Restaurant Supply, LLC v. Pride Marketing and Procurement, Inc.

Filing 30

ORDER. The 18 Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. Signed by Judge Michael P. Shea on 8/10/2017. (Mac Dougall, S.)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT

RESTAURANT SUPPLY, LLC
Plaintiff,
No. 3-16-cv-1270 (MPS)
v.
PRIDE MARKETING AND PROCUREMENT, INC.
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OF DECISION
I.

INTRODUCTION
On June 28, 2016, Plaintiff Restaurant Supply, LLC (“Restaurant Supply”) brought this

action in Connecticut Superior Court against Defendant PRIDE Marketing and Procurement, Inc.,
and, on July 27, 2016, PRIDE removed the case to this Court. (ECF No. 1.) On August 17, 2016,
Restaurant Supply filed an amended complaint. (ECF No. 17.) The amended complaint seeks an
equitable accounting from PRIDE and contends that PRIDE is liable for conversion, civil theft,
and unjust enrichment due to PRIDE’s wrongful withholding of rebates. (Id. at ¶¶ 26–28.) PRIDE
moved to dismiss Restaurant Supply’s amended complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction
pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2), or alternatively, to transfer venue under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a).
(ECF No. 18.)
For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to transfer this
action to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana and DENIES the
Rule 12(b)(2) motion as moot.

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II.

BACKGROUND
The complaint states that PRIDE is a Louisiana Corporation with a principal place of

business in Metairie, Louisiana (ECF No. 17 at ¶ 2.) PRIDE is a “consortium/buying group made
up of separate shareholders engaged in the business of buying and selling food service supplies
and equipment products[.]” (Id. at ¶ 4.) “Each shareholder admitted into P[RIDE] received one
share of the corporation, which entitled each shareholder to purchase [p]roduct[s] through
P[RIDE.]” (Id. at ¶4.) Under PRIDE’s shareholder agreement, “P[RIDE] received certain rebates
from P[RIDE] vendors directly related to the specific purchase of [p]roduct[s] that [shareholders]
made through P[RIDE]. P[RIDE] held these rebates as the agent for [shareholders].” (Id. at ¶ 8.)1
Restaurant Supply alleges that it is a Connecticut limited liability company with a principal
place of business in Hartford, Connecticut, and that it was a shareholder of PRIDE for at least ten
years prior to May 20, 2016. (ECF No. 17 at ¶3.) PRIDE received rebates from vendors directly
related to the specific purchases of products that Restaurant Supply made through PRIDE. (Id. at
¶ 8.) PRIDE was required “to remit the vendor rebates received by P[RIDE] to Restaurant Supply
subject to P[RIDE]’s right of setoff against any indebtedness owed to P[RIDE] by Restaurant
Supply for any [p]roduct Restaurant Supply purchased through P[RIDE].” (Id. at ¶ 9.)

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The shareholder agreement states:
The Vendor Rebates paid by a PRIDE Vendor to PRIDE for Product Purchases shall be an
obligation due and owing by PRIDE, and therefore will be paid to the Shareholder for
which the product was purchased and subsequently sold to, in accordance with the
procedures established and implemented by the PRIDE Board of Directors from time to
time, subject to any hold or suspension of payment which may be effected by PRIDE for
any outstanding Authorization Code Purchases for which a balance remains outstanding or
the exercise of the right of set off by PRIDE to satisfy any indebtedness which may be
owed to PRIDE by the Shareholder, all as set forth in Sections 3.02 and 8.03 above.

(ECF No. 18-2 at 12.)
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The complaint alleges that PRIDE improperly withheld these rebates for more than a year.
“[F]or calendar year 2015 through the first quarter of 2016, P[RIDE] owed to Restaurant Supply
more than $2,000,000 in vendor rebates, even after applying P[RIDE]’s right to setoff for any
indebtedness allegedly due to P[RIDE] from Restaurant Supply for any vendor purchases . . . that
were guaranteed by P[RIDE].” (Id. at ¶ 10.) Restaurant Supply demanded payment of these
outstanding rebates, but PRIDE did not pay them. (Id. at ¶ 11.) After that, on May 20, 2016 at 5:30
p.m. CST, PRIDE’s board of directors voted to terminate Restaurant Supply as a shareholder. (Id.
at ¶ 12.)
The complaint alleges that PRIDE kept detailed accountings of the purchases Restaurant
Supply made through PRIDE. (ECF No. 17 at ¶ 13.) Further, the complaint details that PRIDE
made a substantial payment to a related entity’s vendors to honor PRIDE’s commitments to them
and also pledged shareholder funds and rebates as collateral for its guarantee of that same related
entity’s bank debt. (Id. at ¶¶17–24.) The related entity filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy in the
Eastern District of Louisiana the same day that the Board of Directors of PRIDE terminated
Restaurant Supply as a shareholder. (Id. at ¶ 25.)
III.

