Peruta v. Gibson et al
Filing
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ORDER granting 14 Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction. The parties are directed to refer to the attached decision. The Clerk is ordered to close this case. Signed by Judge Vanessa L. Bryant on 02/21/2018. (Lee, E.)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT
EDWARD A. PERUTA,
Plaintiff,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant.
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No. 3:16-CV-02112 (VLB)
FEBRUARY 21, 2018
MEMORANDUM OF DECISION ON MOTION TO DISMISS [DKT. 14]
This action is related to the alleged failure of the Department of
Veterans Affairs (“VA”) to reinstate the fee basis services card for Plaintiff
Edward Peruta (“Plaintiff” or “Peruta”).
The United States of America
(“Defendant” or “United States”) has been substituted as the proper
Defendant in this action. See [Dkt. 10 (Order Substitution)]. Before the
Court is Defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
Plaintiff does not dispute that his vicarious liability claim is moot now that
the United States is the substituted Defendant; nor does Plaintiff challenge
dismissal of his claim for violation of procedural due process under the
Fourteenth Amendment relating to the VA’s failure to provide notice and a
hearing prior to the termination of fee basis status. Accordingly, only the
tort claims for negligence, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and
negligent infliction of emotional distress (Counts I, IV, and V, respectively)
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remain. For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS the motion for lack
of subject matter jurisdiction.
I.
Facts
The following facts derive from the Complaint and documents
submitted by the parties as they relate to subject matter jurisdiction.
Plaintiff Edward A. Peruta (“Plaintiff” or “Peruta”) is a veteran of the
United States Marine Corps who served from August 31, 1966 through
August 27, 1969. [Dkt. 1 (Compl.) ¶ 18]. As of the filing of the Complaint,
Peruta had a 38-year history of contact with the Department of Veterans
Affairs (“VA”). Id. ¶ 9. In 1985, he was determined to have a 100% serviceconnected permanent disability for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
(“PTSD”) and he was subsequently authorized for fee basis services on
October 1, 1986. See id. ¶¶ 19, 39. Peruta’s fee basis card was deemed to
apply to all medical conditions in 1990. See id. ¶ 103.
The Complaint indicates Peruta used his fee basis card until October
2009 when his fee basis status was terminated and/or lapsed. See id. ¶¶
168, 174-76. Peruta appealed his loss of fee basis status. See id. ¶ 168. On
April 4, 2014, the Board of Veterans’ Appeals concluded “[t]he October 15,
2009, denial of eligibility for a fee basis medical identification card was
improper,” and ordered his entitlement to a fee basis card be restored. See
id. ¶¶ 168-69. The restoration took effect July 18, 2014. See id. ¶ 172.
In June 2015, Peruta received approval for equitable relief in the form
of reimbursements for (1) United Healthcare’s costs during the period of
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October 15, 2009, through April 14, 2014; (2) Peruta’s out-of-pocket costs
during the same period; (3) attorney’s fees; and (4) the costs of future
claims falling within the scope of the Board’s order. Id. ¶ 178; [Dkt. 14-4
(Mot. Dismiss Ex. B, Mem. 7/2/15) at 4 of PDF]. Peruta’s fee basis status
was terminated and/or lapsed due to administrative error. [Dkt. 14-4 at 3 of
PDF].
On February 28, 2015, Peruta filed before the VA a negligence claim
for damages against VA physicians, providers, and administrators for
allowing his fee basis status to lapse “without a medical justification or
notice to [him].” [Dkt. 30-5 (Form 95 2/25/15)]; see [Dkt. 1 ¶ 179]. On March
20, 2015, the VA issued a letter to Attorney Rachel M. Baird, Peruta’s
counsel, acknowledging receipt of the claim ten days prior. See [Dkt. 1 ¶
180; Dkt. 30-7 (VA Letter 3/20/15)]. The VA denied Peruta’s claim on August
27, 2015, for failure to present the claim within the requisite two-year time
period after the claim accrued. See [Dkt. 30-7 at 4 of PDF]. The Complaint
and associated documents indicate neither Peruta nor Attorney Baird
received notice of the denial until June 22, 2016, when the VA faxed
Attorney Baird the notice in response to Attorney Baird’s inquiry about the
status of the case. See [Dkt. 1 ¶ 181-82; Dkt. 30-7]. The VA did not send
Peruta or Attorney Baird a tracking number for the certified mail. See [Dkt.
