the district court to remand the award to the arbitrators for
clarification. Id. (noting that “[n]o provision was made for setoff or net recovery” in the award
at issue which was unusual because “where marine arbitrators are asked to adjust crossclaims, it
is extremely rare for them not to combine the claims and reduce them to one award” which the
district court then did on its own).
10
Similarly, courts often defer to an arbitrator’s interpretation that an original award as
ambiguous and in need of clarification. See Marine Office, Inc. v. Transfercom Ltd., No. 08CIV-10367 (PGG), 2009 WL 1025965, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 15, 2009) (“[I]f the panel believed
that this issue was one that could be resolved through a ‘clarification’ of an ambiguity in the
Final Award, it would not have been barred from reconsideration by the functus officio
doctrine.”); Clarendon Nat. Ins. Co. v. TIG Reinsurance Co., 183 F.R.D. 112, 117 (S.D.N.Y.
1998) (taking into account that “that the arbitrators acknowledged a mathematical error” as an
“equitable factor[]” weighing in favor of finding arbitrators’ clarification proper).
Despite the “strong deference” that courts generally accord to arbitrators and arbitration
awards, Porzig, 497 F.3d at 138, the scope of arbitrators’ powers is also circumscribed in that,
“[o]nce arbitrators have finally decided the submitted issues, they are, in common-law parlance,
‘functus officio,’ meaning that their authority over those questions is ended.” Trade & Transp.,
Inc. v. Nat. Petroleum Charterers Inc., 931 F.2d 191, 195 (2d Cir. 1991). Consequently,
arbitrators are generally not permitted, absent an agreement by the parties to the contrary, to
reconsider their adjudication of an issue. See, e.g., id.; T.Co Metals, LLC v. Dempsey Pipe &
Supply, Inc., 592 F.3d 329, 342-43 (2d Cir. 2010).
“The policy underlying [the doctrine of functus officio] is an unwillingness to permit one
who is not a judicial officer and who acts informally and sporadically, to re-examine a final
decision which he has already rendered, because of the potential evil of outside communication
and unilateral influence which might affect a new conclusion.” Colonial Penn Ins. Co. v. Omaha
Indem. Co., 943 F.2d 327, 331-32 (3d Cir. 1991).
11
II.
DISCUSSION
In this case, which presents a challenging question of law and involves significant
financial stakes6, the confirmation of the arbitrators’ award, as clarified, is warranted.
The relevant provision of the Final Award may have appeared to provide clear guidance
on the parties’ obligations, if Lincoln elected to recapture, that “[a]ll premium and claim
transactions paid by one party to the other” after April 1, 2014 “shall be unwound.” Final Award
¶ 6.b.i. Nevertheless, the parties interpreted the Final Award in dramatically different ways and,
upon the parties’ submission of the dispute to the arbitrators, the arbitrators found “ambiguities
requiring clarification” in the award and presented a third interpretation of the recapture
provision that was “contrary to the interpretations of [both of] the parties.” Clarification at 2.
As a result, consistent with the applicable law, confirming this award as clarified defers
to the arbitrators, whose authority was properly exercised to address an ambiguity in the Final
Award and avoids a consequence significantly at odds with the underlying agreement between
the parties, the Treaty.
Courts continue to be unanimous in recognizing and applying the doctrine of functus
officio7. Courts also “recognize[] several exceptions” to the doctrine “that permit an arbitrator to
reconsider an award, even if the doctrine of functus officio applies.” Employers' Surplus Lines
Ins. Co. v. Glob. Reinsurance Corp.-U.S. Branch, No. 07-CIV-2521 (HB), 2008 WL 337317, at
*4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 6, 2008) (citing Hyle v. Doctor’s Assocs., Inc., 198 F.3d 368, 370 (2d Cir.
6
See Lincoln Br. at 6 (“Gen Re’s Brief states that Gen Re calculates the effect of the Clarification as requiring an
additional recapture payment to Lincoln of $17 million. Lincoln calculates the additional amount due as more than
$18 million.”). The Court also notes that, while the amount at stake is substantial, this dispute and the underlying
arbitration proceedings concerned only a portion of the business between General Re and Lincoln. See Gen Re PreHearing Br. at 4 (“Gen Re has a substantial and longstanding business relationship with Lincoln. . . . There are
numerous treaties between the parties, including YRT and coinsurance agreements covering term and permanent life
products, as well as disability and long term care products.”)
7
The Court can identify no precedent where any court allowed arbitrators to amend an original final arbitration
award without first identifying an exception to the functus officio doctrine.
