Nymbus, Inc. v. Sharp
Filing
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ORDER DENYING MOTION TO DISMISS AND MOTION TO TRANSFER. For the reasons set forth in the attached ruling, defendants motion to dismiss this case pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2) and 12(b)(3) is DENIED. Defendant's motion to transfer this case to the Northern District of Texas pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404 or an exception to the first-filed rule is DENIED. It is so ordered. Signed by Judge Jeffrey A. Meyer on 2/5/2018. (Lombard, N.)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT
NYMBUS, INC.,
Plaintiff,
No. 3:17-cv-01113 (JAM)
v.
SCOTT SHARP,
Defendant.
ORDER DENYING MOTION TO DISMISS AND MOTION TO TRANSFER
Plaintiff Nymbus, Inc. is a software development company that used to employ defendant
Scott Sharp as its chief operating officer until they had a falling out and Sharp left his
employment there. Plaintiff now alleges claims against defendant for breach of fiduciary duty
and breach of contract. Defendant moves to dismiss this action on grounds of lack of personal
jurisdiction and improper venue or, alternatively, to have this action transferred to the Northern
District of Texas. Plaintiff counters that this action should proceed in the District of Connecticut
pursuant to plaintiff’s choice of forum in accordance with the parties’ forum selection clause. I
agree with plaintiff and will deny defendant’s motions.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff is a software company incorporated in Delaware and headquartered in Florida
that develops software platforms for various industries. Around January 2015, plaintiff began
working on a new core processing platform for financial institutions including community banks
and credit unions.
As part of its expansion into the financial industry, plaintiff sought to partner with a
business that had an established technical competency in core processing systems in the financial
industry. To that end, plaintiff acquired a core processing platform known as Sharp BancSystems
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(SBS) from four banks owned by defendant and his family members by way of a stock purchase
and sale agreement dated January 8, 2016. Pursuant to the agreement, plaintiff acquired all of the
issued and outstanding stock of SBS from defendant’s banks. Relying on defendant’s
representation that he possessed competency in the field of core processing platform
development and operation, plaintiff hired defendant to serve as plaintiff’s chief operating officer
(COO). Plaintiff and defendant entered into an employment agreement (the “Agreement”) dated
December 31, 2015.
The Agreement sets forth the terms and conditions of employment, including defendant’s
duties and his salary and benefits. The parties agreed that defendant would work out of an office
in the Dallas/Fort Worth area in Texas. The Agreement limited how much time defendant would
be required to spend working outside of his home area in Texas. The Agreement is governed by
Texas law. Critical to the resolution of this motion is the following clause in the Agreement
under the heading “Governing Law: Submission to Jurisdiction and Waiver of Jury Trial”:
ANY LEGAL SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR
BASED UPON THIS AGREEMENT . . . MAY BE INSTITUTED IN THE
FEDERAL COURTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA OR THE
COURTS OF THE STATE OF TEXAS, AND EACH PARTY IRREVOCABLY
SUBMITS TO THE EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF SUCH COURTS IN
ANY SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING. . . . THE PARTIES
IRREVOCABLY AND UNCONDITIONALLY WAIVE ANY OBJECTION TO
THE LAYING OF VENUE OF ANY SUIT, ACTION OR ANY PROCEEDING
IN SUCH COURTS AND IRREVOCABLY WAIVE AND AGREE NOT TO
PLEAD OR CLAIM IN ANY SUCH COURT THAT ANY SUCH SUIT,
ACTION OR PROCEEDING BROUGHT IN ANY SUCH COURT HAS BEEN
BROUGHT IN AN INCONVENIENT FORUM.
Doc. #2 at 21.
Plaintiff alleges that defendant failed in a number of ways to carry out his primary
responsibilities as COO. Consequently, on April 12, 2017, plaintiff placed defendant on paid
administrative leave. On June 16, 2017, defendant purported to give plaintiff a “Notice of
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Termination Employment with Good Reason.” Plaintiff responded on July 5, 2017, by sending
defendant a “Notice of Termination of Employment For Cause” and separately responding to
defendant’s notice disputing that defendant had the requisite “Good Reason” to terminate his
employment. Plaintiff filed this lawsuit on the same date. Defendant soon filed a lawsuit against
plaintiff in Texas state court on or about July 14, 2017, which was removed to the U.S. District
Court for the Northern District of Texas on July 24, 2017.1
Defendant has moved to dismiss this action under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2) & (3), arguing
that this Court lacks personal jurisdiction over him and that venue is improper. In the alternative,
defendant moves to transfer this case to the Northern District of Texas pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1404 or the “first-filed rule.” Plaintiff argues that the above-quoted forum selection clause
contained in the Agreement constitutes a waiver of any challenge to plaintiff’s decision to litigate
this matter in this court.