1 ¶¶ 184, 188].
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II.
Legal Standard
“Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. . . .”
Minton, 568 U.S. 251, 256 (2013).
Gunn v.
Subject matter jurisdiction is not
waivable, and a lack of subject matter jurisdiction may be raised at any
time, by a party or the court sua sponte. See Gonzalez v. Thaler, 565 U.S.
134, 141 (2012); see also Sebelius v. Auburn Reg’l Med. Ctr., 568 U.S. 145,
153 (2013) (“Objections to a tribunal’s jurisdiction can be raised at any
time, even by a party that once conceded the tribunal’s subject-matter
jurisdiction over the controversy.”).
If a court lacks subject matter
jurisdiction, it must dismiss the action. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3).
A “district court must take all uncontroverted facts in the complaint [
] as true, and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the party asserting
jurisdiction.” Tandon v. Captain’s Cove Marina of Bridgeport, Inc., 752 F.3d
239, 243 (2d Cir. 2014). However, “where jurisdictional facts are placed in
dispute, the court has the power and obligation to decide issues of fact by
reference to evidence outside the pleadings. . . .” Id. “In that case, the
party asserting subject matter jurisdiction has the burden of proving by a
preponderance of the evidence that it exists.”
Id. (citing Makarova v.
United States, 201 F.3d 110, 113 (2d Cir. 2000)).
III.
Analysis
Defendants move to dismiss Counts I, IV, and V for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction on two grounds: (1) that the violations of the VA
regulations are not actionable under the FTCA, and (2) the claims are time-
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barred by the FTCA statute of limitations.
Defendant also argues the
Complaint fails to state a claim upon which each of the three torts may be
granted. The Court will address the subject matter jurisdiction issues are
they are dispositive of this case.
A. Private Action
As sovereign, the United States is immune from suit except when it
consents to be sued.
See United States v. Mitchell, 445 U.S. 535, 538
(1980); McGowan v. United States, 825 F.3d 118, 125 (2d Cir. 2016). The
FTCA waives sovereign immunity
for money damages, . . . for injury or loss of property, or
personal injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful
act or omission of any employee of the Government while
acting within the scope of his office or employment, under
circumstances where the United States, if a private person,
would be liable to the claimant in accordance with the law of
the place where the act or omission occurred.
28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1). The “private citizen” language means that liability
only arises under the FTCA if the plaintiff’s cause of action is “comparable
to a cause of action against a private citizen recognized in the jurisdiction
where the tort occurred”—i.e. there is a “private analog” under state law—
and the plaintiff can establish the necessary elements of the cause of
action under state law.
McGowan, 825 F.3d at 125 (internal quotation
marks omitted); Figueroa v. United States, 739 F. Supp. 2d 138, 140
(E.D.N.Y. 2010).
“The FTCA does not extend to conduct governed exclusively by
federal law or to conduct of a governmental nature or function that has no
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analogous liability in the law of torts.” Akutowicz v. United States, 859 F.2d
1122, 1125 (2d Cir. 1988).
Put another way, violations of the Federal
Constitution and federal statutes or regulations, when standing alone, do
not confer liability under the “law of the place” as is required under the
FTCA. Chen v. United States, 854 F.2d 622, 626 (2d Cir. 1988); Figueroa,
739 F. Supp. 2d at 141 (“no private analog is necessarily stated, for
example, where the FTCA claim is based only upon an alleged failure to
enforce a Federal statute or government regulation.”). Courts have held
that a plaintiff whose tort claim is based solely on the agency’s failure to
follow its own regulations is not actionable under the FTCA. See Chen, 854
F.2d at 626-27 (“None of the New York cases cited by Chen, and no case we
have discovered, recognizes a cause of action in tort for an association’s
violation of its own rules.”); McGowan, 825 F.3d at 127 (“McGowan’s claim,
like Chen’s, is grounded solely on the government’s failure to follow
applicable regulations.”); Figueroa v. United States, 739 F. Supp. 2d at 140
(using as an example of a “comparable private analog” a situation in which
“a government employee fails to maintain a safe path of travel at a federal
facility”).