12
1999)). In addition to an agreement by the parties to allow the arbitrators to revisit an award,
there are three commonly recognized exceptions to the doctrine of functus officio: “(1) an
arbitrator can correct a mistake which is apparent on the face of his award; (2) where the award
does not adjudicate an issue which has been submitted, then as to such issue the arbitrator has not
exhausted his function and it remains open to him for subsequent determination; and (3) where
the award, although seemingly complete, leaves doubt whether the submission has been fully
executed, an ambiguity arises which the arbitrator is entitled to clarify.” Colonial Penn, 943
F.2d at 332 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Clarendon, 183 F.R.D. at 116.
Under the three exceptions to the functus officio doctrine, the arbitrators’ clarification or
correction must not modify or alter the original award. See Kennecott Utah Copper Corp. v.
Becker, 186 F.3d 1261, 1272 (10th Cir. 1999) (“[Plaintiff] has thus failed to demonstrate that the
letter augmented or altered the award in any way. . . . The letter thus fell within the clarification
and/or completion exceptions to the functus officio doctrine.”); Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics
& Allied Workers Int'l Union, AFL-CIO, CLC, Local 182B v. Excelsior Foundry Co., 56 F.3d
844, 847 (7th Cir. 1995) (“Glass Molders”) (“These questions . . . can fairly be characterized as
‘interpretive,’ allowing the [plaintiffs] to crawl through the loophole in the doctrine of functus
officio for clarification or completion, as distinct from alteration, of the arbitral award.”).
Instead, the arbitrators should only clarify the meaning of the award. See Waveform Telemedia,
Inc. v. Panorama Weather N. Am., No. 06-CIV-5270 (CM) (MDF), 2007 WL 678731, at *8
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2007) (approving of clarification where “the modification made by [the
arbitrator] did not modify the spirit and basic effect of the award” (internal quotation marks
omitted)); All Seasons Servs., Inc. v. Guildner, 94 Conn. App. 1, 11 (2006) (approving of
13
clarification because “[c]ontrary to the defendant's contention, the arbitrator's letter did not
modify any substantive content of the original award, but merely explained its meaning”).
Lincoln does not argue that the Final Award contained “a mistake which is apparent on
the face” of the award, Colonial Penn, 943 F.2d at 332, nor that the Final Award did not
adjudicate the issue of recapture, which had been submitted to the arbitrators. Lincoln Br. at 1-2.
Instead, Lincoln argues that the Final Award contained an ambiguity that required clarification.
Id.
An arbitrators’ clarification of an ambiguity within an original award “is not within the
policy which forbids an arbitrator to redetermine an issue which he has already decided, for there
is no opportunity for redetermination on the merits of what has already been decided.” La Vale
Plaza, Inc. v. R. S. Noonan, Inc., 378 F.2d 569, 573 (3d Cir. 1967). “Instead, the clarification of
an ambiguity closely resembles the correction of a mistake apparent on the face of the award and
the determination of an issue which the arbitrators had failed to decide.” Id. (ordering arbitrator
to clarify award in order “to remove the cloud of doubt as to whether they considered the
payment of $56,429.66 [made during the pendency of the arbitration proceedings] in making
their award” of $30,861.64 and noting that this would “in no way reopen the merits of the
controversy”). Arbitrators must be allowed to clarify such ambiguities “so that the court will
know exactly what it is being asked to enforce” when parties ask for judicial enforcement of the
award. Americas Ins., 774 F.2d at 67.
The provision of the original Final Award at issue, paragraph 6.b.i, orders that “[a]ll
premium and claim transactions paid by one party to the other . . . from April 1, 2014” are to be
refunded. Final Award ¶ 6.b.i. The Clarification indicated that the panel believed that “the
[Final Award] contain[ed] ambiguities requiring clarification,” in part because both parties
14
interpreted paragraph 6.b.i “in a way that is inconsistent with the language of the Treaty,” such
that clarification “for the parties and any court of competent jurisdiction . . . to be able to discern
how to enforce effectuate and calculate the economics of the Award” was required. Clarification
at 1. The Clarification provided, in relevant part, that “[w]hen read in the context of recapture
under the Treaty, paragraph 6.b.i only deals with prospective unwinding of premiums and claims
transactions beginning April 1, 2014,” and “when read in context of the Treaty, Paragraph 6.b.i
entitles Gen Re to retain the unearned premium it held as of the date of recapture.” Id. at 2. The
Clarification also concluded that, when read in context of the Treaty, paragraph 6.b.i required
Gen Re to be liable for any claims for which it retained the premium. Id.