DISCUSSION
I will first consider the parties’ arguments concerning the interpretation of the forum
selection clause. Next I will consider whether the clause as applied is enforceable.
Interpretation of the Forum Selection Clause
Ascertaining the meaning of a forum selection clause is a “matter of contract
interpretation.” Yakin v. Tyler Hill Corp., 566 F.3d 72, 75 (2d Cir. 2009). The parties agree that
the interpretation of the forum selection clause is governed by Texas law as set forth in the
Agreement. “To ensure that the meaning given to a forum selection clause corresponds with the
parties’ legitimate expectations, courts must apply the law contractually chosen by the parties to
interpret the clause.” Martinez v. Bloomberg LP, 740 F.3d 211, 220 (2d Cir. 2014).
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The court in the Texas action has stayed that case pending the resolution of this motion. See Doc. #13,
Sharp v. Nymbus, Inc., 17-cv-00601 (N.D. Tex. 2017).
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Under Texas law, a court’s primary task in interpreting a contract “is to ascertain the
parties’ true intent as expressed by the plain language they used.” Great Am. Ins. Co. v. Primo,
512 S.W.3d 890, 893 (Tex. 2017); J.M. Davidson, Inc. v. Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 229 (Tex.
2003). To achieve this objective, the court must “assign terms their ordinary and generally
accepted meaning unless the contract directs otherwise.” Great Am. Ins. Co., 512 S.W.3d at 893.
In addition, a court should examine and consider the entire writing in an effort to harmonize and
give effect to all of the contract’s provisions so that none are rendered meaningless. See Frost
Nat’l Bank v. L & F Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 312 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam); MCI
Telecomms. Corp. v. Tex. Utils. Elec. Co., 995 S.W.2d 647, 652 (Tex. 1999); J.M. Davidson,
Inc., 128 S.W.3d at 229. “No single provision taken alone will be given controlling effect; rather,
all the provisions must be considered with reference to the whole instrument.” J.M. Davidson,
Inc., 128 S.W.3d at 229.
Upon review of the forum selection clause, I conclude that it is unambiguous and
operates as a consent to the jurisdiction of this Court and a waiver of any challenge to venue in
this Court. The first sentence clearly conveys that any action arising out of the Agreement “may
be instituted in the federal courts of the United States of America or the courts of the State of
Texas and each party irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such
suit.” By the terms of the provision, each party agreed ex ante to consent to the jurisdiction of
any federal court or Texas state court.
Next, the third sentence of the provision states that the parties “waive any objection to the
laying of venue of any suit, action, or proceeding in such courts and . . . agree not to plead or
claim in any such court that that any such suit, action, or proceeding brought in any such court
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has been brought in an inconvenient forum.” This language is clear: the parties waived any
challenge to venue as well as any argument that the chosen forum is inconvenient.
Defendant argues that the forum selection clause could reasonably be read to select only
certain “types of courts” and therefore the clause is at least ambiguous. A contract is ambiguous
if it is “subject to two or more reasonable interpretations after applying the pertinent construction
principles.” Plains Expl. & Prod. Co. v. Torch Energy Advisors Inc., 473 S.W.3d 296, 305 (Tex.
2015). Here, defendant’s proposed construction that the provision merely selects “types of
courts” but does not speak to personal jurisdiction or venue is at odds with the language in the
third sentence of the provision providing that the parties “irrevocably and unconditionally waive
any objection to the laying of venue of any suit, action or proceeding in such courts.” Doc. #2 at
21. It is unreasonable to construe a clause waiving “any objection to the laying of venue” to
permit the two principal objections made to the laying of venue: lack of personal jurisdiction and
improper venue. See WDMG, L.C.C. v. Sirius Satellite Radio, Inc., 2008 WL 4998783, at *2
(N.D. Tex. 2008) (noting “the waiver of any objection to venue clause as meaning that the
consenting party not only waived its right to filing a change of venue motion, but also any right
to attempt to change the forum chosen by the plaintiff”). Accordingly, I conclude defendant’s
interpretation is unreasonable and, therefore, the clause is not ambiguous.