Plaintiff has not carried his burden to establish that a “private analog”
exists under state law regarding the VA’s alleged failure to properly
administer its fee basis status.
Plaintiff’s cites two state court cases
addressing workers’ compensation benefits, which together stand for the
proposition that tort claims for bad faith and negligent processing of
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workers compensation benefits are barred by Conn. Gen. Stat. § 31-284(a)1.
See Almada v. Wausau Bus. Ins. Co., 274 Conn. 449, 457 (2005); DeOliviera
v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 273 Conn. 487, 503 (2005).
The essence of
Plaintiff’s argument is that the limitation on tort claim liability in these
workers’ compensation dispute means that a tort claim for a different type
of benefits-related case—such as the tort claim in this case—is actionable.
This leap in logic does not persuade the Court or satisfy his burden to
prove subject matter jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence.
The regulations governing VA benefits are decidedly within the realm of
federal law. Section 511 of Title 38 of the United States Code confers on
the Secretary of the VA the obligation to “decide all questions of law and
fact necessary to a decision by the Secretary under a law that affects the
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Section 31-284(a) states:
An employer who complies with the requirements of
subsection (b) of this section shall not be liable for any action
for damages on account of personal injury sustained by an
employee arising out of and in the course of his employment
or on account of death resulting from personal injury so
sustained, but an employer shall secure compensation for his
employees as provided under this chapter, except that
compensation shall not be paid when the personal injury has
been caused by the wilful and serious misconduct of the
injured employee or by his intoxication. All rights and claims
between an employer who complies with the requirements of
subsection (b) of this section and employees, or any
representatives or dependents of such employees, arising out
of personal injury or death sustained in the course of
employment are abolished other than rights and claims given
by this chapter, provided nothing in this section shall prohibit
any employee from securing, by agreement with his employer,
additional compensation from his employer for the injury or
from enforcing any agreement for additional compensation.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 31-284(a).
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provision of benefits by the Secretary to veterans or the dependents or
survivors of veterans.” This provision extends to decisions on fee basis
status. See Prentice v. United States, 980 F. Supp. 2d 748, 751 (N.D. Tex.
2013), abrogated on other grounds by Passmore v. Baylor Health Care Sys.,
823 F.3d 292 (5th Cir. 2016); see generally Dorking Genetics v. United
States, 76 F.3d 1261, 1266 (2d Cir. 1996) (“Indeed, it is hard to imagine how
state law could recognize a duty of a private person to stop international
commercial transactions, the regulation of which is reserved exclusively to
the federal government.”).
The Court finds instructive Akutowicz, 859 F.2d at 1125-26, which
addressed the Department of State’s revocation of plaintiff’s citizenship.
The Second Circuit recognized that quasi-legislative and quasi-adjudicative
actions by an agency of the federal government are the type of actions for
which a private person cannot be held liable. Id. at 1125. In applying this
principle to the facts, the Second Circuit stated,
We think it clear, however, that the withdrawal of a person’s
citizenship constitutes a quasi-adjudicative action for which
no private analog exists. Significantly, neither party has raised
the issue whether, nor are we convinced that, any analogous
private cause of action exists. Even if we were willing to
analogize the relationship between the government and its
citizens with that between a private association and its
individual members, we would be hardpressed to find “a cause
of action in tort” for alleged misconduct by the association,
Chen, 854 F.2d at 627 (see also cases cited therein).
Id. at 1125-26. Like the Department of State in Akutowicz, the Secretary of
the VA was tasked with implementing VA benefits, including fee basis
status. There is no basis to conclude the lapsing of Plaintiff’s fee basis
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status is an issue actionable under state law. Accordingly, Plaintiff fails to
sufficiently allege Defendant has waived sovereign immunity under 28
U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1); see Storms v. United States, No. 13-CV-811 (MKB), 2015
WL 1196592, at *18 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 2015) (“If there is no private analogue,
the FTCA claim shall be dismissed.”). Therefore, Counts I, IV, and V must
be dismissed for failure to establish subject matter jurisdiction. See Fed.
R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3).