General Re and Lincoln’s original positions regarding the Final Award’s implications and
the Final Award as clarified present three different interpretations of how recapture should
proceed:
General Re’s position, beginning from the first discussions it had with Lincoln following
the arbitrators’ issuance of the Final Award, has been that the Final Award “revers[es] all
cash transactions” between General Re and Lincoln occurring after the April 1, 2014
effective date of recapture. See Recapture E-Mails at 6; Gen Re Br. at 1-2.
Lincoln’s position, prior to requesting clarification from the arbitrators, was that the
recapture should effectively end the reinsurance arrangement covered by the treaty as of
April 1, 2014, which required, in most relevant part, that General Re return premiums
that had been paid to it before that date but that remained “unearned” because they
covered a later period, but also meant that General Re would not be liable for any claims
arising after April 1, 2014. See Recapture E-Mails at 4, 7.
The Final Award as clarified provides that General Re shall “retain the unearned
premiums” that it “held as of” April 1, 2014, but that General Re must also “pay
reinsurance benefits to Lincoln” for any “insureds who died during a period covered by
premium paid by Lincoln to Gen Re” and that General Re was retaining. Clarification at
1-2. Thus, General Re would remain liable for certain “death claims [that] were paid by
Lincoln before, on, or after April 1, 2014,” the effective date of recapture. Id. at 2.
The Clarification also provided two examples illustrating the arbitrators’ interpretations of the
Final Award as clarified. Id. at 2.
15
Consistent with the law discussed above, the Clarification must meet two requirements to
survive vacatur. First, in order for the arbitrators to have had authority to issue the Clarification,
this provision of the Final Award must be found to have been ambiguous. Second, the
Clarification must merely clarify the ambiguity and not substantively change the Final Award.
Because the Court finds that the Final Award was ambiguous and that the Clarification properly
clarified the ambiguity, General Re’s Petition to confirm the Final Award is denied, Lincoln’s
Cross-Petition to confirm the Clarification is granted, and Lincoln’s Motion to enter judgment in
accordance with the Clarification is granted. As a preliminary matter, however, the Court will
first address two procedural issues: (1) whether Lincoln properly raised the issue of the recapture
methodology in arbitration such that Lincoln may raise the issue before the Court now; and (2)
whether the Clarification was timely issued.
A.
Preliminary Issues
1.
The Timeliness of Lincoln’s Objections
General Re argues, in part, that Lincoln failed to raise arguments objecting to General
Re’s proposed recapture methodology until after the arbitrators issued the Final Award8. See
Gen Re Conf. Br. at 8-9, ECF No. 7 (“Lincoln supported this purported ‘clarification’ with new
arguments that it could have made in the arbitration – but for its own strategic reasons opted not
to.”). “Failure to raise an issue in an arbitration proceeding waives the issue in a confirmation or
enforcement proceeding.” Am. Nursing Home v. Local 144 Hotel, Hosp., Nursing Home &
Allied Servs. Union, SEIU, AFL-CIO, No. 89-CIV-1704 (DNE), 1992 WL 47553, at *4
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 4, 1992); see also United Food & Commercial Workers Local 100A v. John
Hofmeister & Son, Inc., 950 F.2d 1340, 1343-45 (7th Cir. 1991) (“Failure to present the issue
8
General Re raises this issue as part of its discussion of the “Factual Background” of this case, rather than as part of
its “Argument.” See Gen Re Br. at 8-9.
16
and evidence below before the arbitrator waives the issue in an enforcement proceeding.”
(internal quotation marks omitted)).
The Courts finds that Lincoln did, however, raise arguments objecting to General Re’s
proposed recapture methodology before the arbitration panel, both (1) prior to the hearing and
the arbitrators’ issuance of the Final Award and (2) prior to the arbitrators’ issuance of the
Clarified Award. Specifically, Lincoln’s pre-hearing brief discussed recapture to the extent of
arguing that “no provision in the Treaty . . . requires notice within 30 days” if Lincoln exercises
its right to recapture and that “no provision in the Treaty . . . imposes the conditions on recapture
that Gen Re requests the Panel declare,” objecting to the recapture methodology that General Re
proposed. Lincoln Pre-Hearing Br. at 21. When requesting the Clarification, Lincoln also
explained its position regarding the methodology for calculating recapture payments to the
arbitrators. See generally 10/26/2015 Letter. Because Lincoln raised arguments regarding the
recapture methodology “in [the] arbitration proceeding,” Lincoln may now raise these issues
again in the “confirmation or enforcement proceeding.” Am. Nursing Home, 1992 WL 47553 at
*4. The Court therefore finds that Lincoln has not waived arguments opposing General Re’s
proposed recapture methodology in this proceeding.