Defendant also argues that construing the forum selection clause in the manner advanced
by plaintiff “is unreasonable, inequitable, or oppressive, or would lead to an absurd result”
because of the absence of a precise geographic location. Doc. #19 at 14. Defendant does not cite
any Texas authority for this proposition. In fact, Texas law does not expressly require “that the
parties limit their choice of forum to one political subdivision within a single larger political unit
or that they specify a particular court within the selected jurisdiction.” Phoenix Network Techs.
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(Europe) Ltd. v. Neon Sys., Inc., 177 S.W.3d 605, 619 (Tex. App. 2005). Accordingly, I conclude
there is nothing absurd or unreasonable about a forum selection clause that operates as a consent
to jurisdiction in all federal courts and that waives any challenge to venue in any suit brought
therein.
In sum, the forum selection clause is unambiguous. It is an agreement that consents to
jurisdiction in all federal courts (and Texas state courts) and waives any objection to venue or
any argument that a case was brought in an inconvenient forum.
Enforceability of the Forum Selection Clause
The Second Circuit has set forth the standard for a court to determine the enforceability
of a forum selection clause. A court must initially examine “(1) whether the clause was
reasonably communicated to the party resisting enforcement; (2) whether the clause is mandatory
or permissive, i.e., . . . whether the parties are required to bring any dispute to the designated
forum or simply permitted to do so; and (3) whether the claims and parties involved in the suit
are subject to the forum selection clause.” Martinez, 740 F.3d at 217 (internal quotation marks
and citations omitted). If the preceding factors have been satisfied, then the resisting party may
overcome the resulting presumption of enforceability by “(4) making a sufficiently strong
showing that enforcement would be unreasonable or unjust, or that the clause was invalid for
such reasons as fraud or overreaching.” Ibid. In analyzing the second and third factors, a court
should apply the law chosen by the parties to the contract, while applying federal law to the
analysis of the first and fourth factors. Id. at 217–218.
Defendant has not contested the first three factors of the test for enforceability.
Accordingly, I need only address whether enforcement of the forum selection clause would be
altogether unreasonable or unjust.
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Defendant argues that enforcement of the forum selection clause is unreasonable and
unjust because the forum selection clause does not adequately restrict the forum to a particular
geographic area. The Second Circuit has stated that it will refuse to enforce a forum selection
clause “only if (1) its incorporation was the result of fraud or overreaching; (2) the law to be
applied in the selected forum is fundamentally unfair; (3) enforcement contravenes a strong
public policy of the forum in which suit is brought; or (4) trial in the selected forum will be so
difficult and inconvenient that the plaintiff effectively will be deprived of his day in court.”
Starkey v. G Adventures, Inc., 796 F.3d 193, 198 (2d Cir. 2015) (emphasis added; internal
quotation marks omitted). Defendant does not argue that any of these factors requires me not to
enforce the clause.
I acknowledge that some courts have declined to enforce forum selection clauses on the
grounds of apparent geographic uncertainty. See, e.g., Conopco, Inc. v. PARS Ice Cream Co.,
2013 WL 5549614, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. 2013); BBC Chartering & Logistic GmbH & Co. K.G. v.
Siemens Wind Power A/S, 546 F. Supp. 2d 437, 442 (S.D. Tex. 2008). But there is no hard and
fast rule as to the geographic precision of a forum selection clause. And I am not persuaded that
a forum selection clause must specify a precise forum in a specific geographic location. This
forum selection clause adequately restricts the forum to the federal courts of the United States
and the state courts of Texas. The parties agreed to litigate disputes arising out of the Agreement
only in courts that either generally apply Texas law or are very well-versed in the application of
the law of other states. See Excelsior Designs, Inc. v. Sheres, 291 F. Supp. 2d 181, 187
(E.D.N.Y. 2003) (“federal courts are deemed capable of applying the law of other states”).
The clause at issue in this case promotes efficiency and certainty. Plaintiff is a
corporation headquartered in Florida, incorporated in Delaware, and with offices and activity
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scattered across the country, whereas defendant, while in plaintiff’s employ, was a peripatetic
corporate officer traveling to at least 29 locations on plaintiff’s behalf. See Doc. #19-1 at 3
(¶ 14). Given that, a dispute could arise with a set of witnesses and a locus of operative facts in
any number of locations.