DISCUSSION
Although PRIDE has moved to dismiss the Amended Complaint for lack of personal

jurisdiction and only moved to transfer in the alternative, the Court is permitted to consider venue
before personal jurisdiction. Leroy v. Great W. United Corp., 443 U.S. 173, 180 (1979); Open
Solutions Imaging Sys., Inc. v. Horn, 3:03-cv-2077, 2004 WL 1683158, *7 n.12 (D. Conn. July
27, 2004) (citing Fort Knox Music, Inc. v. Baptiste, 257 F.3d 108, 111–12 (2d Cir. 2001)). The
Court will do so.

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Defendant seeks to transfer this case to the Eastern District of Louisiana under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1404(a). That statute provides that “[f]or the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest
of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it
might have been brought or to any district or division to which all parties have consented.” 28
U.S.C. § 1404(a). While the Court does not find that the forum selection clause in the Shareholder
Agreement is mandatory, the factors that courts typically consider when making a § 1404(a)
decision weigh in favor of transfer. As such, the Court GRANTS the motion to transfer and
DENIES as moot the motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 18.)
A. Forum Selection Clause
PRIDE argues that the Shareholder Agreement’s forum selection clause conclusively
determines that the parties are required to file any related suits in Louisiana. The forum selection
clause states as follows: “The parties consent that Louisiana shall be a forum where any cause of
action arising under [the Shareholder] Agreement may be instituted.” (ECF No. 18-2 at 13.)
To determine the enforceability of a forum selection clause the Court employs a four-part
analysis:
(1) whether the clause was reasonably communicated to the party resisting enforcement;
(2) whether the clause is mandatory or permissive, i.e., . . . whether the parties are required
to bring any dispute to the designated forum or simply permitted to do so; and (3) whether
the claims and parties involved in the suit are subject to the forum selection clause. . . . If
the forum clause was communicated to the resisting party, has mandatory force and covers
the claims and parties involved in the dispute, it is presumptively enforceable. . . . A party
can overcome this presumption only by (4) making a sufficiently strong showing that
enforcement would be unreasonable or unjust, or that the clause was invalid for such
reasons as fraud or overreaching.
Martinez v. Bloomberg LP, 740 F.3d 211, 217 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting Phillips v. Audio Active,
Ltd., 494 F.3d 378, 383 (2d Cir. 2007)) (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted). The second factor is at issue here. Restaurant Supply contends that the language

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in the forum selection clause is permissive rather than mandatory. (ECF No. 25 at 15–18.) Because
the Shareholder Agreement is governed by Louisiana law, Louisiana law applies to interpretation
of the forum selection clause. Phillips, 494 F.3d at 384–85. “When the words of a contract are
clear and explicit and lead to no absurd consequences, no further interpretation may be made in
search of the intent of the parties.” Campbell v. Melton, 2001-2578 (La. 5/14/02), 817 So. 2d 69,
75; La. Civ. Code art. 2046.
Here, the plain language of the clause shows that the forum selection clause is permissive.
The forum selection clause in the Shareholders’ Agreement states that “the parties consent that
Louisiana shall be a forum where any cause of action arising under this Agreement may be
instituted.” (ECF No. 18-2 at 13) (emphasis added.) Because the parties used “may” and “a,” this
clause clearly states that it is permissive, and the Court will not look past the plain meaning of this
language.
B. § 1404(a) Analysis
In the absence of a mandatory forum-selection clause, a district court considering a §
1404(a) motion must first address the threshold question of whether the action could have been
brought originally in the district to which the movant seeks to transfer the case. 28 U.S.C. §
1404(a). It is undisputed that this action could have been brought in the Eastern District of
Louisiana. (ECF Nos. 18-2 at 13, 25 at 18).
Next, the Court must determine whether the transfer promotes the convenience of the
parties and the interest of justice. The movant has the burden of making “a clear and convincing
showing” of the desirability of transfer. Excelsior Designs, Inc. v. Sheres, 291 F. Supp. 2d 181,
185 (E.D.N.Y. 2003) (citing Ford Motor Co. v. Ryan, 182 F.2d 329, 330 (2d Cir. 1950)). The
Court has broad discretion to make such a determination, and may consider factors such as:

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(1) the plaintiff's choice of forum, (2) the convenience of witnesses, (3) the location
of relevant documents and relative ease of access to sources of proof, (4) the
convenience of parties, (5) the locus of operative facts, (6) the availability of
process to compel the attendance of unwilling witnesses, [and] (7) the relative
means of the parties.
D.H. Blair & Co. v. Gottdiener, 462 F.3d 95, 106-07 (2d Cir. 2006). Courts also consider two
additional factors: (8) “the forum’s familiarity with the governing law”; and (9) “trial efficiency
and the interest of justice, based on the totality of the circumstances.” Jones v. Walgreen Co., 463
F. Supp. 2d 267, 271 (D. Conn. 2006). “There is no rigid formula for balancing these factors and
no single one of them is determinative in what is essentially an equitable task left to the Court’s
discretion.” Two’s Co. v. Hudson, No. 13-CV-3338-NSR, 2014 WL 903035, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Mar.
6, 2014) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
In this case, the only factor weighing in favor of retaining the action in this Court is the
plaintiff’s choice of forum, while four factors weigh in favor of transferring the action: (1) the
location of sources of proof; (2) the locus of operative facts; (3) the forum's familiarity with the
governing law; and (4) the interest of justice. Therefore, I GRANT the motion to transfer to the
Eastern District of Louisiana.
1. Locus of Operative Facts
“The locus of operative facts is a primary factor in determining whether to transfer venue.”
McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. v. Jones, No. 12-CV-7085 AJN, 2014 WL 988607, at *6 (S.D.N.Y.
Mar. 12, 2014) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “To determine the locus of
operative facts, a court must look to the site of the events from which the claim arises.” Charter
Oak Fire Ins. Co. v. Broan-Nutone, L.L.C., 294 F. Supp. 2d 218, 220 (D. Conn. 2003) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted).

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Louisiana is the location of the operative facts. The cause of action arises under the
Shareholder Agreement, and the agreement states:
[t]his Agreement takes effect upon its acceptance and execution by PRIDE, which shall be
deemed to take place in the State of Louisiana, and any and all performances hereunder or
breaches hereof shall be interpreted, governed, and construed in accordance with and under
the laws of the State of Louisiana, which laws shall prevail in the event of any conflict of
law.”
(ECF No. 18-2 at 13.) Thus, the parties stipulated in the Shareholders Agreement that “acceptance
and execution” of the Agreement took place in Louisiana and “all performances hereunder” are to
be governed by Louisiana law. (Id.) Further, Restaurant Supply claims that PRIDE received
rebates from vendors, based on shareholder purchases, and then improperly retained those
rebates—actions that would have occurred at PRIDE’s place of business in Louisiana. (ECF No.
17 at ¶¶ 8–10.) Restaurant Supply also alleges that, after it demanded payment of the unpaid
rebates, PRIDE’s Board of Directors “voted to terminate and remove Restaurant Supply as a
shareholder of P[RIDE], effective May 20, 2016, at 5:30 p.m. Central Standard Time.” (Id. at ¶
12.) Those events would also would have occurred in Louisiana. (Id. at ¶ 2.) Also, PRIDE’s alleged
giving of its shareholders’ rebates as collateral for its guarantee of the debt of a related entity
occurred in Louisiana, and the complaint alleges that the bankruptcy of the related entity, in which
rebates allegedly withheld by PRIDE may be an asset of the debtor’s estate, was filed in Louisiana.
(Id. at ¶¶ 15–25.) Restaurant Supply did “initiate[] hundreds of purchases through P[RIDE] by
way of orders initiated in the State of Connecticut” and did receive the purchased products in
Connecticut. (Id. at ¶ 7.) But PRIDE’s allegedly improper withholding of Restaurant Supply’s
rebates—not Restaurant Supply’s purchases—forms the basis for this action. Therefore, I find that
Louisiana is the location of operative facts.
2. Plaintiffs’ choice of forum