2.
The Timeliness of the Arbitrators’ Clarification
General Re also argues, in part, that the arbitrators failed to issue the Clarification within
a reasonable period of time, and that the Court should therefore reject the Clarification. See Gen
Re Br. at 19-20. Courts generally recognize that “the power of arbitrators to clarify an award
already made must be exercised within a reasonable period of time.” Glass Molders, 56 F.3d at
848 (finding that “[a]ll things considered, we cannot say that . . . 85 days after the rendition of
the initial award” was “too late for the arbitrator to be entitled to clarify the award”); see also
17
Employers Ins. of Wausau v. El Banco De Seguros Del Estado, 357 F.3d 666, 670 (7th Cir.
2004) (holding that eight years after the arbitration award was issued was too late for a party to
seek clarification); Arrowood, 938 F. Supp. 2d at 269 (noting that a case initiated with a 2003
petition to confirm an arbitration award had “transmogrified over the years to become the
antithesis of the speedy, inexpensive dispute resolution process” that arbitration should be and
rejecting the arbitrators’ 2010 clarification following remand for clarification from the district
court).
The arbitrators issued the Final Award on July 1, 2015. Lincoln did not formally notify
General Re that it would invoke its right to recapture until September 28, 2015. The record
shows that Lincoln and General Re had been discussing recapture methodology through various
e-mails beginning on or around September 18, 2015. See Recapture E-mails. It was only on
October 13, 2015, that General Re sent Lincoln a letter indicating it would remit payment to
Lincoln only for the $5,484,107 General Re believed it owed under its interpretation of the
recapture methodology in the Final award. See 10/13/2015 Letter. Lincoln then accepted that
wire transfer on October 15, 2015. On October 26, 2015, thirteen days after General Re’s letter
and eleven days after receiving the wire transfer, Lincoln sent a letter to the arbitrators asking
them to resolve the dispute about the recapture methodology on October 26, 2015. See
10/26/2015 Letter.
In light of this timeline, where Lincoln only formally notified General Re that it would
invoke its right to recapture on September 28, 2015, and where the discussion between the
parties regarding their disagreement about the recapture method and calculations was ongoing
until October 13, 2015, the Court finds that Lincoln requested the clarification within a
reasonable amount of time. See Glass Molders, 56 F.3d at 848 (finding 85-day delay in seeking
18
clarification reasonable where labor arbitration award provided sixty-day deadline for employee
to complete rehabilitation program but programs took nearly thirty days to complete and parties
took several weeks to negotiate which should pay the cost of the program).
B.
The Ambiguity of the Final Award
The arbitrators found the Final Award to be ambiguous and warranted a clarification
because the parties’ interpretation of paragraph 6.b.i. of the Final Award, as written, conflicted
with section 4.1 of the Treaty. No Second Circuit case has yet to analyze whether an arbitration
award is ambiguous, such that the arbitrator may clarify the award under an exception to the
functus officio doctrine. The Second Circuit, has, however, repeatedly discussed whether
arbitration awards are ambiguous, such that a court may not enforce the award but should,
instead, remand the award to the arbitrators for their clarification. See N.Y. Bus Tours, Inc. v.
Kheel, 864 F.2d 9, 12 (2d Cir. 1988) (“When an arbitration award provides no clear instruction
as to how a court asked to enforce the award should proceed, the court should remand to the
arbitrator for guidance.”); Americas Ins., 774 F.2d at 67 (“Although judicial review of an
arbitration award is very narrowly limited, a court should not attempt to enforce an award that is
ambiguous or indefinite.” (internal citations omitted)). Courts in the Second Circuit have found
ambiguity in arbitration awards for reasons including that: “the award seem[ed] contradictory on
its face”9; the award “failed to deal explicitly with the contingency which arose”10; in a case
involving multiple defendants, the award did not clearly indicate the identity of the party against
whom the arbitrator ordered relief11; the award gave no indication whether plaintiff would be
9
Bell Aerospace Co. Div. of Textron v. Local 516, Int’l Union, United Auto., Aerospace & Agr. Implement Workers
of Am. (UAW), 500 F.2d 921, 923-24 (2d Cir. 1974).