Here, plaintiff claims that at least some of the witnesses and some of defendant’s alleged
acts giving rise to this lawsuit occurred in Connecticut, and defendant does not dispute some
degree of contact and business activity within the state. The forum selection clause at issue in
this case dispenses with the need to litigate pleading-stage issues such as the quality and quantity
of defendant’s contacts with Connecticut, the substantiality of the acts or omissions in
Connecticut giving rise to the claims, or the convenience of a trial in this state. Indeed, the
interests of judicial economy are central to the presumption of enforceability of a forum selection
clause. See, e.g., Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, 499 U.S. 585, 594 (1991) (noting that
forum selection clauses “spar[e] litigants the time and expense of pretrial motions to determine
the correct forum and conserving judicial resources that otherwise would be devoted to deciding
those motions”). The forum selection clause at issue here serves those interests. Nor is this a case
where a plaintiff has exploited a broad forum selection clause to file a lawsuit in some exotic
locale that has no conceivable connection to the parties or their business activities.
It is also noteworthy that the clause was a part of an arm’s-length employment agreement
negotiated between a sophisticated corporation and its executive officer. Where a forum
selection clause “was made in an arm’s-length negotiation by experienced and sophisticated
businessmen,” this warrants “substantial deference” to the agreement of the parties. Magi XXI,
Inc. v. Stato della Citta del Vaticano, 714 F.3d 714, 721 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks
omitted). This agreement was part of a larger transaction that included the acquisition of a core
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processing platform from banks owned in whole or in part by defendant. See Doc. #1 at 2-3
(¶¶ 7, 12-14). In addition, defendant acknowledged that he fully read and understood the
Agreement and had the opportunity to review the entirety of the Agreement with his attorney.
Doc. #2 at 25 (¶ 28). It is clear that defendant appreciated the costs and benefits of bargaining for
this forum selection clause when he entered into the Agreement. Moreover, defendant’s consent
to the forum selection clause forecloses his argument that the Court does not have personal
jurisdiction. See D.H. Blair & Co. v. Gottdiener, 462 F.3d 95, 103 (2d Cir. 2006)
All in all, I am not convinced that defendant has sustained his “heavy burden of showing
that it would be unfair, unjust, or unreasonable to hold [him] to his bargain.” Martinez, 740 F.3d
at 219. The forum selection clause is enforceable. Having resolved the issue of the interpretation
and enforceability of the forum selection clause, I will now turn to defendant’s arguments
regarding venue and transfer.
Improper Venue
Defendant moves to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(3) on the ground of improper venue.
Defendant contends that his waiver of venue is ineffective in light of the Supreme Court’s
decision in Atl. Marine Const. Co., Inc. v. U.S. Dist. Court for W. Dist. of Texas, 134 S. Ct. 568
(2013). I do not agree.
The Supreme Court in Atlantic Marine confronted a venue challenge in the context of a
defendant’s challenge to a plaintiff’s filing of a lawsuit in a forum other than the contractually
pre-selected forum. Here, by contrast, the facts are opposite: they involve defendant’s challenge
to plaintiff’s choice to honor the parties’ agreement by filing in a contractually pre-selected
forum. Accordingly, notwithstanding the Supreme Court’s statement in Atlantic Marine that the
propriety of venue must be measured by reference to the venue factors set forth by statute, id. at
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577 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)), the Supreme Court did not confront facts involving a selection
of forum that was in accordance with the parties’ forum selection clause and that was chosen
pursuant to defendant’s venue waiver.
In such cases, Atlantic Marine and the statutory venue factors are inapplicable in light of
plaintiff’s reliance on a defendant’s venue waiver. See, e.g., BMO Harris Bank, N.A. v. McM,
Inc., 2017 WL 3443238, at *3 (D. Minn. 2017); Servpro Indus., Inc. v. JP Penn Restoration
Servs., 2016 WL 5109947, at *2-3 (M.D. Tenn. 2016). To conclude otherwise would severely
undermine the clearly articulated policy of the Supreme Court favoring enforcement of forum
selection classes “[i]n all but the most unusual cases.” Atl. Marine Const. Co. Inc., 134 S. Ct. at
583.
Indeed, the concept of venue, “though defined by legislation relates to the convenience of
litigants and as such is subject to their disposition.” Neirbo Co. v. Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp.,
308 U.S. 165, 168 (1939). The venue statute “merely accords to the defendant a personal
privilege respecting the venue, or place of suit, which he may assert, or may waive, at his
election.” Ibid.; see also Leroy v. Great W. United Corp., 443 U.S. 173, 180 (1979) (observing
that personal jurisdiction and venue “are personal privileges of the defendant, rather than
absolute strictures on the court, and both may be waived by the parties”).