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“[A] plaintiff’s choice of forum is given great weight.” Jones, 463 F. Supp. at 274 (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). “That presumption is even stronger where the chosen
forum is also the plaintiff's home.” Atl. Recording Corp. v. Project Playlist, Inc., 603 F. Supp. 2d
690, 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2009). “A plaintiff's choice of forum receives less deference, however, when
the locus of operative facts is elsewhere.” Open Solutions Inc. v. Granite Credit Union, No. 3:12CV-1353 RNC, 2013 WL 5435105, at *4 (D. Conn. Sept. 29, 2013).
Here, the Plaintiff’s only place of business is in Connecticut, and it chose the District of
Connecticut as the forum. But because the Court has found that the locus of operative facts is in
Louisiana, the Plaintiff’s choice of the District of Connecticut is given less weight.
3. Convenience of Witnesses
“In most cases, the convenience of the party and non-party witnesses is the most important
factor in the analysis under § 1404(a).” Barge v. Daily Journal Corp., No. 95 CIV. 8135 (MBM),
1996 WL 434561, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 2, 1996) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
The moving party “must provide the Court with a specific list of the probable witnesses who will
be inconvenienced if required to testify in the present forum” (McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., 2014
WL 988607, at *7), and “make a general statement of what their testimony will cover.” Charter
Oak Fire Ins. Co., 294 F. Supp. at 220. “The Court is to assess not just the number of witnesses,
but also the materiality of their proposed testimony.” McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., 2014 WL
988607, at *7. If the moving party does not provide a list of witnesses, “the Court cannot
effectively weigh the convenience of witnesses in the analysis.” Soto v. Bey Transp. Co., No. 95cv-9329(PKL), 1997 WL 407247, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. 1997).
In this case, the movant, PRIDE, did not provide the Court with a specific list of probable
witnesses, so the Court cannot weigh this factor effectively. PRIDE merely states that “[m]ost of

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the likely witnesses, including former officers of PRIDE, reside in Louisiana,” and that “all of
PRIDE’s officers and employees with knowledge of the facts underlying the plaintiff’s claims are
located in Louisiana [.]” (ECF No. 29 at 8.) This fails to make an adequate showing for this factor,
and the Court cannot weigh it in PRIDE’s favor.
4. Convenience of the Parties
Defendant argues that the convenience of the parties weighs in favor of transfer because
Defendant is located in Louisiana and because Plaintiff is currently a named party in the related
entity’s bankruptcy proceeding in Louisiana. (Id. at 8–9.) While this could show that Restaurant
Supply is capable of litigating in Louisiana, this does not make Louisiana a more convenient
forum. The associated case cannot be consolidated with this one, because it is in bankruptcy court.
Restaurant Supply did not choose the Louisiana forum, and it is located in Connecticut. Since
either the plaintiff or the defendant will be inconvenienced by having to travel, this factor is neutral.
“No matter where this action is to be heard, should it proceed to trial, either the plaintiff or the
defendant will be inconvenienced by having to travel a substantial distance.” Designs By Glory,
Ltd. v. Manhattan Creative Jewelers, Inc., 657 F. Supp. 1257, 1259 (S.D.N.Y. 1987); see also
Audiovox Corp. v. S. China Enter., Inc., No. 11-cv-5142 JS GRB, 2012 WL 3061518, at *7
(E.D.N.Y. July 26, 2012).
5. Location of Documents and Ease of Access to Sources of Proof
The location of documents weighs slightly in favor of transfer. See In re Stillwater Min.
Co. Sec. Litig., 2-cv-2806, 2003 WL 21087953, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. May 12, 2003) (“While it is true
that documents can be transported from state to state, for purposes of weighing transfer factors,
the fact that the documents are all currently located in Montana favors transfer.”). “Although the
location of relevant documents is entitled to some weight, modern photocopying technology and

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electronic storage deprive this issue of practical or legal weight.” Charter Oak Fire Ins. Co., 294
F. Supp. at 221 To the extent it does affect the analysis, most of the material documents in this
case will likely consist of business records—PRIDE’s financial statements and invoices and the
accountings it has kept of Restaurant Supply’s purchases and rebates (ECF No. 17 at ¶¶ 13–14)—
all or most of which presumably are in Louisiana. (ECF No. 29 at 8.)
6. Availability of Process to Compel Unwilling Non-Party Witnesses
Because neither party argues that it will need to compel non-party witnesses, this factor is
neutral.
7. Relative Means of the Parties
Plaintiff makes “no showing of financial hardship that would prevent [them] from fully
litigating this case” in the Eastern District of Louisiana. See Ring v. Executive Jet Aviation, Inc.,
No. 01 CIV. 738 (DLC), 2001 WL 492428, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. May 8, 2001). Furthermore, even if
the Court were to deny the motion to transfer and the case were to proceed in Connecticut, Plaintiff
would still likely have to travel to Louisiana to depose PRIDE’s officers and employees with
knowledge of the facts underlying Restaurant Supply’s allegations. As such, this factor is neutral.
8. Familiarity with Governing Law
As noted, the Shareholder Agreement contains a choice-of-law clause designating
Louisiana. “[F]ederal courts are accustomed in diversity actions to applying laws foreign to the
law of their particular State.” Pitney Bowes, Inc. v. Nat’l Presort, Inc., 33 F. Supp. 2d 130, 132 (D.
Conn. 1998). However, because "[d]istrict courts are presumed to be more familiar with the law
of the state in which they sit," this factor favors transfer. Costello v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 888
F. Supp. 2d 258, 269 (D. Conn. 2012).
9. Trial Efficiency and the Interest of Justice