10
Olympia & York Florida Equity Corp. v. Gould, 776 F.2d 42, 45 (2d Cir. 1985).
11
Hyle v. Doctor’s Associates, Inc., 198 F.3d 368, 371 (2d Cir. 1999).
19
awarded or denied the additional compensation sought12; the award failed to address whether
reinstatement to “former position” meant that a school bus driver must be given same route as
before13; and the award was based on a mathematical error in calculating damages.14
Courts often find ambiguity in an arbitration award “when the award fails to address a
contingency that later arises” or “when the award is susceptible to more than one interpretation.”
Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Ins. Co. v. Underwriters at Lloyd's & Companies Collective,
271 Conn. 474, 489-90 (2004). An arbitration awards’ use of terms subject to multiple
interpretations without further explanation or definition may also render an award ambiguous.
See York Research Corp. v. Landgarten, 927 F.2d 119, 123 (2d Cir. 1991) (“We are unable to
determine whether the arbitrators intended the word ‘expenses’ to include attorneys' fees. For
this reason, we remand that portion of the case to the district court with instructions to seek
clarification from the arbitrators.”).
The ambiguity identified here by the arbitrators and acted upon by the Clarification is
consistent with this body of case law. The fact that the arbitrators did not provide any
accompanying reasons for their award, as with the recapture methodology ordered in the Final
Award in this case, “will not render the award ambiguous” because “[a]rbitrators need not give
reasons for their determinations.” Folkways Music Publishers, Inc. v. Weiss, 989 F.2d 108, 112
(2d Cir. 1993); but see Green v. Ameritech Corp., 200 F.3d 967, 977-78 (6th Cir. 2000) (noting
that “a failure fully to explain an award” may “authorize a remand based on” the clarification of
ambiguity exception to the functus officio doctrine because “[t]he purpose of this exception is to
12
Refino v. Feuer Transp., Inc., 480 F. Supp. 562, 565 (S.D.N.Y. 1979), aff’d 633 F.2d 205 (2d Cir. 1980).
Local 1336, Amalgamated Transit Union, AFL-CIO v. First Student, Inc., No. 3:11-cv-1463, 2013 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 23604, *7-8, 2013 WL 646265, *3 (D. Conn. Feb. 21, 2013).
14
Waveform Telemedia, Inc. v. Panorama Weather N. Am., No. 06-cv-5270, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15626, 2007
WL 678731, *8 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2007).
13
20
permit the arbitrator to complete an assigned task” and remand for clarification “ would not
implicate any of the concerns underlying the functus officio doctrine, as [the arbitrator] would
simply be completing his duties by clarifying his reasoning, not reopening the merits of the
case”).
An ambiguity in an arbitration award “may be shown not only from the face of the award
but [also] from an extraneous but objectively ascertainable fact.” Colonial Penn, 943 F.2d at 334
(discussing ambiguities in an arbitration award that warrant remand from the court to the
arbitrator “for clarification of the intended meaning” of the award); see also Hyle, 198 F.3d at
371-72 (“We think the wording of the award, read in conjunction with the undisputed limitation
announced by [Doctor’s Associates, Inc.] as to the respondent against whom it was seeking
damages and an injunction, creates an ambiguity as to whether the arbitrator intended to award
damages and an injunction against Gruelich, Hyle, or possibly even all four respondents.”)
The parties’ inability to agree as to the meaning of the original arbitration award supports
a court’s finding that the original award is ambiguous. See Local 2322, Int'l Bhd. of Elec.
Workers v. Verizon, Inc., No. CIV.A. 04-12490-RWZ, 2005 WL 3160696, at *3 (D. Mass. Nov.
23, 2005) (noting that “[p]erhaps most telling is the parties' differing interpretations of the award
and their inability to resolve their differences” when finding that the arbitrators properly
interpreted an ambiguous award); All Seasons Servs., 94 Conn. App. at 13 (“The defendant's
argument that the court misconstrued the award implies that an ambiguity existed in the award's
language that needed to be resolved.”).
Similarly, to the extent that the arbitrators believe that an award is ambiguous and
requires clarification, this also supports a court’s finding that the original award was ambiguous
and that the arbitrators’ clarification is proper. See Marine Office, 2009 WL 1025965 at *3 (“[I]f
21
the panel believed that this issue was one that could be resolved through a ‘clarification’ of an
ambiguity in the Final Award, it would not have been barred from reconsideration by the functus
officio doctrine.”); Clarendon, 183 F.R.D. at 117 (taking into account that “that the arbitrators
acknowledged a mathematical error, one that neither party disputes” as an “equitable factor[]”
weighing in favor of confirming the clarified award); see also AP Seating USA, LLC v. Circuit of
the Americas LLC, No. A-14-CA-058-SS, 2014 WL 3420805, at *3 (W.D. Tex. July 10, 2014)
(noting that “[g]iven the extraordinary level of deference afforded to arbitration awards, a
majority opinion declaring certain language in an award to be a clerical error must be upheld
over the voice of a lone dissenter” while approving of clarification to arbitration award).