B. Failure to Timely Exhaust Remedies
Assuming, arguendo, that Plaintiff satisfied his burden with respect
to sovereign immunity, his tort claims are nonetheless time-barred.
Section 2401(b) of Title 28 of the United States Code bars a claimant from
bringing an FTCA claim “unless it is presented in writing to the appropriate
Federal agency within two years after such claim accrues or unless action
is begun within six months after the date of mailing, by certified or
registered mail, of notice of final denial of the claim by the agency to which
it was presented.” 28 U.S.C. 2401(b). This provision is interpreted to mean
that a plaintiff must bring the claim before the administrative agency within
two years of the date of accrual and then must file the action before the
federal court within six months of receiving the administrative agency’s
final denial of the claim. See Mathirampuzha v. Potter, 548 F.3d 70, 84 n.15
(2d Cir. 2008) (“The statute of limitations under the FTCA is two years.”);
Tapia-Ortiz v. Doe, 171 F.3d 150, 152 (2d Cir. 1999) (“A claim made under
the FTCA must be made to the appropriate federal agency within two years
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of the date the claim accrued.”); see also Willis v. United States, 719 F.2d
608, 613 (2d Cir. 1983) (“Moreover, there is good reason for Congress to
wish that such a claim be presented as soon as is possible with fairness to
the claimant; if the claim has been filed and the agency has acted so
promptly that suit can be instituted before two years after the accident,
common sense and expediency would require this.”).
The Court must first determine when Plaintiff’s claim began to
accrue, as it is the starting point for the statute of limitations analysis.
Federal law controls the accrual date for an FTCA claim. A.Q.C. ex rel.
Castillo v. United States, 656 F.3d 135, 139 (2d Cir. 2011). A claim typically
accrues “at the time of injury,” but when a reasonable plaintiff would have
difficulty discovering “the fact or cause of injury” the diligence-discovery
exception applies and accrual begins “when, with reasonable diligence, the
plaintiff has or . . . should have discovered the critical facts of both his
injury and its cause.” Id. at 140 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The
Complaint alleges Plaintiff became aware that his fee basis status lapsed in
the spring of 2010. See [Dkt. 1 ¶ 204]. Defendant contends this is the
period during which his claim began to accrue, and Plaintiff does not
challenge this position. A “spring of 2010” accrual date presupposes the
diligence-discovery rule applies, because Plaintiff lost his fee basis status
on October 15, 2009. Nonetheless, the Court will adopt this consented-to
date for the purposes of this analysis.
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It is undisputed that Plaintiff filed his claim with the VA on February
28, 2015, of which he claimed VA physicians, providers, and administrators
acted negligently in allowing his fee basis status to lapse without a medical
justification or notice. See [Dkt. 30 (Opp’n) at 11; Dkt. 30-5 at 1-6 of PDF;
Dkt. 31 (Reply) at 1]. Therefore, the claim is clearly time-barred, because
Plaintiff was required to file an administrative claim by the spring of 2012.
Peruta posits that he continued to experience “the distress from the
processing of his non-VA medical/fee basis medical,” although he does not
otherwise argue that equitable tolling applies. See [Dkt. 30 at 11]. Under
the doctrine of equitable tolling, a plaintiff bears the burden to show “(1)
that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some
extraordinary circumstance stood in his way.”
See Watson v. United
States, 865 F.3d 123, 132 (2d Cir. 2017); A.Q.C. ex rel. Castillo v. United
States, 656 F.3d 135, 144 (2d Cir. 2011) (same).
Equitable tolling is a
“drastic remedy applicable only in ‘rare and exceptional circumstance[s],’”
and Plaintiff fails to address either element or demonstrate it applies here.
See Castillo, 656 F.3d at 144 (quoting Smith v. McGinnis, 208 F.3d 13, 17 (2d
Cir. 2000)). Therefore, the Court holds equitable tolling does not apply and
his claims are time-barred.
IV.
Conclusion
For the aforementioned reasons, this case is DISMISSED for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction. The Clerk is directed to close this case.
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IT IS SO ORDERED
__________/s/____________
Hon. Vanessa L. Bryant
United States District Judge
Dated at Hartford, Connecticut: February 21, 2018
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