Motion to Transfer
Defendant moves pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404 to transfer this action to the Northern
District of Texas on the ground that it is a more convenient forum for the litigation. It is within
the discretion of the trial court whether to transfer a case pursuant to § 1404. See New York
Marine & Gen. Ins. Co. v. Lafarge N. Am., Inc., 599 F.3d 102, 114 (2d Cir. 2010). In evaluating
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a motion to transfer, the Second Circuit has concluded that a movant must show by clear and
convincing evidence that transfer is appropriate. Ibid.
Generally speaking, a motion to transfer entails a two-step analytic process. First, the
Court must determine whether a case could properly have been filed in the proposed transferee
district. Herbert Ltd. P’ship v. Elec. Arts Inc., 325 F. Supp. 2d 282, 285 (S.D.N.Y. 2004). If so,
the Court then analyzes a number of so-called private interest and public interest factors
articulated by the Supreme Court.
Factors relating to the parties private interests include relative ease of access to
sources of proof; availability of compulsory process for attendance of unwilling,
and the cost of obtaining attendance of willing, witnesses; possibility of view of
premises, if view would be appropriate to the action; and all other practical
problems that make trial of a case easy, expeditious and inexpensive. Publicinterest factors may include the administrative difficulties flowing from court
congestion; the local interest in having localized controversies decided at home;
[and] the interest in having the trial of a diversity case in a forum that is at home
with the law. The Court must also give some weight to the plaintiffs’ choice of
forum.
Atl. Marine Const. Co. Inc., 134 S. Ct. at 581 n.6 (citations and internal quotation marks
omitted).
“The calculus changes, however, when the parties’ contract contains a valid forumselection clause.” Id. at 581. The forum selection clause is to be accorded “controlling weight” in
determining whether to transfer venue. Id. at 579. To that end, transfer of venue is proper only in
“exceptional cases” where the public-interest factors counsel in favor of litigating the matter in
the proposed venue. Ibid.; ICICI Bank Ltd. v. Essar Glob. Fund Ltd., 565 B.R. 241, 253-54
(S.D.N.Y. 2017).
I conclude that the public interest factors do not support transfer to the Northern District
of Texas. First, defendant concedes that the court-congestion factor does not support transfer
given the fact that there are fewer cases per judge in the District of Connecticut than in the
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Northern District of Texas. Doc. #19 at 19 & n.4. Next, this action is not a controversy that is
particularly “localized” in Texas. Plaintiff is a corporation headquartered in Florida with
operations in various parts of the country, including Connecticut. Defendant agreed to spend up
to 40% of his work time outside of Texas to perform his duties under the contract. Doc. #2 at 4.
Additionally, given that this action is principally a contract dispute, “the issues in this Complaint
do not raise localized concerns.” RGJP Enterprises, LLC v. Lele Franchising, LLC, 2015 WL
3440347, at *2 (D. Conn. 2015). Finally, the Agreement provides that Texas law applies and the
Northern District of Texas is indeed at home with the law chosen by the parties. Nevertheless,
given that the first two public interest factors do not strongly support transfer, the choice-of-law
clause selecting Texas law does not sufficiently tip the scales to make this an “exceptional” case
warranting transfer on the basis of the public interest factors. Accordingly, I will deny
defendant’s motion to transfer under § 1404.
First-Filed Rule
Finally, defendant moves to transfer this case to the Northern District of Texas under the
“first-filed rule.” But this is an odd argument to make, because defendant concedes that this
action was filed prior to defendant’s filing of the parallel action in Texas state court. Doc. #19 at
21. Defendant cites the “balance of convenience” exception to the “first-filed rule.” In
determining whether to yield to a second-filed action under this exception, “the factors relevant
to the balance of convenience analysis are essentially the same as those considered in connection
with motions to transfer venue pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a).” Employers Ins. of Wausau v.
Fox Entm’t Grp., Inc., 522 F.3d 271, 275 (2d Cir. 2008). I have already looked at those factors
and conclude that the balance of convenience exception does not apply.
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CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, defendant’s motion to dismiss this case pursuant to Fed. R.
Civ. P. 12(b)(2) and 12(b)(3) is DENIED. Defendant’s motion to transfer this case to the
Northern District of Texas pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404 or an exception to the “first-filed rule”
is DENIED.
It is so ordered.
Dated at New Haven this 5th day of February 2018.
/s/ Jeffrey Alker Meyer
Jeffrey Alker Meyer
United States District Judge
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