Although the key provision of the Final Award, providing that “[a]ll premium
transactions paid by one party to the other following the effective date of the recapture . . . shall
be unwound,” Final Award ¶ 6.b.i.15, may appear clearly written, it is ambiguous when read in
the context of the larger dispute between Lincoln and General Re and the “objectively
ascertainable fact” of the Treaty between them, Colonial Penn, 943 F.2d at 334. As the
Clarification pointed out, section 4.1 of the Treaty provided that “[General Re’s] liability to
[Lincoln] for the reinsurance due shall be based on the net amount of risk at the time of the
Insured Individual death” and that “[General Re’s] liability to [Lincoln] for the net amount at
risk on a Policy that is reinsured shall be determined based on a ratio of [General Re’s] liability
to the total net amount at risk under the policy.” Clarification at 3.
The Second Circuit, in Hyle, has found that a facially clear award that awarded relief to a
party against whom relief was not actually requested could still be ambiguous because the larger
15
General Re’s brief cited numerous cases in support of the proposition that the key term of paragraph 6.b.i. of the
Final Award, “paid”, is unambiguous. See General Re Br. at 16-17, 16 n. 11. The Court notes that all of General
Re’s cited cases appear to discuss statutory interpretation, not the interpretation of arbitration awards.
22
context of the arbitration proceedings “create[d] an ambiguity” as to which party the arbitrator
intended to award the relief against. Hyle, 198 F.3d at 371-72. The Court finds that the Final
Award was ambiguous in the context of the Treaty because of the potential contradiction
between paragraph 6.b.i. of the Final Award, as written, and section 4.1 of the Treaty. This
ambiguity allowed the arbitrators to issue a clarification of the Final Award so long as the
clarification “did not modify the spirit and basic effect of the award.” Waveform Telemedia,
2007 WL 678731 at *8.
Furthermore, the three different interpretations of paragraph 6.b.i. of the Final Award that
have been presented by General Re, Lincoln, and the arbitrators support the Court’s conclusion
that the Final Award was ambiguous and that the arbitrators could properly issue a clarification.
In light of the “strong deference” that courts give to “the arbitral process,” Porzig, 497 F.3d at
138, the Court finds that it is particularly important to defer to the arbitrators’ conclusion that
there was an ambiguity in the Final Award that required the Clarification. See Clarification at 1.
Courts in this Circuit have acknowledged that, if the arbitrators “believed that this issue
was one that could be resolved through a ‘clarification’ of an ambiguity in the” original award,
the arbitrators are not barred “by the functus officio doctrine.” Marine Office, 2009 WL 1025965
at *3. The fact that Lincoln and General Re both advanced dramatically different interpretations
of paragraph 6.b.i of the Final Award, which the arbitrators then rejected in the Clarification,
lends further credence to the arbitrators’ interpretation of the award as ambiguous and subject to
multiple interpretations. See Local 2322, 2005 WL 3160696 at *3.
C.
The Clarification and its Consistency with the Final Award
A valid clarification of an arbitration award under functus officio doctrine must be
consistent with the original award and should not modify “[t]he spirit and basic effect of the
23
award.” Clarendon, 183 F.R.D. at 116 (noting that arbitrators “simply made a mathematical
error they now seek to correct” and that “[t]he spirit and basic effect of the award was not
modified” by this correction, allowing the clarified award to be enforced); All Seasons, 94 Conn.
App. at 11-12 (“Contrary to the defendant's contention, the arbitrator's letter did not modify any
substantive content of the original award, but merely explained its meaning. . . . The court's
decision to disregard the clarification . . . was improper.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). As
discussed below, an analysis of cases where courts have approved of arbitrators’ clarifications
under the exceptions to the functus officio doctrine, or where courts found original awards
ambiguous, show that proper clarifications can appear to change significantly the relief awarded,
as is the case here.