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Trial efficiency and the interest of justice are served by a forum in which the parties do not
raise a complicated issue of jurisdiction. “Transfer is favored to remove procedural obstacles
including the lack of personal jurisdiction.” WorldCare Ltd. Cor. v. World Ins. Co., 767 F. Supp.
2d 341, 365 (D. Conn. 2011). “If the issue of whether the transferor court has personal jurisdiction
over the defendant is a difficult one, transfer to a district where jurisdiction is certain may be in
the interest of justice because it may conserve judicial resources.” The Katiroll Co. v. Kati Roll &
Platters, Inc., No. 10-cv-1703 LTS RLE, 2010 WL 2911621, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. July 9, 2010). And
transfer may thus “prevent the waste of time, energy and money and . . . protect litigants, witnesses
and the public against unnecessary inconvenience and expense.” Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376 U.S.
612, 616 (1964) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
The law of the forum state governs personal jurisdiction in diversity suits such as this one.
In Connecticut, first, the defendant’s conduct must satisfy the requirements of the long-arm statute,
and, second, jurisdiction must comport with the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process clause.
Chemical Trading, Inc. v. Manufacture de Produits Chimiques de Tournan, 870 F. Supp. 21, 22–
23 (D. Conn. 1994) (internal citations omitted). The Connecticut long-arm statute applicable to
foreign corporations is Conn. Gen. Stat. § 33-929.
On balance, the Court finds that transferring this case to the Eastern District of Louisiana
would advance the administration of justice as a § 1404(a) factor. The parties dispute whether the
District of Connecticut has personal jurisdiction over PRIDE under the long-arm statute and under
the minimum contacts analysis required for due process. (ECF Nos. 18-1 at 5–9, 25 at 6–14.) While
the Court has not decided the Rule 12(b)(2) motion to dismiss, it has reviewed the papers, and it
notes that—while there are non-frivolous arguments in support of jurisdiction—the Court has
serious questions about whether it has personal jurisdiction over PRIDE. To be sure, Restaurant

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Supply has alleged that it “initiated hundreds of purchases through P[RIDE] by way of orders
initiated in the State of Connecticut and Restaurant Supply often received [p]roduct[s] from the
P[RIDE] purchases in the State of Connecticut.” (ECF No. 17 at ¶ 7.) However, as noted, the
conduct that forms the basis for the complaint—that is, PRIDE’s terminating Restaurant Supply
as a shareholder, declining to pay Restaurant Supply its rebates, pledging shareholder funds and
rebates as collateral for a guarantee of the related entity’s debt, and making substantial payments
to the related entity’s vendors and lender—took place in Louisiana. (Id. at ¶¶ 11–25.) These
contentions result in a complicated jurisdictional analysis. Because there is no doubt that there
would be personal jurisdiction in Louisiana, this factor weighs in favor of transfer.
As such, the § 1404(a) factors weigh in favor of transfer if there is personal jurisdiction
over the defendant in Connecticut, but would also be proper if not. 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a) provides
that “[t]he district court of a district in which is filed a case laying venue in the wrong division or
district shall dismiss, or if it be in the interest of justice, transfer such case to any district or division
in which it could have been brought.” Under that provision, district courts may transfer venue even
when they lack personal jurisdiction over the defendant. See Fort Knox Music Inc. v. Baptiste, 257
F.3d 108, 112 (2d Cir. 2001); see also Wilson v. DirectBuy, Inc., 821 F. Supp. 2d 510, 515 n. 2 (D.
Conn. 2011). Venue is proper in any district where there is personal jurisdiction over the defendant.
28 U.S.C. § 1391(b). Therefore, even if the Court were to find that it lacks personal jurisdiction
over the defendant, transfer to the Eastern District of Louisiana still would be appropriate under §
1406(a).
IV.

CONCLUSION
Based on my assessment of the totality of the material circumstances, I find that transfer

of this case to the Eastern District of Louisiana is warranted. I therefore GRANT Defendant’s

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motion to transfer venue to the Eastern District of Louisiana and DENY the Defendant’s
alternative motion to dismiss as moot. The Clerk of the Court is directed to transfer this case to the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.

IT IS SO ORDERED.
/s/
Michael P. Shea, U.S.D.J.
Dated:

Hartford, Connecticut
August 10, 2017

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