Courts in this Circuit have found that proper clarifications of awards under the exceptions
to functus officio doctrine may still appear to modify the original award or its implications in
order to make the award consistent with the arbitrators’ original intent. Because proper
clarifications may involve the correction of a math error, for instance, a proper clarification may
change the awarded amount because such a correction “d[oes] not modify the spirit and basic
effect of the award,” but simply “ma[kes] it consistent with the arbitrators’ intent” and
“maintain[s] the underlying resolution of the dispute,” in that case, to “award [Party A]
consequential damages for [Party B’s] breach of the contract, offset by [Party A’s ] preexisting
expenses.” See Waveform Telemedia, 2007 WL 678731 at *8 (subtracting additional $72,000
from award given to Party A which arbitrators previously omitted to). In a case where the
district court had remanded the award to the arbitrators on other issues, but not on damages, a
court nonetheless still approved the arbitrators’ clarification to correct a math error. See
Clarendon, 183 F.R.D. at 116-17 (approving of clarification because “arbitrators made and
24
acknowledged a mistake” and finding that because “the arbitrators acknowledged a mathematical
error” undisputed by the parties the “equitable factors” weighed in favor of allowing the
clarification).
Courts in other circuits have also allowed clarifications that appeared to modify the
implications of the original award under the exceptions to the functus officio rule. For instance, a
proper clarification may add to the relief that the arbitrator originally awarded, and therefore
“complete[] the award.” See Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers of
Am., AFL-CIO, Local 631 v. Silver State Disposal Serv., Inc., 109 F.3d 1409, 1411 (9th Cir.
1997) (“In this case, the arbitrator's clarification was permissible because it completed the award.
The arbitrator explained that she had intended to award back pay, but had failed to address the
issue. [Defendant] offered no evidence to refute the arbitrator's explanation of her state of mind
at the time she executed the initial award.”); see also Kennecott Utah, 186 F.3d at 1272 (finding
that clarification that clarified that arbitrator did not award backpay “fell within the clarification
and/or completion exceptions to the functus officio doctrine”).
Some courts have also found that arbitrators have the power to “properly go back and
clarify any inconsistencies of interpretation” of the original award so as to clarify “an award
subject to multiple interpretations.” See Sterling China Co. v. Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics
& Allied Workers Local No. 24, 357 F.3d 546, 556 (6th Cir. 2004) (discussing case where
arbitrators clarified proper calculation of back pay compensation after parties disagreed as to the
calculations under original award).
An analysis of cases where courts find that an arbitration award was ambiguous and
required remand to the arbitrators further shows that clarifications by arbitrators can define or
redefine terms in the awards and therefore appear to change the liabilities between the parties.
25
See York Research, 927 F.2d at 123 (remanding ambiguous award to arbitrators to clarify
whether awarding of “expenses” in the award included attorneys’ fees); Seton Co. v. Lohmann
GmbH & Co., No. 90-CIV-1312 (CSH), 1992 WL 80637, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 9, 1992) (“In the
case at bar, I think it is not only desirable but necessary to know the factors to be included in the
PP component of the governing calculations. . . . Accordingly the arbitrators must clarify their
intended calculations underlying the award, so that the Court may enter a proper judgment.”).
As one circuit court has permitted, remand for such clarification could change a seemingly clear
provision of an original award that had provided for the “release of a claim which never existed.”
See Colonial Penn, 943 F.2d at 335 (allowing district court to remand original award to
arbitrators where it provided in part that Party A “shall further release any and all claims to the
reserves” held by Party B but Party B was not actually holding such reserves which amounted to
an ambiguity).
A court in this District has found that arbitrators were “without authority” to clarify an
award by further explaining the terms in the original award referring to “ultimate responsibility”
of one party to another and what a party’s “best faith efforts” required, which impermissibly
“altered its finding of [Party A’s] non-obligations to [Party B] by setting out new means by
which [Party A] would become liable to [Party B]. Arrowood, 938 F. Supp. 2d at 273-74.
That case, however, differed from this one because the Clarification did not “set[] out
new means” by which General Re “would become liable to” Lincoln. Arrowood, 938 F. Supp.
2d at 273-74. Instead, the Clarification explained what the arbitrators meant in the Final Award
when it provided that “[a]ll premium and claim transactions paid by one party to the other
following the effective date of the recapture . . . shall be unwound” if Lincoln elected to
recapture. Final Award ¶ 6.b.i. The Clarification clarified that the Final Award’s recapture
26
provision should be “read in context of the Treaty,” allowing General Re to retain the unearned
premium it held as of the date of recapture, but also requiring it to “be liable for claims for which
it retain[ed] premium” and to “pay reinsurance benefits to Lincoln . . . for Lincoln insureds who
died during a period covered by premium paid by Lincoln to Gen Re regardless of” when the
death claims were paid. Clarification at 3.
The Clarification therefore explains what the arbitrators intended with respect to the relief
awarded in the Final Award, maintaining the “spirit and basic effect” of the Final Award.
Clarendon, 183 F.R.D. at 116. That the Clarification resulted in $17 million or more in
additional liability from General Re to Lincoln does not inherently prevent the Clarification from
being “consistent with the arbitrators’ intent” and “maintain[ing] the underlying resolution of the
dispute.” See Waveform Telemedia, 2007 WL 678731 at *8 (approving of clarification that
subtracted $72,000 from an award).
Significantly, the dispute that led the parties to seek arbitration did not center on
recapture or recapture methodologies. Instead, the central question was whether General Re had
properly exercised its right to increase the reinsurance rates, which required that the rate increase
be based solely on a change in anticipated mortality. See generally Full Hearing Trans.
(discussing recapture methodology only on pages 1248 to 1248 and 1255 to 1256). Lincoln’s
original position was that General Re’s rate increase was improper and that, therefore, there was
no need to reach the issue of recapture because Lincoln would only be entitled to recapture if the
rate increase was, in fact, proper. See Treaty, Ex. C-1, ¶ 7. Lincoln’s pre-hearing brief and
presentation at the arbitration discussed recapture, but only to argue that the Treaty did not
require Lincoln to give notice that it was exercising its right to recapture within 30 days and that
“no provision in the Treaty . . . imposes the conditions on recapture that Gen Re requests the
27
Panel declare.” Lincoln Pre-Hearing Br. at 21. Given Lincoln’s position, its proposed final
award did not contain any provisions about recapture. See Lincoln Proposed Final Award. The
arbitrators took paragraph 6.b.i. of the Final Award from General Re’s proposed final award.
See Gen Re. Proposed Final Arbitration Award ¶ 6.b.i.
While General Re argues that Lincoln’s failure to discuss recapture methodology
extensively during the arbitration weighs in favor of the Clarification being a fundamental
change to the award rather than a permissible clarification of the arbitrators’ intent, Gen Re. Br.
at 9, the Court finds that the lack of extensive discussion of recapture methodology during the
initial arbitration also supports the inference that the Clarification properly clarified the
arbitrators’ original intent. Because the arbitration hearing contained essentially no substantive
discussion about what recapture would look like, the Court finds that the Final Award did not
unambiguously reflect the arbitrators’ intent as to the recapture methodology. To the extent that
the arbitrators describe the Clarification as being consistent with the Treaty and addressing
“ambiguities requiring clarification” in the Final Award, Clarification at 1, the Court defers to
the arbitrators’ interpretation. See Clarendon, 183 F.R.D. at 116-17 (noting that arbitrators
acknowledgment of a math error was one factor supporting the clarification); Marine Office,
2009 WL 1025965 at *3 (finding that if arbitrators believed the issue could be “resolved through
a ‘clarification’ of an ambiguity in the Final Award” the clarification would be proper under
functus officio doctrine).
Furthermore, the Court notes that the vast majority of cases holding that a clarification
was legitimate under an exception to functus officio doctrine were similar to this case in that the
clarifications generally concerned relief that was awarded, rather than the substance of the
underlying dispute that led the parties to seek arbitration. See, e.g., Silver State Disposal, 109
28
F.3d at 1411 (allowing clarification indicating that backpay was part of award in labor arbitration
when initial award was unclear); Waveform Telemedia, 2007 WL 678731 at *8 (approving
clarification correcting math error in awarded amount).
Because the Clarification addressed the relief available to the parties following the
arbitrators’ determination that General Re’s rate increase was legitimate, the Court finds that the
Clarification clarified an ambiguity in the Final Award without impermissibly modifying the
“spirit and basic effect of the award.” Clarendon, 183 F.R.D. at 116
III.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, General Re’s Petition, ECF No. 1, is DENIED; Lincoln’s
Cross-Petition, ECF No. 21; ECF No. 22, is GRANTED; and (3) Lincoln’s Motion to Enter
Judgment, ECF No. 45; ECF No. 46, is GRANTED. The Court confirms the Final Award as
clarified.
The Clerk is directed to enter judgment accordingly and to close this case.
SO ORDERED at Bridgeport, Connecticut, this 31st day of March, 2017.
/s/ Victor A. Bolden
Victor A. Bolden
United States District Judge
29
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